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Renewable and Non-renewable energy
The nine major energy resources available in this nation are categorised into two main categories, renewable and non-renewable energy categories. The non-renewable categories include coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy. These resources are limited as they take a longer time before they become replenished. Renewable energy is abundant, cleaner as they have low carbon emissions but production of energy from these resources is quite expensive.
They include solar, water, biomass, geothermal and wind. Renewable sources was the man source of energy in the past e.g. wood was used for heating and cooking, water and wind was used for milling and transportation purposes. A hundred and fifty years later, a technology used to extract energy from fossil was discovered; which rapidly replaced the renewable sources of energy (Pérez-Barahona, 2010).
In my community, large portion of energy is fossil fuels. It is the largest primary energy consumption, which is followed by coal, natural gas and renewable energy. This is attributable to the fact that fossil energy is cheap and easy to use.
However, the main concern is that these energy resources are becoming depleted; and the prices are soaring at an alarming rate. Additionally, our endangered resources are being damaged to in search of more non-renewable energy resources. The rates at which these resources are being utilized have caused detrimental effects in our environment. In fact, non-renewable toxic gases released in the air are the main cause for global warming (Eia.gov, 2016).
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There is need to seek for alternative sources of energy to save the environment for the future generation. There is need to source for sustainable, clean and renewable sources of energy. The government must establish strategies that will help shift towards efficient renewable energies that will help stabilize our climate while simultaneously meeting the Nation’s power demands. I believe that we have the power, knowledge and the capacity to make great strides in renewable energy and to conserve our planet (Pérez-Barahona, 2010).
Perez-Barahona, A. (2010). Nonrenewable energy resources as input for physical capital accumulation: a new approach. Macroecon. Dynam., 15(01), 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100509090415
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Marriage
Observation and modelling
Abstract
This paper describes the observations and models of marriage which were part of the assignment. In total, there are 3 models:Model 1: Women are more eager for love; Model 2: Men are the support of the families, so they spend more time on studying and working than searching for love; and Model 3: Women are fond of children, so they want to have children after marriage. Three experiments were carried out. The findings of the experiments effectively support the three models.
Observation and models
Models
Model 1: Women are more eager for love. Generally speaking, women appear to be more eager for love as depicted in many films, novels and stories. They can suddenly fall in love with someone after the first meet.
Model 2: Men are expected to support their families, so they spend more time on studying and working than searching for love. Men regard career or job as the most crucial thing after graduation. They need to make money and support their family, so they have to work hard before getting married.
Model 3: Women really like children, so they want to have their children after marriage. They want to become a mother. Usually, women are playing the role of taking care of children in most families since they are compassionate.
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Experiments
Experiment 1: After graduation, women prefer to get married to men who are older.
Dependent variable: Older men. For a marriage to take place, the man must be older than the woman.
Independent variable: Marriage. Marriage has to take place after graduation.
Outcome
1. Women are sensitive to the age of men since they are considered to age more than men. A woman wants to look younger than the man she marries hence will look for a man that is older to get married to.
2. Since women want to get married after graduation more than their male counterparts, they have to seek older men, or they will wait for long before getting married.
Implications 3: Men have less to worry about in the sense of marriage since giving birth and taking care of children is mostly left to women. Men are just supposed to provide financially and are therefore not eager to get married before they get stable income.
4. Men have more responsibility to take care of and mostly prefer younger women. Since they have to marry women that have already graduated, they need first to concentrate on their job as they wait for the younger women to graduate.
The experiment supports model two.
Experiment 2: Marriage does not require a person to be financially stable.
Dependent variable: Marriage
Independent variable: Financial stability
To make the variables work, men and women must be eager for marriage after graduation.
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Implications:
1. Women will fall in love with a man even if he does not have money since they just want to be loved hence they can get married without being financially stable.
2. There are a lot of responsibilities that arise after marriage and men are the ones looked upon to meet these responsibilities. Though there is love, a man has to consider having finances right before marriage.
3. Children are part of the family and to bring out children requires finances. It is, therefore, proper that financial stability is established first before getting married.
The experiment supports model one.
Experiment 3: Men and Women get married to get children
Dependent variable: Children
Independent variable: Marriage
Outcomes:
1. Love and financial stability do not have to exist for children to be born. A man and a woman can just get married and have children.
2. There are expenses that must be incurred for the pregnancy and the whole process of giving birth.
The experiment supports model three.
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Findings and results
Model 1: Women are more eager for love.
The results that would be needed to support this model are that women generally look for love in men – a woman just wants to be loved by her man – and secondly, a woman can easily fall in love with any man even if they have only met once. The other needed result is that a woman would fall in love with a man even if that man is not really financially stable primarily because the woman only wants to be loved by the man and she is not interested in his money.
In general, women seek love in a relationship. It is worth mentioning that love is essentially the confirmation which a woman requires to have in order to have some guarantee that the man is going to stick around and assist her to bring up the children (Allen, 2015). A woman wants to be shown love by her man for instance by the man saying that he loves her. Women need and want to hear the phrase I love you from her husband often.
However, words alone are not adequate and women want men to also find other ways of expressing their love, for instance by sending them flowers and telling them how pretty they look (Solomon, 2012). Moreover, women express their love in terms of surrender; that is trust. A wife empowers her husband by believing in her husband and accepting his leadership. A woman exchanges power for love. She wants her husband’s love to posses her (Makow, 2015).
The results that would contract or fail to support this model are that women do not seek, need or want love, and that a woman can get into marriage where there is no love; that is, where she and her husband do not love each other. The data supported the model.
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Model 2: Men are expected to support their families financially, so they spend more time on studying and working than searching for love.
The results that would be needed to support this model are that in men, the most important thing after graduating from college or university is to get a good job and become financially stable and even purchase a house before considering having a wife and children. The other result is that men want to achieve financial stability first before getting married.
Another important result is that men understand that marriage has a lot of responsibilities and costs such as costs associated with paying hospital bills when the wife gives birth, bringing up children, and providing the general needs of the family such as food, shelter and clothing. Therefore, a man needs to be financially stable in order to take care of these financial needs as they arise during marriage and that is why men tend to wait for financial stability before getting married.
On the whole, men tend to wait for a longer period of time than women before getting married. On average, men wait until they reach 27 years old before marrying whereas women wait on average until they reach 25 years (Dilworth, 2014). Men who get married later tend to be not just more emotionally mature, but also more economically stable.
Men consider marriage as the last step in a long process of growing up and wish to wait until they get older before having children when they are financially stable, and perhaps have a house before marrying. Dye (2014) stated that there a number of reasons why men delay getting married: nowadays, men can easily get sex without getting married; men wish to avoid divorce along with its fiscal risks.
Other reasons are that men face few social pressures to get married; want to possess a house prior to getting a wife; by cohabiting instead of marrying, they are able to enjoy the benefits of a wife; wait for the perfect soul mate; and would like to until they are older before having children (Pease & Pease, 2011).
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The results that would contradict or fail to support this Model 2 are that men want to get married as soon as they leave college and have children, and that men do not consider being financially stable essential prior to getting married. The data obtained actually supported this model.
Model 3: Women are fond of children, so they want to have children after marriage.
The results that would need to be found to support the model are that neither financial stability nor love is necessary for a couple to have a child. Even if a man and woman do not love each other and even if they are not financially stable, they can still get married and have a child or children. Most women want to get married in order to have children: the point of marriage is basically to have a child or children.
In essence, marriage establishes an environment properly suited to having children (Grewal & Urschel, 2014). In addition, the society expects a married woman to have a child or children. Even so, some couples choose to get married for companionship and love, or just to spend life together.
The results that would contradict or fail to support this model are that for a man and a woman to get married and have children, first they must be financially stable. The other result is that before having a child, the couple must be in love with each other. The obtained data from the experiment supported this model.
References
Allen, T. (2015). What’s the point of being married if you don’t want children? Boston, MA: SAGE publishers
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The Role of Technology in Contemporary Society
SECTION A
Question a.2
Kevin (2009) lets us know that technology is sometimes selfish as well as generous. This statement by Kevin Kelly is brought about by the fact that the use of technology can bring about various results. According to Kevin (2009), the various results that a technology gives may be positive or negative depending on what the user was aiming to achieve.
The varied results are usually brought about by the fact that technology may decide to act in a specific manner giving results which are modeled around it thus seeming selfish. On the other hand, technology may give us results that favor us thus ending up being generous.
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Question b.1
The work-life balance refers to the process of handling job and life simultaneously with satisfaction. This concept entails the ability of being able to get it right when it comes to priorities with regard to work and life. The concepts of work-life balance advocates for proper organization of work related tasks and life related affairs so that all objectives may be achieved.
In work and life balance, technology has been able to play a major role. To balance work and life, people have been able to use technology to stand in for them where they are required to do something related to work but family is the priority at a given point in time and vise verse. It is worth noting that it is a valid and important concept.
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Question c.1
Technology is playing a major role in changing the way children think. According to Taylor (2012), children are being affected by technology positively and negatively. Technology is been seen as a great influence of how the thinking of children develop. Taylor (2012) points out that the attentiveness; decisiveness and remembrance of children are often affected by technology. According to Taylor (2012), the manner and the level of technology use by children determines the effects caused to the thinking system of children.
Question d.2
The copyright laws are extremely important because they control and protect intellectual properties of people. The copyright laws are important because they encourage people to be innovative. With proper laws protecting innovative products of people, it will be encouraging for many to innovate since they would be protected too. Additionally, the copyright laws are important because they ensure that there is fair play in a given industry. The fairness is brought about by the fact that only original products borne from original ideas will be availed at all times.
Competition becomes fair since copying is made illegal. Another importance of copyright laws is that they give a clear guidance of the way enforcing should be done. This is because the copyright laws provide direction regarding the prosecution of an offender. I agree that the copyright laws are important. This is because with fairness in competition, encouragement of innovation and enforcement made possible by these laws, the world becomes a better place.
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Question e.2
Digital divide refers to the situation whereby there are challenges in finding and using information technology. The digital divide may be brought about by the lack of the information and communication technology devices or lack of the required skills. Having seen good progress in the entrance of technology in many parts of the world, the digital divide is taking a new perspective with focus being put on how much of devices and skills people have. The digital divide is important to social scientists because it gives them an opportunity to study and come up with solutions for bridging the digital gap.
Question f.1
One of the aspects of stem cell technology is that it has a broad use of embryonic cells. This has been able to court controversy from the fact that it has unethical approach. The use of fetus from terminated pregnancies is quite controversial. Secondly, the stem cell technology is known to use healthy cells for transplant. This aspect of this technology has been seen to be the cause of some mysterious disappearances of individuals to be the target of cell harvesting.
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Question g.1
The European enlightenment refers to the transition of the European society from old way of doing things to an approach which has voice of reason (Gillispie, 2013). The European enlightenment period refers to the duration when the European region was meeting the modern way of doing things.
Technology is one aspect of the world that was impacted positively by the European enlightenment. The enlightenment brought about new ideas regarding technology. Additionally, technology oriented research was also carried out thus giving technology an opportunity to grow.
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SECTION B
Question 1
The United States Office of Technological Assessment was mandated to handle matters touching on new technology and its impact for the purpose of facilitating congress in policy making. OTA was structured to give the congress an opportunity to obtain and understand technology related information in advance, holding a non-partisan position.
According to Rodmeyer (2005), OTA was dismantled following accusations that it was not necessary because it allegedly repeated functions of other business agencies. Rodemeyer does not approve the dismantling of the Office of Technological Assessment. His disapproval is brought about by his opinion that the congress lacks technological knowhow and OTA was offering reports without bias. According to Rodemeyer (2005), technological assessment has a dilemma based on independence of the officers.
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Question 2
Gordon (2013) argues that the economy of America is slowing down. According to Gordon (2013), the reasons causing the slow growth of the American economy include;
Increasing inequality- The lack of equity experienced by the American population has led to poor economic cooperation thus slowing down the economy.
Dull education system-The American education system has not been able to produce competent citizens.
High levels of indebtedness of learners- The people in college have found themselves caught up in so much debt which they have to pay immediately they secure their jobs thus slowing their investment options.
High number of old people- The working American population is growing older day by day thus becoming less productive. This is being made worse by the fact that the education system is not producing productive people as before.
Poor education system has failed to push technology to higher levels, something which has ended p contributing negatively to the economic growth.
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Question 3
The argument that transformation from hunter-gatherer life to agriculture was the worst mistake in life is brought about by various arguments. The arguments in support of the hunter-gatherer life are that there was more leisure time, more sleep and less time for searching for something to eat. Additionally, the hunters and gatherers are argued to have enjoyed good diet emanating from the mixture of wild meat and fruits.
Question 4
In life, there are various forms of capital. These include social capital, human capital and cultural capital. Human capital refers to having the right people for a given task. It entails putting in place people of high competence levels. On the other hand, social capital refers to the individuals within a person’s social circle. Social capital is usually concerned with the input brought about by those within a social circle. Cultural capital refers to aspects of life that place individuals at the top of the social classes in the society. It entails having high levels of knowledge and skills among other attributes.
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Question 5
Robinson (2010) says that there is need to have a radical approach to education. Robinson (2010) argues that the thinking in education should have diversity. The diversity should be aimed at letting learners program their education towards having multi-solutions for a problem. Secondly, Robinson (2010) states that education should be planned in a way that supports industrial productivity.
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Human Resources School of Management Theory
The human resources school of management theory is widely accepted and has been in existence for quite some time. However, even though not every manager or company embraces it today, it is undeniable that it has transformed overall management practice not only in health care settings, but in all sectors for better (Dunn, 2010). Human resources management theory, which is often referred to as behavioral management or motivational theory has a different view of the employee compared to the previous management theories that are more autocratic (Dunn, 2010).
In particular, this theory puts more focus on the individuals in a place of work instead of processes, rules and procedures. Thus, in human resources theory employees are not viewed as a mere cog in the wheel of the company, but it asserts that the prosperity of an organization can only be achieved by helping its employees to prosper (Dunn, 2010).
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The human resources school of management theory has various features, but the most important ones include:
1) communication between managers and employees is provided rather than directives emanating directly from an organization’s management, which allows interactions with one another in the decision-making process;
2) instead of employees been given quotas or been required to follow certain procedures, they are exposed to emotional and motivational tactics to promote their motivation for improved productivity;
3) the focus is in ensuring that employees are satisfied, productive and helping them invest and be loyal to the company;
4) empowering employees to be innovative through training and career development; and
5) providing appropriate rewards, appreciation and recognition methods when the company goals are achieved (Dunn, 2010).
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The components of the human resources theory can be effectively used in health care setting today by encouraging motivation of health care practitioners, which subsequently results to improved job satisfaction and increased productivity. The components can also be used to boost employees’ sense of belonging by involving them in the company’s decision-making process, which improves their morale to work and loyalty to the company (Dunn, 2010).
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System Downtime
According to LaTour & Maki (2010) downtime is a period of time when there is a failure of the system to perform or provide its primary function. Downtime may either be planned or unplanned during which the proper functioning of the system is compromised or it is unavailable to user, and this is often caused by either environmental factors, computer system failure, network failure, software failure, interface failure, and/or routine scheduled upgrades or maintenance.
According to the staff working at the hospital i.e. KKUH, downtime occurrence with regards to HIMS does not take place often at the hospital. For example, the last time a downtime was experienced at the hospital was two months ago and it only lasted for about a half an hour at the emergency department only. The eSIHI was implemented recently meaning it is still new for all staff at KKUH.
On the other hand, apart from unplanned downtime it is possible for a downtime to be planned or scheduled, that is, a period during which through a deliberate or intentional alterations or modifications the health information system is unavailable to users or is not able to function properly. During planned downtime, the system may not be affected as a whole or in totality, meaning some functions may still perform properly or the system may still be available to some users. The purpose of planned or scheduled downtime is mainly scheduled maintenance, system upgrades and updates.
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During a down-time whether unplanned or planned, the admission procedures at the Emergency Department changes to ensure health care services continue. At the Ambulatory and Emergency Department, during a period of downtime the officer responsible for all kinds of documentation is the physician in-charge and ensures instant scanning of the documents.
Unit clerk/nurse is responsible of providing all necessary forms during downtime, and ensures that the scanned instantly and uploading of the documents is done when the system recovers. Down Time Support Team has the responsibility of uploading documents that were scanned during a downtime and entering of orders in eSIHI upon the recovery of the system, usually before that day ends.
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Admission officers at the Emergency Department should be aware of the appropriate procedures during a downtime because the office of Admission is responsible of registration of all patients for admission (Moore & Fisher, 2012). The standard admission procedures are as follows:
For new admissions, during a down-time a manual ADMISSION face sheet is completed by admission officers for each admitted patient.
The patient is then sent to the appropriate unit for further emergency care because Emergency Department cannot offer such care for long especially when it is intensive.
The patient is accompanied by the following documents: 1) the manual ADMISSION face sheet; 2) patient labels as well as armbands; 3) patient admission orders (when they are available).
In the absence of the patient admitting orders, the Nurse or any other designated person who is appropriate calls the Admitting orders from the admitting physician.
If the Admission orders arise from the nursing unit, especially in case of a newborn the Admission desk is called by the nursing unit for their notification about the new admission.
The Admission unit clerks/officers/designee uses a downtime packet to establish a patient’s chart, and each page must be labeled with the name of the patient, FIN NUMBERS or medical record number, room and bed of the admitted patient as well as the name of the admitting physician.
Discharges should be limited as much as possible during downtime due to the increased potential for errors, but when necessary to discharge the Admission desk is called by the discharging unit for their notification about the discharge. The manual discharging documents during downtime are added to the chart of the patient and maintained on the nursing unit where the patient was admitted until the system recovers when the documents are uploaded.
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Documentation by Admission officers during a downtime should ensure that: 1) all forms filled during downtime are labeled accordingly using two identifiers for the patient (at minimum the date of birth and name); 2) the downtime forms are always required to have a date, time, and signature; 3) on top of each medication order, the nurse must indicate “Allergy”; 4) the filling of all paper forms is done as part of the medical record for the patient.
Moore, A., & Fisher, K. (2012). Healthcare Information Technology and Medical-Surgical Nurse: The Emergence of a New Care Partnership. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 30(3), 157-163.
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Patient Master Index
The Patient Master Index/Master Patient Index/Central Patient Index is a database that holds information of all patients with the hospital. The main purpose of Patient Master Index is to enable creation of UMRN and ensuring each patient is assigned to one UMRN. The creation of data into the PMI and update is authorized to relevant documentation clerks, laboratory clerks, and emergency clerks (Perera et al., 2011).
Creation of a health record file entails the details of employment clinic, eligibility office, and emergency department. The mandatory data about a patient that must be recorded includes their surname, date of birth, given names, address, and national identification number (Chaudhry et al., 2006).
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Through the CPI and A&E, patient demographics can be verified and updated because both can be used in the creation of patient medical records number, however the CPI is the only one able to update demographic details of a patient, while A&E can be used to verify. The identification and management of potential errors is achieved through the UMRN Inactivation/Merged in Error.
For instance, when there is merge/inactivation of an incorrect record, site specific procedures are implemented to deal with the occurrence. Consequently, all systems utilizing eSIHI data through interfaces will forthwith hold the incorrect data against the correct UMRN, and a script then shows the inactivated UMRN to the newly retrieved patient’s correct UMRN registration. The supervisor is then notified for subsequent approval.
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Patient Administration System
Question 27
Upon the implementation of KKUH’s Patient Administration System (eSIHI) in May 2015, it was subsequently integrated with King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH). This means that if a medical file number of a patient exists at KKUH, the patient also has a file number at KAUH. Yes, there is a global UMRN because eSIHI interfaces with other systems such as Xcelera reports, Dictation (via fly), PACS (Radiology), 3M, employee Health Record as well as medical sick leave.
Apart from KKUH, a 950-bed capacity hospital which uses this UMRN, this UMRN is also used by KAUH a 200-bed capacity hospital. These two hospitals use a Patient Administration System (PAS) known as eSIHI, which is integrated between the two hospitals meaning that it is possible for the two hospitals to share records when necessary.
Question 28
The Patient Administration System (PAS) used by the King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) is eSIHI, which was implemented in May the year 2005 and the hospital has no plans of replacing it even though any improvement plans may be considered. The hospital’s PAS, which is eSIHI is offered by the HIS company and will run on the software architectureof Cerner Millennium®, which is a highly unified and comprehensive information management architecture.
Hospital reports are generated whenever required or periodically for monitoring purposes. The existing system has various benefits, and hospitals adopting this system will recognize several imperative benefits, including:
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Increased quality of care for patients: This will be achieved through elimination of errors by electronic order entries, which were previously caused by improper transcriptions or illegible handwriting, while physicians are notified by evidence-based alerts of potential complications associated to similar situations and medication interactions.
Improved patient information access: The creation of electronic health record that is integrated for each patient, allows vital health information to be accessed in real-time, including updated radiology imagery and lab results.
Enhanced operational efficiency: As a result of the on-time reporting offered by this system, it enables hospitals to be able to have greater control over the day-to-day operations across all the departments, while at the same time increasing efficiency and reduction of costs.
However, compared to the old system that the hospital was using, the new system (eSIHI) has a major disadvantage, which according to the staff through the old system they were able to know whether a patient has died or not, but with the new system it is not possible for them to know.
In the new system, information flows from the patient to the health record department to physician consultations, then diagnosis (i.e. lab or radiology) to surgical/dressing/radiology departments, then pharmacy and finally the finance and discharge departments. The new system is easy to use compared to the old one, and the access of medical records or information is by scanning the barcode.
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A Subpoena
According to Stansfield (2005) subpoena is a court order demanding for the production of a record, and its may also be known a court order or a search warrant. Upon receiving either of these documents, the response should be compliance either by forwarding a health record to the court requesting it or acquiring a countering court order or search warrant. It may sometimes also need the attendance of a health professional at the trial, subsequent to providing the documents the subpoena designates as well as giving evidence regarding to such documents (Perera et al., 2011).
When the person subpoenaed is the Director of Clinical Services, the accepted response is for the requested documents/records to be accompanied by the Risk Management Department, Medical Legal Officer or Health Record Management Department nominated officer and directly handing them only to the Judges Associate. The person receiving the record must avail his/her signature, and a note showing the date of receipt and the court’s name prepared (Stansfield, 2005).
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The Privacy Act
According to King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) confidentiality and privacy policy, the procedure for an internal doctor’s request to view a health record follows a standard protocol and the Privacy Act. For instance, the internal doctor can request and gain access to health records providing that it is for the purposes of the specific patient’s specific treatment.
There are also provisions in KKUH policy allowing certain health records to be accessed by internal doctors for the purposes of research. However, external doctor’s request to view a health record is more controlled. For instance, if an external doctor, that is a physician not employed by KKUH, requests specific clinical information regarding a patient, this external doctor must fill in a form and stating why this information is required.
This form requires the external doctor to list his or her name, the type of information he wants, the date of request, and to validate the request with a signature. The important things there must be consent from the patient with his details and signature. The Freedom of Information Department (FOI), which is a KKUH only after they have received and are satisfied with the entire requirement, will send the requested information.
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In addition, third party request to view a health record vary. For instance, government agencies have the executive power to access specific patient medical records without the consent of the patient. However, insurance companies generally require the consent of the specific patient in order to access specific patient medical records. These companies must formally request the information include the date of the request, which should be relevant to a time period of less than six months.
The FOI monitors these requests very closely and will generally limit the data which sent to the insurance companies to exactly what the organizations requested and no more than that. Furthermore, when the record is in relation to criminal matter, the police have executive power to access clinical information. The police are required to send a valid request form. Although it is preferable that the police have the patient’s consent, the police are able to access data without specific consent in serious cases.
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Moreover, public hospitals generally require the consent from the patient as well as identification and verification of the person, that is, the employee of the public hospital, requesting the information. The general rule in relation to patient data is that the health care setting is to only use this information for the purposes of diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, it is also generally accepted that patient data is not communicated to others without the patient’s consent.
The access of health record for patient is regulated by the Privacy Act, which establishes the basic principles of the Privacy Act and confidential communication. With regards to the private hospital sector, when private hospitals ask for clinical information, they are required to send patient request or doctor request with all details and are required to attach consent from the patient.
Furthermore, general public enquiries have the capacity to access broad statistical data about the hospital in different flow of area. However, these general public enquires, such as in the case of a newspaper contacting KKUH, are not granted access to any specific patient’s information. Finally, previous patients/clients have unlimited access to their health record.
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