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Police
Question 1
Police officers have an important role to play in the society. They serve to protect all people from both internal and external attacks. The United States police are divided into different department across the United States. However, their role remains the form. The force was formed centuries ago and since then they have played an important role in the society. Nevertheless, their roles have differed considerably since the civil through the First and Second World War.
Question 2
The United States joint policy has been used to determine its relation to other countries across the globe after the civil war. Its foreign policy has been known to directly affect countries which do not practice democratic process. Since the United States is a superpower, it has the ability to have an effect or influence on the other countries (Hook & Spanier,2015) directly. The United States is branded by its public war policy across the whole world.
Question 3 The first aspect involves the pancontinental railroad or manufacturing rebellion which distorted the United States as one of the biggest financial powers. The second aspect involves their promotions to see that Christianity has been implemented in different countries. Thirdly, the United States play a role in influencing European countries to implement their policies (Jervis, 2013).
Question 4
The policy has influenced the Vietnam war of 1964, the civil conflict in Somalia of the year 1991 and the Iraq combat that took place during the years 2003 to 2011 (Mead, 2013). Question 5
The Vietnamese war was initiated by the failure of some countries to respect international treaties while the war in Iraq was influenced by war while elections influenced the conflict in Somalia.
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The Definition of Human being
Introduction
Scientist classifies human beings as animals. However, what is human? What makes human distinct from animal kingdom? What is that inspires or motivates us? What is it being human? In contemplation of these questions, the article intends to analyse the literal meaning of being human. This analysis will facilitate the understanding of my own definition in comparison of the other definition of human being (Clooney, 2016).
This paper defines ‘human being’ and that of being ‘being human.’ This includes the rationale and reasons behind the definition of ‘human being.’ The paper will also reflect on how some people are included or excluded from being human being based on the definition of ‘human being.’ The paper will also discuss ways definition of ‘human being’ and ‘being human’ affects the treatment of other people.
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Discursive definition
In scientific disciplines, the concept of human being began with Homo sapiens- evolutionary stage of primates. Nevertheless, human history that begun with invention of writing indicates that most of Homo sapiens did not qualify to definition of human based on their age or disabilities.
In sociology, the trinity of class, gender and racism has been routinely used to describe the gap in the normative definition of an ideal of human. This implies that each candidate will need to pass certain specification or criteria set by the society to earn the status of human being (Clopot, 2014).
In Christianity, human being concept is based on the narrative of creation in Genesis; which states that each person was created in the image of God. The narration describes how human being was created, breathed into his nostrils by God to make it live. This leads to the generalization of the concept that it is God’s spirit in the created earthling animal that qualifies it has a human being.
Therefore, all human beings reflect their divine origin, and their existence manifests the mystery of God’s presence living in them. Thus, human being is divine, and each person has dignity and worth, which makes everybody to be respected and honoured. This is similar to other religious perspectives of human being; which essentially relies in interpersonal and communal character. It is the freedom enjoyed by a person through social reality. This is because through the connectedness to other people that a person discovers their identity of being human (Forsberg, 2011).
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Nevertheless, the current world concept human dignity rests on people’s race, social status and achievements. The picture of human being concept has gradually been reshaped by reductionism mode of thinking. This implies that people believe and values in turn shapes how they behave and interact.
Therefore, if a person’s picture is incomplete or inadequate, it will make the person behaviour fall short of the natural potential causing serious psychosocial implications. This is not easy to detect or correct. The concept of reductionism of human being is that act of reducing the relevance of something to their counter parts (Rome, 2014).
What is ‘being human’? Firstly, it is important to note that the descriptive word ‘being’ is in present tense word; note in future tense or past tense. The term describes what is being done at the moment, in the present moment. Being human is a human being state of choosing things that must be done.
For instance, no one chooses to be angry, upset and fearful or upset; rather one chooses to be happy, confident and peaceful. In this context, human beings have the freedom to choose. The capability to make decision consciously or unconsciously defines the concept of being human (Sadgrove, 2014).
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Reflection on how the definitions impact how people are classified and treated
From evolutionary perspectives, human beings resemble other primates, because they evolved from the primates. Therefore human being and primates shares common ancestry, which makes them to have a lot of similarities. The main factors used to distinguish human beings are language, brain and bipedalism. The uniqueness of bipedalism is unique to human being because they help to propel forward.
Human being language is unique as compared to other animals; as it structure is complex and has evolved to serve wide range of functions. Human being brain capacity is unique as it is capable of abstract reasoning. The increased mental capacity, language and bipedalism have led to the advancement (Rome, 2014).
However, high level of human being thought processes have led to greater debates on what constitutes of human being. The meaning of human is not entirely found from scientific view point but rather analysis of other fundamental factors such as personality. For instance, based on the evolutionary criteria of human beings excludes amputees, dumb and mentally ill people. Additionally, what about a human embryo, can they still be categorised as human being (Sadgrove, 2014)?
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The religious point of view, particularly the Biblical perspectives definition of human being is widely accepted; and can be integrated in diverse disciplines such as criminology. According to the bible, Human being are in the image of God; and due to this reason, man was given dominion over the animals. The Bible upholds dignity of human life. In fact, being in the image of God indicates that human beings moral values are intrinsically based.
Additionally, human beings have a spirit within their body (James2:26). This implies that the value of human being is beyond the condition as well as the developmental stage of the human being body. Thus, the identity of human being is more to physical appearances or the measure of their mental capacity (Forsberg, 2011).
The struggle to define human being does not try to define what constitutes of human life, as biology already defines that human life begins after fertilization. The main issue is personhood- being human. For instance, the neurological point of view, the physician definition of brain death is based on the Electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern.
Therefore, they reason or define life based on these standard measurements. Therefore, if person brain functionality has been lost through accidents, are they still human? Brain functionality is very low during embryo development. Therefore, is abortion at this stage justified (Sadgrove, 2014)?
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The physiological perspective argues that being human commences at birth, when the child has their own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary systems. In other words, this postmodern view approach considers that being human is the ability to have the essential capacities that differentiate human beings from an animal. However, this is controversial as most of the people do not fully develop these abilities immediately after birth, but a little later during toddlerhood (Rome, 2014).
Conclusion
Undeniably, the definition of human being affects how people are treated. The main reasons behind health disparities and discrimination is people’s definition of human being and being human. In my perspectives, it is important to assess the impacts of these definitions. Moral significance of a human being must not be based on functional abilities or extrinsic value that is measurable by medical sciences; but rather to the intrinsic values.
This is attributable to the fact that these extrinsic values can be lost due accidents. It is the natural inherent capacity for self-awareness (self-identify) and a free will (autonomy or choice) that makes us human being; thus, human dignity is preserved even if disease of disability limits the expression of these functions.
References
Clooney, F. (2016). The Meaning of Human Existence / The Experience of God: Being, Consciousness, Bliss. Common Knowledge, 22(1), 125-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0961754x-3323109
Clopot, C. (2014). Being human, being migrant: senses of self and well-being by Grønseth, Anne Sigfrid. Social Anthropology, 22(4), 506-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.12092_15
Forsberg, N. (2011). Knowing and Not Knowing What a Human Being Is. SATS, 12(1), 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sats.2011.002
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Interdisciplinary geriatric teams
At my current practicum site, which is the hospital setting, the interdisciplinary geriatric team used comprises doctors, nurses, and pharmacists. The hospital-based team provides the geriatric patient with acute care in the hospital setting. Nurses and doctors carry out a preliminary evaluation, monitor the health status of the patient by making rounds, and work together in formulating an effective treatment plan (Liken, 2011).
The interdisciplinary geriatric team used in home care settings includes a nurse practitioner, a geriatrician, a social worker and a doctor who regularly visit the elderly in his home to help the patient with his medical problems and to monitor the capability of the patient to live at home. Long-term care includes nursing home services, assisted living services and life care communities. The interdisciplinary team includes social workers, nurses, occupational therapist, geriatrician, pharmacists, an ethicist and physicians (Deschodt, 2016).
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Since the patient’s medical problems are usually complex, chronic, and at times typified by reduced cognitive ability, the elderly patient is not really able to keep living at his home. Whenever this happens, the long-term care facility provides an interdisciplinary geriatrics team with a setting for monitoring and treating the chronic diseases of the elderly patients on an ongoing basis (Wieland, 2013).
The role of advanced practiced nurse (APN) differs according to the site of care in that in the hospital setting, the APN takes medical histories of the frail patient and performs physical exams; prescribes treatments and medicines; and diagnoses and treats chronic and acute problems. In the long term/nursing home/assisted living care setting, the APN basically augments the role of the doctor.
In nursing homes, APNs provide consultative services to nursing homes and in collaboration with doctors, they provide primary care to individual residents (Bakerjian, 2011). In the home care setting, the APN provides high-touch, high-tech services to a patient with acute health care needs. The nurse is also responsible for family and patient teaching and for contacting community resources as well as coordinating the continuing care of the patient (Deschodt, 2016).
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Based on the model used for the interdisciplinary geriatric team at my practicum site, care should be facilitated for the patient in the case study in that the nurse practitioner, doctor and pharmacist need to provide integrated and coordinated care with shared resources and responsibilities and collectively set goals. Care should not be duplicated and the most qualified practitioner needs to provide care for each of the patient’s problem (Liken, 2011).
Deschodt, M., Claes, V., Grootven, B., Heede, V. K., Boland, B., & Milisen, K. (2016). Structure and processes of interdisciplinary geriatric consultation teams in acute care hospitals: A scoping review. Int J Nurs Stud, 55(9): 98-114
Liken, M. A. (2011). Interdisciplinary geriatric teams: experiences of Alzheimer’s family caregivers. National Academies of Practice Forum: Issues in Interdisciplinary Care, 1(7):123–130.
Wieland, D., Kramer, B. J., Waite, M., Rubenstein, L. Z. (2013). The interdisciplinary team in geriatric care. American Behavioural Scientist, 29(6): 655-664
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Migraine
Migraine occurs at all ages, but it is most common in the 3rd -5th decades of life. The prevalence rates are higher between 20-55 years, and peaks at age 40. Migraine is inherited. Most people suffering from migraines usually have family members that have them too. Research indicates that if one of parents suffers from migraines, there is a 50% chance that the child will suffer from migraines. If both patients suffer, the probability that the child will suffer from migraines increases to 75% (Bolay and Ertas, 2012).
The discussion explored the various types of headaches including rebound headaches and tension type of headache. The emerging theme from this discussion is the need to conduct complete history and physical assessments to rule out other causes of headaches. This includes the use of CT and EEG, their importance during diagnosis and monitoring disease progression.
However, these diagnostic tests should be conducted only if health assessments dictate so. It has been reported that headaches with aura increases a person’s risk factor for stroke. Therefore, it is important to assess patient risk to ischemic stroke, especially on women under hormonal replacement therapy and birth control tablets (Lampl et al., 2014).
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Most contributions on triggers have been mentioned. This includes fasting, stress, worry, menstrual periods, fatigue, head trauma, birth control pills, physical inactiveness, lack of sleep, hunger, and certain foods or drinks especially those that contain nitrites, tyramine, glutamate, and aspartate. Certain medications and chemicals substances have been found to trigger headaches, including estrogens, perfumes, nitroglycerin, hydralazine, and organic solvents with a strong (Rana et al., 2014).
The issue on treatment was also discussed. The main preventive strategies are lifestyle modification. NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac are more effective as compared to aspirin or paracetamol. However, Triptans and Excedrin are more efficient for treating acute head attacks. Propranolol can also be prescribed if no contraindications are noted. Botox medications are effective for treating chronic migraines; usually used when all other treatment regimen is unsuccessful (Jackson, Kuriyama, & Hayashino, 2012).
Lampl, C., Jensen, R., Martelletti, P., & Mitsikostas, D. (2014). Refractory headache: One term does not cover all – A statement of the european headache federation. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 15(1), 1-2. doi:10.1186/1129-2377-15-50
Jackson, J. L., Kuriyama, A., & Hayashino, Y. (2012). Botulinum Toxin A for Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine and Tension Headaches in Adults. The Jouranl of American Medicine, 307(16), 1736-1745. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.505.
Rana, A. Q., Saeed, U., Khan, O. A., Qureshi, A. R. M., & Paul, D. (2014). Giant cell arteritis or tension-type headache?: A differential diagnostic dilemma. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, 5(4), 409-411. doi:10.4103/0976-3147.140005
Donnet, A., Daniel, C., Milandre, L., Berbis, J., & Auquier, P. (2012). Migraine with aura in patients over 50 years of age: The marseille’s registry. Journal of Neurology, 259(9), 1868-73. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6423-8
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Quality Health Care
Case Study
Introduction
Massachusetts General Hospital was established in the year 1811 and has ever since been committed to the delivery of quality health care. Through the course of history, the medical institution has been committed to the advancement of care through appropriate pioneered research and education to its professionals(Maillet, Lamarche, Roy, & Lemire, 2015). Currently, Massachusetts General Hospital based in Boston is ranked among the top 16 pediatric and adult institutions that offer a bed capacity of 947 and surgical facilities that can admit close to 48,580 patients.
The medical facilities mission stands at a guided approach in meeting the needs of patients and families through the delivery of quality care within a safe and compassionate environment that is advanced through innovative research and education with the intent of improving the well-being of the community. This paper aims at conducting a study on some of the internal and external factors that affect the manner in which healthcare is dispensed in this hospital.
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Internal Factors that Impact the Business
Within different health care facilities, it is essential to consider that many of the employees and the management experience distress. These distresses are attributed to the internal and external factors that affect business (Maillet.et, al.2015). As compared to the external factors, it is vital to note that the internal factors tend to have more direct impact on an organization. In consideration of the Massachusetts General Hospital, it is essential to consider that some of the internal challenges that the organization faces include:
Finances and Resources
The availability of finances and resources has the capacity to impact medical services within an institution of health. This is in consideration of the fact that the demands of medical services tends to be beyond the capacity of a health care institution. On the other hand, healthcare resources tend to be limited with the expectations of the patients considerably higher, a factor that points out to the low quality of health care services (Maillet, et, al.2015).
This has been considered to affect the quality of the health care providers. The limited access to resources translates to less medical aids, infrastructures and equipment’s that spur the process of healthcare delivery within a healthcare system.
Service Delivery
The quality of medical services and care primarily depends on service delivery, a factor that requires knowledge and technical skills of the practitioners. Physicians who are poor in the delivery of health services to patients undermine the standards of care, a factor that negatively impacts the delivery of health care services within an institution(Maillet, et.al.2015). This requires that physicians improve their knowledge and competencies with the aim of delivering quality medical services that impact the medical facility.
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Human Resource Management
Within a healthcare organization, it is essential to consider that the Human Resource management approaches play a significant role in impacting the quality of health care services. HR management in this case plays an essential role in the manner in which patients are served(Maillet, et.al.2015). On the other hand, the HR and its functions of employing and terminating employees contribute to the success or failure of an organization. The allocation of resources is also another significant element that the HR plays in the dispensation of quality services within an institution of health.
Research and Development
In the field of health care services, the element of research and development remains essential since the decision makers rely on this information on how to improve the health care systems(Maillet, et.al.2015). The role of an effective Health Care Research and Development aids in the provision of information that may lead in the improvement of health care services. This clearly determines that an ineffective research and development approach within a medical institution may hinder the manner in which healthcare services are dispensed, thus impact an organizations functions.
External Factors affecting Health Care Services
It is essential to consider the fact that there are some external factors that additionally affect the manner in which health care services are delivered within an institution. These factors would include:
Economic factors:
It is vital to consider the allocation of decision making under the consideration of economic factors needs to be considered in the offering of effective services within a health institution. Economic factors in this case infer to the resource pressures that have always placed constraints within the health institutions and influence the manner in which decision are made within the health care sector.
According to Maillet et, al (2015), financial constraints are known to contribute to decisions that limit and reduce the investments made on health care. This clearly determines the fact that economic factors have an impact in the delivery of health care services.
Political Factors
It is essential to consider the fact that the lack of political stability within a nation has the capacity to influence health care. On the other hand, political figures are prone to develop legislations that either limits the manner in which healthcare services need to be dispensed within a facility, thus impacting the manner in which healthcare services are delivered(Maillet, et.al.2015). This can be seen in the manner in which laws are developed in regards to costs and prices in healthcare that impact the patients and affect other health institutions.
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Social Factors
Sex, age and hereditary factors remain some of the elements that also determine the manner in which quality healthcare services are offered. The choices that are made are in other words arrived at under the consideration of social factors such as the cultures of the patients, a factor that may limit the delivery of quality health care(Maillet, et.al.2015).
On the other hand, the structure of the society has a contribution in healthcare delivery since the elements of social support and networking in connection to cultures are considered in healthcare. The development of environments that are socially unfavorable in this case may impact health care systems.
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Technological
Medical technology is a term that is used to determine the equipment’s, procedures and processes under which medical care is dispensed within a medical facility. An instance of technological changes in the medical field would include the development of new surgical procedures, new medical equipment’s and so on(Maillet, et.al.2015).
It is in this case essential to note that the aspect of technology has an adverse effect on health care and the manner in which quality is offered within a medical institution. The lack of appropriate technological outputs in this case limits the delivery of quality healthcare services within a health institution, a factor that affects an organization.
Conclusion
It is vital to consider that the healthcare sector is comprised of many institutions, resources, people and organizations that are comprised together by established policies whose purpose is geared towards the promotion, restoration and the maintenance of health care services. In this case, hospitals are required to effectively function through a system that ensures that its structures execute high-quality services to the patients(Maillet, et.al.2015).
Organizations that have these kinds of structures are known to take the vertical organizational structure through the inclusion of many layers of management, a factor that determines the level where Massachusetts General Hospital is classed. These numerous layers of management are developed to ensure that roles and responsibilities are shared and tasks are achieved exactly as required.
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The organizational structure of Massachusetts General Hospital in this case works through the inclusion of several layers of management that are tasked with different responsibilities. These structures are made up of the boards of directors that consist of influential members within the health fraternity. On the other hand, the Board members leave it upon the executives to oversee the decisions and the day to day operations of the hospital and the manner in which they are performed(Maillet, et.al.2015).
On the other hand, the department administrators are also considered in the structure of the organization and are tasked with the responsibility of reporting to the management. Departments within the medical institution have department administrators who oversee the functions of the department within this hospital.
It is additionally essential to consider that the patient managers are also part of the hospitals structure and are mainly tasked with the responsibility of overseeing patient care within the institution. Lastly, the service providers include the staff members that conduct the operations of medical facilities on a daily basis. It is in this case essential to consider that the healthcare sector is comprised of many institutions, resources, people and organizations that are comprised together by established policies whose purpose is geared towards the promotion, restoration and the maintenance of health care services.
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The Revenant Film Review
This paper sets out to review the movie The Revenant Film while examining the main actor. The paper will also consider the quality of photo shooting among other themes. The Revenant’ begins with dream images; there are snippets of memories that depict a peaceful way of life- and losing that peace and life. As mage changes, viewers can hear the sound of gurgling water and a forest, which symbolizes peace, triggering the beauty of nature.
This movie demonstrates a story of harrowing conditions using images that are remarkably attractive (Kim, 2015). This is a movie that depicts endurance and loss of life and appalling action of sudden violence. Regardless of all the primitiveintensity, the movie is also moderately with immersive quality.
There is a contrast between the film’s poetic beauty and ugly violence- this means that the director purposed to embrace difference to pass across particular ideas about the human disruption of nature. The message is well articulated using images of how man disrupts nature to validate these simplistic understanding of events. Be it deliberate or not, Iñarritu demonstrates the primary star of Revenant using honesty and intricacy that are not used in such types of movies (Semlyen, 2016). The main actor, in this case, is not Leonardo DiCaprio but nature.
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The movie does not, however, appear like a vengeance narrative but rather an epic to the instinctive splendor of nature and the unyielding, unrestrained power that underlies life. While the movie presents an enormously spellbinding and touching experience to those that love the wasteland, it is nonetheless, a photographic work of art and an exceptional piece of conventional moviemaking for the lover of film. Much as the movie has numerous inconsistencies, it is one of a kind that you are unlikely to find in cinema halls the midterm future.
The photography is quite exceptional, and the bear mauling picturesque is well presented. However, it may utterly fail you if you try to follow the plot with all the seriousness. For instance, the Indiana Jones adventure lacks the humor.
It becomes tricky to attempt to separate The Revenant from its meaning because the two are one and the same thing. The film epitomizes magnificent beauty, highlighting splendid, spiritual issues to do with retribution and reawakening. Morally, the film advocates for the spirit of never give up and perhaps the reason you keep watching is the curiosity to have a glimpse of what might happen around the corner.
The uncertainty that lies ahead is what keeps one glued to the TV screen. While the plot of the Revenant is a ploy that presents the movie with a particular structure, a good wrap is not the movie’s key theme or component. This film is attractive in the sense that it reflects nature in unflinchingly clear and amazing away. In fact, Iñarritu views the human protagonists as an element of nature in spite of their destructive activities.
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The main achievement of this movie is the holistic perspective; it reflect the actors as other species who try to live in the appalling environment. The focus is not on the moral element of injustices Leonardo DiCaprio suffers or how American natives are oppressed; rather it is about how Iñarritu try to keep emotional space like he was capturing a documentary on predators (Robbie, 2016).
Some violent scenes in the movie are related to a reaction to protection. The villain in the movie is motivated by fear rather than hate; the obvious defects were due to traumatizing circumstances. In nature, there is a straightforward rationale that makes men behave how they do in the movie.
Ultimately, Leonardo Dicaprio presents a whirlwind performance as the battered Glass whose quest for endurance pushes him on Herzogian trek to the brinks of life and death (Robbie, 2016). As a previous Oscar nominee for The Aviator and The Wolf of Wall Street among others, it becomes evident that DiCaprio executes a powerful movie that is informed primarily by the physiological features that oral articulation. For instance, we see Leo plunge into chilly waters, being buried alive and creeping into a still-warm animal cadaver for a nap. At that point, we see firsthand why the bear was unable to maul him as he walked to the podium for an Oscar victory.
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Health and Safety in the Health and Social Care Workplace
A Case Study of Silver Meadows
Introduction
Health and safety is always a crucial aspect that poses a concern to everyone with regards to day-to-day affairs. In health and social care settings, especially care homes for the elderly health and safety remains a fundamental consideration for all law enforcement agencies as well as practitioners. This makes the importance of continuous monitoring in addition to reviewing of health as well as legislations and safety policies’ implementation for health as well as social care workplace undisputable and this has been succinctly discussed and explained in this assignment.
According to Graham & Steven (2008) this is attributable to the fact that, good health and safety of care home residents is the key to their happiness something which has made the management and staff of home care workplaces to be cautious enough in managing health and safety issues. As a result, health protective agencies have been emphasizing on the implementation of appropriate policies, systems, and procedures for health and safety in all health as well as social care settings to alleviate hazards.
The context of this assignment will provide a clear view of policies, systems, and practices and their effect in the promotion of safety in health and social care home in the perspective of Silver Meadows Care Home. From the perspective of health and social care home, employees, patients and their relatives or visitors ought to be protected from hazards. Therefore, in health and social care working environment, the management, staff as well as individual patients have the right to participate in implementing health and safety plans for the benefit of all those involved.
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This assignment intends to discuss and evaluate the necessary health and safety policies, systems, procedures, and practices in accordance with legislative requirements as well as possible solutions and the associated dilemmas based on the case study of Silver Meadows Care Home. Three major tasks are covered in this assignment.
Firstly, the implementation of policies, systems, procedures, and practices aimed to communicate health as well as safety information; responsibilities of health and social care home management and staff in managing health and safety; as well as an analysis of appropriate health and safety priorities of case study health and social care home.
Secondly, risk assessment and the importance of obtained information in health and social care planning; analysis of a particular aspect concerned with health and safety policy; as well as dilemmas that are encountered in implementing health as well as safety policies and systems in addition to potential effect of non-compliance with legislations concerned with health and safety. Finally, the process of how to monitor and review of health aa well as safety policies, systems, procedures, and practices and their effectiveness in promoting safe culture and a healthy workplace as well as evaluation of personal contribution.
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TASK 1
Health is without any doubt the most important concern for everyone, and safety is inseparable from health service. As a result, this has been the key reason why various policies and laws have been formulated concerning health and safety with regards to health and social care working environments. Discussion of the details is presented in the sections below:
Task 1: (a) Implementation of Policies Systems, Procedures, and Practices for Communicating Information on Health and Safety
In conventional health care as well as safety settings communication usually involve various aspects, including information exchange among staff, management as well as patients and their relatives. However, due to technological advancement there has been continuous expansion of possibilities for storage, processing and retrieval of medical data.
According to Tripathi et al., (2009) varied types of information technologies and applications in the medical field have continued to enormously grow and evolve to ensure effective management and communication health as well as safety in both social and health care settings. From a perspective of social and health care workplace, there are several legislations that aim to support health and safety that are discussed below:
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The 2008 Act on Health and Social Care
In this Act information technology and communication (ICT) in health products are considered critical in disseminating important information concerning welfare, health and safety. This is attributable to the fact that, ICT can be used to allow control or combination of various sources of information in order to gain efficiency and provide better care within a health and safe environment while making sure that staff and resources are freed up. As a result, implementation of communication policies, systems and procedures in the Silver Meadow Care Home in accordance with this legislation will lead to various benefits, including:
Patient Safety: This is because they will result to reduction of medical errors such as surgical errors, adverse drug related admissions, transfusion errors, as well as professional negligence. Quality of care: Health information technology (HIT) reduces paperwork and provides more time to nurses which can be used to attend to their patients (Tripathi et al., 2009). As a result, Silver Meadows Care Home residents can get quality care from the physicians, nurses and the cares due to the saved time.
Patient access to care: Access to health and social care is improved using Health information technology (HIT) by ensuring that processes that are ineffective are streamlined resulting to increased staff productivity. The indicators of success in provision of care includes: time-out results analysis, time taken to respond to patients’ inquiries, as well as improved self-management of chronic diseases.
Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
This Act usually considers a variety of issues that are related to health, safety, as well as welfare of employees across various workplace sectors. With regards to requirements of health and safety, this Act delegate a general obligation to the management and staff of health and social care homes to cooperate and take care of others concerning issues pertaining health and safety.
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992
The Act is a refinement of 1974 Act where it requires the management of health and social care homes to regularly conduct risk assessments and record findings prior to communicating them to employees and patients. This Act compels the management to arrange on implementation of health and safety measures for the purpose of improving emergency procedures as well as providing clear information and training to their staff and also work in collaboration with other stakeholders.
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Health and Safety Regulations 1981
In order to boost health and safety, this regulation compels the management of health and social care workplace to provide information to staff, patients and visitors on first-aid arrangement. In addition, they must also ensure that there is provision of first aid equipment as well as availability of trained first aiders.
This means that it is inevitable for the implementation of health information technology in Silver Meadows Care Home to step up health and safety in its settings, which has to be carried out in accordance with the entire raft of standard, legislation, as well as guidelines altogether referred to as “Information Governance” in UK. It has been operational for sometimes and cover issues of accessing and disclosing health information as well as confidentiality.
The 2008 Act on Health and Social Care establishes the National Information Governance Board for Heath and Social Care, (NIGB) which is mandated to carry out a statutory duty of supervising the governance of information (Tripathi et al., 2009).
Figure1: Implementation Model (Source: Pall, 2012)
According to Stranks, (2005) Health Department is obliged to formulate policies regulating provision of services related to health and social care to people across UK. Even though implementation of these policies and procedure may be compromised by non-compliance, rectification can be achieved through regular monitoring by supervisory agencies shown in the above figure which ensure home cares oblige to specific health and safety policies at all levels.
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Task 1: (b)Responsibilities of Management and Staff in Managing Health and Safety
Management and staffs of Silver Meadows Care Home just like those in other home care settings have certain responsibilities that they are supposed to adhere to. Elderly people are without any doubt the most vulnerable age group of the population implying that special consideration must be taken towards their safety, care, and security (Fisher, 2005).
According to Sowers & Catherine (2008) all the staff of elderly home care must be able to readily access up to date policies for nursing care and medication guidelines. On the other hand, the British National Formulary must also be readily accessible to nurses working at Silver Meadows Care Home.
In the UK, planning of health and safety in health as well as social care workplaces is conducted by both non-government institutions as well as government institutions. There exists a public health and health care system in the government of UK. In this system, there is distribution of responsibilities from the department of health down to the local authorities. As a result, the system includes health and social care providers and takers,
NHS commissioning board, clinical commissioning board, monitoring system as well as public and local health (Pall, 2012). There is an integration of this system where responsibilities are delegated to all organisational bodies based on health and safety which ought to be provided by social and health care homes.
Management is the other crucial aspect of safety and health with regards to organisational structure, particularly in relation to the management and staff responsibilities at health and social care home. In the management of health and safety responsibilities of management as well as staff include: systemic utilisation of standardised techniques which are important in the identification and removal of impeding hazards; and controlling potential risks by influencing behaviours as well as encouraging attitudes during techniques (Pall, 2012).
As a result, the responsibilities of management and staff in relation to health as well as safety management at Silver Meadows Care Home can be assessed in the context of care and support plan for a physically disabled individual because palliative care is offered.
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For example: A Care and Support Plan for a Physically Disabled Individual
Based on the care and support for the physically disabled individual, the plan includes taking the person to a restaurant once per week to take dinner since he/she is unable to this individually. However, the person wants to eat a burger at the restaurant every time when taken out, but the carers or support workers are of the opinion that burgers are not healthy and the person should not eat them that often.
Here the management and staff of Silver Meadows Care Home through their responsibilities with regards to management of health and safety can devise individualised mental capacity for making a better decision. But within the responsibilities of management and staff is it a good decision to hinder such a person to take fatty foods? From this perspective, the answer is yes; however, they should ensure that they use in supporting and encouraging tone of voice so that they feel as though they are being bullied.
They should also concern them in taking responsibility when they eat foods that are unhealthy. This implies that responsibilities and management of health and safety are related to individuals as well as the organisation. Furthermore, the example of care and support plan provided shows how the management of health and safety can be comprised and the appropriate steps that can be used to rectify it also discussed.
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Task 1: (c)Analysis of Health and Safety Priorities
Care homes should be maintained in a manner that portrays a home in order to be pleasant to live in by providing safe and healthy environment. Hence, the management and staffs of care homes should prioritise the most important issues with regards to maintaining high quality health and social care for the residents.
In the context of Silver Meadows Care Home, which offers dementia care, palliative care, nursing care, and residential care for the elderly people, it is clear that there should be some appropriate health and safety priorities. For instance, since Silver Meadows is taking care of elderly people whose movement is limited there is need to prioritise the safety of entry and exit in the workplace to allow easier movement in case of an emergency (Moonie, 2000; Sprenger, 2003).
Also considering that elderly people are not stable and vulnerable to fallings, the floors should always be maintained in good state and not wet or slippery through better housekeeping practices (Sprenger, 2003). In health and social care settings, infection is the main risk and its prevention should be prioritised since elderly people often have compromised immune systems meaning new infections or cross infections may pose a significant danger to them.
This can be controlled by limiting the number of visitors or employees to an area considered risky; using measures of hygiene which reduces or prevents transferring of infectious agent through regular hand washing and ensuring that the work environment is maintained in a hygienic condition. Reducing the risk of sharp injuries should also be prioritised at care home through engineering controls and elimination of risks as well as safe usage and disposal of sharp objects (Sprenger, 2003).
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Task 2
In order to understand the impact of requirements of health as well as safety on practitioners and customers of health and social care homes, there is need to carry out risk assessment, as well as impacts of policy on customer and care practice, care planning, encountered dilemmas, as well as effects of non-compliance. Details of these aspects are discussed in the contents that follow:
Task 2: (a) Risk Assessments’ Information and Care Planning for Residents
Information on the services offered by health and social care home constitutes an important element of ensuring services are provided and taken in the context of health and safety in care planning. This can either be in the context of organisational decision making as well as individual care planning.
Risk assessment is the most appropriate method to collect this information because it involves identification of impending hazards, possible severity of harm likely to result from of the identified hazards, calculating the extent of risk, monitoring as well as reappraisal of the risk (Grinnell & Yvonne, 2008). Hence, there is need for regular risk assessments in order to assess the risks associated with health and safety of individual care planning.
In most instances, the nature of risk assessments tend to be simple and can be done through direct observation/examination, but some are more complex and requires lengthy procedures to ascertain. The process of risk assessment involves several steps which have to be executed as follows:
(1) significant hazards are identified through observations or interviews;
(2) making a decision on who is likely to be harmed by the hazards;
(3) evaluating the risks and deciding on the effectiveness of existing precautionary measures followed by implementation of proper measures if the existing ones are ineffective;
(4) recording the findings and communing them to the staffs; and
(5) reviewing the risk assessment and if necessary revisiting it (Lishman, 2007). The model of risk assessment in health as well as safety management is illustrated in the figure below:
Figure 2: Model for managing health and safety in work place, (Source: Dowding & Barr, 1999)
The information obtained from risk assessments plays a critical role in informing care planning for residents and organisational decision making concerning policies and procedures because its inherent features which include: it is recognised as a risk control, its implementation is done in accordance with modern procedures to manage risk, the risk assessment needs to be reviewed and revisited or amended if necessary, it ensures that there is control of all hazards, and it results in mitigation of any residual risk to be reasonably practicable.
According to Carr (2010) getting information from risk assessments can be of considerable benefits; for example, at individual care planning they include: knowing different care services offered by various health and social care facilities, knowing better providers of health and social care, knowing the rights of getting the services of health and social care homes, appraising services offered by health and social care homes, as well as helping to make decisions on services to be sought.
In addition, in the context of organisational decision making benefits include: an organisation gets to be aware of different procedures policies that concern social and health care, an organisation can get to be aware of new procedures and policies concerning health as well as safety management at care homes, it helps an organisation to decide on the services to give to a client and how to give, and also the information helps organisations to be conscious with regards to their right, client right as well as obligations (Carr, 2010).
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Task 2: (b) Analysis of a Particular Aspect of Health and Safety Policy
In UK, various health and safety policies do exist with regards to regulation of different aspects of health and social care settings. There are both positive and negative impacts of these policies. One of safety and health policy is the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992. This regulation is the basis of the policy made against aggression and violence in care homes and has varied impacts care home service users and the care providers (OSHA, 2012).
This is because aggression or violence expressed by some service users is a source of distress and injury to care providers at work. This policy helps in reducing aggression and violence which positively impact the care providers. Alternatively, it may hinder health care provision to service users with aggressive or violent behaviours, especially those seeking dementia care due to their limited cognitive ability. The policy also causes financial burden to care providers since they have to continuously train their staff on how to effectively handle patients who are potentially aggressive or violent.
Another policy is Health and Safety Regulations 1981 which compels the management of health and social care workplace to provide information to staff, patients and visitors on first-aid arrangement as well as ensuring that there is provision of first-aid equipment and presence of trained first aiders (AHS, 2010).
This policy helps care providers or other patients to immediately get first when injured by violent patients or from any other accidents. However, it increases cost of running care home in purchasing first aid equipment and recruiting first aiders. Both policies seem to have both positive and negative impacts, but it is also clear that their overall impact is good to care providers and patients even though they may hinder service provision (Balarajan et al., 2011).
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Task 2: (c) Addressing Dilemmas Encountered Implementing Systems and Policies for Health, Safety and Security
Silver Meadows Care Home is faced with dilemmas in ensuring that every legislation is adhered to because of their budgetary implications as well as quality care improvement or staff performance and also security measures. Popple & Leslie (2008) asserted that based on required expectations and stakeholder needs implementation of necessary systems is needed with emphasis on government requirements. Dilemmas are the concerns the facility face to ensure security and safety of patients is guaranteed (Popple & Leslie, 2008).
Thus, the specific dilemmas include the need to ensure security and safety of patients always since it is the responsibility of the facility to guarantee the well-being of patients within a secure environment. In addition, budgetary requirements to implement the appropriate systems for assured security and safety of patients is another dilemma because the facility is faced by financial constraints and needs to outsource for the required capital.
Considering Silver Meadows Care Home is considerably large, there is need to maintain high security levels as well as safety processes. Through implementation of new technology for operating systems and departments, it is possible to effectively manage time and increase the quality of care. However, these dilemmas can be addressed by liaising with management through which services of consultants can be used to monitor the activities through which the performance of employees can be improved.
In order to increase the quality level of health and social care, continuous training programs need to be provided for the staff in order to ensure standards are developed. Finally, the dilemma with security can be addressed by implementing security camera system to increase safety at home care. According to Mizrahi & Larry (2008) implementation of a process of performance evaluation can maintain standards of employees with regards to Health and Safety Act 1981.
Stringent adherence to policies, legislations and codes or standards of practice is also essential in achieving this goal as well as reducing risk irrespective of investments required since through cost benefit analysis should obviously give more benefits than costs.
Task 2: (d) Effects of Non-Compliance with Health and Safety Legislation
In case, health and social care home is non-compliance with a legislation or regulation which govern health as well as safety, its performance becomes ineffective and clients are dissatisfied. This means that when standards are not maintained in a home care, clients become unhappy and often seek health care services from other providers.
According to Mathis & Jackson (2010) failure of a home care to provide the necessary training programs to their employees on existing legislation, regulations and standards often results to non-compliance subsequently hindering performance and quality service which eventually reduces the profits.
According to Rosenfeld & Russell (2012) non-compliance to legislation may result to legal actions, especially when patients’ rights are violated as a result of failure of home care to maintain the legislation or the standards. The legal actions may also incur the home care a significant financial burden in terms of compensations and legal fees.
Also, the home care may be banned to operate by the government due to gross violation of patients’ rights arising from non-compliance to legislation. Furthermore, when a home care is non-compliance with existing legislation the overall impacts may be increased risk, customer dissatisfaction, poor performance, poor levels of productivity, and a possibility of a ban from the government.
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TASK 3
Understanding of the process of monitoring and review of health as well as social care workplace policies, systems, procedures, and practices is central to success in health and safety implementation. This section covers the monitoring and review of safety and health policies, systems and practices as well as their effectiveness in the promotion of safe culture and healthy workplace as well as evaluation of personal contribution. Details of these aspects of health and safety have been discussed in the following contents:
Task 3: (a) Monitoring and Review of Health and Safety Systems, Policies, Procedure as well as Practices
Health as well as safety systems, policies, procedures, and practices monitoring plays a fundamental role in managing safety and health in home cares. However, writing and launching of health and safety policy does not mean that is the end of responsibilities. In fact, it is the initial step in implementing a safety and health policy, which is vital in ensuring the required standards and codes or procedures are outlined alongside the need to ensure that they are always adhered to by everyone.
Since there is a continuous change in safety and health management, the monitoring of the policies’ effectiveness needs to be done proactively for the purpose of regular evaluation of the progress and timely identification of deviations. Hence, monitoring and review of social and health care is required due to legal, morale as well as cost reasons. However, two general ways of monitoring as well as reviewing health and safety policies exist such as: proactive and reactive monitoring.
Proactive monitoring which involves taking precautionary actions prior to a hazard constitutes the checking of implemented standards as well as control of management needs through regular inspections in addition to safety audits. This plays an imperative role in ensuring that preventative or protective measures and interventions are developed and implemented.
As a result, this leads to significant reduction of risks as well as considerable gains in terms of costs reduction through minimised damages. Alternatively, reactive monitoring involves examination of events upon their occurrence and constitutes learned lessons from previous mistakes. Regular inspections of health and safety policy are an appropriate method of reviewing the progress of implementation.
This approach is important in ensuring that risks or damages are mitigated in a timely manner for the purpose of abating their negative effects, which if left unaddressed would result to significant liability or taint the reputation of the facility. Thus, the need for devising the correct interventions is very important for long-term impact to be felt.
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Task 3: (b) Effectiveness of Safety and Health Policies, Systems, Procedures, and Practices in the Promotion of a Positive, Healthy and Safe Culture
Health as well as safety systems, policies, procedures, and practices’ effectiveness is depended on social and health care promotion by focusing on several factors such as: the promotion of non-occupational factors and healthy lifestyles, as well as the organisational environment. Non-occupational factors are: home and community conditions as well as family welfare. On this aspect, emphasis should be directed to improving home and community conditions mainly by devising an appropriate approach through which collaboration between all the concerned parties can be achieved.
Healthy lifestyles can be achieved through heightened awareness creation programs across all groups as well as encouraging change of lifestyles by highlighting the envisaged benefits. In addition, organisational environment is achievable through implementation of the necessary occupational safety and health standards as well as developing and implementing appropriate workplace designs and organisation. WHO proposed an effective model presented in the figure below:
Figure 3: Effectiveness Model of Health and Safety (Source: WHO, 2013)
The policies discussed previously such as the Management of Health and Safety at work Regulation 1992 puts more emphasis on risk assessments and reporting of findings, while Health and Safety Regulation 1981 compels home cares to provide first aid. These two policies play a critical role in promoting healthy workplaces as well as safe culture.
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Conclusion
In conclusion, it is safe to state that health and safety implementation in home care, an integrated policy is required through which everyone will get surety to equity in health and social care. For the development of competence of health service providers, there is need for an integrated training since without such policy individuals will be taking their health risk responsibility.
References
AHS (2010). Strategic Plan for Workplace Health and Safety. Available at: https://:www.albertahealthservices.ca/org/ahs-org-whs-strategic-plan.pdf [Accessed 12th November 2015].
Balarajan, Y., Selvaraj, S., & Subramanian, S. V. (2011). Health care and equity in UK. London: Prentice Hall.
Cambridge Training and Development (2000). Advanced Health and Social Care, (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chu, C., Breucker, G., Harris, N., Stitzel, A., Gan, X., Gu, X., & Dwyer, S. (2000). Health-promoting workplaces: International settings development. Health Promotion International, 15(2), 155-167.
CIS-Assessment (2010). Health and Safety in an Adult Social Care Setting. Available at: https://:www.cis-assessment.co.uk/docs/pdf [Accessed 12th November 2015].
Dean, K. (1996). Using theory to guide policy relevant health promotion research. Health Promotion International, 11(1), 19-26.
Dowding, L., & Barr, J. (1999). Managing in Health Care: A Guide for Nurses, Midwives & Health Visitors, (5th ed.). New York, NY: Prentice Hall.
Fisher, A. (2005). Health and Social Care. Oxford: Heinemann.
Garcarz, W., & Wilcock, E. (2005). Statutory and Mandatory Training in Health and Social Care: A Toolkit for Good Practice. Oxon, OX: Radcliffe Publishing.
Graham, B., & Steven, P., (2008). Your Foundation in Health and Social Care: A Guide for Foundation Degree Students. London: SAGE.
Grinnell, R. M., & Yvonne, A. U. (2008). Social Work Research and Evaluation: Foundations of Evidence-Based Practice (8th ed.). Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Grol, R., et al., (2007). Planning and Studying Improvement in Health Care: The Use of Theoretical Perspective. The Milbank Quarterly, 85(1), 93-138.
Holland, K., & Hogg, C. (2001). Cultural Awareness in Nursing and Health Care: An Introductory Text. London: Hodder Arnold.
HSE – Review Health and Safety Legislation (2014). Health and Safety Legislation – laws in the workplace [online]. Available at: http://www.hse.gov.uk/legislation/ [Accessed 12th November 2015].
HSG (2000). Managing Health and Safety on Work Experience: A Guide for Organisers.
Lishman, J. (2007). Handbook for practice learning in social work and social care: knowledge and theory. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Mathis, R. L., & Jackson, J. H. (2010). Human Resource Management. New York, NY: Cengage Learning.
Moonie, N. (2000). Advanced Health and Social Care. Oxford: Heinemann.
Morath, J. M., & Turnbull, J. E. (2004). To Do No Harm Ensuring Patient Safety in health Care Organizations. Sainsbury, NJ: Jossey Bass Wiley.
Pall, N. (2012). Primary healthcare needs top priority. Mumbai: India Health Progress.
Pamela, M., & David, W., (2009). First Health and Social Care, (1st ed.). London: Reflect Press.
Payne, M. (2011). Humanistic Social Work: Core Principles in Practice. Chicago: Lyceum, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
Popple, P. R., & Leslie, L. (2008). The Policy-Based Profession: An Introduction to Social Welfare Policy Analysis for Social Workers (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
Reamer, F. G. (2006). Ethical Standards in Social Work: A Review of the NASW Code of Ethics, (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: NASW Press.
Rosati, R. J. (2009). Home healthcare quality. Journal of Healthcare Quality, 31(2), 3-4.
Rosenfeld, P., Pyc, L., Rosati, R. J., & Marren, J. M. (2012). Developing a Competency Tool for Home Health Care Nurse Managers. Home Health Care Management & Practice, 24(1), 5-12.
Rosenfeld, P., & Russell, D. (2012). A Review of Factors Influencing Utilization of Home and Community Based Long-Term Care: Trends and Implications to the Nursing Workforce. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 13(2), 72-80.
Sowers, K. M., & Catherine, N. D. (2008).Comprehensive Handbook of Social Work and Social Welfare. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Sprenger, R. (2003). Health and Safety for Management. London: Highfield.
Stranks, J. (2005). Health and Safety Law, (5th ed.). London: Prentice Hall.
Trachtenberg, M., & Ryvicker, M. (2011). Research on transitional care: from hospital to home. Home Healthcare Nurse, 29(10), 645-651.
Tripathi, M., Delano, D., Lund, B., & Rudolph, L. (2009). Engaging patients for health information exchange. Health Affairs, 28(2), 435-443.
Webb, R., & Tossell, D. (1998). Social Issues for Carers: Towards Positive Practice, (2nd ed.). London:Hodder Arnold.
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Alzheimer’s disease
Since patient wandering and confusion are common for the patient with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease, what would the RN teach the family about maintaining a safe environment? Provide three examples.
The RN should teach the family that patients diagnosed with Alzheimer can comfortably live in their homes, provided the safety measures are put in place. The family members must be educated on ways Alzheimer disease causes changes in the patient’s brain and body functions. This affects the patient reasoning, judgement, physical ability, behaviour, cognitive functions and sense of time (Bridenbaugh, Monsch & Kressig, 2012).
The family should be taught on ways to identify the possible dangers. The hazardous areas should be locked. Drugs and other chemical substances should be stored out of reach, in lockable cupboards. The family must be ready for emergencies. This implies that they should keep emergency phone numbers such as fire departments and local police helplines. The family members should ensure that the safety devices are working.
These include smoke detectors and carbon monoxide detectors and fire extinguishers. Walkways should be well lit to prevent falls. All weapons such as guns or other types of weapons must be removed. Basically, the home must be well lit, ventilated and free from hazards. The home should not be too restrictive, but one that encourage social interaction and independence (Schneider, 2011).
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To prevent the patient from wandering, the patient’s relatives and care givers should be taught the following strategies. To start with, they should create a daily activity plan. This helps identify the times of the day that wandering occurred. The patient must be reassured whenever they feel lost, disoriented or abandoned. The care giver must refrain from using correcting the patient using harsh voice.
All patients’ basic need must be met. They should not allow the patient to go places that trigger confusion and disorientation such as grocery stalls, malls or other venues that are busy. The doors must remain locked, and keys including car keys put out of sight. The patient must never be left alone i.e. they should always be under supervision. If the main issue is night wandering, devices that signal motions should be used (Lacey, Jones, Trigg & Niecko, 2012).
How would the RN adjust the teaching based on the family’s educational level, socioeconomic status or culture? Provide two examples
Despite the increase emphasis on patient centred care, when it comes to coping strategies for Alzheimer, the healthcare provider should focus on family centred care. In this case, the RN must conduct a family assessment to understand patient structure as well as style. This helps RN formulate effective teaching plan (Skoog, 2011).
To begin with, the RN should evaluate the barriers that would hinder the family ability to deliver health care. This includes the ages, sex and health status of the family member. The family socioeconomic status influences the teaching strategy. People from high socioeconomic status are most likely to be educated, thus basic healthcare can be used during the teaching process.
However, those from low income households tend to have low level of education which determines people’s attitudes and perceptions of care. Additionally, some family members lack basic knowledge of the disease. Cultural backgrounds could make some patients to believe in folk medicine. These factors must be addressed when teaching the patient’s family members (Trigg, Jones, Lacey & Niecko, 2012).
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What are common symptoms of caregiver role strain?
The demands of giving care to Alzheimer patients are very taxing which can lead to care givers strain and burnout. These are manifested through stress, anxiety, exhaustion, and sleep disturbances. Other common symptoms of care giver role strains include changes in appetite, depression, withdrawal and mood swings (Trigg, Jones, Lacey & Niecko, 2012).
Provide one nursing diagnosis statement (statement must include an actual nursing diagnosis, related factor and as evidenced by) that may be appropriate for a patient with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease.
Anxiety related to stress and situational crisis as evidenced by insomnia, restlessness, memory loss, and cognitive functions deficits.
References
Bridenbaugh, S., Monsch, A., & Kressig, R. (2012). How does gait change as cognitive decline progresses in the elderly?. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 8(4), P131-P132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.349
Lacey, L., Jones, R., Trigg, R., & Niecko, T. (2012). Caregiver burden as illness progresses in Alzheimer’s disease (AD): Association with patient dependence on others and other factors—Results from the Dependence in Alzheimer’s Disease in England (DADE) study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 8(4), P248-P249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.660
Trigg, R., Jones, R., Lacey, L., & Niecko, T. (2012). Relationship between patient self-assessed and proxy-assessed quality of life (QoL) and patient dependence on others as illness progresses in Alzheimer’s disease: Results from the Dependence in Alzheimer’s Disease in England (DADE) study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 8(4), P250-P251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.667
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Flybe Group Plc In Comparison With Ryanair
Company Review
Introduction
Flybe Group Plc is a company that is in the airline business. This organization came to existence in the year 1979. Flybe Group Plc was initiated when two companies, Intra Airways and Express Air Services came together for business (Flybe, 2015). It is worth noting that this company operates in many places and has a number of subsidiaries. This company has its domicile in Exeter and is known to be quite affordable since its cost is set at the lowest levels possible.
Interestingly, Flybe Group Plc has been able to make its name as the regional airline to go for despite the presence of many others. The company has been able to trade in the London Stock Exchange with other listed companies (London Stock Exchange, 2015).
Current performance
Currently, the performance of the company is worse than that of the previous year. From the income statement, it is quite clear that the group’s revenue dipped from 620.5 million pounds to 574.1 million pounds. This means that the group has not been able to generate as much revenue as it did in the year that ended in March 2014.
Compared to another player in the same industry revenue wise; Ryanair, the performance of Flybe Group Plc is bad. This is because from the income statement of Ryanair, the total revenue is seen to have increased from 5.036.7 million pounds for the year ended 31st March 2014 to 5,654.0 million pounds attained in the year ended 31st March 2015. This shows that Ryanair was able to generate more revenue than Flybe Group Plc.
Looking at the income results of the company in the year ended 31st March 2015, an operating loss of 12.7 million pounds was realized (Flybe, 2015). This is a very bad situation for the company bearing in mind that a profit was realized in the year that was closed on the 31st day of March 2014. It is worth noting that Flybe Group Plc realized 1.3 million pounds in terms of profit in the year that was closed on 31st March, 2016. This shows a very worrying movement in the profitability of this company.
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In terms of profitability, Ryanair seems to have recorded a very high increase in its operating profit in the year that ended on 31st March 2015. In this year, Ryanair managed to realize an operating profit of 1,042.9 million pounds against 658.6 million pounds recorded in the year closed on 31st March 2014. This shows a very significant increase in the level of operating profitability unlike the case of Flybe Group Plc where a loss was recorded. Under this circumstance, it is reasonable to point out that the Ryanair has a bigger capacity of growth than Flybe Group Plc.
Liquidity
Liquidity of an organization refers to the ability to translate the available assets into cash. The liquidity of a company is always determined by looking at the ease with which a company is able or has been able to avail cash from most of its assets. To determine the liquidity of Flybe Group Plc, it is necessary to come up with the liquidity ratios of the company. The calculation of the liquidity ratios for Flybe Group Plc will focus on the year closed on 31st March, 2014 compared to the year ended 31st March 2015. Some of the liquidity ratios include current ratio, cash ratio, working capital and quick ratio.
Current Ratio
The current ratio of an organization is obtained by getting a division of the current assets by the current liabilities (Robert, 2010). For Flybe Group Plc, the current ratio for the years ended on the 31st day of 2015 and 2014 are as follows.
Year
Ratio
Current Assets
Current Liabilities
Ratio
2015
Current
308.3
257.2
1.20
2014
Current
304.8
216.4
1.41
From the above schedule, it is evident that the liquidity of Flybe Group Plc in the year ended on 31st March 2015 is lower than the previous year. This is because the liquidity dropped from 1.41 to 1.20.
The current ratio for Ryanair, a competitor in the industry is as follows;
Year
Ratio
Current Assets
Current Liabilities
Ratio
2015
Current
5,742.00
3,346.00
1.72
2014
Current
3,444.30
2,274.50
1.51
From this calculation, it is evident that Ryanair was able to have a higher current ratio in the year ended 2015 than the previous year. This is not the case with the current ratio obtained by Flybe Group Plc. From the calculation of current ratio of Flybe Group Plc, it is seen that there is a decrease in the current ratio obtained in the year ended 2014 from 1.41 to 1.2 calculated for the year ended 31st March 2015.
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Net Working capital ratio
This liquidity ratio is used in measuring by what level the current assets are when compared to the current liabilities, in the absence of cash. This means that the net working capital ratio is used in measuring the excess of current assets as compared to the current liabilities. It is obtained by dividing the current assets less cash by the current liabilities of an organization. The current ratios of Flybe Group Plc for the years ending 31st March of 2014 and 2015 respectively are as follows.
Year
Ratio
Current Assets-cash
Current Liabilities
Ratio
2015
Working capital
130.4
257.2
0.51
2014
Working capital
126.9
216.4
0.59
Compared to the year ended 31st March 2014, the networking capital is seen to have gone down showing negative movement of the company’s ability to take care of current liabilities.
For the net working capital ratio for Ryanair, the calculation is as below;
Year
Ratio
Current Assets-cash
Current Liabilities
Ratio
2015
Working capital
4557.4
257.2
17.72
2014
Working capital
1714.2
216.4
7.92
These calculations for Ryanair show that there is a very significant increase in the net working capital obtained in the year 2014 compared to that obtained in the year ended 31st March 2015. In the year ended 2014, Ryanair had a net working capital ratio of 7.92, while in the year ended 2015 it increased upto 17.72.
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Liquidity comparison with competitor (Ryanair) based on current ratio and networking capital
Quick ratio
This is a liquidity ratio that is used to derive an organizations muscle towards taking care of its short-term liabilities through the utilization of the current assets that can be converted into cash quickly (Aalst & Wil 2011). Therefore, stock is reduced from the current assets amount that is used in dividing by the current liabilities. Therefore, the formulae for quick ratio is (current assets-stock)/current liabilities. The quick ratio for Flybe Group Plc is as follows
Year
Ratio
Current Assets-stock
Current Liabilities
Ratio
2015
Quick ratio
301.2
257.2
1.17
2014
Quick ratio
298
216.4
1.38
From the above calculation, it is clear that the quick ratio in the year ended 31st March 2014 is higher than that of the year ended 31st March 2015. This shows that Flybe Group Plc’s capability in the previous year was better, a situation that reflects poor ability of the company.
For Ryanair, the quick ratios for the two years ended 31st March 2014 and 2015 respectively are as follows;
Year
Ratio
Current Assets-stock
Current Liabilities
Ratio
2015
Quick ratio
5739.9
3346
1.72
2014
Quick ratio
3441.8
2274.5
1.51
From the schedule above, Ryanair is seen to have made an increase in its quick ratio from 1.51 in the year ended 2014 to 1.72 in the year closed in 2015 (Ryanair, 2015). This is not the case with the quick ratio of Flybe Group Plc where the quick ratio dropped from 1.38 to 1.17.
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Profitability Ratio analysis
Profitability ratios are usually used in finding out how the assets of an organization have been employed in the process of generating profit (Papadopoulos, 2011). This is a very good ratio in the analysis of an organization financially. This is because all businesses are set up for the purpose of generating some considerable gain after a given period of time.
Gross profit margin
This is a ratio calculated through the division of the gross profit of an organization with the net sales recorded. For Flybe Group plc, the gross profit margin ratios for the years ended 31st March 2014 and 2015 respectively are as follows;
Year
Ratio
Gross profit
Net Sales
Ratio
2015
Gross profit Margin
-12.7
574.1
(0.022)
2014
Gross profit Margin
-1.5
620.5
(0.002)
From the above calculation of gross profit margin, it is evident that it is negative for both years. However, the gross profit margin for the year ended march 2015 is poor than that of the previous year.
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For Ryanair, the gross profit margin is as follows
Year
Ratio
Gross profit
Net Sales
Ratio
2015
Gross profit Margin
982.4
6073.0
0.2
2014
Gross profit Margin
591.4
5654.0
0.1
Comparatively, Flybe Public Plc is seen to have posted poor results in terms of profitability compared to Ryanair. In the year ended 31st March 2015, Flybe Group Plc had a gross profit margin of (0.022) while Ryan air had 0.2. This shows that in terms of gross profit in relation to sales, Ryan air had a good level of gain.
Company Review Findings and conclusions
From the ratio analysis for Flybe Group Plc, several findings come up. Firstly, the decrease In the current ratio of Flybe Group Plc in the year ended March 2015 shows that the company’s ability to take care of the current liabilities decreased. This means that Flybe Group Plc has to look for alternative ways of raising funds in case there is need to pay for current liabilities. With current ratio, the higher the ratio the better for a company since it means that the ability to take care of its current liabilities is stronger (Rajasekeran, 2012).
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With net working capital ratio, the higher the ratio, the better for a company. A higher ratio means that a company is able to convert its current assets into cash and finance its current liabilities in the absence of ready cash (Kaplan, 2011). In the case of Flybe Group Plc, the net working ratio is seen to have dropped from 0.59 to 0.51 in the year ended 31st March 2015.
This means that the company’s ability to finance its current liabilities from other current assets in exclusion of cash got weaker. According to Tracy (2012), a good performing company is able to handle current liabilities even without using its cash.
In the year ended 31st March 2015, the gross profit Margin for Flybe Group Plc went down compared to what was realized in the year ended 31st March 2014. This means that the company’s use of its assets for profit generation went down. With poor profitability, it means that a company cannot grow properly.
After the analysis and findings, it is reasonable to state the position of Flybe Group Plc in the industry. Firstly, its performance is poor compared to previous year. Secondly, the company’s performance compared to that of a competitor in the industry is very poor. Therefore, the management of Flybe Group Plc should come up with strategies of improving the performance of the company.
One of the things that the management should look for is the use of information technology. According to Proctor (2011), information technology is one tool that is capable of bringing improvement in performance of an organization. This is supported by Pathak (2014) who says that the information technology is important in many areas of a business including auditing. Additionally, coming up with strategies that support improvement is always an important aspect in business (Thompson, 2014).
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Conclusion
According to Gray et al. (2011), a company review is a very important activity for organizations. This is because it gives an organization an opportunity of looking at the way its performance is moving. For example, the analysis of the financial performance of Flybe Group Plc has shown how poor the performance is compared with the previous year and Ryanair which is a competitor in the industry.
From the analysis, Flybe Group Plc has been able to post poor results in the year ended 31st March 2015 compared to what was attained in the year ended 31st March 2014. Additionally, compared with Ryanair, the performance of the company is also poor. Ryanair is seen to be posting financial results which are likely to catapult the company to great heights. For better analysis of a company, financial ratios are very useful (Debarrshi, 2012).
This is because the financial ratios bring about various aspects of a business as reflected in their different levels. When carrying out a company review, it is important to carry out comparisons for different years of operations. Additionally, it is good to understand the position of a company within a particular industry.
Comparison with other players in the industry is necessary since it ensures that a company understands how the performance is compared to that of other players. Keller and Price (2013) point out that industry comparison enables a company carry out improvements and corrections so that there may be creation of competitive edge in the industry or market.
References
Aalst, V.& Wil M.P., (2011), Process Mining: Discovery, Conformance and Enhancement of Business Processes, Springer
Debarrshi, B. (2012), Management Accounting, Pearson Education India
Thompson,JL. (2014). Understanding Corporate Strategy. Cengage Learning Chew, L. & Parkinson, A. (2013), Making Sense of Accounting for Business, Harlow: Pearson
Tracy, A. (2012), Ratio Analysis Fundamentals: How 17 Financial Ratios Can Allow You to Analyze Any Business In The World, Ratioanalysis.net
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