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Environmental issues Research Study

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Environmental issues

How does the plummeting of oil prices affect the climate?

The recent fall in oil price from about USD 115 to 50 per barrel in mid-2014 and August 2015 respectively has contributed to diverse views regarding the adverse effects on the environment. These environmental issues views may be divided into three groups;

a) Plummeting oil price is regarded to exert downward strain on gas oil cost as well as the price of natural gas. This is likely to divert significant ventures from environmentally sustainable energy methods to gas-driven electric plants. The required change of the globe’s energy technologies from fossil fuels to low-carbon techniques may be significantly stopped (Kurtz, 2004).

b) Falling oil prices and the low cost of petroleum by-products including gasoline, may exert increased demand on internal combustion engine (ICE) driven vehicles. This may hinder not only development but also diffusion of ecologically friendly options, like electric vehicles (EVs) that do not emit CO2 emissions. Also, advanced vehicle travel may, in turn, lead to further emissions.

c) In the context of low oil price, global attempts to attain the relevant diplomatic agreements on the conservation of the planet, like the UN Sustainable Development Summit, could be hindered by the remarkable opportunity costs countries will experience in dissociating from fossil fuels.

Environmental issues

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Electric Vehicles

Plummeting oil prices are regularly seen as contribute to reduced pump price of gasoline and diesel. Something, some people believe that can adversely affect a nascent sector of Zero-emission automobiles like EVs, which use fuel-cell technologies or even lithium-ion battery, which some see as a challenge when it comes to competing with incumbent ICE. In reality, reduced oil cost per barrel does not imply low pump prices.

Less than a half of the retail cost of diesel and gasoline in the United States is based on the cost of crude oil. The remaining is going to refinery, distribution, marketing and taxes. As as matter of fact, much as the price of crude oil has declined to approximately 57% since 2014, gasoline has reduced by about 36% (U.S. Department of Energy 2016).

With the considerable reduction of oil prices, it is not certain the degree of EV producers will be affected. For instance, the main players, in battery-driven EVs, Telsa and target premium Model S cars and compete with other premium car producers.In this case, the client base is less concerned with opportunity costs of using electricity as a result of the price of oil. Instead, they are mainly interested in environmental benefits as well as reputation associated with having a Telsa.

Nevertheless, the price of gasoline has little impact on the general demand of vehicle travel; this means that vehicle travel is, in fact, inelastic. This may illustrate by the ill-timed reality of the present day transport structure is significantly reliant on oil. Individuals want to move around, go their workplaces, take children to school and buy goods. Particularly, in the United States individual motorized mobility, ICE is the most suitable alternative for personal transport. They prefer to purchase and use gas despite its costs since it’s a necessity.

Environmental issues

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Thus plummeting price of fuel may be expected to have little impact on the CO2 emission in the environment. Regardless of the falling oil price, renewable energy is primarily cost-competitive with fossil fuel in different areas. For certain applications including off-grid, they are without a doubt superior. Moreover, solar PV cells are cost-competitive at utility-level. These is likely to develop further while the falling costs of battery technologies can, together with widespread use of smart grid applications, result in an absolute change in terms of how energy is produced and used (COSNRC, 2003).

More so, the plummeting oil price poses a low-carbon transmission cannot be overlooked, since full influence on deployment and investment in renewable energy is not evident yet. Again, it is challenging to establish the appropriate counterfactual of how to be invested in renewable energy with the recent oil price reductions and therefore to recognize the degree of harm on climate.

Nonetheless, it is proposed that the latest plummeting oil price has hindered the installation of new investments as well as shale exploration, as the majority are not viable based on the current costs. This demonstrates that falling oil price can materialize like a two-fold sword. On one hand, possible increasing demand for oil while diluting economic incentives for changing to low-carbon options, which can prevent supply by ensuring that new investments are economically not viable on the other.

Perhaps the question one would ask is whether or not the current oil price nosedive has an effect on the environment. For too long environmental activists have been concerned with carbon taxes to inflame oil costs and pave the way for clean-energy innovations. However, the recent price crash has been upheld as good for the environment, since it could gravely weaken big oil and its grip on the world’s energy business (Kurtz, 2004).

Environmental issues

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Oil prices are now less than 50% of what it used to cost in less than one year ago. Logically, this may escalate the volume of oil burned regarding energy, largely because people are somewhat less cautious with cheap stuff, and because plummeting fuel costs will spur economic activities. Low fuel cost will equally deject outlay in alternative sources of energy like renewables. However, the oil greed demonstrates no signs of easing, as some of the leading oil producing nations under the OPEC umbrella are not ready to pump more oil to the market.

The high cost of oil reduces petroleum demand an aspect that makes petroleum options more viable, while plummeting oil costs re-energize the demand for the product, culminating in massive production due to demand. When oil prices go up, people tend to drive less, but with low oil prices, people prefer fuel-guzzlers because of the purchasing power. Nonetheless, there is an argument that price decline could enhance green gains. That is mainly because low oil costs may spell doom for big oil and the necessity to look for alternative sources of black coal.

Precisely, declining oil costs make a huge investment in new oil reserves appear like bad deals because of the high costs associated with drilling new sites, whether it deep off-shore drilling or Arctic (U.S. Department of Energy 2016). Analysts suggest that unrelenting oil costs could weaken investment by entities involved in oil probe and production. Again, dropping oil prices will slow the need for developing alternative sources of clean energy. This will help conserve the environment by making the coal and oil deposits unburnable hence curtailing global temperature rise to two degrees Centigrade.

Environmental issues

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The reality about oil companies is to make a profit. So, falling oil prices will mean less exploration, an issue that will help conserve the environment because some of the most ecologically hurting oil exploration transpire in the expensive regions. The underlying economics with cheap oil is increased consumption. Commuters are more likely to avoid cycling during winter.

The demand for petroleum is widely unbendable, in simple words; people may hardly change with a change in pricing (Kurtz, 2004). While crude oil is employed to make petroleum items used to fuel airplanes, vehicles; warm homes and produce pharmaceutical products, less activity owing to dropping oil prices will reverse the adverse effects that the glut for the exploration has had on the environment.

Exploration and oil drilling distracts land and maritime environments. These activities may hamper fish and marine life. While modern technology can enhance the proficiency of exploration and drilling operations, dropping, oil prices will lessen these activities. Hydraulic fracturing is a method employed to produce oil not only from shale but also from tight rock formations. This approach has enabled the US to enhance its domestic fuel production while minimizing the amount of fuel imported.

Environmental issues

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These are ecological issues related to this technique. Fracturing rocks involve large quantities of water and utilize high levels of hazardous chemicals to produce fuel from rocks. In particular regions, the use considerable amount of water to produce fuel can remarkably impact the availability of water as well as aquatic life. Faulty wells or poor handling may lead to spills and leaks. With less activity when it comes to exploration, the marine life would be saved from such disasters. Furthermore, hydraulic fracturing generates significant amounts of waste water, which contains chemicals and other hazardous compounds that require treatment before recycle or disposal.

Since the quantity of water utilized and intricacy of treating particular waste water, treatment and disposal are crucial and challenging. In most cases, disposal of sewage entails injecting it into deep wells, which can contribute to earthquakes, in turn, lead to adverse effects on the environment. However, the perpetual oil price drop will mean less activity in this sector hence less hazardous substance will be generated.

Environmental issues

References

Committee on Oil in the Sea, National Research Council. (COSNRC) (2003). Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates, and Effects. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Available from http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10388.html.

Kurtz, Rick S. (2004). Coastal oil pollution: Spills, crisis, and policy change. Review of Policy Research 21, no. 2: 201-19.

U.S. Department of Energy (2016). “Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.” Available from http://www.eere.energy.gov.

Environmental issues

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Interpersonal Communication

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Interpersonal Communication

One of the requirements for being a good veterinary technician is good communication skills. In Lehman’s terms communication is the process by which a message is passed from the sender to the receiver with the intent of passing on comprehensible information. There is, therefore, two part of the communication process. Let us take for instance in a conversation. One party talks while the other listens keenly to ensure that the message is clearly understood to give a correct or appropriate response. In the area of veterinary care, these professionals are required to be good listeners.

Listening is a good communication skill. If one can master the art of listening attentively, then they can save on the amount of words needed to respond to the already said words (Burnard, 2013). Therefore, veterinary technicians are supposed to be good listeners to the point that they know what to do according to the account given by a patient or advice and insight from a colleague.

Hence, this paper will intently discuss the characteristics of a good listener and on how to become one in interpersonal communication. Good listening skills are learned from day to day. They need a lot of practice and effort for one to adapt to being a good listener.

Interpersonal Communication

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A good listener does not interrupt the patient or the other person speaking. When engaged in a conversation a good listener would sit back and wait for the other person to finish their statements. Then they will think about what they are going to say and say it in the appropriate manner. Otherwise, a good listener will only interrupt the other person if there is a significant point that needs clarification. That is only when he or she is supposed to interrupt when the other person is talking.

For in the case of a veterinary technician. When a patient comes in with a particular issue that needs to be taken care of. The veterinary technician ought to first present himself or herself in a professional manner. Greet, the patient, then get to the business of the day. The business of the day being that the patient will be asked in a courteous manner what bring them to the hospital.

After this inquiry, the veterinary technician will have in his hands a patient file if the patient is not a new one. In the case of a new patient, the details would have already been entered by the nurse for the doctor in a patient file. The patient file serves one important purpose. The medical history of the patient often helps the doctor predict or depict what the patient is suffering from. The information in the file is very significant. The patient might have recurring signs and symptoms thus the file may help decode what is ailing the patient.

Interpersonal Communication

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As the veterinary technician is conversing with the patient to get some relevant information. It is quite necessary to take down notes of what the patient is saying. The signs do not necessarily include all that the patient says but only the major or significant points regarding the matter at hand. Therefore, note taking is one of the practices a good listener performs. The practice is also paramount in the health care provision sector where information from the patient is treated like a goldmine.

The reason being what the patient says will be very helpful in ensuring the delivery of the appropriate health care. The same also applies to the colleagues of the veterinary technician. The partner may be holding information pertaining the case at hand at the moment. Therefore, any information should be treated as important unless it is proved to be wrong information.

Apart from the verbal cues that help the veterinary technician be able to know what is ailing the patient. There are some non-verbal cues that help one get as much information as necessary from a person in this case the patient. There reaches some point in a conversation that the one speaking does not get the right words to explain what he or she is meaning.

In this case, it might be very misleading if the point is not presented as it is supposed to be. The non-verbal cues come to help in this type of situation. A good listener can look at the person speaking and from their body language be able to tell what the person is trying to say.

Interpersonal Communication

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For instance, when a given patient has not been able to describe fully a certain feeling. Then the veterinary technician can be able to act in a certain way to help the patient vividly explain what he or she is feeling. This would be aided by good listening skills. The fact that the veterinary technician has not been able to get effectively what the patient was saying has enabled the use of non-verbal cues which mostly involve the body language to ensure the meaning or a given point is not lost in the conversation. This way some significant information about the medical issue at hand can be treated using the right information. Thus, the provision of the right medical treatment is guaranteed to be a reality.

The practices mentioned above can be very critical in some situations. For example, when the veterinary technician is starting a given surgical procedure. For his or her to know whether the anesthesia is working. He or she will communicate with the patient verbally but expect a response in the form of non-verbal cues to continue with the procedure. Hence, the importance of listening as a communication skill is very crucial to such professions or professions of related nature. Therefore, listening is a core skill in the communication skills that ought to be held by the veterinary technicians.

Interpersonal Communication

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The importance of listening can be summarized in a few sentences. By being a good listener, the technician can build a trustful relationship with the patient. The patient sees they are cared for and thus they will trust a certain health care professional just because of their good listening skills. Another significant use of good listening skills is to collect and give information. In this instance, a vet can collect the needed information from the patient to be able to treat the situation with that patient as it deserves to be treated. Therefore, good listening skills are an important part of the professional qualities of the veterinary technician.

Interpersonal Communication

References

Austin, D. R. (2013). Therapeutic recreation. Urbana, 51, 61801.

Brownell, J. (2015). Listening: Attitudes, principles, and skills. Routledge.

Burnard, P. (2013). Acquiring Interpersonal Skills: A handbook of experiential learning for health professionals. Springer.

Graham, S. (2011). Self-efficacy and academic listening. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 10(2), 113-117.

Interpersonal Communication

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Dialectical Relationships in Communication

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Dialectical Relationships

In communication, participants face conflicts making relationships to be in constant flux commonly called dialectical problems. The pressure of such tensions takes place in a cyclical manner. Personal dialectical brings into perspective the aspect of closeness, but conflicts pull relationship apart. Some of the common dialectical relationships include;

Connection and independence: In mutual relationships, each participant struggle with relating issues while ensuring freedom. Much as, autonomy and connection vary, independence is important than connection. But our independence change in life and relationships. For instance, the previous best friend preferred to go out 4 times a week, and we communicate on a daily basis, she required connection than independence.

I like independence and not connection. I have so much at hand and not happy when I do not realize my daily goals. As such, each person has varying identity needs. Therefore, if we continued our relationship, she might have required independence as we progressed.

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Novelty and predictability: On one hand communicators may seem to predict other people character to some level. For example, complimenting my mother’s cooking despite the taste of the food. On the other there is the aspect of unpredictability and novelty in relationships, for instance, I may know exactly what my friend is going to say. In this manner, personal relationships are like films, if you knew the end, you would not watch them.

Openness and privacy: In any relationship there is the issue of being open or extremely private. For instance, my friend Michelle’s boyfriend goes with her to the bathroom. Certain people want to be with their girlfriends in their private moments. Everybody is different, as such even regular friends struggle with the aspect of openness and privacy in relationships. Irrespective of how friends are close, they require their privacy.

Works cited

Wood, Julia. Communication Mosaics: An Introduction to the field of communication. Cengage Learning, 2014.

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Analysis of Gun Free Zones

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Analysis of Gun Free Zones

Abstract

A gun-free zone is an area within or around a school or places where only the police and military have access to weapons. Historical occurrences have brought into perspective the safety of people in areas categorized as gun free zones. These areas are presumed safe environments and people are not allowed to bring guns or other weapons.

The gun-free school act was passed in 1990 by the United States Congress to protect people within and around learning institutions from any possibility of violence associated with firearms. Before adopting this law, violent behaviors were common in schools; however, the implementation of the act in 1990 has not been effective to curtail firearm-related violence in places where guns are not allowed.

Introduction

The mass shooting in public places regarded as safe has generated so much heat. In 1984 for instance, a security officer killed twenty one people at McDonalds, while in 1999, two assailants killed thirteen students at Columbine High School before committing suicide. These places were regarded as safe since they are open to the public, military installation and as such firearms are prohibited. It has been speculated that to control such mass killings, it is necessary to enforce restrictive regulations that make it increasingly impossible to get firearms (Lenn, 2014).

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This led states to enact controversial regulations allowing Citizens to Carry Concealed Weapon (CCW) license. CCW holders are permitted to carry guns in public areas but prohibited from using in gun-free zones such as learning institutions, athletic events, parking zones, casinos, hospitals, among others. The penalty for breaching gun-free zone act differs across various states. While it is an offense that leads to the lose of the permit in some states, the license can be suspended for several years in others. The paper evaluates the history of gun free zones in the US.

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History or origin of when 1st established.

A Gun-Free Zone Act is a law enacted by the federal government of the United States to prohibit citizens from carrying or using firearms in areas that earmarked as public places such as learning institution, hospitals, stadiums, cinema halls, parking zones, casinos and so forth. The gun-free zone was initiated in October 1990 by Joseph Biden and became law in November 1990 as section 1702 of the Crime Control Act.

Additionally, the gun-free zone law empowers all school districts to implement policies to ensure that educators and students are safe from not only guns but also risky weapons. Due to the success of the drug-free zone, some local districts have implemented gun-free zones in learning institutions. In most cases, zero tolerance reforms associated with severe sanctions such as the expulsion of learners found with guns or other weapons were adopted.

The gun-free zone has been a success in various states including Washington, California, Pennsylvanian, and Missouri. Subsequently, the National School Safety Center, health facilities, and public areas regard gun-free zone as an efficient approach to curbing violence as well as preventing criminal activities (Cheng & Hockstra, 2012).

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Why we have them

Gun control is a serious issue in virtually every area of America, and developing a course of action to guarantee the safety issues and constitution rights is not an easy task. Nonetheless, in the framework of community safety, gun-free zones are fundamental segments of any legislative efforts to leverage competing interests in the gun control discussion. Gun-free zones are critical when it comes to striking a balance in firearms policy which assures individuals of their safety to function without drastically trampling firearm ownership rights.

While it may sound unbelievable to ignore that gun-associated violence has happened in selected gun-free zones previously, allowing this outlier to discredit this issue of policy would be equally outrageous because gun-free zones, similar to the weapons-associated parameter, is required to manage the usual expectable facets of firearm possession in any given region. While dangerous incidences of gun assaults, or lawless actions, cannot be genuinely thwarted by any laws, however, gun-free-zones help assure a sense of safety for all of a place of non-extreme conditions (Lenn, 2014).

Some people hold the view that codes of practice such as gun-free zones orchestrated to formulate an assurance of security are not worth undermining gun possession rights, it is precisely the safety of this sense of security that makes such designations critical for the community. Gun-free-zones are mainly implemented by public institutions, as such, it becomes intricate for some people to argue with the declaration that students feel safe and secure while in schools.

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In particular institutions, firearms are only prohibited in dwelling dens as well as dining halls. However those with CCW permits are in position to carry their weapons around campuses so long as they have the required documentations. Of course, gun-free zones should be implemented within higher learning institutions because gun prohibition does to include classrooms at the moment.

A streamlined sense of protection must be the basic component of creating an effective environment for learning (Kingsbury et al. 2007). Such regulations on possession of guns are aimed at ensuring the safety of every citizen while pursuing learning. Much as some may consider law enforcement as repressive and persecution, the truth of the matter is that gun-free law can help guarantee the safety of students and educators on school grounds, and buildings.

Tempering the degree of constitutional freedom like those secured by the Second Amendment is challenging though gun-free zones present a strategy to provide the required balance between owners and those who do not own guns. Possession of firearms has statistically demonstrated the danger of public areas based on the perspective of ownership. Moreover, while the constitutional freedom may not be denied, there is the need for reasonable security in public places like schools, for those who choose not carry firearms.

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Issues with them, good and bad

The Congress has tried to overlook the significance of gun-free zones in schools across the US as informed by the Second Amendmend. Nonetheless, the impact of this law on gun owners is minimal. Apparently, anti-gun supporters have failed to ensure gun prohibition since they believe it has minimal effects. On the other hand, gun owners cry foul on any legislation limiting their rights. However, the Second Amendment alleges that individual’s right to carry or own firearms will not be violated.

Much as supporters of Second Amendments believe that gun-free zone has minimal impact, they discount its significance by forecasting that it’s likely to be pronounced unconstitutional by the court. Consequently, Republicans believe that the court will support the gun-free zone.

Some of the issues associated with the gun-free zones include;

Sweeping legislation

The gun-free zone creates an area that is approximately half mile weapon free around each school in the US. Individuals carrying firearms within such areas may face imprisonment of five years unless they have met the government’s intended exception to the law, which treats citizens’ liberties as privileges and not rights (Malcom & Rosenthal, 2011).

Constitutional issues

Individuals who depend on courts to protect them from federal gun legislation by asserting that gun-free zones are illegal may be in problems. In fact, federal courts and the Second Amendment are not allies. Likewise, several experts and Republicans believe that the amendments are mainly a basis for curing constitutional flaws that contributed to the rejection of a safe school act by the court. In particular, the gun-free zones influence interstate as well as international business. The amendments have no consequence on the execution of the illegal 1990 law.

Sections of the Second Amendment think that the changes would not change the illegal 1990 law. On the other hand, Republicans on the Committee of House Judiciary allege that it does. By and large, no one knows what is likely to happen. While it is possible for the court to overturn the regulation, it would subject gun owners to repressive gun prohibitions never experienced in history (Lott, 2003).

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Weapon ownership and homeschoolers

The gun-free zones prohibit weapons within half a mile or 1,000 feet around public or private learning institutions. In this scenario, learning institution represents a school that offers either elementary or secondary education. Contrary to the allegations of the Committee of House Judiciary, several states understand that home schools provide elementary or secondary education, with the motive of exempting these learners from compulsory attendance provisions of state regulation.

The gun-free zones fail to recognize state regulation especially if home schools are private schools. Of course, home schools are not open to, purposed to or managed by the public.

Exemptions for real weapon owners

The widely known “hunter-exemption” is only applicable when the school administration permits the hunter to cross their property, particularly when the gun is not loaded. Where the hunter is required to cross 60 school areas, he would be required to check with all the schools- or be in danger of felon if he fails to qualify for other exemptions.

Weapon owner registration; under gun-free zones, Carry Concealed Weapon (CCW) holders living in states required to undergo a background assessment before issuance of the permit. This implies that holders in states such as Alabama are not exempted since state regulations mandate background checks. Force people to register as gun owners before carrying loaded firearms in their cars. Whereas some weapon owners have registered their names in order to carry guns, the majority have kept their names from government records.

The states of Pennsylvania and Virginia newspapers publish CWW holders’ names, which can be abused. Before gun-free zones, motorists in various states were legally transferring loaded weapons for self-protection without necessarily getting CCW. For instance, the state of Vermont permits individuals to carry concealed weapons, but according to the federal regulation of gun-free zones, all law-abiding in all states must be aware.

Those who initially transfer loaded arms will be denied the rights to carry guns on school ground, unless allowed under other exemptions. Transport exemption will permit motorists to move unloaded guns in locked boxes if they do not have CCW license. Additionally, unloaded firearm stored in a compartment for self-defense can subject the gun owner to 5-year incarceration. This also applies even if the individual transferring the gun is an off-duty law enforcement officer.

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While Colorado and Virginia states must be aware in permitting motorists to carry guns in the passenger compartment, conflict emerges when the motorist is within 1,000 feet of the school (Drysdale, Modzeleski & Simons, 2010). Much as it is required that individuals living in gun-free zones are not automatically subjected to surrender their firearms, it is illegal for them to carry the gun to the car that is parked outside the house. Consequently, private car exemption is only applicable to private property and not school grounds. Home schools cannot be exempted because they are under gun-free zones according to US state regulation.

Comparable regulations

Some states have enacted laws, but they are inadequate compared to federal statutes and fail to develop significant gun-free zones. For example, Indiana does not allow weapons on school grounds, building or functions. Since the federal law is forcing states to implement the restrictive regulation is a new development that demonstrates sensitive issues of the gun-free zones.

Besides, states like Massachusetts disallows the carrying of guns in schools while New York and Colorado among others does not restrict. This has been significantly less abusive compared to interpreting anti-firearms laws. Even though the only impact of gun-free zones is its remarkable development; it is a bad regulation. Anti-gun supporters passed this law as they believed state law dismissed it in history books.

Statistics/ are they effective…why and why not.

Previous studies indicate that gun free zones are not effective. For example, mass shooting can take place anywhere including gun-free-zones. According to Malcolm & Rosenthal (2011) in 62 shootings for about three decades, there were zero cases of the shooter targeting a region due to gun prohibition. Also, in roughly 56 mass shooting in 2009 to 2013, not more than a quarter took place in gun-free zones.

Therefore, neither the goal nor the areas of a mass shooter have anything to do with gun-free zones.On the contrary, statistics demonstrate that the shooter intentions are consistently associated with the basis of their protests and predispositions; workplaces, religious and learning institutions among others. About 12 of the 62 shooting occur in learning institutions, and in one, the shooter has a direct connection with the targeted school.

Moreover, 12 of the 62 shootings in workplaces involved dissatisfied workers complaining against the employers. Again, 57 percent of shots target a previous or current intimate partner. These figures significantly challenge the notion that shooters evenly target, vulnerable, wealthy neighborhoods to increase the number; rather they rely on intentions directed linked to their previous occurrences of behavior.

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Roughly 36 mass shootings commit suicide next to the crime site, while seven commit suicide by participating in shootouts with police officers (Malcom & Rosenthal, 2011). This therefore shows that mass killers are controlled by the prospects of gun-free zones. Rather than guns preventing crimes they worsen the case by thwarting law enforcers while enhancing the danger of killing innocent civilians as a result of inaccurate marksmanship. It is important to note that gun regulations can change the whole nation into gun-free zones.

Consequently, it could be clear that mass killers, offered their seemingly death-maximizing technique, to kill many innocent individuals. Rather, the opposite is true, for instance before the gun-free zone was implemented in Australia, there were roughly 13 mass killings 17 years later there was none. Firearm homicide and suicide have increased while current rate of decline. As such, it is not right to compare these statistics with gun supporter‘s recommendation that mass killers are attracted to gun-free zones (Lenn, 2014).

Schools are not sources of homicide

Gun-free zones are also not effective since they do not draw shooters, but instead lead to a remarkable number of juvenile homicides. For instance, juvenile homicides in learning institutions are below 2% while less than 1% of non-fatal firearm crimes take place in schools (Lott, 2003). The number of mass deaths in the US between 1980 and 2006 was roughly 32,000 annually compared to about 297 individuals murdered in schools in 1980.

This corresponds to approximately nine deaths yearly in schools. In essence, gun advocates suggest that educators and security officers carry guns to prevent exceptionally unlikely scenarios, a strategy that lacks proof and can enhance the probability of gun related deaths in gun-free zones. Much as there is inadequate evidence to substantiate the effectiveness of gun-free zones, previous studies show that the presence of armed security officers in schools results in the early criminalization of Latino as well as Black men (Drysdale, Modzeleski & Simons, 2010).

Armed guards in schools make quick arrests, fast-tracking these learners in the criminal justice system leads to adverse effect on the academic performance. On the other hand, gun-free areas are effective and purposes to prevent people from not only using but also carrying guns in certain areas by imposing high fines. These activities can be implemented in other areas of the society.

Similarly, learning institutions and law enforcement officers believe that gun-free zones are effective in protecting areas frequented by students and teachers when schools are in session. As such, designated places should be marked special signs and publicized across the society. Also, increased sanctions, especially in learning institutions where gun-free zones has been implemented, have also put in place gun education and antiviolence initiatives to highlight to the students that carrying guns to school is not safe and not accepted.

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Conclusion

Gun free zones are safe surroundings such as school compounds or counties where only certain members of society have access to firearms. Such may include the law enforcement personnel and the military. And yet, history demonstrates that offenders with the craving to commit mass killings have always maneuvered the way out to execute mass homicides. Removing the danger of a stable response presents not only open but also non-confrontational persons to commit the atrocious act. For instance, people hold the view that because learning institutions are gun free zone they are safe. Nonetheless, one of the fiercest criminal activities took place on a serene campus.

References

Cheng, C., & Hockstra, M. (2012,). Does Strengthening Self-Defense Law Deter Crimes or Escalate Violence? Retrieved from Texas A &M University Department of Economics: http://econweb.tamu.edu/mhoekstra/castle_doctrine.pdf

Drysdale, D., Modzeleski, W., and Simons, A. (2010). Campus Attacks: Targeted Violence Affecting Institutions of Higher Education. U.S. Secret Service, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools, U.S. Department of Education, and Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, D.C.

Johnson, P. (2012). Gun control: Will campus carry get boost from Virginia Tech ruling? The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved February, 2nd, 2015 from http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2012/0315.

Kingsbury, A., Brush, S., Green, E., & Schulte, B. (2007). Toward a Safer Campus. U.S. News & World Report, 142(15), 48-52.

Lenn, L. E. (2014). What are gun free zones and are they safe? Journal of Legal Issues and Cases in Business Volume 3.

Lott, J. (2003). The bias against guns: why almost everything you’ve heard about gun control is wrong. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing

Malcolm, J., & Rosenthal, L. (2011). Colloquy Debate: McDonald v. Chicago: Which Standard of Scrutiny Should Apply to Gun Control Laws? Northwestern University School of Law Review

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Cultural Heritage Devastation in Iraq

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Cultural Heritage Devastation in Iraq

Part 1

Harmansah’s article talks about the destruction of Khorsabad, an ancient archeological site in the northern region of Iraq by the Islamic militant group (ISIS). Also, Iraq’s minister for tourism and antiquities is concerned about the destruction, and they are likely to destroy the site. Again, a Kurdish official reported that the militant group had already destroyed the site. The group has also destroyed 3,000 years Nimrud and 2000 year cultural heritage sites (Yacoub, 2015). The UN Secretary General considered such destruction as a war crime and irritated by continued destruction. Khorsabad was built by King Sargon II as the new capital of Assyria during his reign in 721 and abandoned following his demise in 705 B.C.

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Cultural Heritage Devastation in Iraq

The site is constructed on a 24-meter wall, stone foundation and seven gates. Because it was a single-epoch city, few artifacts associated to Sargon II were found. Nonetheless, the site is famous for shedding light on Assyrian art and construction. The statuette nugget chunks that once lined the fortress walls are now displayed in museums in Baghdad, Paris, London and Chicago (Yacoub, 2015).

The ISIS faction controls more than 30% of Iraq and Syria. The Sunni radical faction has been protesting to purge ancient relics they indicate enhance reverence that breaches their fundamentalist explanation of Sharia law. The latest footage shows them destroying work of art in the Mosul museum. In January, ISIS razed down dozens of books and manuscripts from the Mosul archive and the University.

Part II

During the Iraq war, the coalition has botched to safeguard Iraq’s unparalleled cultural inheritance, uncovering it to plunderers and art thieves. The National Library as well the National Museum, along with many other significant cultural institutions, were badly impaired and plundered in the early days of the occupation (Nabil al-Tikriti, 2003). Subsequently, the allied forces have developed army camps on sensitive archeological sites and devastated historic cities during military maneuvers. Despite the many implications globally, the conflicts have left Iraq’s archeological sites exposed to looters, in gross contempt of international law. Lifters have now looted dozens of the most appropriate sites and every day the prowling keeps going on.

In early 2003, the military took control of Baghdad and other cities across Iraq never protected cultural heritage (Nabil al-Tikriti, 2003). In addition, the military did not take defensive position or actions of destruction, especially when they requested by the concerned citizens. Because the fundamental cultural sites were; located in two places of Baghdad, the military could have used simple strategies like those utilized in protecting Oil Military of Iraq. Some tanks, as well as detachments of foot troops, were located in the neighborhood. The military could have mediated (Tomlinson, 2015). However, they were prohibited. Following the demobilization of Iraq army and police, exposed the country’s cultural heritage to significant risk and damages.

Cultural Heritage Devastation in Iraq

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Destruction of cultural treasures started immediately after the collapse of the old government, an aspect of frequent attacks on government properties. The art experts had alleged that damage often occurs when order breaks in the public. With regards to Iraq, attackers on cultural treasures had various goals. Some attackers expressed anger on old government, neighborhood, and organized political factions like those who brought down the documentationsin the National Library (Winsor, 2015).

Additionally, other attackers were organized as looters with a clear understanding of what they were looking for. Later a chief American investigator claimed that the attackers received orders from international dealers. Some of the evidence include they chopped off stone statutes and took off with pleasures parts. Much as art looters took high-quality cultural treasures, neighborhood thieves stole computers, conversation substances, carpets, among others. Some thieves destroyed copper wiring from walls, windows, and doors. For different reasons, the thieves burned, leaving significant devastation.

By and large, ISIS militants employed explosives and bulldozers to bring down a two thousand year city of Hatra, which was seen as one of the best-kept exemplars of a Parthian city. To many observers, that obliteration was anything but a crude strategy of cultural cleansing adopted by ISIS in Iraq (Tomlinson, 2015). As if that was not enough a three thousand old city of Assyrian was plundered by ISIS still. Most of these demolitions were executed around the ISIS stronghold areas, like the Mosul Museum where stone sculptures and age-old artifacts were crushed to nothingness.

Cultural Heritage Devastation in Iraq

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The majority of concerned citizens took the risk and attempted to control the attacks while safeguarding the endangered cultural sites (Roger, 2006).Institution employees protected precious items in the storerooms. Whereas Baghdad was attacked after the beginning of looting, attempts were taken to preserve it. An imam kept a section of the National Library’s treasures in Haqq Mosque. On the other hand, volunteers matched with manuscripts as well as books in the street, though putting their lives at risk.

Moreover, the imam assisted library employees to weld steel door for controlling further attacks and destruction. As the destruction of cultural heritage sites, global cultural institutions and experts plead to the military to protect such sites. Workers and cultural bodies’ officials requested military protection, particularly those in nearby centers and officers at Palestine Hotel. However, the military failed to take urgent action.

The Iraq National Museum redeemed some artifacts; however, the center has not recovered. It became apparent that the leadership in Iraq and allied forces to safeguard archeological sites. In Baghdad, the Ministry of Culture is yet to have the institution reopened (Winsor, 2015). Bounded by weeds, the museum is visible behind metal gates, sandbags and concertina wire, another representation of the disentanglement occupation.

As of 2009, the United States authorized the 1954 Hague Convention to safeguard cultural artifacts during conflicts. This enhances government protection of cultural property compulsory. Latest conflicts in Iraq, Syria and other Arab nations have triggered renewed interest in Cultural Property Protection (CPP) (UNESCO, 2013). The CPP mandate is captured in international accords and armed controls and convoluted by various stakeholders with different echelons of understanding and inclination to invest in training and application.

Cultural Heritage Devastation in Iraq

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While the CPP comprise the military obligation to curtail damage, it ought to be implemented before operations are commenced. The absence of CPP planning can aggravate social chaos; obliterate national, cultural and religious identities; prompt global condemnation; and protract wars. If well-orchestrated, the CPP can be a force multiplier by simultaneously enhancing global and national stability and friendliness (UNESCO, 2013). With this backdrop, ideas for general security procedures and techniques for instigating them against further distraction and damage are befitting.

Conclusion

The ratification of the Geneva Convention has made it mandatory for the military involved in conflicts to maintain public order and restrain people from looting cultural artifacts. In particular, the Geneva and Hague resolutions expect the security of cultural sites against demolition and theft. It also forbids its application to enhance the military action. The truth is that the coalition has ignored and violated these international laws, culminating in significant and irreversible damage to the cultural inheritance of Iraq and all humanity.

References

Nabil al-Tikriti (2003). “Iraq Manuscript Collections, Archives & Libraries Situation Report” (June 8, 2003) [Oriental Institute, University of Chicago]

O’Keefe, Roger (2006). The Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict. Cambridge, UK: New York: Cambridge University Press.

Tomlinson. S (2015) Have ISIS destroyed ANOTHER ancient city? Iraq investigating reports jihadists have looted and blown up former 700BC Assyrian capital near Mosul. Accessed February. 20. 2016 at http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2986275/Have-ISIS-destroyed-ancient-city-Iraq-investigating-reports-jihadists-looted-blown-former-700BC-Assyrian-capital-near-Mosul.html

UNESCO (2013)“UNESCO and the Protection of Cultural Property During Armed Conflict”International Journal of Cultural Policy (2013) Vol. 19 No. 1, 1 – 19.

Winsor. M., (2015). ISIS Destroys Khorsabad: Third Archaeological Site In Iraq Wrecked By Islamic State. Accessed February. 20. 2016 at http://www.ibtimes.com/isis-destroys-khorsabad-third-archaeological-site-iraq-wrecked-islamic-state-report-1842836

Yacoub. S.N (2015) Iraq Probes Report Of ISIS Attacks On Ancient Site Of Khorsabad. Accessed February. 20. 2016 at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/08/isis-attacks-khorsabad_n_6826042.html

Cultural Heritage Devastation in Iraq

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Professionalism in Corrective Institution

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Professionalism in Corrective Institution

When discussing Professionalism in Corrective Institution, Professionalism is a phrase widely used in correctional facilities to denote an individual who adheres to the stipulated guidelines while performing his /her duties well (Seiter, 2012). Therefore, for a correctional officer, professionalism involves performing the duties efficiently. In addition, it implies not only safety but also control are attained besides a broad range of positive results for managing correctional facilities. Individuals work in teams while feeling good regarding the job. Sadly, a small number about less than 5% of correctional officers show unprofessional character.

Improper conduct has been evident in almost all prisons. In most cases for instance, when an inmate brings about a succession of offensive and perilous incidences to the personnel tasked with managing the detainee. As a rejoinder, the officer may get aggressive towards the inmate, regardless of their stature. While the majority may be agreeable with this line of attack, others do not support hitting back at an aggressive inmate, because this is more likely to worsen the situation.

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If this occurs, nevertheless, the public lose the recognition that an individual’s conduct has an adverse impact on the institution, which leads to reduced safety as well as effective operation. Experience demonstrates that unprofessional conduct has an effect on the activities of correctional entities by directing employee attention away from the performance of the job (Seiter, 2012). However, the problem-solving mechanism should be pegged on the organizational culture of corrective centers. Communication between inmates and officers should be self-correcting; this would help change problematic conduct positively.

References

Seiter, R. P. (2012). Correctional Administration: Integrating Theory and Practice Second Edition. Boston: Prentice Hall.

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Mass Communication Advances Dominant Ideology

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Mass Communication Advances Dominant Ideology

Mass Communication is plainly some sort of communication intended for the entire mass. It just differs in its mode and medium of presentation. Being a student of mass communications and media studies, I have been confronted with the wide reach and broadly beneficial aspects of mass communication, one of which includes advancement of the dominant ideology.

The dominant ideology defines the sentimentality and values of the broader population. Mass-communication employs the very taste of this larger population and society in making an appeal to it (Thompson, 1988). Mass communicating often shapes the beliefs of people in a similar fashion, outwitting cultural contradictions. Mass communicating itself is an advanced aspect, which is enhancing it’s features and capabilities with every passing year. Mass communication has reasonably changed and advanced over the past century.

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Mass communication is a very influential subject. It consists of matters related to the “mass” or “public” and is designed in relation to the taste of the population. The utility of mass communications in advancement of dominant ideology also subtly depends on the the way the medium is used to propagate certain ideas or adhere to certain socio-cultural terms.

Inappropriate usage of mass communicating mediums may hinder the flow of the benefits extracted out of its application. However, it is, still largely intended at generating an appeal to the wider public mostly works in favour of the mass and the public (Thompson, 2013). It plays a crucial role in forming certain concepts and attitudes within the mass.

The concept of dominant ideology, as put in by Karl Marx is certainly served and advanced by mass communicating, which itself is developing on quite a large scale. The dominant ideology is perhaps reminded of and often made much more prominent and clearer to the society through the mediums.

References

Thompson, J. B. (2013). Ideology and modern culture: Critical social theory in the era of mass communication. John Wiley & Sons.

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Self-Management of Self-Credibility as a Speaker

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Self-Management of Self-Credibility as a Speaker

Being confident with one’s own capacity is a very important aspect of good communication. Ethos is a vital feature of communicative persuasion; listeners would only believe a speaker if the speaker believes himself/herself. Speakers can enhance their credibility by beginning to justify their position as qualified individuals, who are qualified to speak on the particular subject. Self-Credibility as a Speaker is an important aspect.

In case of communicative persuasion, pathos, that is appeal to listeners’ emotions will only follow if ethos is properly exerted. And logos, or logical mode of persuasion is only possible when listeners believe that the speaker is indeed qualified to know, scrutinize or present the logic.

Speakers can adopt several methods to relax themselves physically and psychologically so their minds and mouths can perform well in the meantime. Systematic desensitization refers to reduction of nervousness by reducing to think about the ultimate performance or results and instead, by just relaxing. (Wood 2013).

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Cognitive restructuring is another mode of adhering oneself to possible speaking situations that may arise, so that the speaker can boost his/her confidence in the ability to tackle sudden situations without getting shocked. Imagined positive speaking or visualization of positive communicative circumstances is a good too reduce speaking anxiety.

A good speaker is one who has manifested these qualities within himself/herself. When someone is speaking and the other is listening, the mentality of the speaker is to be reflected in the listener’s progressive thoughts and this string can only be developed if the speaker is positive about himself/herself. Hence, it is essential that a speaker polishes his/her qualified position (eligibility to speak) within his/her speech to enhance credibility and relax himself,/herself to continue with a smooth flow of speech in which the audience exerts faith.

References

Wood, J. T. (2013). Communication mosaics: A new introduction to the field of communication (7th ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub. Print.

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Testimonial and non-testimonial statements: Case Study

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Testimonial and non-testimonial statements

Testimonial and non-testimonial statements: While the appellant did not attend the trial, she was able to transmit a photograph and some text, which in any case does not warrant to be used as evidence against the defendant. However, it was presented as evidence of the linkages between the appellant and her ex-husband. The scripture states that one person cannot be used as sufficient evidence to criminalize a person’s wrongdoing. Instead, Deuteronomy 19:15 asserts that at least two witnesses can provide sufficient evidence against a case in a court of law (Jonakait, 2005).

The defendant can dismiss the litigant’s claim asserting that presenting a photograph and text without affording him the opportunity to cross-examine the defendant violates his Sixth Amendment right to challenge the plaintiff as defined by the U.S. Supreme Court in Adrian Martell Davis v. Washington. In this circumstance, the court can dismiss the case arguing that the photograph and text cannot be used as testimony.

In short, the Confrontation Clause of the 6^th Amendment does not approve non-testimonial statements and does not therefore qualify to be used as evidence at trial. The photograph and the text provided to 911 were intended to help the police determine an ongoing emergency, as opposed to being used as testimony to a past crime (Lininger, 2005).

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The bench can, therefore, uphold the view that under this backdrop, the content cannot act as testimony. While her not appearing at trial was warranted by the Sixth Amendment, the content was insufficient to prosecute the defendant because the motives may be crooked. The photograph and text were prohibited. The Adrian Martell Davis v. Washington altered hostility analysis. Its existing effect was immediate and substantial in the justice system on the evidence termed as irrelevant (Raeder, 2007).

References

Lininger, T. (2005). Prosecuting Batterers After Crawford. Virginia Law Review, 747-822.

Jonakait, R. N. (2005). ‘Witnesses’ in the Confrontation Clause: Crawford v. Washington, Noah Webster, and Compulsory Process. NYLS Legal Studies Research Paper, (05/06), 2.

Raeder, M. S. (2007). Domestic Violence Cases After Davis: Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full. JL & Pol’y, 15, 759.

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