In this paper, the main emergency management theories which act as the backbone for the proposed research proposal are described comprehensively. The paper also provides an analysis of how the research topic actually expands the selected theories and a justification is provided of why the selected theories were selected for the research topic of this proposal.
Lastly this paper provides an assessment of why the identified emergency management theory are suitable for the selected methodology of this research.
Emergency management theory
For this research proposal, the main emergency management theories which serve as the backbone of the research proposal include the Emergency Response Theory and the Disaster Preparedness Theory. Environmental emergencies refer to events or incidents which threaten public welfare, health, and safety, and they include such things as acts of terrorism, industrial plant explosions, hurricanes, chemical spills, wild fires, and even floods.
Emergency Response Theory pertains to organizing available resources, coordinating and directing them so as to respond effectively and properly to an incident and bring the emergency situation under control (Medlin, 2011). In essence, this coordinated response is aimed at protecting the health of members of the public by reducing the impact of the incident on the environment and the community.
The Disaster Preparedness Theory gives emphasis to educating people about hazards which might impact their area and the importance of training people in essential disaster skills for instance disaster medical operations, light search and rescue, fire safety as well as team organization (Mitzel, 2014).
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
How research topic expands theory
In this project, the research topic is Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT) in the Northeast Region of the United States. This research topic clearly expands theory by incorporating something new regarding processes of disaster management and preparedness and emergency response. Community Emergency Response Teams are voluntary programmes that entail doing the most good for the most number of people in the community through people assisting people as well as through preparedness.
This is a constructive approach and the members could help other people within their place of work or community after an incident when professional responders are not instantly available to assist (Bobko & Kamin, 2015). On the whole, the topic expands theory by highlighting that community emergency response teams are about encouraging individuals to take active roles in alleviating the effects of a disaster event by having preparedness projects within their communities.
Empowering communities through safer practices serves to encourage a culture of safety in the area as communities would be better prepared in a situation of emergency to do the most good for the most people.
In essence, the CERT program assists in training individuals in the community to be prepared well to respond to situations of emergency within their communities. Whenever emergency situations take place, members of Community Emergency Response Team could provide crucial support to first responders, give immediate help to the affected victims, and arrange spontaneous volunteers at the location of the disaster or emergency (Medlin, 2011). In addition, members of the CERT team could assist with non-emergency projects which help in improving the community’s safety.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Justification for the selected theory for the chosen research topic
The selected theories – Emergency Response Theory and Disaster Preparedness Theory – are appropriate for the project’s research topic considering that Community Emergency Response Teams are usually involved in educating individuals as regards disaster preparedness for the hazards which might impact their area. In addition, CERTs provide training to people in basic response skills like disaster medical operations and fire safety, which is emphasized by the Emergency Response Theory.
It is notable that CERT volunteers use training which they learned during exercises and in the classroom to help other people within their community after a disaster has occurred when professional responders are not immediately available to provide assistance: this is something that is underscored by the selected emergency management theories. Moreover, Community Emergency Response Team volunteers are encouraged to support emergency response organizations by assuming active roles in disaster preparedness projects (Fithen & Fraser, 2012).
Why the chosen emergency management theories are appropriate for the methodology
The chosen emergency management theories are suitable for the selected methodology considering that these two theories behind community emergency response team are rooted in a simple observation: in major emergency situations, professional emergency services are often overloaded. All parts of the globe have tornadoes and/or earthquakes, and severe storms and floods are the most common disasters.
The common mass disasters include earthquake, floods, tsunami and hurricanes. All these could create mass emergencies hence community emergency response teams have a mission everywhere. The main aim of the CERT program is disaster preparedness. In general, the belief according to the selected emergency management theories is that civilians who receive community emergency response team training are more likely to prepare beforehand for a major emergency situation and are aware of the proper steps to be taken following an emergency.
This helps to reduce the probability that they would require help from emergency responders hence eases pressures on limited resources for instance rescuers and their equipment (Fithen & Fraser, 2012). The other objective of the community emergency response team program as per the selected theories is providing an auxiliary force of trained emergency personnel who are able to respond to events which are really not life-threatening and includes things like light search and rescue operations, shelter management, dispatch and paperwork.
These time-consuming or non-urgent tasks would otherwise belong to emergency professionals, which divert them from rescue operations. As such, the theories are suitable for the methodology.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Conclusion
In conclusion, the main emergency management theories which act as the backbone of the proposed research study are the Emergency Response Theory and the Disaster Preparedness Theory. The research topic expands theory by incorporating something new regarding processes of disaster management and preparedness as well as emergency response.
The selected theories are appropriate for the research topic because Community Emergency Response Teams are often involved in educating individuals on the subject of disaster preparedness for the hazards which could impact their area, and this is something underscored by the two theories.
References
Bobko, J. P., & Kamin, R. (2015). Changing the paradigm of emergency response: The need for first-care providers. Journal Of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 9(1), 18-24.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Resource Curse in Nigeria
Majority of the African countries make poor use of their natural resources. Instead of the resources enhancing economic growth, they often lead to corruption, reduced economic growth, caused civil wars and degraded the physical environment. Like most of the African countries, corruption is endemic in Nigeria, an oil producing country in West Africa. Instead of investing resource revenues in education and infrastructure, crooked and corrupt politicians collude with mining companies, siphons the proceeds from the oil and other minerals into their own pockets (Sucheta 2013).
The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the extent of the Resource Curse in Nigeria and ails from ‘dutch disease’ epidemic that has resulted from impoverished governance and lack of transparency, hence dragging its economic growth.
Resource Curse in Nigeria
Countries rich in minerals and gas should use them to provide an essential source of funding for development purposes. However, it seems exploitation of such natural resources is linked to inequality, poverty, poor public services, and slow economic growth. The paradox is what is referred to as the resource curse. In developing countries, however, the resource curse epidemic is mostly in existence due to impoverished governance that lacks transparency (Rhett 2013).
There exists strong evidence to show that countries rich in natural resources have lost profitable opportunities by agreeing to harmful contracts. There is also strong evidence to show that resource-rich governments lack the will and capacity to manage revenues collected from extraction industries in an efficient way that meets social objectives and enhances development in a sustainable way.
Moreover, adding to the difficulties faced by governments in developing countries in the management of volatile revenue, the countries are mostly vulnerable to problems such as corruption, lack of transparency, civil conflicts, and accountability problems (Sucheta 2013). These problems have hindered domestic development and instead of the resources being used for the benefit of the citizens, they have caused a ‘curse’.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Resource curse in Nigeria
1. Social and community impact
Nigeria ails from a phenomenon sickness referred to as ‘Dutch disease’ by a popular economist. The economist used the term to describe the effect of the North Sea gas bonanza on Netherlands economy. Analysts that have been studying the trends in resource-rich countries have used the term dutch disease to represent the negative pattern in development. The local communities are unable to compete with other countries due to inflow of foreign currency making the local currency to bloat (John 2013).
Rather than the natural resources lead to economic development in Netherlands, the minerals caused a foreign exchange inflow that resulted in the rising of the country’s currency value. If currency becomes overvalued, domestic industries in manufacturing, agriculture, and other exports end up becoming less competitive. Though the illness afflicts both the well governed and impoverished economies, the latter has few ways of dealing with the consequences (Paul 2011).
Countries with poor governance that lacks transparency are prone to war especially if the country is endowed with abundant natural resources. Nigeria has continuously been fighting civil wars and is one of the most corrupt nations in the world as ranked by World Bank’s control of corruption Index. In Nigeria, oil rents an amount equivalent to 30% of the GDP and the country has been in conflicts (Oby 2015).
Dependence on natural resource insulates leaders from public accountability and pressure. Though Nigeria has abundant natural resources, it is short of paramount checks on government control including a democratic culture. In past years, violent war has plagued Nigeria making oil a curse instead of a blessing to the majority of citizens.
A mixture of transparency issues and poor impoverished governance is lethal in Nigeria. Sub-Saharan Africa resource rents are by a margin higher than other countries in the world according to the World Bank measure of GDP. Rent is defined as the difference between production value at global prices and the sum of the cost of oil production, minerals, natural gas, forests, and coal. Nigeria has one of the highest resource rents as a measure of GDP but has one of the lowest controls of corruption scores among developing nations (Oby 2015).
However, natural resources do not automatically cause poor economic outcomes or become a natural epidemic curse. For example, North America has a higher oil production capacity compared to Nigeria and Africa in general, yet it has a low resource rate as a percentage of GDP and it has a good governance structure (Tasihu 2015).
Still, Canada, one of the top oil producing countries has the least corrupt government worldly. Norway is considered as a perennial global leader yet it is one of the highest exporters of crude oil. As witnessed in the three countries, North America, Canada and Norway, the resource curse can be avoided if the governance structure is transparent and is in control of corruption.
Resource Curse in Nigeria
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Nigeria could be prosperous if only it exercised good governance, transparent mining deals, had stronger disclosure and had control of corruption. Good governance means having economic policies that encouraged diversified economies and discouraged over-dependence on natural resource rents. Another resource curse emerges from transnational companies that coerce with politicians to meander the country’s natural resources for their personal gains.
The country has made little progress in enhancing transparency. Though the country has joined EITI, its people still view their leaders as corrupt (Tasihu 2015). The leaders have not taken a step from lack of transparency to actual accountability that requires a nation with the training and skills needed for overall effectiveness and monitoring.
Skills required for effective monitoring of transparency require funding that the government of Nigeria is not able to provide. The private sector, multilateral banks, and bilateral donors offer the financial support needed for programs that educate citizens in accounting and tracking of revenue expenditure. The citizens of the country require the technical and analytical skills to be able to track government expenses.
However, if the citizens do not have the necessary skills, they are not in a position to hold public officials accountable for the wrongful spending of public resources and revenue. The reason the citizens do not have the skills is because the governance structure of Nigeria does not provide room and opportunity for the citizens to get educated. Instead of concentrating on average citizens, the public officials concentrate on how they can rip from the public natural resources before their term in office ends (Oby 2015).
Resource Curse in Nigeria
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
It’s not surprising that the dominant factors leading to Nigeria’s civil war are economic. The factors that contribute mainly for the risk of war are levels of income, the rate of economic growth, and governing structure. Still, if a country is poor, is economically declining and hugely depends on natural resources for export, it surely faces a risk of experiencing civil war. Although the world and media focus on political personalities and the events triggering the war, the fact is that civil war is mostly experienced in countries that have low levels of income, are declining economically and highly depend on natural resources.
In Nigeria, there is a big financial gap between the rich and the poor. The rich entice the poor to engage in war while they are using their status and finances to get profits from the country’s resources (Oby 2015). Natural resources end up springing evil instead of creating prosperity for the citizens.
The detachment of Nigeria’s government creates a route through which natural resources rent increase. Since the government is resource-rich, it does not need other revenue source, and, therefore, it becomes detached from its citizens. In the majority of the countries that pay high tax, they scrutinize their governments on how it spends its revenue. In fact, the tax payment is the reason that most countries in the West became democratic. It can, therefore, be seen that if there is no tax, representation of the people does not take place but if the electorates pay taxes, they will be represented.
As a resource-rich nation, the rents are not considered to belong to the citizens the same way income is taken from them in the form of taxes hence creating the detachment. The government ignores the needs of the people since it gets revenue from rents. The result is an underdeveloped economy with the majority being poor (Kammers 2015).
Resource Curse in Nigeria
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Natural resources are mostly found in one part of the country, in the peripheral region. Due to poor governance, the politicians know that the people in this region are a ready prey for secessionist political movements. The politicians those people with money and empty promises telling them that resources should not be used in other regions and that other politicians are squandering the rents instead of the region benefitting from the proceeds.
Instead of the people focusing on development and using the resources to create diversity in other investments, they get corrupted in their minds and cease to do constructive businesses (Kammers 2015). The negative energy and statements usually result in civil wars and the same politicians that were inciting the people to end up benefiting from their resources.
Poor governance and lack of transparency create tension among political rivals and the citizens. When the ruling government has no control over the opposition and the corrupt government officials, it creates room for the existence of rebel groups and organizations. In Nigeria, Boko Haram is one of the rebel groups that is said to be politically involved.
Politicians fight amongst themselves through the rebel groups. The natural resources increase the motivation for the rebel groups as they facilitate them financially especially when some politicians are involved. The politicians use the natural resources to facilitate the rebels to gain power or fight the existing government. When the rebels increase in power and the government structure is weak, the ordinary citizens end up suffering. Instead of the people enjoying the resources, they are mostly scared and end up running away to protect themselves. When the natural resources facilitate rebellion in a country, the resources become a curse instead of a solution.
Revenue collected from natural resources should be used for harnessing economic growth as in the case of Botswana. Though a landlocked country, Botswana used the income generated from the diamond to expand its economic capacity. In the case of Nigeria, the revenue collected from the sale of oil causes conflicts and social strife. It still doesn’t have to be the case especially since the country is democratic.
If the leading government were more organized and keen to develop the country uniformly, the revenue would be useful. However, the greedy politicians do not disclose all the revenue collected to avoid being scrutinized by its citizens and the world. There is no free of information between the government and the public, and it has become survival of the fittest.
Resource Curse in Nigeria
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Often, African nations coerce with Western organizations to reach deals that mutually benefit them at the expense of the nation. There is no transparency in tendering of contracts. Since Western organizations are more powerful and have the ability to pay more, African leaders allow to be influenced and give them contracts without thinking of the local industries predicament (Elena and Jesper 2011).
The locals become the casual laborers for the Western organizations in the mining of their country’s resources. The organizations are highly paid by the government since the leaders know they have extra benefits from the payments. The local industries are demoralized, and some end up closing since they are unable to compete with the Western organizations.
Even though some of the domestic industries have the capability of giving the same services as the Western organizations, they are not given the same opportunity even if they submit their tenders. The locals end up being enslaved in their territories and doing manual jobs in their land while the Western organizations and the corrupt government officials reap high income.
Nigeria is an ethnically diverse society. Though people lobby the government, the lobbying is not necessarily for the welfare of the whole nation but individual and group interests. The government is ethnically divided leading to poor delivery of services to the public. On the other hand, electorates only elect someone because they belong to the same ethnic group. Instead integrating the nation, the ethnic tribes have divided the nation (Oby 2015).
People become self-centered even in the use of the natural resources. Those in power exploit the resources to fight other tribes. Since there are different resources in the different regions of the country, instead of the government ensuring there is an equitable distribution of the resources; it uses the resources to fight its ethnic rivals.
Resource Curse in Nigeria
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Just because a certain region supported a certain politician who is not a part of the leading government should not make a difference in how different regions are served by the government. The government should serve all people equally irrespective of their ethnic backgrounds. Instead, African governments choose to favor the regions that are richly endowed with natural resources to create room for embezzlement (Vanessa 2013). If the government were strong, ethnic differences and regional difference in term of natural resources should be used to create opportunities but not enmity among the people.
There is no transparency throughout the extractive supply chain. The government has put no measure in place to promote transparency from the negotiation of contracts to the allocation of budgets through the public budget. Civil society movements are not in place due to fear of intimidation by the government while some activists get lured with huge sums of money and stop the activism.
Active involvement of civil societies is important in the tracking of the origin and use of revenue generated from the extractive process (Vanessa 2013). Having public institutions that civil society participation is paramount for they assist in efficient control, monitoring and implementation of the policies. However, the government does not support the movements, and if they are formed, it is quick to label them as political assassins and demoralize them.
Mining of oil in Nigeria has displaced thousands of people. The government gives license to extractive industries without first considering the welfare of the community. Irresponsible extraction of oil and other minerals has resulted in epidemics, displacement, and hunger for affected communities. In the case of Boko Haram, it is the dire urge to control the resources that provoked the existing conflicts between the communities in Northern Nigeria. The licensed corporations force the communities to leave their land without prior notice or consultation (Paul 2014).
The community inhabiting the region endowed with the natural resource should be the main beneficiaries of it. Poor governance resulting from corruption forces the community to seek other means of survival instead of using the resources to upgrade their well-being for large corporations and political gains.
Resource Curse in Nigeria
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Poor people in the rural areas are not essentially equipped with skills to stand up to such extractive projects or fight for their rights (Sucheta 2013). Still, such communities highly depend on the natural resources for their survival and maintenance of their traditions and livelihood. Unfortunately, the communities live in remote regions and lack enough education.
The communities also have a poor justice system that acts as an inhibitor to getting to decision makers, comprehend decision-making process, and come up with appropriate measures to claim their rights. If riots do not happen, the communities leave their land injured and poorer.
Mining industries are not poor and usually employ few unskilled personnel. Most of the skilled labor is imported from abroad. The need for heavy technological machines and expertise skills require the companies to seek for Western labor since most of the locals have skill and expertise limitation. The government is not keen on education quality making most of its citizen’s lack the necessary skills needed for the resource industry (Godswill 2013).
The public schools lack enough equipment to teach adequately the theoretical and practical skills needed for the market. Thought the government is aware of the predicament, it hasn’t put any measure to reduce the problem. As a result, most of Nigeria’s graduates are under-employed or unemployed whereas in developed countries the natural resources tend to help the citizens as seen in North America.
2. Environmental impact
Adverse consequences of extractive industries are many and different. Excessive use of oil as fuel is one of the major reason for the climate change and environmental pollution. From a micro perspective, natural oil pollutes water resources and rivers. Offshore activities also affect the biodiversity of the ocean floor. Clearing of land for oil and mineral extraction triggers land erosion.
Acidic residues from mines are hard to drain hence affecting the quality of land. The government should have measures in place to control oil extraction in Nigeria. However, dependence on oil for revenue limits the government control over extractive industries resulting in pollution-related problems to the community (Terra and Joshua 2012).
Resource Curse in Nigeria
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Conclusion
Natural Resource Governing Institute has been in the forefront trying to make sure that there is stability in the resource’s market. The institute set up measures to control global prices and revenues generated from developing nations such as Nigeria. It has been strategic in integrating the different stakeholders involved in extraction of natural resources.
With PYWP being in the mix too, the two bodies unite countries to make extraction of natural resources transparent and help people in the resource-rich nations. The fight for accountability amongst sub-Saharan nations hasn’t been easy but the give hope to the enslaved communities.
If a government is co-opted by partisan interests, it increases opportunities for favoring specific groups in the community through a budget allocation in exchange for political power. Also, if citizens are used to the fact that wealth results from neither productive efforts nor work but from having contacts within the government, they will have less motivation to train themselves on their rights.
The great focus of political and economic power means there are fewer incentives to invest in other industrial sectors. In the end, it leads to high levels of poverty, inequality, low democracy, political instability, civil wars, all of which undermine economic growth (Bryan 2015). Nigeria heavily depends on natural resources for revenue collection and does not put a lot of effort investing in other sectors.
Resource Curse in Nigeria
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Poor governance results from the structures put in place by the ruling regime. As a developing country that is richly endowed with resources, Nigeria has experienced a resource curse instead of a growth opportunity. The government lack of transparency has promoted corruption in the extractive industries (Bryan 2015).
Ordinary citizens have instead been forced to leave their ancestral homes to give room for resource extraction since they do not have the right will and skills required to fight for their rights. High dependence on extractive industries has resulted in civil wars and conflicts that are promoted by the politicians. The minerals provide high rent that is supposedly left for the rich and politicians.
It can be noted that existing government regime concentrates on empowering their political careers through the use of the natural resources rather than serving the electorates. Ethnic differences and difference in political aspirations are used to create civil wars so that the government can get room to lure Western organization to exploit the minerals in return for high revenue (Daniel 2015).
The poor citizens do not have adequate representation in the government since each region is treated differently. The natural resources that are supposedly meant to enrich and improve the living standards of the people as seen in North America and Canada have instead facilitated corruption resulting in poor economic growth and poverty in developing countries.
Resource Curse in Nigeria
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Field Report
Industrial Technology Research Institute focuses on development and upgrading tin innovations. The primary prerequisite for the success of a technological research institute is to promote inventions and provide market now and in the future. Effective implementation of technology in the industry requires the consideration of the actual context of industrial development so as to apply correct strategy at the right time (ITRI 2015).
Most of the minerals are found in enclaves that are geographically far from the local communities. The situation poses the main challenge for the institute which has been strategic in involving the neighboring communities to improve the process of data collection. Also, informal mining sectors, lack of transparency and accountability among stakeholders, diverse social and political structures are some of the other challenges faced by the institute.
Some establishments mine the mineral illegally and use the minerals to fund criminal activities or exploit manufacturers especially if the supply of the minerals is low. When there are informal mining sectors, it becomes hard to set market equilibrium prices for the manufacturers. In the end, most production processes become costly. The Institute liaises with the local government to control mining activities and implement actions for control.
Involvement of local communities has also been strategic in solving the predicament. Transparency from government officials, especially in African nations, makes implementation of the solution hard though the institute sends a representative in the affected countries to control the processes.
Field Report
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Data collection is one of the major problems faced by the institute. Roads and infrastructure in more of the countries are poor making it difficult to collect research data. When there are difficulties in data collection, it delays the processing of information which can hamper advancements in most of the areas. To curb the problem, the Institute uses the local communities as ambassadors for data collection and dissemination.
Involving the community helps in getting first-hand information as well as improving the livelihood of the society through the income generated from data collection. Though it is hard to get proper data transfer equipment due to network connectivity, the strategy has been essential in establishing a good relationship between the institutes and local communities. The institute has been able to secure competitive market for its miners.
There is difficulty in integrating the different social and political environments in the different countries the Institute operates. Different countries have different cultural practices and political needs. The law governing countries differ regarding regulations for mining. The situation poses a challenge to the Institute as it tries to bridge the market gap and the social needs.
Field Report
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Through capacity building programs, the Institute has established relationships with authorities and locals in a bid to stabilize the mining operations. Though there have been misunderstandings between some governments and the Institute, the training programs have been efficient in bridging the gap between the different party’s needs.
Another problem faced by the institute is the gap between technological developments. There is a need for the Institute to keep pace with the growing experience and sophistication of technology that is possessed by the industries. Technology is not the only recipe needed by manufacturers to make products. Manufacturers require the technology as quickly as it gets invented or improvised to meet the market demands of the already competitive industry.
The Institute puts in place strategies to make the technology received by users through the use of digital and information technology. However, some of the technology are heavy and requires training for use. To speed up dissemination of technology, the institute employs a strategy of manufacturer’s participation in research and development.
Since manufacturers are involved in research and development, the main focus becomes improvement of technology production. To make the strategy more practical and relevant, the institute should support quality control and testing work. The strategy lacks the integration of international alliances which would have been helpful in acquiring advanced technology faster.
Field Report
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Though many challenges have loomed the Industrial Technology Research Institute, its team of experts has been strategic in ensuring the institute can meet to the demands of both manufacturers and the consumers. The tin market is an emerging industry that is yet to stabilize in prices, supply, and demand capacities. Involvement of local communities helps in identification of mines and provision of data needed for the formulation of proper extraction techniques.
Against all the challenges, the Institute has been able to provide reliable and accessible market for the miners, stabilize tin mining technology and offer extensive capacity building programs for the miners and local communities. Additionally, the institute has been able to reduce fraud in the mines and developed laws that govern mining process so that revenue generated is not used to fund illegal activities. The institute is still coming up with ways to promote tin innovations.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Budgeting for a Start-up Company
Budget to Implement for a Start-up Company
Starting a company can be a daunting task if not well planned. Creating a budget is an essential task for a start-up company and it can help one understand where the business is going and if it is on the right track. The accountant helps in giving financial information that helps managers, tax authorities, investors and others in making decisions about resources allocation in the budget.
A budget should be realistic and accurate for a certain company depending on its goals (Banham, 2009).It helps explain how a company will utilize its resources to attain its goals. The main aim of this paper is to explain a budget to implement in a start-up company that will help it reach its financial forecast.
Although budgeting is indeed more work, it pays off with many benefits. Some of these benefits include price setting, capital and credit procurement, flexibility, and forecasting. A master budget involves linked budgets of production costs, sales, purchase, and income. In the management of a company, it serves as the controlling and planning tool. It has two components, the financial and operational budget.
A business plan is a guide to owners, investors, and managers as a business starts and through its growth in different stages. Apart from a start-up plan, there exist several forms of business plans, which include internal, strategic, feasibility, operations business, and expansion plan (Livingstone, 2013).
Budgeting for a Start-up Company
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
A manufacturing company is a company that converts raw materials to finished goods. The consumer buys the finished goods directly or another manufacturing business uses them for making a different product. For the purpose of this paper, a bakery will be the manufacturing company. Value chain is a series of activities that add value to a company. The bakery company value adding activities are of two types, these include primary and support activities. The activities in the primary type include,
Inbound logistics, this will entail the receiving of raw materials.
Operations, this is the manufacturing stage which involves conversion of wheat into baked items.
Outbound logistics will help in the distribution of the baked goods to consumers.
Marketing and sales, this will involve identifying customer’s needs and generating sales for the company.
Services, this activity will provide after sales support services for the consumer.
The secondary activities will be in four categories, which include human resource management, business infrastructure, technological development, and supply chain management. Business infrastructure activity will involve organization of structure, culture, and control systems. Human resource management will involve employee’s recruitment and training. Technological development activity will entail having information technology to support the value chain and the company. Supply chain management will entail purchasing materials, equipments, and suppliers for the company (Hornyak, 2008).
Budgeting for a Start-up Company
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
An operating budget is the analysis of asserts, expected costs, and predicated income over a specific period. This type of budget will be appropriate for the bakery company. The budget must account for factors such as material coast, production, labor cost, sales, manufacturing costs, and administrative expenses. The budget is manageable on a weekly, monthly, or yearly basis.
The operating budget also provides a way for a company to estimate its immediate future expenses and revenues. Several reviewing steps are necessary in ensuring the company attains its goals, these steps include, review of business goals against performance, review of budget variance, and access issues associated with budget overages (Livingstone, 2013).
The idea behind benchmarking is to make ensure that its services, products, and practices are the best against their competitors. Four benchmarking process will be utilized in the bakery company these includes,
Process benchmarking this demonstrates how top bakery companies accomplish specific task that earn them success. Interviews, site visits, and research are ways of obtaining information.
Performance metrics this involves use of qualitative measures as the reference for comparisons.
Strategic benchmarking this identifies winning strategies and lessons that have enabled top bakery companies to be successful.
Financial benchmarking involves a financial analysis of the bakery comparing it with top performers in order to assess the company’s competiveness.
Budgeting for a Start-up Company
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Benchmarking has several benefits, which includes, clarity of specific areas of opportunities, set performances expectations, and enable monitor and manage company’s performers (Hornyak, 2008).
Cost accounting involves collecting, analyzing, summarizing, and evaluating numerous alternatives to help managers take the most suitable course of action in the management of the company. The bakery will implement process costing as its type of costing systems. Process costing is a system that allocates direct and indirect cost for the manufacturing process. It assigns goods in large amounts.
The system is important since it will help the company keep track of the expenses in the production and distribution of goods. For example, the company may produce large number of bread but they may sell in small quantities, therefore it is necessary to allocate total product costs to units of product. One of the challenges that the company will face due to this system are costs errors.
Process costing does not allocate direct costs to individual goods leading to cost errors. This leads to increase in production cost thus increase in consumer product price. The company will implement the value chain analysis to overcome the problem that will help reduce the non-production cost thus creating the greatest possible value and price for consumers (Banham, 2009).
Budgeting for a Start-up Company
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
For a start-up company to be successful it needs to draft a well-planned budget. This budget determines the success or failure of a company. By using this vital tool, one is able to track company’s expense, asserts and revenue required to keep the company growing. It may also help the company identify problems before they arise and be able to solve them. Therefore, a budget is like a roadmap for a company.
References
Banham, R. (2009). Better Budgets. Journal of Accountancy , 40-63.
Fearon, C. (2010). The Budgeting Nightmare. CMA Managment , 100-112.
Hornyak, S. (2008). Budgeting Made Easy. Management Accounting , 25-40.
Livingstone, J. L. (2013). The Portable MBA in Finance and Accounting. Accounting , 83-95.
Budgeting for a Start-up Company
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Bank Reconciliation and Internal Control
Bank Reconciliation and Internal Control. Bank reconciliation refers to the process performed by companies in ensuring that a company and its records such as ledger accounts and balance sheet are correct including the bank records. The process begins with the company making notification of balances per the statements and after that making some notations concerning the bank balances.
Possibilities can emerge that the bank received money during the closing date of the organization and recorded it properly in its records (Osborn 2013). It might have been recorded in the bank’s records late and appears in the records of the next bank statement, hence resulting in a deposit in transit.
It is, therefore, an important tool in internal control because it gives an accuracy of the records of accounting in the financial statements of the company. If the bank reconciliation statement is carried out properly, it presents the actual performance and help in the elimination of discrepancies in accounting information. After the adjustment in balance per bank to represent the true balance and the balance per book adjusted, the actual values are a true representation and help in internal control by avoiding omissions due to the hard and tedious process of filling accounting information (Weygandt et al., 2015).
It helps in the preparation of statements of accounts for the disparity amid cash balance according to the bank statements and the money equilibrium in the money account of the company.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
The person receiving cash payments should not perform the reconciliation or prepare the reconciliation statements. When the bank reconciliation is done by someone other than the one authorized to check the record keepers and the signers, internal control over cash has been achieved by the company. The main argument behind this is that, if the same person performs both tasks, then the same discrepancy or omission can be repeated if there was any hidden fault in the records.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
What is GMOs and its purpose?
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genes have been modified through addition of a gene that enables the genetically engineered crops express the specific desirable trait. The main aim of genetic engineering of organisms is to improve the nutritional qualities of an organism (Bratspies, n.d.).
For instance, several crops have been engineered to make them resistant to herbicides, become tolerant to extreme environments such as droughts, or add the nutritional value of an organism. The general goal or objective is to make the yield of the plant or animal increase; and to make the products desirable to producers as well as the consumers (World Health Organization, 2013).
How Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are created?
The key steps in creating GMOs include the identification of key steps, specific trait isolation, insertion of the isolated trait into the organism, and organism propagation. Research continues to identify new methods to manipulate the organism’s genes; the most common method that has been used is using bacterial phage’s to insert new genome into the host genome where it is expressed. This has been done successfully for example, in maize using Baccillus thuringiensis. The current genetic engineering methods involve editing of the genome directly (Perry, n.d.)
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) foods in the supermarket
The USA is the leader of producing GMOs, which accounts for at least 66% of the GMOs globally. According to Centre for Food Safety, approximately70% of the foods reaches the supermarkets. These include soybean, corn, canola, sugar beet, alfalfa, aspartame, dairy products, papaya, and squash. Approximately, 70% of products made from these substances are GMOs derivatives.
Importantly, the livestock reared for their by-products such as cattle, sheep, poultry and swine have not been genetically engineered, nor are they going to be any time soon. However, GMOs play a huge role in the animal feeds as well as during the processing of these animals by products. The animals that have been genetically engineered for pharmaceutical by products (insulin in sheep) are not approved to be used as food (World Health Organization, 2013).
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Safety issues for Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) food
The issue of GMOs safety is highly controversial. Some people perceive GMOs as health threats whereas some food regulatory bodies (U.S. Department of Agriculture) deem GMOs food as safe. There are few studies that have highlighted potential risks of GMOs to human health, farmers, and the environment as a whole. This includes allergic response to some proteins in GMOs food.
Other risks that have been reported by other research include risks of outcrossing for plants (environmental issue), modification of major organs, infertility, immunological response and faulty regulation of insulin. However, most of these studies have been inconclusive- an area in research that needs more exploration (Centre for Food Safety, 2015).
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Altogether, it is vital to note that there are national and international authorities established whose role is to solely assess the GMOs food rigorously before they are approved for commercialization. These agencies focuses on the safety of GM foods by conducting toxicity tests to identify a) immediate, b) allergenicity, c) stability of the modified genome and the gene inserted, d) nutritional changes and effects associated with the modification, and e) any other unprecedented effects. The GMOs food in our supermarket shelf has met the standard criteria of the tests; thus, are less likely to cause harm (World Health Organization, 2013).
Additionally, the benefits of GMOs outweigh the risks. The benefits includes increased savings through reduction of costs involved during planting and harvesting of the food; reduced cost of production results to low retail of the product. The benefits of nutrition improvement are evidenced in crops such as the golden rice which contains the iron and beta-carotene and insulin producing potatoes. These plants species have not been approved yet, but the research is still underway to increase the productivity as well as the efficiencies of the crop. If biotechnology is embraced, one can only imagine the potential health improvements that will be attained (Centre for Food Safety, 2015).
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Regulation of Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
In the USA, GMOs laws involve three regulatory agencies including, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)). The USDA responsibility is to ensure that the GMOs pose no threats to the health of the plants and the animals. Therefore, the GMOs researchers and developers are expected to apply for permit to address these potential risks. The EPA has a major role in the regulation of GMOs, especially those that have pesticide genomes (Centre for Food Safety, 2015).
The agencies set regulations such as the acceptable levels of the pesticide. The developers are expected to describe the short term and long term pesticide consequences on the livestock, human, and the environment. In human health, FDA carries the largest role as it is mandated to regulate the safety of the GMOs consumed by the people. FDA ensures that the GMOs foods are not toxic or allergenic (Centre for Food Safety, 2015).
The main issue that needs to be regulated includes the labelling of the GMOs food or products derived from these food products. This will ensure that only safe GMOs is allowed to be commercialized, and must be clearly labelled to ensure that consumers ethical right of autonomy is sustained (World Health Organization, 2013).
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
References
Bratspies, R. The Illusion of Care: Regulation, Uncertainty, and Genetically Modified Food Crops. SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.353320
Perry, M. Genetically Modified Organisms: Why We Need a Transparent System of Regulation. SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1533657
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
World War 1 (WW1) similarity to Warfare
World War 1 (WW1) is fundamentally similar to warfare as it is practiced today
The year 1914 witnessed the class of large armies that were armed with deadly new weaponry and military hardware which had been developed all through the 2nd industrial revolution of the late nineteenth century. Chief among these new weapons was the quick-firing artillery that was able to deluge enemy fighters with hails of lethal lead balls that cascaded from shrapnel shells. In the meantime, the bullets that were fired by machine guns and rifles had actually gained in accurateness and range and were able to cause terrible wounds. World War 1 (WW1) similarity to Warfare.
By the ending of the 1914, over 1 million European combatants had been killed. The armies were compelled to seek the relative safety of dugouts and trenches: a novel form of combat was born.[1] This argumentative essay supports the argument that the First World War is fundamentally similar to how warfare is currently being practiced.
The First World War introduced a number of advancements in science and technology into modern warfare as it is currently being practiced nowadays. These advancements transformed the nature of warfare including combat tactics and strategies. It is notable that on both sides, inventors and scientists worked all through the war to improve their technology so as to give their side an advantage during the battle.[2]
World War 1 (WW1) similarity to Warfare
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
The initial years of WW1 could be described as a class of twentieth-century technology with nineteenth-century warfare in the form of ineffective combats that resulted in many casualties on both sides. In essence, it was really not until 1918, WW1’s concluding year, that the main armed forces started to make effective steps in transforming matters of tactics, control and command to adapt to the modern combat zone, and began harnessing the many new technologies to effectual military purposes.
Tactical organizations for instance changing the focus of command from one-hundred-man company to the ten-man squad went hand-in-hand with the first submachine guns, armoured vehicles, as well as automatic rifles which could be carried and utilized by a single soldier.[3] Likewise, in warfare as practiced today, major armies particularly the Allied forces including Americans, the French, Australians and the Brits have effectively harnessed a number of novel technologies to effective military purposes for instance the utilization of unmanned drones to spy on their enemies and even for dropping bombs on enemy targets.
World War 1 (WW1) similarity to Warfare
Tanks: tanks, which were highly armoured vehicles, were initially introduced during the First World War and were utilized in crossing No Man’s Land between trenches. Tanks had mounted cannon and machine guns.[4] Even though the first tanks were difficult to steer and were not dependable, they in fact became more effectual and efficient by the conclusion of WW1, and are highly advanced as used in warfare today.
War in the air: WW1 was actually the very first warfare in the history of wars in which airplanes were employed. At first, airplanes were utilized in observing the troops of the enemy. Nonetheless, by the ending of the warfare, airplanes were utilized in dropping bombs in enemy cities and on the enemy troops. In addition, airplanes were mounted with machine guns which were utilized in shooting down other airplanes.[5]
Changes in naval warfare: during the First World War, the most dangerous ships were referred to as dreadnoughts – they were basically big metal armoured warships. The dreadnoughts had long-range guns which were powerful that allowed these ships to attack other battleships as well as targets on land from a long distance. During this war, the main naval fighting was the essentially the Battle of Jutland.
Other than this fighting, naval battleships of the allied forces were utilized in blockading Germany to stop food and other supplies from reaching the nation. Moreover, at sea, submarines were used in attacking ships.[6] Battleships became more powerful and quicker than ever before and utilized newly invented radios in communicating effectively.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Trench warfare: it is worth mentioning that much of the battle along the western front was fought with the use of trench warfare in which both sides of the combat dug extensive lines of trenches which helped in protecting the soldiers from artillery and gunfire. No Man’s Land was the term used in referring to the region between enemy trenches. For a number of years, trench warfare resulted in a stalemate between both sides. Both sides lost millions of fighters but neither side gained ground.[7] The popular image of WW1 is combatants in muddy dugouts and trenches living despondently until the subsequent assault.
New weapons: some of the new weapons included machine guns, artilleries, chemical weapons and flamethrowers. During WW1, the machine gun was improved considerably. The machine gun was made easier to move around and much lighter. Big guns commonly referred to as artilleries were improved throughout this battle including anti-airplane guns which were aimed at shooting down airplanes of the enemy. Most of the casualties during this battle were inflicted with the use of artillery and some big artillery guns were actually used in launching shells roughly eighty miles[8].
Moreover, WW1 introduced chemical weapons to the war. Chlorine gas was initially used by Germany for the purpose of poisoning unsuspecting troops of the Allied forces. Afterwards, mustard gas, which was more deadly, was developed and utilized by both the Allied forces and the German troops. By the ending of this warfare, troops on both sides of the conflict were equipped with gas masks and the chemical weapon actually became less effective.[9]
The war came to an end on 11/11/1918, and modern war technology had altered the course of civilization. Millions of civilians and enemy soldiers had been starved, maimed, gassed or killed. Disease and famine continued raging through the central parts of Europe particularly in Germany and it took very many lives. Thanks to rapid advancements in technology in virtually every area, the nature of warfare had forever changed, affecting sailors, airmen, combatants and civilians similarly.
World War 1 (WW1) similarity to Warfare
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
WW1 is essentially the same as warfare as practiced at the moment considering that just like during the First World War, warfare today is characterized by the use of tanks, machine guns, artilleries, battleships, and even airplanes – technologies that were invented and first used during the First World War. For instance, in the modern warfare going on in North Africa and the Middle East in which the United States and its Allies are fighting against terrorist groups including Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, the use of machine guns, artilleries, cannons, and tanks are used extensively by both sides.
However, mechanized warfare, war airplane and tank technology initially developed in WW1 have become more and more sophisticated and fearsome military hardware in today’s warfare and have in fact made the trench outdated.
In addition, just as warfare is being practiced at the moment, WW1was actually determined largely by fighting skills, tactics, industrial capacity and logistics. Also, major warfare today involves a number of different countries in different regions of the globe, and surveillance and communication are an essential aspect of warfare today.
Similarly, WW1 was the first main warfare which involved several countries in various parts of the globe and surveillance and communications were gradually more becoming a significant aspect of the fighting.[10] Equally important, the First World War was a combat of firsts – a multinational combat from traditional hand-to-hand fighting to high-tech, sophisticated military hardware – that is still the characteristic of armed combats today.
World War 1 (WW1) similarity to Warfare
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Furthermore, the consequences of warfare as practiced today are more or less the same as the consequences of war during WW1. In today’s warfare just as in WW1 warfare, most of the enemy soldiers and civilians in the countries where the war is being waged end up getting starved, killed or maimed. Modern warfare waged in Iraq, Libya, Yemen, Syria and other places today have similarly caused significant famine.
Malnutrition and starvation continued taking the lives of children and adults in Germany for several years following the end of the First World War in 1918.[11] Likewise today, malnutrition and starvation have taken the lives of many children and adults in Libya, Syria, Yemen, and Iraq thanks to the warfare going on in these countries. Years after these fighting end, malnutrition and starvation are also likely to continue taking the lives of people in these places.
Conclusion
To sum up, the First World War is fundamentally the same as how warfare is currently being practiced. Just like during WW1, in warfare today, major armies have properly harnessed a several new technologies to effective military purposes for example the usage of unmanned drones for dropping bombs on enemy targets and spying on enemies. Just like WW1, warfare as practiced these days involves several countries. Equally important, surveillance and communication are extensively utilized in today’s warfare just as how it was used during WW1.
World War 1 (WW1) similarity to Warfare
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Critical Research
The aspect that was to me was the approaches that are applied in communication research. These approaches are divided into quantitative research, qualitative research, critical research, and rhetoric research. Of the four, the model that I found to be quite interesting is the critical research model. According to Wood, critical research is not interested much with understanding and explaining organizational communication (Wood, 2014). However, I learned that this model lays more emphasis on analyzing, judging, and criticizing values.
Additionally, critical research just as the word “critical” suggests, focuses more on seeing how the society or an organization exists in a world full of power imbalances. In ideal societies and institutions, there are those individuals that have power and those that lack. Researchers who conduct critical analysis strongly believe that those without power are purposefully prevented by the powerful from attaining ultimate quality. Therefore, critical scholarship tends to be inclined towards the side of weaker individuals when commenting or studying relations of dominance (Wood, 2014).
I also noted that critical theory aids us to question institutions, ideologies, identities, and interests that seem to be dominant and challenging. For instance, critical research helps us to examine whether or not ideologies that have been established within an institution are fundamentally dangerous particularly to the workers. Moreover, with critical research we are in a better position to question certain ideologies on where they came from and the effectiveness of their applicability.
Usually, managers come up with certain ideologies that tend to be inherently problematic for the employees. Therefore, it is the duty of workers to put their best foot forward and challenge such ideologies lest they become implemented for several years without being challenged. Critical is also significant since it aids in examining different institutions to identify which ones are dominant in the society and which ones are not safe for the general worker.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Culture and Strategy
Abstract
The relationship of organizational culture and progression has been subject of different examinations over the span of the latest years. The colossal number of social variables under investigation has incited an isolated thought of society for development.
Further, managerial practice requires a concealed structure remembering the final objective to pick what society should be completed in order to improve and to study if a specific culture is a convincing and powerful coordination instruments. The motivation behind this paper is to inspect the idea of the hierarchical culture and give a brief discourse on the methodologies utilized for overseeing it in culture and strategy of organizations.
Introduction
Hierarchical culture emphatically influences organization and administration, which ascend out of its slant and its substance. Hierarchical society is described as a course of action of assumptions, qualities, norms, and perspectives, appeared through pictures which the people from an organization have made and gotten through basic experience and which offer them some help with deciding the essentialness of their general surroundings and how to absorb it. (Janićijević, 2011).
Presumptions, qualities and gages which the general population from a firm shares completely shape their interpretative game plans. Through interpretative courses of action, the general populations from an association assign repercussions to events inside and outside the association and comprehend reality that incorporates them (Janićijević, 2011). The conduct, activities and trades of the general population from an association rise out of the inducing that reality of that association has for them.
Various leveled society is a sort of aggregate interpretative course of action shared by the general population from an association, because of which they dole out proposals to events, individuals, and occasions inside and outside of the association correspondingly and treat them moreover (Janićijević, 2011). In this way, the lifestyle of an organization surmises that each one of the people from the organization likewise appreciate the organization.
The character of different parts of management and organization, for instance, methodology, structure, activity style, Organizational taking in, a game plan of prizes, and motivation, rises totally from the way in which delegates and administration understand authoritative reality and carry on in it (Janićijević, 2011). Thusly, Organizational society, through its effect on the interpretative plans and direct of the people from an organization, shares in framing distinctive portions of organization and administration.
Subordinate upon the qualities and measures contained by the Organizational society, top organization picks the technique and courses of action progressive structure, boss shape their drive style, delegates depict their behavior of intuition and needs, and the human asset executive plots the pay framework in an affiliation. A solid sort of the effect of Organizational society on an association and organization is found in the way that parts of an association and organization vary in various sorts or sorts of legitimate society. By the day’s end, specific sorts of society in association’s propose different techniques, legitimate structure models, pay frameworks, organization styles, and so forth (Janićijević, 2011).
One of the key parts of organization that are impacted by definitive society is the organization of progressive society. Definitive society impacts the choice of satisfactory Organizational culture organization correspondingly it impacts every single another bit of organization. Social suppositions and qualities shared by the general population from an association pick the path in which workers and executives will value the association itself, and thusly the satisfactory approach to manage transform it (Janićijević, 2011).
Culture and Strategy
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
What will be resolved as a suitable, effective, or steady methodology for changing the association will rely on upon an exceptionally fundamental level on the common suppositions and estimations of operators and managers worked in their interpretative game plans. Whether the developments are incremental or radical, complete or deficient, encouraged starting from the top or from the base up, concentrated on the culture of the “hard” or of the “touchy” some segment of association, will all, metaphorically talking, rely on upon how the pioneer and the general population from the association see its working and a suitable, strong, or down to earth method for taking off improvements (Aguiree, Post, and Alpern, 2013).
This is the motivation driving why the strategy of legitimate culture organization will be all around assorted in various Organizational social requests. For instance, if various leveled society is told by the estimation of adaptability, this recommends the general population from the association will consider cultures to something unprecedented and obliging for the association and themselves.
For this situation, cultures are slanted to be reliable, and thusly additionally incremental in nature, in light of the way that there will be no need for radical cultures adequately by virtue of the way that they are consistent (Janićijević, 2011). Additionally, cultures will be driven with less resistance yet rather more eagerness by the agents. Then again, if Organizational society contains the estimations of predictable quality and conservatism, then the general population from the association will consider cultures as dangerous, both for themselves and the association.
Cultures will be phenomenal, yet when they do happen they will be radical and wide. They will be composed to a wonderful level of resistance from and an all around insignificant level of sponsorship by the general population from the association, who will be for the most part sit out of gear powers of progression (Janićijević, 2011).The degree of this paper is to appreciate and examine the legitimate society and organization philosophies to manage the troubles stood up to by the various affiliations.
Culture and Strategy
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Review of Strategies for Organizational Culture
In the extent of various leveled culture association, the considered scholastic specialists and honing boss has been basically focused on three central solicitation: what cultures, why it cultures, and when it cultures. Along these lines, the three key subjects in various leveled culture research have been causes or variables of legitimate culture, definitive culture content, and the character of the progressive culture process.
The conclusion came to has been that authoritative cultures are begun as a result of either internal or external causes. From this time forward, two sorts of hierarchical culture have been isolated by the measure of cause: authoritative headway and alteration (Aguiree, Post, and Alpern, 2013).
Concerning culture content, the survey of forming demonstrates that progressive cultures are segregated in two imperative courses: cultures of definitive statics (structure and framework) and cultures of legitimate segments (process), besides cultures of work structure (assignments) and cultures of social structure (relations)). At long last, research has displayed that, as showed by the character of the strategy, various leveled cultures can be tireless or sporadic.
Tenacious cultures are incremental (first request cultures), divided, and transformative while sporadic cultures are radical (second request cultures), complete, and dynamic. The part of the pioneer in the midst of the time spent culture has moreover been a fundamental issue in definitive culture research (McGuire, 2003; Madu, 2005).
Not at all like the issues of cause, substance, have process, and authoritative culture organization, hierarchical culture methods been less present in investigation. Authoritative culture framework joins the system, strategy, or route in which cultures are realized in an affiliation. This definition proposes that movements are continually orchestrated and that, at whatever point we examine culture execution method, we truly discuss masterminded hierarchical cultures (McGuire, 2003; Madu, 2005).
The way that the primary course of action of authoritative culture strategy oversees organized culture system in like manner adds to this impression. In any case, this does not for the most part should be the circumstance. Cultures can similarly be unconstrained or unconstrained, and their anticipated approach, strategy, or the best approach to constitute a culture framework. They can be a strategy for recognizing authoritative culture, regardless of the way that the movements are off the cuff (McGuire, 2003; Madu, 2005).
Culture and Strategy
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
While most specialists while examining business or corporate approach truly mean adjusted, formalized, organized decisions, distinctive scientists point out that strategy, can rather be fathomed as a bona fide security partner particular business decisions and giving them consistency, which is new and just thusly legitimized as a framework, rather than a normal, orchestrated decision arranged early (McGuire, 2003).
Likewise, in the field of hierarchical culture, culture framework may be fathomed as a masterminded decision of the administrators of advancement, furthermore as a creating case of development through which cultures are recognized and which grabs its shape entirely when the movements have been made sense of it. Starting now and into the foreseeable future, the discernment of legitimate society structure in this paper is to some degree more wide than the one in the much grasped work by Chin and Benne, who were the first to accumulate progressive society frameworks (McGuire, 2003).
The judicious observational system is developed on the suspicion of the common sense of Organizations and the comprehensive group who constitute them (Sami, 2012). Affiliations are seen as a shrewd means for completing the common focuses of their kin through aggregate activity. Individuals are overseen as regular creatures lead with no other individual’s data interest.
Along these lines, societies are executed by demonstrating the general population from an association that they are reasonable, i.e., reinforced and critical from the viewpoint of accomplishing progressive objectives, furthermore obliging to the self-vitality of the general population from the alliance (Sami, 2012). The supposition is that the general population from the relationship in which the developments are performed will, as normal creatures, carry on as exhibited by their reasonable given side hobbies.
Therefore, in the event that they are given watch that a society is to their most essential purpose of inclination, they will remember it.Cultures are driven through the typical system of information party and utilization of learning in dealing with the issues that the affiliation faces. Essentially, cultures are driven through the methodology of utilization and testing of specific theories, which give off an impression of being adequate in a given setting (Long, 1997).
Culture and Strategy
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Authoritative cultures are driven in five stages: issue conspicuous verification, information get-together and examination, the time of alternative diagrams, determination of the perfect procedure, and execution of the game plan. In the adjusted framework, the key driver of societies is accurately the data with respect to the issue which should be taken care of and the conceivable fundamental reasoning strategies.
On the off chance that the data is instigating and clear, and on the off chance that it is decisively in all actuality, the general population from an association will, as shrewd creatures, perceive the execution of societies (Luthans, and Doh 2008; McGuire 2003). It is thusly vital that data gathering is driven purposefully and in a methodologically noteworthy way, ideally by an authority (it is as regularly as could reasonably be expected the case that advice are contracted in this way).
The strategy of granting information concerning the issue and with respect to the movements which will deal with the issue is uneven and beginning from the top. Correspondence includes top organization, or authorities picked by top organization, showing the “truths” of the bona fide condition, the theoretical model which enables the offered situation to be understood ‘legitimately’, and also the proposition for culture which really ascend out of this perception (Luthans, and Doh 2008; McGuire 2003).
No dialog or talk is joined into which the people from the affiliation would be allowed to test, address, or rename the “truths” or theoretical models showed to them (Luthans, and Doh 2008; McGuire 2003).
Culture and Strategy
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
It is clear that the executives of headway in this system are the top association, and that the heading of progression is starting from the top. The part of the general population from the connection is sit without moving and is obliged to enduring the data and acting in like way. The level of support of the alliance individuals is low, and the response to this course of action of the people in the developments is, most perfect circumstance, assertion. As a last resort, the imperviousness to culture is high (Luthans, and Doh 2008; McGuire 2003).
Leadership/Management and Organizational Culture
Organizations are not any more liable to accomplish business objectives without a key business process that are associations liable to accomplish new social abilities without a key authority process. Whenever consolidated, the business methodology and authority system can work all the while to grow new center capacities essential for the association’s future.
We present the defense that it is administration, as a deliberate gathering of similarly invested individuals, which can exhibit and take part in the better approaches for doing and being that advances the way of life and empowers diverse business results (Dilobe &Haccoun, 2010; House, Javidan, Hanges, & Dorfman, 2002; Eromafuru 2013; Woszczyna , 2011; Salamzadeh, , Ahmadi & Akbari, 2012; Eromafuru, 2013).
Culture and Strategy
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
It is an initiative that imagines future course, adjusts assets, and rouses the dedication of individuals toward this normal reason. A Leadership Strategy can control that basic procedure of the association’s advancement through initiative toward a typical reason for building the couple of, new capacities inside of the heart of the association – its way of life. Adjusting to culture recommends that associations need go to new center capabilities. The movement from an item prompted administrations drove IBM required that the way of life of this once ambling behemoth turn into a group based, the client engaged, elegant organization (McGuire, 2003).
Figure: Leadership Strategy McGuire (2003).
Figure: Leadership Strategy McGuire (2003).
According to Haccoun et.al, (2010); Dorfman et.al, (2002); Eromafuru (2013); Woszczyna , (2011); Akbari et. al, (2012); Eromafuru, (2013), the key mechanical assemblies for executing society in perceiving observational procedure are assignments, or work positions, and not the social structure of the affiliation and the relations within it. Consequent to the affiliation is appreciated as a prudent contraption for achieving shared targets, societies in it are recognized fundamentally through changing the formal, masterminded, “hard” parts: endeavors, structures, methods, methodologies, strategies, and the association with its environment.
Simply first demand societies can be instated and coordinated through the sound observational system since the method does not allow renaming of the assumptions of reality; this future a bit of second demand societies. As a rule, societies don’t require all that much time; beside when the information gathering technique is greatly mind boggling (McGuire, 2003).
Culture and Strategy
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
A deterministic, as opposed to the voluntary supposition of human activity, underlines this technique. The procedure of progress does exclude the through and through freedom and decision of individuals from the association. The strategy, or of progress, is as of now dictated by the target way of the issue, and it is the undertaking of the individuals who settle on choices in the association simply to apply it to sufficient information and hypothesis (Dorfman et.al, 2002; Eromafuru, 2013).
Power coercive strategy translates that a connection is seen as a political structure in which the general population who have the force likewise have the advantage to deal with the association and along these lines change it. The man is not a run of the mill but rather a political being, who submits to the will of the all the more compelling. Along these lines in force coercive framework force is the key driver and contraption for society (Dorfman et.al, 2002; Eromafuru, 2013).
The general population who have the force; when in doubt the pioneer or top association, coordinate the developments and, by mauling the force they have, power these developments on interculture individuals from the connection. The general population from the alliance is relied on to obey and execute the developments unquestioningly. This strategy depends on upon the supposition that the advantage to urge the course of aggregate activity in one party in like way climbs up out of force. Along these lines, the sub-par individuals from a social event in like way anticipate that the pervasive individuals will set the course in which the developments will be executed (McGuire, 2003).
The correspondence is one-sided and coordinated starting from the top. It comprises of the pioneer or administration achieving a choice with respect to the tackling of an issue, and after that conveying to their devotees and association individuals how, when, where, and who will execute the progressions which will take care of the issue. The main operators of progress are the pioneer or administration of the association who has the ability to execute the progressions.
Culture and Strategy
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
The interest of the individuals from the association in culture is low, and their part is uninvolved and boils down to minor dutifulness. In this methodology, the data stream course is starting from the top, in light of the fact that the specialists of progress just advises the association individuals from what is anticipated from them and does not get input. For the same reason, the culture exercises are one-sided (Dorfman et.al, 2002; Eromafuru, 2013; McGurie, 2005).
The power-coercive methodology can deliver just first request culture since it does exclude changing the suppositions, qualities, or states of mind of the individuals from an association. The pioneer who applies this culture system is not keen on changing the convictions and estimations of the individuals from the association so they acknowledge the progressions; rather, the pioneer, by the utilization of force, just drives them to consistence.
This is the reason the progressions will be conceivable just inside of the current worth structure, which prompts first request cultures. Of the considerable number of systems, force coercive procedure prompts the quickest results and this is its primary leverage and the motivation behind why it is utilized generally regularly. In any case, its inconveniences are exceptionally various; for instance, the decimation of inspiration and dedication, extremely solid imperviousness to cultures, and the absence of comprehension of cultures prompting their wasteful usage (Dorfman et.al, 2002; Eromafuru, 2013; McGurie, 2005).
They all Dorfman et.al, (2002); Eromafuru, (2013); McGurie, 2005) concur this society strategy is centered around relations and social structure, as opposed to on work structure and assignments. Since reliance relations are the establishment of this framework, it commonly relies on upon the relations between the effective overseers of societies and the humble individuals from the association. Therefore, control coercive strategy depends on upon relations and the social, nice, “delicate” segment of relationship as an instrument for society.
Power coercive strategy translates the viewpoint of human activity as unshakable, compelling a perspective of the world in which individuals are free directors who can independently pick their activities. In any case, this totally adaptability infers just to the capable pioneer or chief and not to the straggling remains of the alliance (Dorfman et.al, 2002; Eromafuru, 2013; McGurie, 2005)…
Culture and Strategy
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
The developments are driven by first changing the suppositions, qualities, standards, and viewpoints shared by the association individuals, and after that besides changing their activities and correspondences, or relations. Along these lines, it is unequivocally these relations and social segments of the alliance that are the vital instruments of headway in regularizing re-educative framework, and not its “hard” parts, i.e. tries.
In this structure, societies happen at the level of relations between the connection individuals. Standardizing re-educative methodology merges the system of reframing, or changing, the socially-made picture of reality, from which societies of both aggregate suppositions and qualities rise (Dorfman et.al, 2002; Eromafuru, 2013; McGurie, 2005).
By researchers, Dorfman et.al, (2002); Eromafuru, (2013); McGurie, (2005); Akbari et. al, (2012); in this manner societies in this reasoning are created both starting from the top and from the base up, and the data stream is multilateral. In the standardizing re-educative structure, the managers of headway in a connection are both the association and the authorities. The alliance individuals are dynamic people in society with an irregular state of endeavor: from this time forward the solidness to culture is sensibly low.
Societies composed by regularizing re-educative philosophy assemble the dedication of the association individuals to the new picture of reality and new connection and is of a higher quality than the past two strategies which request the alliance individuals’ insistence and detached assent. The regularizing re-educative methodology might start and induce second request society since it determines changing the path in which the general population from an alliance handles their general surroundings. However the execution of this strategy takes longer, as creating suspicions, qualities, gages, and dispositions is not a quick technique.
Culture and Strategy
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Conclusion
The paper has demonstrated that there is a theoretical explanation behind the supposition that various leveled society is one of the variables in the determination of authentic society association systems. In a split second it is the key to correctly test this presumption by testing the speculations made in this paper. It is also fundamental to look at it and how the way of life impacts the ability of the way of life framework and its flourishing. From this paper, a supposition additionally develops that there might be a criticism impact of organization society strategy on various leveled society.
Inside and out that truly matters, this paper can be prescribed to affiliation association which is planning progressive societies, to help with picking the association strategy for society that is awesome with the way of life of their affiliation. This will add to the suitability and accomplishment of the way of life procedure. With the target this should be conceivable they should have an OK learning of the way of life of the connection they are changing, besides of the open organization society procedures.
Culture and Strategy
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
References
Aguiree, D., Post, R. V., & Alpern, M. (2013). Culture’s role in enabling organizational culture. Booz & Company.
Dilobe, N., & Haccoun, R. (2010). Measuring Core Dimension of Organizational Culture: A Review of Research and Development of New Instrument. University De Catholique.
Divan, S. M. (2012). CHANGING “THE WAY WE DO THINS” (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). California State University, Sacramento, LA.
Donell, O., & Boyle, R. (2008). Understanding and Managing Organizational Culture. Dublin, Ireland: IPA.
Eromafuru, E. (2013). Building and Sustaining Organizational Culture through Innovative and Strategic Leadership. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(11).
Heracleous, L., & Langham, B. (1996). Strategic culture and organizational culture at hay management consultants. Long Range Planning, 29(4), 485-494. doi:10.1016/0024-6301(96)00040-4
House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., & Dorfman, P. (2002). Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: an introduction to project GLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 3-10. doi:10.1016/s1090-9516(01)00069-4
Huiri, D. (2011). THE IMPORTANCE OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT. SAVONIA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES.
Janićijević, N. (n.d.). THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON ORGANIZATIONAL PREFERENCES TOWARDS THE CHOICE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE STRATEGY. ECONOMIC ANNALS, 18(193).
Long, D. D. (1997). Building the Knowledge Based Organizations: How Culture Drives Knowledge Behaviors. Center for Business Innovation.
Luthans, F., & Doh, J. P. (2008). International Managment (9th ed.). McGraw Hill.
Madu, B. C. (2005). Organizational culture as a driver of competitive advanatage. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, 3(2). Retrieved from http://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/11791.pdf
McGuire, J. (2003). Leadership Strategies for Culture Culture Developing Culture Leadership as an Organizational Core Capability. The Center for Creative Leadership – Friends of the Center Leadership Conference, Florida.
Pudelko, M., Reiche, B. S., & Carr, C. (2011). WHY INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY AND CROSS-CULTURAL MANAGEMENT MATTERS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH AND EDUCATION. Schmalenbach Business Review.
Salamzadeh, Y., Ahmadi, A. A., & Akbari, J. (2012). Relationship between Organizational Culture and Strategy Implementation: Typologies and Dimensions. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 4(3).
Sami, W. (2012, November). Organizational Culture. Helbing and Associates, 2-8.
Sliwa, M. (2011). Strategies for Culture. Culture for Development (3). mik.
Trompenaars, F. (1996). Resolving International Conflict: Culture and Business Strategy.Business Strategy Review, 7(3), 51-68. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8616.1996.tb00132.x
Tsai, Y. (2011). Relationship between Organizational Culture, Leadership Behavior and Job Satisfaction. Retrieved from BMC Health Services Research website: http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/576/
