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There have been several definitions on human beings. According to scientists, human beings are Homo sapiens who belong to the animal kingdom. The scientists explore further and define a human being as a man, woman, or a child differentiated from other animals by superior mental development, an upright posture, and has the ability to articulate speech.
Kagan describes human beings as “rational animals” and the only species that have the ability to straddle the divide between matter and spirit (Kagan, 2016). However, this is contrary to what religions believe human beings are. For instance, Christianity refers to human beings as usnephesh, a word that is also used in animals (Noble, 2013). According to this religion, human beings are creatures that possess a spirit in them.
They are dust and when they die they return to the same dust same case to animals which have similar physiology and anatomy as that of human beings. According to Scupin, human beings not only inhabit the material world but also discern order within it, interpret it, act decisively upon it, and acquire meaning from it (Scupin, 2015).
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According to an evolutionary psychology perspective, human beings are like other primates. Although some individuals have strongly opposed that human beings did not descend exactly from chimpanzees; just like other primates they share a common ancestor and for this reason they have lots of similarities with some few unique elements that make them stand out as superior creatures to other primates (Tomasello, 2009). These elements include;
Bipedalism
As much as some animals may walk on two legs, the particular form of bipedalism among human beings is unique to their species as it aids them in propelling forward, having the walking gait as well as evolutionary functions (Gazzaniga, 2008).
Language
This is a unique aspect in comparison to other communication forms that are used by other primates since it allows human beings to generate an infinite set of utterances from finite set of elements. This language can only be acquired through social interaction since the grammatical rules and symbols of any specific language are largely arbitrary.
On the other hand, the known communication systems that some animals use express just a finite number of utterances transmitted genetically (Shotter, 2014). This is unlike human language that is unique and quite complex because it has evolved over time to serve other types of communication system.
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The Brain
According to Kagan , human beings are also defined as creatures with highly developed brains (Kagan, 2016). They can engage in abstract reasoning, problem solving, introspection, and language. The combination of bipedalism, this mental capabilities, and free hands for object manipulation has made it possible for human beings to engage in far greater use of tools than any other known species. Other features such as rationality and self awareness are unique only to human beings.
Being Human
At the most basic level, the meaning of being human has no difference to that of being a platypus, duck or an albatross, that is, be born, live, have ancestors, and die (Gardner, 2012). For one thing, being human means having the ability to abstract the idea of having ancestors to the idea of large social group prospering. Being human also translates to using tools to attain things that could not otherwise be achieved.
Human beings are able to invent numerous tools unlike other animals that have to wait for several to appear through evolution (Buss, 2015). For instance, recent tools have been developed to aid in cognitive and communication processes. Being human is associated with the understanding that other people are humans as well, share equal rights, and deserve to be treated in the same manner that you would like to be treated.
Individuals that oppose these rules have been described as wolves in human skins. Being human means that one acknowledges that ever individual deserves a certain form of respect regardless of their gender, profession, or material value (Badenoch and Cox, 2013). However, the same society that has influenced the better understanding of being human has been also fundamental in developing the sense of individualism among human beings.
This definition of human beings can make some individuals feel as if they are more superior to others. This is because it is based on the cognitive ability and physical ability and skills. It can result in some individuals identifying themselves with a certain group of people more than others leading to creation of hierarchy systems. For instance, individuals with better IQ results treat those with poor results as lesser human beings in the society.
This is not a strange phenomenon since it is common in schools whereby bright students usually associate only with other intelligent fellows. People with disabilities such as the crippled are usually discriminated in the society since they cannot use their two legs just like the ideal human being (Louden, 2014). Moreover, the definition states that being human is having the ability to use tools and come up with new equipments and machinery that makes life easier.
This can result in exclusion of people/nations who are lagging when it comes to discoveries. Such people may be deemed to be lesser human beings. This is common in the current world whereby developed rich countries seem to be enjoying certain rights and may get away easily when they infringe certain human rights unlike non-developed nations which are normally punished heavily when they engage in similar actions.
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Conclusion
The human being is a sophisticated matter. Trying to understand life and its meaning to human can be a futile undertaking. However, it is of great value if human beings recognize understand the basic principles of living life to the fullest. Being human is to determine a balance between several extremes which can at times be avoided or pursued to better understand life.
Bibliography
Badenoch, B., & Cox, P. 2013. We human beings are hardwired to connect with one another throughout life, to seek the most attuned attachments avail.The Interpersonal Neurobiology of Group Psychotherapy and Group Process,60(4), 1.
Buss, D. 2015. Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind. Psychology Press.
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Community Policing: Epistemology Theoretical Perspective
Introduction
This study aims at determining the epistemology and theoretical perspectives of a research study that is directed towards determining if the use of community policing approaches can be effective in countering the element of terrorism (Dunn, Atie, Kennedy, Ali, O’Reilly, & Rogerson, 2015). The study is therefore based on a philosophical consensus that believes in the proponents of policing as a community-oriented approach in the achievement of effective approaches that can counter terrorism.
The Purpose of the Research
The central purpose of this study is directed towards establishing the manner in which community policing can be employed in countering the aspects of radicalization approaches within the Muslim communities, a factor that spurs the aspect of terrorism (Dunn, et.al.2015). The researcher illusively portrays the aspect of policing as a successful community oriented approach in curbing the aspect of terrorism.
In this case, the researcher depicts the manner in which policing with consent that is done through communities can be effective in reaching great depths. The police units have an advantage of procuring superior intelligence sources within the community through the development of trust and relationships with the community through community policing (Dunn, et.al.2015). In the research inquiry, the researcher tends to measure the success factors in the prevention of crime through community policing.
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However, it is vital to consider that the study has some indicators that include the rates of terroristic occurrences in relation to the confidence of the community in curbing these crimes. The study consequently justifies the fact that a successful community policing approach entails the aspect of community support (Dunn, et.al.2015). This therefore denotes the need of the community in restoring trust and confidence in participating in community policing with the ambition of mitigating the aspects of crime.
Specific Research Question
The research question developed for this study is to establish whether it is possible to undertake effective and efficient anti-terroristic policing approaches through the inclusion of community policing.
Justification of the Research
The justifications that are provided to prove the intent of this research study is primarily based on the fact that the police units and forces encounter several challenges especially with the radicalization of the Muslim communities in engaging in terroristic activities (Dunn, et.al.2015).
As a result of this, the researcher draws into determining the success factors involved in the development of an effective community policing approach that engages the community in the aspect of policing. This aspect requires the development of a strong community awareness program in prospering the aspect of community policing.
Epistemological Underpinnings of the Research
In determining the epistemological underpinnings of this study, it is imperative to consider the fact that this study is primarily developed on the background of the radicalization of the Muslims societies in engaging in terroristic activities (Tulloch, 2004). The essential strategies developed in meeting the epistemological underpinnings of this study entail the inclusion of confidence, trust and corporation between the policing structures and the community.
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Theoretical Perspective of the Research
In order to achieve the results of this study, a survey was conducted with a research assistant and the police liaison officers including the Muslim community leaders. The research assistant was introduced to the Muslim community leaders through the community liaison representatives who were engaged in duly filling the survey (Tulloch, 2004). In this study, there quarters of the respondents in the study were aged between 31 and 50 years with most of the respondent in the study being males and a third being female.
Conclusion
As determined in this research, the central purpose of this study is directed towards establishing the manner in which community policing can be employed in countering the aspects of radicalization approaches within the Muslim communities, a factor that spurs the aspect of terrorism.
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Facilitating change in health and social care
Introduction
This paper evaluates the aspect of change in health and social care setting. Economic factors, operational framework, policy setting, and knowledge are highlighted as the core drivers of this change. Moreover, the paper evaluates not just the challenges brought about by this change but also its impact, and suitable service response mechanism. When it comes to essential principles of change management, PowerPoint presentation is employed. Furthermore, planning of changes, monitoring process, the plan for determining current transformations, social care policy and benchmarks for measuring change are discussed.
1.1Main factors that lead to change
Change refers to the transformation from the current state to a preferred future state. The cycle of change is never ending in our organization. Some welcome and enjoy uncertainties it comes with it; others fear change because they think that something valuable will be lost, and they feel that change will bring unnecessary stress (Brown & Jones 2012). In health care and social services, care is about those who provide the service and those who need the service. People are receptive to impacts of change such as managers have to establish how changes will deliver intended care within the organization.
The main reason why change is always constant is because stimuli of change, as well as other factors that drive change, are economic factors, social factors, operational factors, change in policy, and technological developments.
Economic factors
The cost of health services has been on an upward trend in spite of, the increased financing in the sector. For this reason, there is a need to reduce expenditures of the current services while looking for cost-efficient ways of delivering the services in the future. Of concern is to ensure that the skills of the existing workforce are up-to-date and specialization has to be enhanced.
Besides, cost reduction has to be maximized through the use of private and nonprofit, supplies (Hayes 2014). The rising user expectation also has to be addressed. This is because as roles develop, information becomes readily available meaning that a large group people will be able to quickly access the available information leading to more informed citizens on the services available.
Availability of information leads to a more informed choice. In other words, people will be in a position to analyze the risks involved, the value of treatment provided, and learn the long-term effects of the treatment method that they have chosen. This affects the demand for certain services and institutions depending on how people view them.
In a social point of view, consumers are encouraged to be active and choose how their needs will be met. This has been made possible through the provision of means for people to directly purchase services, meaning that intermediary parties have been eliminated. This option is boosted by the increasing number of individuals who understand their rights and what they are entitled to.
There is also an increase in the roles of women, and globalization of the medical sector has led to a changed workforce. These changes mean maintaining existing working patterns will be difficult to maintain. It also means that new ways of working will be created based on different career structures and patterns of recruitment. The mixed economy will also contribute to social care change.
This is further enhanced by the shift of authorities towards direct service provision. This method has enabled a shift towards efficiency and economy. Furthermore, it has led to the emergence of improved regulation due to improved knowledge, skills and training leading to long term changes.
Knowledge
With expanded knowledge, improved medications and new ways of doing things, expansion and improvement of services have been achieved. In areas such as drugs, the rate of change is slowing, while new discoveries are increasing. However, given the rising costs of healthcare, the expectation is that with the new developments and technological advancements, it will create new demand on available resources.
Innovations will strengthen or improve existing institutions. Expansion of clinical know-how boosts changes in health care. This is because increased specializations lead to improved healthcare and expands the range of roles leading to the development of new working opportunities.
Development of information technology has allowed professionals to search and present advice without the need for face-to-face consultation. Social care service provision widens staff groups which are providing specialized knowledge and skills. This leads to expansion of expectations, responsibilities, and requirements for new competencies and training.
Improved technology has led to new methods for storing and delivering information. The emergence of the internet has enabled people to do certain tasks online; thus, reducing the need for involvement of specialized staff. This gives them more time to concentrate on more complex care and management duties. Also, this has led to the increased number of individuals responsible for their care.
Operational Framework
Operating environment is also starting to change. For instance, the patient’s choice of where to be treated may undermine the financial position of health care provision centers. Likewise, the introduction of the private sector will, in the long run, affect the existing trusts and provide new opportunities for service delivery.
Policy Environment
Given the new regulations by the government aimed at improving performance, new ways of working and delivering care are evolving. Roles are changing as well as management and organizational structures. The need for improved performance occasioned by financial constraints is also bringing about change (Brown & Jones 2012). This is due to increased innovations in service delivery meaning that there is a continual change in professional roles. Policy changes are also reducing demarcation lines between different professional boundaries, making it much easier to effect changes. Increasing emphasis on interdependence has led to improvement in joint performance through joint monitoring and evaluation.
1.2Challenges and main factors of change
Inadequate capital affects final project outcomes owing to the costs related to the provision of social care service such as hiring new staff, acquiring new equipment, training, and staffing costs are significant challenges for health care provision. Staff resistance or difficulty in adapting to changes is difficult since workers are accustomed to certain ways of operating (Payne 2014). Switching to the new system could be very challenging to them. Political pressure can also compel the institution to achieve set targets.
The changing nature of healthcare comes with challenges and prospects. Staff training and the need for continued professional development are some of the challenges. Furthermore, maintaining quality health care and ensuring the safety of patients, requires extended care and meeting demands for integrated services. To reduce these challenges, there is need to increase the workforce, proper planning, and proper governance to enhance collaboration between administrators and medical providers
Several opportunities will also come along health care transformation. The increase in skills depths provides advantages and serves to make use of skill mix and expertise in the team. This method also ensures proper staff utilization through identification of specialized knowledge and skills leading to proper utilization of resources (Kadushin & Harkness 2014). Better patient outcomes and more focused patient services, opportunities for development, and job satisfaction will be realized.
2.1Strategy and principles for assessing current changes
Making transformations in an organization involves the determination of the changes that worked and those that never worked; thus, leading to improvements. Therefore, it is expected that one collects data before, during and after the implementation to help measure the progress based on the set goals (Cameron & Green 2015).
Recognize the variables to be estimated and the data required. This relates to the kind of information to be analyzed such as staff attitudes, perceptions et cetera. Secondly, decide the best tools for data collection and develop the best ways to collect them. Thereafter, choose the best tools depending on information required such as the need to know staff attitudes by analyzing members of staff through individual interviews or groups.
Training the personnel is important in developing methods to allow for valid, reliable and accurate data collection. The information gathered should be organized not just in a systematic way, but by considering the purpose, and technique for efficient data collection. The data is then analyzed to understand the scale, nature, and the cause of a problem.
2.2. The impact of recent changes
Owing to improved health care standards, and increase population in will be experienced leading to congestion. This change will occasion improvement of transport systems due to the changing demands. The increase in the number of young people requiring social and health care will exert pressure on the providers of social amenities (Brown & Jones 2012)
Owing to the improved standards of living, higher wages are demanded to provide for the increased cost of living. This also means an additional charge for personal care. Improved health care means improved well-being and improvement of the quality of life. This is associated with delivery of high-quality primary care, better access to medical services, improved patient participation through tailored services, and continuity of attention.
Moreover, this will also lead to improved skills while making services available within the community. Collaborative working means provisions of full range services while utilizing available resources, getting access to a larger population leading to improved income generation; hence; increased profitability.
2.3. The effects of current change in health and social care
Organizational transformations can lead to improved efficiency. This can be achieved by meeting set goals. All agencies should strive to be more efficient following modifications. This is connected to the utilization of available resources to attain the desired output. It also refers to resources utilized by a firm to generate the desired productivity. Efficiency in organizations maximizes resources during production without wastage (Bourke et al. 2016)
Reduction in cost benefit is geared towards overall cost reduction. Benefits or outcomes should be more than costs incurred to achieve that end. Whether the organization aims to make profits or not, the total cost should be balanced with the outcome of the service so as to be viable.
Referral in health care refers to the process of transferring patients from a low cadre hospital to a high cadre hospital for further treatment. This referral rates can be used to measure the effectiveness of a hospital based on the number of referrals done to a high cadre hospital vs. the number of cured patients (Kadushin & Harkness 2014).
This is often done through restructuring and training to improve their skills and technical know-how. The time the patient waits to be attended to is a significant method to evaluate impacts of changes in a health facility. Minimal waiting time indicates speedy patient care administration and by extension faster service delivery and timely intervention.
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2.4. Suitable Responses to recent changes
There should be improved employee participation through the creation of employment opportunities. The management should conduct proper staff training on different technologies. There should also be a change in the structure of the Directorate; new employees should be hired to handle the increased work occasioned by improvements and introduction of new facilities.
There should also be a change of equipment to handle new developments meaning new manpower should be hired to manage or train staff on how to handle new equipment (Cameron &Green, 2015). There should also be a change in service delivery and communication owing to improved facilities.
Local authorities should ensure that people are advised correctly to make good decisions about care and support and the range of available support providers. They should also promote caregivers, children, and families.
3.1. Fundamental principles of change management using Power Point Presentation
3.1.1 Address the “human side” systematically.
Any transformation creates issues touching people. New jobs will be set up new skill and capabilities will be required. Dealing with such changes requires the involvement of leadership, engagement of key stakeholders and leaders.
3.1.2 Start at the Top.
CEO is seen as the main point as everybody looks to him for strength, support, and direction. Leaders should, therefore, embrace new challenges so as to motivate the rest of the institution. The executives should work together to get the best success.
3.1.3 Involve Every Layer.
Changes affect all sections in the organization and as such training must align individuals to the mission and vision of the organization with the bid of make change happen.
3.1.4 Make the Formal Case.
Legal case allows for creation and alignment of leadership. This is achieved through confronting reality, developing a faith that the company has a healthy future, and provides a clear roadmap that will guide behavior and decision-making.
3.1.5 Create Ownership.
Leaders should accept responsibility in all areas under their control. This achieved through involving people in all the processes and reinforcing by use of incentives and rewards.
3.1.6 Communicate the message.
Communication provides employees with the right information at the right time, and they get their feedback through various channels.
3.1.7 Assess the cultural landscape.
Effects of cultural change should be identified early and addressed to avoid backlash at later stages.
3.1.8 Prepare for the unexpected.
This is achieved through continual assessment of impacts and the willingness to adapt to transformation
3.1.9. Speak to the individual.
This is intended to educate employees on the intended effects of change constituted, how it will be measured and what success or failures will be expected. By so doing, it will make people aware of the coming changes, and they feel involved in the change process.
3.2. Planning changes in health and social care
Planning for change in health and social care is necessary for continuity of the organization. Any projected effect should be expected. Detailed plan including support after implementation should be documented to ensure that the project is implemented successfully. There is also the need to think of possible mishaps that can occur after implementation. Possible mitigation strategies should be developed to counter the mishaps.
During planning, the goals of the organization are identified, goals are set, tasks are outlined, and schedules of how to accomplish those tasks are developed. It also involves deciding what to do, how, and who will do the tasks. This stage assists in determining the direction of the project (Bourke et al. 2016). Planning also includes defining the health tribulations within the society, identifying needs that have not been met, analyzing the resources to meet them, setting goals, and setting action plans for the accomplishment of those programs. Planning also involves establishing policies, programs, objectives, schedules, and budget.
When planning, the following factors, and methods can be considered: stakeholders, staff, management styles, consultation, and communication. All these factors should be aimed at improving health outcomes to reduce inequalities in health and produce effective approaches of care. The change has to be clinically-based; hence, each proposal should then meet the local status. Therefore, the senior management should be at the forefront of the design and development, and patients and members of the public should also be engaged. Local authorities are relevant stakeholders and they can be integrated when planning.
3.3. Monitoring recent changes
To evaluate changes, it is crucial to start with weighing the evidence against each other as this is the best way for determining change. Several changes exist such as transformational, incremental; episodic, planned, and continuous changes. These changes may be considered by evaluating research, surveys, and sample assessments (Valentin, Schepman & Brinjzeels 2013). Data collection may be based on people’s opinions regarding on what they view to be the truth, beliefs in what people know, preferences in what they choose, behaviors in what they do, and attitudes in terms of what they need.
Basic questions can be asked that are based on opening response, closed response through different scales that are agreeable, and ranking scales. When reviewing change through the survey, rewards and costs have to be taken into account; People should be more willing to help in evaluating the impact if there is a reward. Reliability and validity should be considered when reviewing the change.
Sampling technique is another method that can be used to monitor and evaluate the change. This approach provides sample statistics for classifying the targeted people through obtaining controllable objects of study and quantitative representation of resident’s distinctiveness.
Group forums can also act as a basis for reviewing changes in social care services. This platform ensures discussion is carried out either online or through gatherings. Through this avenue, messages are posted and people can hold conversations regarding different topics. Through group feedback, it makes it easy to learn and assess the effect of health services.
Monitoring also ensures the improvement of essential functions in the implementation of health services. It enables one to determine if the service is meeting the set objectives, identify program challenges and benefits, and areas to be revised. This is achieved through analysis of program domains.
Conclusion
The paper has sought to assess the current transformations in health and social care settings. Economic factors, operational framework, policy environment, and knowledge were seen as the underlying factors that drive healthcare and social change. While the challenges and impacts of the change process were evaluated, effective service response mechanisms were proposed.
Essential principles of change management were presented through Microsoft PowerPoint application. In the end, the paper highlighted planning, monitoring, strategy for quantifying change, social care policy, and tools for measuring change.
References
Brown, K., & Osborne, S. P. 2012. Managing change and innovation in public service organizations. Abingdon: Routledge.
Bourke, A. et al 2016. Evidence generation from healthcare databases recommendations for managing change. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety.
Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015. Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. London: Kogan Page Publishers.
Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014. Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Hayes, J., 2014. The theory and practice of change management. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Swayne, L.E., Duncan, W.J. and Ginter, P.M., 2012. Strategic management of health care organizations. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Thompson, N., 2015. Understanding social work: preparing for practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kadushin, A. and Harkness, D., 2014. Supervision in social work. New York: Columbia University Press.
Huber, D., 2013. Leadership and nursing care management. London: Elsevier Health Sciences.
Valentijn, P.P. et al 2013. Understanding integrated care: a comprehensive conceptual framework based on the integrative functions of primary care. International Journal of Integrated Care, 13(1).
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Feminism: Simone Beauvoir
Question one
According to Simone Beauvoir, feminism has already been tainted to an extent that there seems no hope of talking about the subject. Though a lot has been said about feminism, little improvement has been seen in women and they are still subject to men. A woman no longer exists as a fellow man, but lives in the shadow of a man. Though a woman is just a fellow human being like a man, society has made her less significant such that there are no definite characteristics relating to a woman as it is for a man (Simone, 1949). The author wondered whether women still existed, if they are supposed to exist, and if they existed, what place would the society place them.
In her introduction, Simone Beauvoir develops her thesis by claiming that women are a lost course and tries to give different characteristics given to a man to show that there is no definite place for a woman in the society. Though women make half of the human population, they are normally encouraged to be and behave like women, and men are often viewed as superior human beings. It is often said that a woman cannot exist without a man though a man can exist on his own.
The author gives definitions of a woman depending on how the society perceives her. One of the definitions is that a woman is characterized by a womb. However, some scholars oppose the definition by claiming that although some women have a womb, they cannot be referred to as women. The very parts that make a woman are the same parts that happen to imprison her. Ovaries, uterus, and glands make women seem weak to a man to an extent that Aristotle claimed that a woman is a human being that has certain physical defects. Men view themselves as having an original connection with the world and rule over it albeit the fact that they also have glands and other physical features as a woman. Although both men and women are categorized as human beings, a woman is treated as inferior.
The author admits that women also fail to recognize their importance by making men superior such that they exist under the shadow of a man. A wife is named after her husband and the society always considers a woman to be autonomous to a man. A woman cannot live or think without a man, but a man can exist and think without a woman (Simone, 1949). It is not possible to hear of a man who is named after a woman, but a woman is referenced with a man. To a man, a woman is just a sexual being and nothing else. Therefore, man is the superior and absolute human being while a woman is just the another human being.
In addition, the author continues to describe a woman as just another human being by saying that relationship of two sexes is not like electrical poles. Electrical poles are in an equal measure and size, but in the case of a relationship between a man and a woman, the two are separate and unique individuals. A man is the overall designator of a human being and represents both the positive and neutral sides. On the other hand, a woman is only defined by the negative side as she is deemed to lack some components as compared to a man. Whenever there is a discussion, women are viewed as weak by men and if a woman takes a certain side, it is said she did so just because she is a woman. A man is the only one supposed to be right and if he sides with a woman, it is not because she is right but because she is just a woman. It is right to be a man, but it is considered wrong to be a woman. A man is the only rightful human being, but a woman exists as an incomplete individual.
For consciousness to exist, the self must be present. Therefore, the other is as original as the one who in this case is the man. The implication of otherness is just a human thought that is not defined by ancient things and situations. Having a self and the other, is not supposed to divide human beings to different sexes but it’s something that has been formulated by society. For this reason, it implies that a man and a woman are a dual that depend on each other for survival and existence. A man is born off a woman and he cannot exist without the former. Although a woman is defined as the other, she is in the likeness of a man and shares same privileges as a man.
The author also noted that for a group to set itself as the one, it has to be against the other. If one group considers itself privileged, it is because it views the other group as inferior. Consequently, the reason why a woman is defined as the other is because a man has set himself against her for he does not want to be equal to a woman.
Question two
Kimberley Crenshaw used inter-sectionality theory to show how gender and racial discrimination was experienced by black women. Intersectionality is a theory that studies overlapping discrimination. In her study, the author noted that black women faced gender and race-based discrimination, especially in the work place. If black women had a lawsuit resulting from race discrimination, they were not favored since it would be ruled that other blacks were not discriminated. In addition, gender discrimination would be ruled out since not all women were discriminated. Thus, the American Black women faced discrimination due to their gender and race. Facing both types of discrimination is what Kimberley Crenshaw coined as intersectionality notion.
Legal concepts could not defend Black women since it was either race discrimination or gender discrimination, but not both. Also, feminist activists only explored discrimination experienced by only the white privileged women who co-existed with powerful men; thus, it was not possible to know the issues faced by other women. The women activists preferred having privileges given to them by white men at the expense of the needs of women of color; hence, making discrimination to the latter intersectional as described by Kimberle (1989).
Bell Hooks is another writer that talked about intersectionality discrimination. According to the writer, privileged white women were selfish in their activism as they only sought to advocate for their needs since they wanted to enjoy the same privileges as men. For instance, the white women advocated for abortion but did not advocate against involuntary sterilization of women of color, a vice that was becoming wide spread. The women considered as essential to be in male dominated roles as opposed to taking their roles as wives and daughters and fighting for the rights of women and feminism for all women.
Also, discrimination is faced by women of color on the basis that they are overworked in workplaces while the white women fail to advocate for their rights, but instead try to outdo men in the workplace. Since white women were busy during the day and had chores to take care of after work, they instead took in the women of color and made them their domestic workers. Eventually, women of color faced discrimination due to their race and gender. Having no right over reproduction as well as the lack of advancement in the workplace is a form of discrimination faced by women of color since it is based on the fact that they are black and female (Bell, 2000).
Audre Lorde noted that having social privileges is one of the reasons why feminists and activists join the oppressors into oppressing the underprivileged. The feminists are assured by the antagonists that they will share power, and instead of helping the minority, they end up being used to deprive them of their rights. The author suggested that feminists should take it upon themselves to understand unrelated connections that women have due to oppression so that they can liberate all the oppressed. According to the writer, it is not possible to liberate one group and leave another; hence, intersectionality can help to reveal the unrelated experiences that women of color have as a result of oppression.
Combahee River Collective talked about how black women were not included in liberation movements due to their color and gender. The movements did not address all the issues faced by black women, but just highlighted a few. A black woman’s identity was in terms of her color, race, and sex and not who she was. Intersectionality came to exist in the States when black women tried to take up social and political positions. Also, the concept came to being when they were excluded from liberation movements. Women had to fight for their identity since they were treated based on their race and color instead of integrating all the identities that characterized an individual (Jayme, 2015). Combahee River Collective was formed to help liberate black women so that they can be respected similar to fellow human beings.
Adrianne Rich noted that white women who were in a position to liberate and advocate for women of color did not do so as they were busy struggling to fit in the shoes of their male counterparts. Lesbians, white women, and women of color started liberation movements on behalf of women, but the white women were deceptive as witnessed in the US and Canada (Ana, 2008). Instead of the three groups working together, the white upper-class women still liaised with men and neglected their duties as wives so as to belong in powerful positions. The upper-class white women chose their careers and powerful positions at the expense of their fellow white women, lesbians, and women of color; thus, the voices of the minority were not heard and they continued to be discriminated against.
Simone, Adrianne, Combahee River, Bell, and Crenshaw wrote about women and are some of the popular feminists that advocated for the rights of women. All of these women claim that a woman is as powerful as a man and should be given equal rights and privileges. As per the intersectionality theory, black women and other women belonging to minority groups such as lesbians are often victims of overlapping discrimination and there seems to be no law that protects them from it. Therefore, the writers advocated for the rights of women so that they would not be discriminated against with regards to race, sexual orientation, or gender.
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Generalist Practices: A Case Study of Brenna
Introduction
According to Langer & Lietz (2015), generalist practices refers to the sociological concept, which defines the general guideline for carrying out the social work. The new individuals are introduced into some of the concept considered significant in improving their lives. Langer & Lietz (2015) avers that some of the sociological activities stressed on during the implementation of generalist practices include the promotion of the welfare of a human, as well as the application of the intervention and preventive measure to different social challenges and also problems affecting an individual (Langer & Lietz, 2015).
Here, ethical principles and practices, as well as the critical thinking are some of the issues taken into considerations. Therefore, this paper will seek to identify how generalist approach has been employed in the Brenna’s case study.
Three Examples of Generalist Practices Depicted in Brenna’s Case Study
First, it is worth noting Brenna is a victim of dating abuses, as well as domestic violence. As a result, she was subjected to a very difficult life, after falling out with her mother, as she was not even able to complete her education (Working with Survivors of Sexual Abuse and Trauma, n.d). Soon after she became pregnant, her boyfriend, Cameron, denied he was the father of the unborn, forcing Brenna to live in deplorable shelter in order to give birth. Thus, she had to undergo through the generalist practices to restore her life back to normalcy. Some of the three generalist practices applied in this case are listed below.
First, the social work manager helped Brenna to set up her goals in issues such as attaining financial stability, medical care, and permanent housing. Secondly, the manager assisted Brenna in advancing her education by facilitating her enrolment in the GED, ‘General Education Development,’ training (Working with Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse, n.d.). Thirdly, the social worker also encouraged her to undertake therapeutic sessions in order to raise her self-esteem.
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General Characteristics That Validate These Examples to Be Regarded As Generalist Practices
The first practice, concerning helping Brenna set her goals, was very important. Some of the characteristics that validate it as a generalist practice include; the social worker helped Brenna become eligible and be approved for the Medicaid services (Working with Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse, n.d.). The worker also helped her get her residence. The next practice can be validated based on the facts that Brenna was able to join GED in order to advance her education (Working with Survivors of Sexual Abuse and Trauma, n.d).
She also benefitted through attaining a new and beneficial network from other single mother she met. Thirdly, her decision to attend the therapeutic session enabled her attain resilient and overcome her fears and worries in life. As such, she was able to set up difficult life goals.
The Effectiveness/Ineffectiveness of Each Example In Terms Of Benefits to the “Client”
The first practices, concerning attaining her life goal, was very effective. This is due to the fact that Brenna was able to get the approval on accessing Medicaid services. Furthermore, she was also able attend prenatal services when she was still pregnant. Moreover, she was also able to secure a well-furnished house. Secondly, Brenna was able to attend GED, thus, improving her education.
This can be validated by the fact that she was able to make informed decisions such as sticking to the proper nutritional practices and budgetary measures (Working with Survivors of Sexual Abuse and Trauma, n.d). Lastly, her decision to attend the therapeutic sessions enabled her feel free to make a new beginning in life. She was also to set her goals without informing her former boyfriend, Cameron.
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Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System
Racial discrimination as a deterrent to public safety efforts in America: A study of citizens’ trust on the criminal justice system
In the past decades, the United States has been proactive in addressing the racial discrimination issue. However, the concern over unfairness and discrimination based on race remains a major cause of controversy within the criminal justice system.
Race and culture influences public safety policies immensely because there is need to design policies that address citizen needs without discrimination. Accordingly, public safety policy is developed through a series of write-ups that must be thoroughly scrutinized to determine that policy seeks to protect all citizens equally. In the event that public safety policy appears to negate from equal treatment public uproar is likely to result. This leads to questioning of values that underlie criminal justice policies and procedures; and the possibility that citizens could lose trust in the system due to unrelenting racial disparity (Lawrence, 2011).
This insinuates that until policies are further revised to create serious consequences for criminal justice officers who discriminate based on race and ethnicity, citizens’ trust on the justice system will continue to diminish (Durant, 2016). It is a mandatory obligation for the government to enhance citizens’ safety; while safeguarding equality grounded on racial or cultural background. This will ensure that public safety policies are effectively executed and that they are considered effective.
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It can be established that the U.S. is significantly committed towards ending discrimination in all aspects. Therefore, the criminal justice system is undergoing copious reforms, all which portray discrimination as unconstitutional and place emphasis on the need for professionalism within the system. However, discrimination still perseveres. A considerable number of citizens have been reported as serving jail term based on erroneous conviction (Smith & Hattery, 2011).
Minorities’ overrepresentation is also rampant, leading to continued questioning of the criminal justice system objectivity and whether every American can feel adequately protected by the system (The Sentencing Project, 2016). The police force is particularly as affected, having been criticized continuously in the recent past as being agents of discrimination. This is a serious predicament that the government must address, if its efforts towards enacting inclusive public safety measures are to be successful.
Based on this topic, the writer will demonstrate how racial discrimination has affected overall trust on the criminal justice system and how this is likely to impact public safety outcomes and policies.
References
Durant, J. M. (2015). Equal Protection: Access to Justice and Fairness in the American Criminal Justice System? Depaul Journal for Social Justice, 8(2), 175-198. Retrieved from eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=29d32b56-8af3-487f-b80b-041bc4748a07%40sessionmgr4006&vid=1&hid=4205
Lawrence, K. O. (2011). Race, Crime, and Punishment: Breaking the connection in America. Washington, D.C: The Aspen Institute.
Smith, E., & Hattery, A. (2011). Race, Wrongful Conviction & Exoneration. Journal of AfricanAmerican Studies, 15(1), 74-94. doi:10.1007/s12111-010-9130-5
United Nations Human Rights Commission (UNHRC) is an intergovernmental organization within the structure of the United Nations. It comprises of 47 Council positions intended to ensure a fair geographical representation. 13 members are drawn from Asia, 13 members from Africa, 8 from Caribbean and Latin American, 5 from Eastern Europe and 7 from Western Europe and other states.
The Council was established in 2006 by the United Nations General Assembly to succeed the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR). UNCHR was widely criticized for failing to address human rights desecrations, and having a huge number of nations with a dismal human rights track record as its members. Despite overhauling UNCHR, several states and policymakers expressed their concerns over UNHRC’s lack of attention to contentious human right occurrences (Thompson, 2015).
Notwithstanding, the United Nations Human Rights Commission has been effective is addressing human rights violations in different nations. The effectiveness of the United Nations Human Rights Commission in accomplishing its objective of protecting global human rights largely depends on the influence of the major powers and cooperation of states.
Organizational Structure
Member countries in the General Assembly participate in an election to appoint individuals who will occupy the 47 seats of the United Nations Human Rights Council. Each position has a tenure of three years and there is no member who can hold a position beyond two consecutive terms. The General Assembly has the authority to suspend the privileges and rights of any Council member, if it persistently commits systematic or gross human rights violation during its membership term (Smith, 2014).
Suspension from the General Assembly necessitates a two-thirds majority vote to oust a member from the Assembly. The resolution that founded the United Nations Human Rights Commission shares that when appointing Council members, states should consider the candidates’ contribution to the protection and promotion of human rights and their voluntary commitments and pledges made.
Members selected to join the UNHRC are expected to exemplify highest human rights protection and promotion standards (Thompson, 2015). The Human Rights Council holds meeting three times every year in September, March and June. Nonetheless, the Council may decide to schedule a special session to discuss human rights emergencies and violations, at the approval of a third of the member countries.
Goals
The United Nations Human Rights Council serves as the main forum for addressing human rights issues and intergovernmental cooperation. The Council endeavors to aid member’s nations to manage their human rights infringement through dialogues, technical assistance, and capacity building. In addition, it makes proposals to the General Assembly to improve the advancement of international law in the arena of human rights.
Through the Universal Periodic Review, the United Nations Human Rights Council evaluates the human rights situation in 192 United Nations member states. The advisory committee offers advice and expertise in thematic human rights matters, thereby promoting the efficiency of the Council. Another responsibility of the committee is to forward complaints about violation of human rights to the Council. After a complaint is filed, the Council manages thematic issues or country situations through the special procedures system (Smith, 2014).
Evaluation
The United Nations Human Rights Council has been successful in promoting the protection of human rights across the globe. Nonetheless, the success has been varied with the greatest achievement being realized in Africa. In contrast to Western Nations, African nations have been accommodating refugees thereby incorporating the subject of human right issues.
Refugees have been granted asylum and accepted in these societies since African communities have a strong hospitality tradition. Most importantly, African nations have exemplified massive cooperation with the UNHCR thereby accelerating to the attainment of the Council’s goals. Zambia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland and Malawi are examples of some of the nations that granted asylum to a huge number of refugees from Mozambique in 1986 (Hammerstad, 2014).
Kenya has also granted asylum to a massive number of refugees from Somalia, Ethiopia and Sudan. In all the nations, the presence of the United Nations Human Rights Council has been crucial in protecting the rights of refugees and compelling host nations to grant refuge to refugees.
In Europe and North America, the UNHRC has encountered pressures due to the presence of stringent rules restricting entry of refuges. The outcome has been a lower level of refugee protection and refusal to enjoy asylum. In Western nations, the Council has failed in promoting the protection of human rights especially for refugees. UNHCR has resorted to reminding these nations of their duty to enhance the rights of all people whether citizens or refugees.
While the role of providing physical security or protection is the duty of the host nation, United Nations Human Rights Council has a facilitating mandate to ensure this obligation is observed. Although, the Council has failed in executing this role in certain nations and human rights situations, it has performed much better compared to its successor.
Major Powers such as the United Nations have had a major impact on the Council due to its financial donation and interest in advancing certain ideals (Smith, 2014). The United Nations should endeavor to cooperate with member states to ensure that human rights are protected and promoted. In the future, the council should review its membership slots due to population growth and to promote equality among member states.
Conclusion
The United Nations Human Rights Council has been successful in promoting and protecting human rights across the globe compared to its predecessor. Since the Council does not harbor enforcement powers, it has effectively accomplished its mission, ensuring that human rights are observed. The effectiveness of the Council in attaining its vision of global human rights protection rest with securing cooperation with major powers and host nations.
As exemplified in the African situation, the interpretation of refugee’s rights and rights relating to granting asylum rights has hindered observation of global human rights. The UNHRC has not been successful where nations have been uncooperative, such as the incident of Cuban, Haitian, and Mexican refuges residing in the United States. Nonetheless, on a global scale, the Council has largely demonstrated its efficiency in accomplishing its mandate.
A study on how teenage pregnancy affects education, employment, and housing.
Introduction
Teenage pregnancy is a major social problem affecting many countries worldwide ranging from the first world to third world countries. According to research, UK has the leading number of teenage pregnancies. Every year, there is an increase in the number of girls between 13 and 19 who get pregnant (Magaraggia, 2010).
An increased number of teen pregnancies have been attributed to various factors such as peer influence, lack of parental guidance on sexual health as well as socioeconomic factors such as poverty. Most researchers link lack of parental guidance, peer influence and mass media influence as the primary causes of teen pregnancy.
Despite extensive measures laid down to deal with teenage pregnancy, the rate remains rampant. Teenage pregnancy leads to school drop out for the victim, poor housing due to increased cost of living and unemployment for the relatives due to increased responsibilities. (Magaraggia, 2010).
Objectives of the study
The major objectives of the study will include:
To identify factors contributing to teen pregnancy.
To determine and describe the effects of teen pregnancy on education, employment, and housing.
To determine the various ways of curbing teen pregnancies
Rationale
In the current world, the number of teen pregnancy has been a growing concern. The United States has been found to have the highest number of pregnant teenage girls. Therefore it is an issue that requires to be addressed to help in reducing the numbers.
Aim
The study will aim at getting relevant information on teen pregnancy, and this will substantially contribute to prevention of pregnancies among adolescents. Information gathered from the study could be used in education institutions as well as healthcare facilities to offer the necessary information regarding teen pregnancy.
Literature Review
Today, teenage pregnancy remains a major issue. According to Minnick & Shandler 2011, among the industrialized countries, UK has second highest rates of teenage pregnancy. The Census conducted in 2008 which indicated that the birth rate of mothers between the ages of 14-19 was 41.5 per 1000 women. Each year, 14 million children are born worldwide to teenage mothers between the age of 15 and 19 UNICEF, 2012. Magaraggia (2010)established teenage pregnancy as a social problem which requires being addressed.
Many factors have been attributed to high incidence of teenage pregnancy. The following factors have been attributed to the increased rates of pregnancy among adolescents. These factors include; inadequate and inaccurate information on sexual health, peer pressure which offers an avenue to discuss sex matters and mass media which gives teenagers easy access to pornographic materials (Magaraggia, 2010)
Teenage pregnancy may have detrimental effects in all aspects of life including education where the affected person as to drop out of school to be able to take care of the child. Also, it may lead to unemployment being attributed to low self-esteem as well as inability to perform assigned duties(Girma & Paton, 2015). Consequently, the victims find themselves living in substandard houses due to reduced finances.
Conclusion
Curbing of teenage pregnancy requires application of different approaches including sexual education and raising awareness. Both the society and policy makers can as well be involved solving in providing solutions to the risk factors of teenage pregnancy (Girma & Paton, 2015). Therefore, combined efforts from families, healthcare facilities and the society as a whole will be required to help in coming up with a solution to this nightmare.
References
Girma, S., & Paton, D. (2015). Is education the best contraception: The case of teenage pregnancy in England? Social Science and Medicine, 131, 1–9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.040
What have you read? (use your textbook and other academic readings)
What have you observed (personal experience)?
How does your community impact the pillars?
*What is the impact of technology?
Politics
Politics are designed to maintain checks and balance system through governance where the ruling class is associated with the rich who influence political decisions (Henslin & Nelson, 2011).
The economy plays an important role in politics where leaders are elected based on the ability to fix economic issues in their country
A community can influence the political pillar of the society through voting or political participation rights (Henslin & Nelson, 2011)
Technology can negatively or positively by getting extra income online or destruction of marriages through social websites.
Marriage and Family
Marriage and family pillar of the society is economically influenced by class and wealth affecting the basic human needs that may lead to family conflicts and child abuse (Kaestle, 2011).
Individual economic status affects his/her marriage and family status. The middle class society members focus on self actualization while low class society concentrates on sharing the available scarce resources (Henslin & Nelson, 2011).
The community impacts the type of spouses that an individual is likely to choose
Technology can negatively or positively by getting extra income online or destruction of marriages through social websites.
Religion
Religion society pillar based on literature economically influence the direction of prosperity.
From personal experience, young generation tends to separate themselves from religious groups where economic development is taught and are likely to develop economically
The community play emphasis and advocate for controlled behaviors and life guidelines based on religious teaching
The young generation rely on technology to get religious teaching (Henslin & Nelson, 2011)
Education
Education influences the economical gap between the rich and the poor where the rich are likely to reach at advanced education levels compared to the poor (Kaestle, 2011).
From personal experience, the rich society obtains quality education considering their financial capability
, advance communities embrace education compared to marginalized communities as educated individuals seek higher positions and good jobs.
Technology provides easy access to education programs and shared knowledge stored in digital libraries.
The four pillars of society hold the society together and are essential for group survival as well as institutional function (Kaestle, 2011). The four pillars of society work together and the absence of one eliminates the rest.
