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1) Why the demonstration started in 1989 and what goals the students and the citizens wanted to achieve;
2) Why the Tiananmen Square suppression by the Chinese government was a massacre;
3) How the Tiananmen Square demonstration and massacre have affected China’s political agenda and China’s relations with the United States.
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Requirements and grading rubric:
1. To have a clear title, a clear argument, and a clear conclusion. (5 points)
2. To efficiently use what you’ve learned from the documentary, the assigned readings, and the lectures about the event to support your argument. (5 points)
3. Writing is clear and organized. (5 points)
4. Length: 6-10 pages, no more than 15 pages (5 points).
Format and style:
1. Double-spaced
2. 1 inches margins
3. 12 font size
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In this paper, the main emergency management theories which act as the backbone for the proposed research proposal are described comprehensively. The paper also provides an analysis of how the research topic actually expands the selected theories and a justification is provided of why the selected theories were selected for the research topic of this proposal.
Lastly this paper provides an assessment of why the identified emergency management theory are suitable for the selected methodology of this research.
Emergency management theory
For this research proposal, the main emergency management theories which serve as the backbone of the research proposal include the Emergency Response Theory and the Disaster Preparedness Theory. Environmental emergencies refer to events or incidents which threaten public welfare, health, and safety, and they include such things as acts of terrorism, industrial plant explosions, hurricanes, chemical spills, wild fires, and even floods.
Emergency Response Theory pertains to organizing available resources, coordinating and directing them so as to respond effectively and properly to an incident and bring the emergency situation under control (Medlin, 2011). In essence, this coordinated response is aimed at protecting the health of members of the public by reducing the impact of the incident on the environment and the community.
The Disaster Preparedness Theory gives emphasis to educating people about hazards which might impact their area and the importance of training people in essential disaster skills for instance disaster medical operations, light search and rescue, fire safety as well as team organization (Mitzel, 2014).
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How research topic expands theory
In this project, the research topic is Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT) in the Northeast Region of the United States. This research topic clearly expands theory by incorporating something new regarding processes of disaster management and preparedness and emergency response. Community Emergency Response Teams are voluntary programmes that entail doing the most good for the most number of people in the community through people assisting people as well as through preparedness.
This is a constructive approach and the members could help other people within their place of work or community after an incident when professional responders are not instantly available to assist (Bobko & Kamin, 2015). On the whole, the topic expands theory by highlighting that community emergency response teams are about encouraging individuals to take active roles in alleviating the effects of a disaster event by having preparedness projects within their communities.
Empowering communities through safer practices serves to encourage a culture of safety in the area as communities would be better prepared in a situation of emergency to do the most good for the most people.
In essence, the CERT program assists in training individuals in the community to be prepared well to respond to situations of emergency within their communities. Whenever emergency situations take place, members of Community Emergency Response Team could provide crucial support to first responders, give immediate help to the affected victims, and arrange spontaneous volunteers at the location of the disaster or emergency (Medlin, 2011). In addition, members of the CERT team could assist with non-emergency projects which help in improving the community’s safety.
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Justification for the selected theory for the chosen research topic
The selected theories – Emergency Response Theory and Disaster Preparedness Theory – are appropriate for the project’s research topic considering that Community Emergency Response Teams are usually involved in educating individuals as regards disaster preparedness for the hazards which might impact their area. In addition, CERTs provide training to people in basic response skills like disaster medical operations and fire safety, which is emphasized by the Emergency Response Theory.
It is notable that CERT volunteers use training which they learned during exercises and in the classroom to help other people within their community after a disaster has occurred when professional responders are not immediately available to provide assistance: this is something that is underscored by the selected emergency management theories. Moreover, Community Emergency Response Team volunteers are encouraged to support emergency response organizations by assuming active roles in disaster preparedness projects (Fithen & Fraser, 2012).
Why the chosen emergency management theories are appropriate for the methodology
The chosen emergency management theories are suitable for the selected methodology considering that these two theories behind community emergency response team are rooted in a simple observation: in major emergency situations, professional emergency services are often overloaded. All parts of the globe have tornadoes and/or earthquakes, and severe storms and floods are the most common disasters.
The common mass disasters include earthquake, floods, tsunami and hurricanes. All these could create mass emergencies hence community emergency response teams have a mission everywhere. The main aim of the CERT program is disaster preparedness. In general, the belief according to the selected emergency management theories is that civilians who receive community emergency response team training are more likely to prepare beforehand for a major emergency situation and are aware of the proper steps to be taken following an emergency.
This helps to reduce the probability that they would require help from emergency responders hence eases pressures on limited resources for instance rescuers and their equipment (Fithen & Fraser, 2012). The other objective of the community emergency response team program as per the selected theories is providing an auxiliary force of trained emergency personnel who are able to respond to events which are really not life-threatening and includes things like light search and rescue operations, shelter management, dispatch and paperwork.
These time-consuming or non-urgent tasks would otherwise belong to emergency professionals, which divert them from rescue operations. As such, the theories are suitable for the methodology.
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Conclusion
In conclusion, the main emergency management theories which act as the backbone of the proposed research study are the Emergency Response Theory and the Disaster Preparedness Theory. The research topic expands theory by incorporating something new regarding processes of disaster management and preparedness as well as emergency response.
The selected theories are appropriate for the research topic because Community Emergency Response Teams are often involved in educating individuals on the subject of disaster preparedness for the hazards which could impact their area, and this is something underscored by the two theories.
References
Bobko, J. P., & Kamin, R. (2015). Changing the paradigm of emergency response: The need for first-care providers. Journal Of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 9(1), 18-24.
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Resource Curse in Nigeria
Majority of the African countries make poor use of their natural resources. Instead of the resources enhancing economic growth, they often lead to corruption, reduced economic growth, caused civil wars and degraded the physical environment. Like most of the African countries, corruption is endemic in Nigeria, an oil producing country in West Africa. Instead of investing resource revenues in education and infrastructure, crooked and corrupt politicians collude with mining companies, siphons the proceeds from the oil and other minerals into their own pockets (Sucheta 2013).
The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the extent of the Resource Curse in Nigeria and ails from ‘dutch disease’ epidemic that has resulted from impoverished governance and lack of transparency, hence dragging its economic growth.
Resource Curse in Nigeria
Countries rich in minerals and gas should use them to provide an essential source of funding for development purposes. However, it seems exploitation of such natural resources is linked to inequality, poverty, poor public services, and slow economic growth. The paradox is what is referred to as the resource curse. In developing countries, however, the resource curse epidemic is mostly in existence due to impoverished governance that lacks transparency (Rhett 2013).
There exists strong evidence to show that countries rich in natural resources have lost profitable opportunities by agreeing to harmful contracts. There is also strong evidence to show that resource-rich governments lack the will and capacity to manage revenues collected from extraction industries in an efficient way that meets social objectives and enhances development in a sustainable way.
Moreover, adding to the difficulties faced by governments in developing countries in the management of volatile revenue, the countries are mostly vulnerable to problems such as corruption, lack of transparency, civil conflicts, and accountability problems (Sucheta 2013). These problems have hindered domestic development and instead of the resources being used for the benefit of the citizens, they have caused a ‘curse’.
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Resource curse in Nigeria
1. Social and community impact
Nigeria ails from a phenomenon sickness referred to as ‘Dutch disease’ by a popular economist. The economist used the term to describe the effect of the North Sea gas bonanza on Netherlands economy. Analysts that have been studying the trends in resource-rich countries have used the term dutch disease to represent the negative pattern in development. The local communities are unable to compete with other countries due to inflow of foreign currency making the local currency to bloat (John 2013).
Rather than the natural resources lead to economic development in Netherlands, the minerals caused a foreign exchange inflow that resulted in the rising of the country’s currency value. If currency becomes overvalued, domestic industries in manufacturing, agriculture, and other exports end up becoming less competitive. Though the illness afflicts both the well governed and impoverished economies, the latter has few ways of dealing with the consequences (Paul 2011).
Countries with poor governance that lacks transparency are prone to war especially if the country is endowed with abundant natural resources. Nigeria has continuously been fighting civil wars and is one of the most corrupt nations in the world as ranked by World Bank’s control of corruption Index. In Nigeria, oil rents an amount equivalent to 30% of the GDP and the country has been in conflicts (Oby 2015).
Dependence on natural resource insulates leaders from public accountability and pressure. Though Nigeria has abundant natural resources, it is short of paramount checks on government control including a democratic culture. In past years, violent war has plagued Nigeria making oil a curse instead of a blessing to the majority of citizens.
A mixture of transparency issues and poor impoverished governance is lethal in Nigeria. Sub-Saharan Africa resource rents are by a margin higher than other countries in the world according to the World Bank measure of GDP. Rent is defined as the difference between production value at global prices and the sum of the cost of oil production, minerals, natural gas, forests, and coal. Nigeria has one of the highest resource rents as a measure of GDP but has one of the lowest controls of corruption scores among developing nations (Oby 2015).
However, natural resources do not automatically cause poor economic outcomes or become a natural epidemic curse. For example, North America has a higher oil production capacity compared to Nigeria and Africa in general, yet it has a low resource rate as a percentage of GDP and it has a good governance structure (Tasihu 2015).
Still, Canada, one of the top oil producing countries has the least corrupt government worldly. Norway is considered as a perennial global leader yet it is one of the highest exporters of crude oil. As witnessed in the three countries, North America, Canada and Norway, the resource curse can be avoided if the governance structure is transparent and is in control of corruption.
Resource Curse in Nigeria
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Nigeria could be prosperous if only it exercised good governance, transparent mining deals, had stronger disclosure and had control of corruption. Good governance means having economic policies that encouraged diversified economies and discouraged over-dependence on natural resource rents. Another resource curse emerges from transnational companies that coerce with politicians to meander the country’s natural resources for their personal gains.
The country has made little progress in enhancing transparency. Though the country has joined EITI, its people still view their leaders as corrupt (Tasihu 2015). The leaders have not taken a step from lack of transparency to actual accountability that requires a nation with the training and skills needed for overall effectiveness and monitoring.
Skills required for effective monitoring of transparency require funding that the government of Nigeria is not able to provide. The private sector, multilateral banks, and bilateral donors offer the financial support needed for programs that educate citizens in accounting and tracking of revenue expenditure. The citizens of the country require the technical and analytical skills to be able to track government expenses.
However, if the citizens do not have the necessary skills, they are not in a position to hold public officials accountable for the wrongful spending of public resources and revenue. The reason the citizens do not have the skills is because the governance structure of Nigeria does not provide room and opportunity for the citizens to get educated. Instead of concentrating on average citizens, the public officials concentrate on how they can rip from the public natural resources before their term in office ends (Oby 2015).
Resource Curse in Nigeria
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It’s not surprising that the dominant factors leading to Nigeria’s civil war are economic. The factors that contribute mainly for the risk of war are levels of income, the rate of economic growth, and governing structure. Still, if a country is poor, is economically declining and hugely depends on natural resources for export, it surely faces a risk of experiencing civil war. Although the world and media focus on political personalities and the events triggering the war, the fact is that civil war is mostly experienced in countries that have low levels of income, are declining economically and highly depend on natural resources.
In Nigeria, there is a big financial gap between the rich and the poor. The rich entice the poor to engage in war while they are using their status and finances to get profits from the country’s resources (Oby 2015). Natural resources end up springing evil instead of creating prosperity for the citizens.
The detachment of Nigeria’s government creates a route through which natural resources rent increase. Since the government is resource-rich, it does not need other revenue source, and, therefore, it becomes detached from its citizens. In the majority of the countries that pay high tax, they scrutinize their governments on how it spends its revenue. In fact, the tax payment is the reason that most countries in the West became democratic. It can, therefore, be seen that if there is no tax, representation of the people does not take place but if the electorates pay taxes, they will be represented.
As a resource-rich nation, the rents are not considered to belong to the citizens the same way income is taken from them in the form of taxes hence creating the detachment. The government ignores the needs of the people since it gets revenue from rents. The result is an underdeveloped economy with the majority being poor (Kammers 2015).
Resource Curse in Nigeria
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Natural resources are mostly found in one part of the country, in the peripheral region. Due to poor governance, the politicians know that the people in this region are a ready prey for secessionist political movements. The politicians those people with money and empty promises telling them that resources should not be used in other regions and that other politicians are squandering the rents instead of the region benefitting from the proceeds.
Instead of the people focusing on development and using the resources to create diversity in other investments, they get corrupted in their minds and cease to do constructive businesses (Kammers 2015). The negative energy and statements usually result in civil wars and the same politicians that were inciting the people to end up benefiting from their resources.
Poor governance and lack of transparency create tension among political rivals and the citizens. When the ruling government has no control over the opposition and the corrupt government officials, it creates room for the existence of rebel groups and organizations. In Nigeria, Boko Haram is one of the rebel groups that is said to be politically involved.
Politicians fight amongst themselves through the rebel groups. The natural resources increase the motivation for the rebel groups as they facilitate them financially especially when some politicians are involved. The politicians use the natural resources to facilitate the rebels to gain power or fight the existing government. When the rebels increase in power and the government structure is weak, the ordinary citizens end up suffering. Instead of the people enjoying the resources, they are mostly scared and end up running away to protect themselves. When the natural resources facilitate rebellion in a country, the resources become a curse instead of a solution.
Revenue collected from natural resources should be used for harnessing economic growth as in the case of Botswana. Though a landlocked country, Botswana used the income generated from the diamond to expand its economic capacity. In the case of Nigeria, the revenue collected from the sale of oil causes conflicts and social strife. It still doesn’t have to be the case especially since the country is democratic.
If the leading government were more organized and keen to develop the country uniformly, the revenue would be useful. However, the greedy politicians do not disclose all the revenue collected to avoid being scrutinized by its citizens and the world. There is no free of information between the government and the public, and it has become survival of the fittest.
Resource Curse in Nigeria
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Often, African nations coerce with Western organizations to reach deals that mutually benefit them at the expense of the nation. There is no transparency in tendering of contracts. Since Western organizations are more powerful and have the ability to pay more, African leaders allow to be influenced and give them contracts without thinking of the local industries predicament (Elena and Jesper 2011).
The locals become the casual laborers for the Western organizations in the mining of their country’s resources. The organizations are highly paid by the government since the leaders know they have extra benefits from the payments. The local industries are demoralized, and some end up closing since they are unable to compete with the Western organizations.
Even though some of the domestic industries have the capability of giving the same services as the Western organizations, they are not given the same opportunity even if they submit their tenders. The locals end up being enslaved in their territories and doing manual jobs in their land while the Western organizations and the corrupt government officials reap high income.
Nigeria is an ethnically diverse society. Though people lobby the government, the lobbying is not necessarily for the welfare of the whole nation but individual and group interests. The government is ethnically divided leading to poor delivery of services to the public. On the other hand, electorates only elect someone because they belong to the same ethnic group. Instead integrating the nation, the ethnic tribes have divided the nation (Oby 2015).
People become self-centered even in the use of the natural resources. Those in power exploit the resources to fight other tribes. Since there are different resources in the different regions of the country, instead of the government ensuring there is an equitable distribution of the resources; it uses the resources to fight its ethnic rivals.
Resource Curse in Nigeria
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Just because a certain region supported a certain politician who is not a part of the leading government should not make a difference in how different regions are served by the government. The government should serve all people equally irrespective of their ethnic backgrounds. Instead, African governments choose to favor the regions that are richly endowed with natural resources to create room for embezzlement (Vanessa 2013). If the government were strong, ethnic differences and regional difference in term of natural resources should be used to create opportunities but not enmity among the people.
There is no transparency throughout the extractive supply chain. The government has put no measure in place to promote transparency from the negotiation of contracts to the allocation of budgets through the public budget. Civil society movements are not in place due to fear of intimidation by the government while some activists get lured with huge sums of money and stop the activism.
Active involvement of civil societies is important in the tracking of the origin and use of revenue generated from the extractive process (Vanessa 2013). Having public institutions that civil society participation is paramount for they assist in efficient control, monitoring and implementation of the policies. However, the government does not support the movements, and if they are formed, it is quick to label them as political assassins and demoralize them.
Mining of oil in Nigeria has displaced thousands of people. The government gives license to extractive industries without first considering the welfare of the community. Irresponsible extraction of oil and other minerals has resulted in epidemics, displacement, and hunger for affected communities. In the case of Boko Haram, it is the dire urge to control the resources that provoked the existing conflicts between the communities in Northern Nigeria. The licensed corporations force the communities to leave their land without prior notice or consultation (Paul 2014).
The community inhabiting the region endowed with the natural resource should be the main beneficiaries of it. Poor governance resulting from corruption forces the community to seek other means of survival instead of using the resources to upgrade their well-being for large corporations and political gains.
Resource Curse in Nigeria
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Poor people in the rural areas are not essentially equipped with skills to stand up to such extractive projects or fight for their rights (Sucheta 2013). Still, such communities highly depend on the natural resources for their survival and maintenance of their traditions and livelihood. Unfortunately, the communities live in remote regions and lack enough education.
The communities also have a poor justice system that acts as an inhibitor to getting to decision makers, comprehend decision-making process, and come up with appropriate measures to claim their rights. If riots do not happen, the communities leave their land injured and poorer.
Mining industries are not poor and usually employ few unskilled personnel. Most of the skilled labor is imported from abroad. The need for heavy technological machines and expertise skills require the companies to seek for Western labor since most of the locals have skill and expertise limitation. The government is not keen on education quality making most of its citizen’s lack the necessary skills needed for the resource industry (Godswill 2013).
The public schools lack enough equipment to teach adequately the theoretical and practical skills needed for the market. Thought the government is aware of the predicament, it hasn’t put any measure to reduce the problem. As a result, most of Nigeria’s graduates are under-employed or unemployed whereas in developed countries the natural resources tend to help the citizens as seen in North America.
2. Environmental impact
Adverse consequences of extractive industries are many and different. Excessive use of oil as fuel is one of the major reason for the climate change and environmental pollution. From a micro perspective, natural oil pollutes water resources and rivers. Offshore activities also affect the biodiversity of the ocean floor. Clearing of land for oil and mineral extraction triggers land erosion.
Acidic residues from mines are hard to drain hence affecting the quality of land. The government should have measures in place to control oil extraction in Nigeria. However, dependence on oil for revenue limits the government control over extractive industries resulting in pollution-related problems to the community (Terra and Joshua 2012).
Resource Curse in Nigeria
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Conclusion
Natural Resource Governing Institute has been in the forefront trying to make sure that there is stability in the resource’s market. The institute set up measures to control global prices and revenues generated from developing nations such as Nigeria. It has been strategic in integrating the different stakeholders involved in extraction of natural resources.
With PYWP being in the mix too, the two bodies unite countries to make extraction of natural resources transparent and help people in the resource-rich nations. The fight for accountability amongst sub-Saharan nations hasn’t been easy but the give hope to the enslaved communities.
If a government is co-opted by partisan interests, it increases opportunities for favoring specific groups in the community through a budget allocation in exchange for political power. Also, if citizens are used to the fact that wealth results from neither productive efforts nor work but from having contacts within the government, they will have less motivation to train themselves on their rights.
The great focus of political and economic power means there are fewer incentives to invest in other industrial sectors. In the end, it leads to high levels of poverty, inequality, low democracy, political instability, civil wars, all of which undermine economic growth (Bryan 2015). Nigeria heavily depends on natural resources for revenue collection and does not put a lot of effort investing in other sectors.
Resource Curse in Nigeria
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Poor governance results from the structures put in place by the ruling regime. As a developing country that is richly endowed with resources, Nigeria has experienced a resource curse instead of a growth opportunity. The government lack of transparency has promoted corruption in the extractive industries (Bryan 2015).
Ordinary citizens have instead been forced to leave their ancestral homes to give room for resource extraction since they do not have the right will and skills required to fight for their rights. High dependence on extractive industries has resulted in civil wars and conflicts that are promoted by the politicians. The minerals provide high rent that is supposedly left for the rich and politicians.
It can be noted that existing government regime concentrates on empowering their political careers through the use of the natural resources rather than serving the electorates. Ethnic differences and difference in political aspirations are used to create civil wars so that the government can get room to lure Western organization to exploit the minerals in return for high revenue (Daniel 2015).
The poor citizens do not have adequate representation in the government since each region is treated differently. The natural resources that are supposedly meant to enrich and improve the living standards of the people as seen in North America and Canada have instead facilitated corruption resulting in poor economic growth and poverty in developing countries.
Resource Curse in Nigeria
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Field Report
Industrial Technology Research Institute focuses on development and upgrading tin innovations. The primary prerequisite for the success of a technological research institute is to promote inventions and provide market now and in the future. Effective implementation of technology in the industry requires the consideration of the actual context of industrial development so as to apply correct strategy at the right time (ITRI 2015).
Most of the minerals are found in enclaves that are geographically far from the local communities. The situation poses the main challenge for the institute which has been strategic in involving the neighboring communities to improve the process of data collection. Also, informal mining sectors, lack of transparency and accountability among stakeholders, diverse social and political structures are some of the other challenges faced by the institute.
Some establishments mine the mineral illegally and use the minerals to fund criminal activities or exploit manufacturers especially if the supply of the minerals is low. When there are informal mining sectors, it becomes hard to set market equilibrium prices for the manufacturers. In the end, most production processes become costly. The Institute liaises with the local government to control mining activities and implement actions for control.
Involvement of local communities has also been strategic in solving the predicament. Transparency from government officials, especially in African nations, makes implementation of the solution hard though the institute sends a representative in the affected countries to control the processes.
Field Report
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Data collection is one of the major problems faced by the institute. Roads and infrastructure in more of the countries are poor making it difficult to collect research data. When there are difficulties in data collection, it delays the processing of information which can hamper advancements in most of the areas. To curb the problem, the Institute uses the local communities as ambassadors for data collection and dissemination.
Involving the community helps in getting first-hand information as well as improving the livelihood of the society through the income generated from data collection. Though it is hard to get proper data transfer equipment due to network connectivity, the strategy has been essential in establishing a good relationship between the institutes and local communities. The institute has been able to secure competitive market for its miners.
There is difficulty in integrating the different social and political environments in the different countries the Institute operates. Different countries have different cultural practices and political needs. The law governing countries differ regarding regulations for mining. The situation poses a challenge to the Institute as it tries to bridge the market gap and the social needs.
Field Report
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Through capacity building programs, the Institute has established relationships with authorities and locals in a bid to stabilize the mining operations. Though there have been misunderstandings between some governments and the Institute, the training programs have been efficient in bridging the gap between the different party’s needs.
Another problem faced by the institute is the gap between technological developments. There is a need for the Institute to keep pace with the growing experience and sophistication of technology that is possessed by the industries. Technology is not the only recipe needed by manufacturers to make products. Manufacturers require the technology as quickly as it gets invented or improvised to meet the market demands of the already competitive industry.
The Institute puts in place strategies to make the technology received by users through the use of digital and information technology. However, some of the technology are heavy and requires training for use. To speed up dissemination of technology, the institute employs a strategy of manufacturer’s participation in research and development.
Since manufacturers are involved in research and development, the main focus becomes improvement of technology production. To make the strategy more practical and relevant, the institute should support quality control and testing work. The strategy lacks the integration of international alliances which would have been helpful in acquiring advanced technology faster.
Field Report
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Though many challenges have loomed the Industrial Technology Research Institute, its team of experts has been strategic in ensuring the institute can meet to the demands of both manufacturers and the consumers. The tin market is an emerging industry that is yet to stabilize in prices, supply, and demand capacities. Involvement of local communities helps in identification of mines and provision of data needed for the formulation of proper extraction techniques.
Against all the challenges, the Institute has been able to provide reliable and accessible market for the miners, stabilize tin mining technology and offer extensive capacity building programs for the miners and local communities. Additionally, the institute has been able to reduce fraud in the mines and developed laws that govern mining process so that revenue generated is not used to fund illegal activities. The institute is still coming up with ways to promote tin innovations.
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Budgeting for a Start-up Company
Budget to Implement for a Start-up Company
Starting a company can be a daunting task if not well planned. Creating a budget is an essential task for a start-up company and it can help one understand where the business is going and if it is on the right track. The accountant helps in giving financial information that helps managers, tax authorities, investors and others in making decisions about resources allocation in the budget.
A budget should be realistic and accurate for a certain company depending on its goals (Banham, 2009).It helps explain how a company will utilize its resources to attain its goals. The main aim of this paper is to explain a budget to implement in a start-up company that will help it reach its financial forecast.
Although budgeting is indeed more work, it pays off with many benefits. Some of these benefits include price setting, capital and credit procurement, flexibility, and forecasting. A master budget involves linked budgets of production costs, sales, purchase, and income. In the management of a company, it serves as the controlling and planning tool. It has two components, the financial and operational budget.
A business plan is a guide to owners, investors, and managers as a business starts and through its growth in different stages. Apart from a start-up plan, there exist several forms of business plans, which include internal, strategic, feasibility, operations business, and expansion plan (Livingstone, 2013).
Budgeting for a Start-up Company
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A manufacturing company is a company that converts raw materials to finished goods. The consumer buys the finished goods directly or another manufacturing business uses them for making a different product. For the purpose of this paper, a bakery will be the manufacturing company. Value chain is a series of activities that add value to a company. The bakery company value adding activities are of two types, these include primary and support activities. The activities in the primary type include,
Inbound logistics, this will entail the receiving of raw materials.
Operations, this is the manufacturing stage which involves conversion of wheat into baked items.
Outbound logistics will help in the distribution of the baked goods to consumers.
Marketing and sales, this will involve identifying customer’s needs and generating sales for the company.
Services, this activity will provide after sales support services for the consumer.
The secondary activities will be in four categories, which include human resource management, business infrastructure, technological development, and supply chain management. Business infrastructure activity will involve organization of structure, culture, and control systems. Human resource management will involve employee’s recruitment and training. Technological development activity will entail having information technology to support the value chain and the company. Supply chain management will entail purchasing materials, equipments, and suppliers for the company (Hornyak, 2008).
Budgeting for a Start-up Company
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An operating budget is the analysis of asserts, expected costs, and predicated income over a specific period. This type of budget will be appropriate for the bakery company. The budget must account for factors such as material coast, production, labor cost, sales, manufacturing costs, and administrative expenses. The budget is manageable on a weekly, monthly, or yearly basis.
The operating budget also provides a way for a company to estimate its immediate future expenses and revenues. Several reviewing steps are necessary in ensuring the company attains its goals, these steps include, review of business goals against performance, review of budget variance, and access issues associated with budget overages (Livingstone, 2013).
The idea behind benchmarking is to make ensure that its services, products, and practices are the best against their competitors. Four benchmarking process will be utilized in the bakery company these includes,
Process benchmarking this demonstrates how top bakery companies accomplish specific task that earn them success. Interviews, site visits, and research are ways of obtaining information.
Performance metrics this involves use of qualitative measures as the reference for comparisons.
Strategic benchmarking this identifies winning strategies and lessons that have enabled top bakery companies to be successful.
Financial benchmarking involves a financial analysis of the bakery comparing it with top performers in order to assess the company’s competiveness.
Budgeting for a Start-up Company
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Benchmarking has several benefits, which includes, clarity of specific areas of opportunities, set performances expectations, and enable monitor and manage company’s performers (Hornyak, 2008).
Cost accounting involves collecting, analyzing, summarizing, and evaluating numerous alternatives to help managers take the most suitable course of action in the management of the company. The bakery will implement process costing as its type of costing systems. Process costing is a system that allocates direct and indirect cost for the manufacturing process. It assigns goods in large amounts.
The system is important since it will help the company keep track of the expenses in the production and distribution of goods. For example, the company may produce large number of bread but they may sell in small quantities, therefore it is necessary to allocate total product costs to units of product. One of the challenges that the company will face due to this system are costs errors.
Process costing does not allocate direct costs to individual goods leading to cost errors. This leads to increase in production cost thus increase in consumer product price. The company will implement the value chain analysis to overcome the problem that will help reduce the non-production cost thus creating the greatest possible value and price for consumers (Banham, 2009).
Budgeting for a Start-up Company
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For a start-up company to be successful it needs to draft a well-planned budget. This budget determines the success or failure of a company. By using this vital tool, one is able to track company’s expense, asserts and revenue required to keep the company growing. It may also help the company identify problems before they arise and be able to solve them. Therefore, a budget is like a roadmap for a company.
References
Banham, R. (2009). Better Budgets. Journal of Accountancy , 40-63.
Fearon, C. (2010). The Budgeting Nightmare. CMA Managment , 100-112.
Hornyak, S. (2008). Budgeting Made Easy. Management Accounting , 25-40.
Livingstone, J. L. (2013). The Portable MBA in Finance and Accounting. Accounting , 83-95.
Budgeting for a Start-up Company
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As a teacher, I am a learner and always learning. Teaching enables me to continuously learn and broaden my ideas and change the mind on the various subjects. My aim is to teach but I always learn even from the learning styles of the students. I am open to suggestions and what I learn today helps me pass tomorrow. I am passionate, flexible, creative and caring to my students (Echevarria & Graves 2010). When it comes to the teaching style, visual learning helps my students who have the preference for things they observe and the use of charts and highlighting color codes helps them understand key points better. The use of flashcards drawing cartoons helps these students and can acquire ideas faster.
From my Multiple Intelligence Quiz, I am not good at performing logical or mathematical tests and cannot do calculations well. I can relate with other people but not fully. When it comes to me I can handle myself well and am fairly better when it comes to music. In visual and spatial intelligence, I can read pictures well and interpret them clearly (Echevarria & Graves 2010). Am not so good in nature but I have a good body language despite that am not good in speech and linguistics. I am not surprised by the results because it is a true reflection of me, however, I am always perfect in relating with other people.
English Assignment
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Knowing the cultural characteristics of my ELL population helps in ensuring that all students learn and understand. Ways are there on bringing the content of education through art by using it as a starting point when discussing different cultural traditions. Students form a great resource in music and they can describe political events in different regions (Echevarria & Graves 2010). Culture kits are important because they contain some themes and items that can allow for sharing of culture. Students can also connect to what they are learning through literature, folktales and stories from diversified cultures.
Sexual abuse of adolescents and African American children
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Sexual abuse of adolescents and African American children
Sexual abuse among the minors is generally described as any sexual act between a minor and an adult or between two minors, where one partner exerts power over the other person; coercing the other partner to engage in sexual act. It also includes non –contact sexual activity such as exposing the minors to pornography, voyeurism, sexual communication via social media and exhibitionism (Barnett, Heinze, and Arble, 2013).
This is often a traumatic experience for any person; but it is a criminal offense. Sexual abuse incidences among the adolescents in the USA are high. It is estimated that every 10children, one is sexually abused before she or he attains their 18th birthday. Girls are more prone to sexual boys as compared to boys; one in every seven girl is sexually assaulted as compared to one in every boy (Reid, 2014).
Literature indicates that sexual abuse increases the chances of teen pregnancy, often unwanted pregnancy- which is associated with low birth outcomes. The coping strategies used by these adolescents include running away and substance abuse- putting the teenager in more risky activities (Marriott, Hamilton-Giachritsis, and Harrop, 2013). The statistics continues to rise and more of our children will be sexually assaulted if no intervention is put in place.
The proposed research question is ‘what are the risk factors of sexual abuse among the African American adolescents? Understanding the risk factors will help understand the teenagers, understand the behavioural and psychological challenges they deal with, and strategies to help them cope with these traumatic events (Hunt, Martens, and Belcher, 2011).
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Sexual abuse of adolescents and African American children
Annotated bibliography
Barnett, D., Heinze, H. and Arble, E. (2013). Risk, Resilience, and the Rorschach: A Longitudinal Study of Children Who Experienced Sexual Abuse. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(6), pp.600-609.
The study evaluates the experiences sexual abused children, indicating that these minors are likely to develop emotion and behavioral challenges. The paper is a longitudinal study of 44 children who had undergone sexual abuse. Using Rorschach Inkblot Test, approximately three quarters of the participants reported depressive symptoms. The study evaluates the effective tools that can be used to evaluate the extent of trauma among the children and adolescents who have been sexually abused.
For instance, using Rorschach protocol, there are other ways that can be used to by the healthcare providers and school counsellors to understand the child’s processing styles including the negative thoughts associated with maltreatment and sexual assaults.
Sexual abuse of adolescents and African American children
Elwood, L., Smith, D., Resnick, H., Gudmundsdottir, B., Amstadter, A., Hanson, R., Saunders, B. and Kilpatrick, D. (2011). Predictors of rape: Findings from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(2), pp.166-173.
The article highlights that socioeconomic factors are the main factor that determine risk for adolescent’s sexual abuse. The internet sex crimes against minors are few but a significant percentage of the entire issue. The study highlights that there is no child who is immune, but the social cultural background determines the risk level of sexual abuse.
Family structure is one of the risk factors, with research indicating foster families children with the highest risks, gender, age, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. This very important when evaluating the ways to minimize risk factors associated with African American minor sexual abuse.
Sexual abuse of adolescents and African American children
Francisco, M., Hicks, K., Powell, J., Styles, K., Tabor, J. and Hulton, L. (2008). The Effect of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Adolescent Pregnancy: An Integrative Research Review. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 13(4), pp.237-248.
This article adds immense knowledge to my proposed study as it describes the current literature on adolescent’s sexual abuse, teen pregnancies and the potential of risk factors that are cross cutting. The study identifies the cross cutting risk factors such as substance abuse, mother disengagement, family constellation, and parent-adolescent conflict. The study highlights the importance of identifying the victimized adults early is vital to ensure that there is early intervention.
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Sexual abuse of adolescents and African American children
George, A., Abatemarco, D., Terry, M., Yonas, M., Butler, J. and Akers, A. (2013). A qualitative exploration of the role of social networks in educating urban African American adolescents about sex. Ethnicity & Health, 18(2), pp.168-189.
The article explores the role of social networks in sexual health issues among the African American adolescents. The article identifies the social media to have major roles including guide, challenger, confidant, shelter, role model, and supervisor –chaperone and the main source of sexual health information. This is one of the platforms that could be used to reach millions of youth’s sexual assaults among African American community.
Sexual abuse of adolescents and African American children
Hunt, K., Martens, P. and Belcher, H. (2011). Risky business: Trauma exposure and rate of posttraumatic stress disorder in African American children and adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(3), pp.365-369.
This article highlights the consequences associated with sexual abuse among the African American adolescents. The study indicates that domestic violence and sexual abuse is correlated to childhood posttraumatic stress disorder (PDTSD). The study indicates that exposure to such type of violence increases the likely hood of post traumatic disorders by two fold among the African American adolescents. Other consequences highlighted by the study includes social isolation, low self-esteem and low self-confidence.
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Sexual abuse of adolescents and African American children
Marriott, C., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. and Harrop, C. (2013). Factors Promoting Resilience Following Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Structured, Narrative Review of the Literature. Child Abuse Rev., 23(1), pp.17-34.
The article is important as it adds great knowledge to my literature review on factors associated with resilience after adolescent sexual abuse. Examples of such factors include interpersonal features such as the adaptive coping strategies; but the most important factors highlighted by the article is familial stability, support from peers and schools- these creates a sense of community that understands and is willing to support the victims. The article proposes more research on the effectiveness of using the systematic interventions such as social programs and policies to improve the outcomes of sexual adults’ victims.
Payne, J., Galvan, F., Williams, J., Prusinski, M., Zhang, M., Wyatt, G. and Myers, H. (2014). Impact of childhood sexual abuse on the emotions and behaviors of adult men from three ethnic groups in the USA. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 16(3), pp.231-245.
This article describes the impact of childhood sexual abuse on lives of the adults from three ethnic groups. The study evaluates the psychological and behavioral struggles of survivors of childhood sexual assaults. This article is important for my study as it aids in understanding the behavioral challenges which includes shame issues, sexual identity crisis, hyper-vigilance, anger and low self-esteem.
The article highlights that there are cultural context influences, such that people from different community will respond differently; suggesting that effective coping strategies are those that are tailor made to match the victim’s sociocultural background.
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Sexual abuse of adolescents and African American children
Reid, J. (2014). Risk and resiliency factors influencing onset and adolescence-limited commercial sexual exploitation of disadvantaged girls. Crim Behav Ment Health, 24(5), pp.332-344.
The previous studies have focused mainly on age related variables when analyzing the young women involved in sexual assaults, especially among those involved in sexual exploitation commercially. The study evaluated the variables associated with adolescents of sexual exploitation with the aim of identifying the resiliency factors and potential risks involved. This is important in my proposal as it facilitates understanding the concept of sexual victimization of adolescents, the effects of substance use and sexual violence.
Trickett, P., Negriff, S., Ji, J. and Peckins, M. (2011). Child Maltreatment and Adolescent Development. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), pp.3-20.
This article explores the collective impact of child maltreatment in the USA. The study highlights that childhood maltreatment which is associated with a myriad of mental health issues as well as developmental issues. The study helps improve the literature review of the proposed study, as it helps understand the reasons the maltreated adolescents tend to be more vulnerable bad outcomes; a predictive of long lasting effects in intimate relationships. This helps when developing early specific intervention that targets establishing effective coping strategies.
Wang, Y., Storr, C., Browne, D. and Wagner, F. (2010). Early Sexual Experience and Later Onset of Illegal Drug Use Among African American Students on HBCU Campuses. Substance Use & Misuse, 46(4), pp.543-551.
The study examines if early sexual exposure and sexual abuse is associated with subsequent drug use among the African American adolescents. The study evaluates a sample of 7372 African American students; which indicated that sexual assault is modestly associated with subsequent initiation of illicit drug abuse, especially among the females. This is also correlated with risky behaviors activities such as multiple sexual partners. The article concludes that school based programs will help empower the victims with coping strategies, effective enough, thus reducing the incidences of illicit drug use and other associated risky behaviors.
Sexual abuse of adolescents and African American children
References
Barnett, D., Heinze, H. and Arble, E. (2013). Risk, Resilience, and the Rorschach: A Longitudinal Study of Children Who Experienced Sexual Abuse. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(6), pp.600-609.
Elwood, L., Smith, D., Resnick, H., Gudmundsdottir, B., Amstadter, A., Hanson, R., Saunders, B. and Kilpatrick, D. (2011). Predictors of rape: Findings from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(2), pp.166-173.
Francisco, M., Hicks, K., Powell, J., Styles, K., Tabor, J. and Hulton, L. (2008). The Effect of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Adolescent Pregnancy: An Integrative Research Review. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 13(4), pp.237-248.
George, A., Abatemarco, D., Terry, M., Yonas, M., Butler, J. and Akers, A. (2013). A qualitative exploration of the role of social networks in educating urban African American adolescents about sex. Ethnicity & Health, 18(2), pp.168-189.
Marriott, C., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. and Harrop, C. (2013). Factors Promoting Resilience Following Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Structured, Narrative Review of the Literature. Child Abuse Rev., 23(1), pp.17-34.
Payne, J., Galvan, F., Williams, J., Prusinski, M., Zhang, M., Wyatt, G. and Myers, H. (2014). Impact of childhood sexual abuse on the emotions and behaviours of adult men from three ethnic groups in the USA. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 16(3), pp.231-245.
Trickett, P., Negriff, S., Ji, J. and Peckins, M. (2011). Child Maltreatment and Adolescent Development. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), pp.3-20.
Wang, Y., Storr, C., Browne, D. and Wagner, F. (2010). Early Sexual Experience and Later Onset of Illegal Drug Use Among African American Students on HBCU Campuses. Substance Use & Misuse, 46(4), pp.543-551.
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Human Resources Policies and Procedures
In this paper, how the Joint Commission has influenced Human Resource Management’s essential functions is examined exhaustively and the significance of collaboration between department and human resources managers when filling vacant job posts is analyzed. Moreover, this paper provides an in-depth outline of a training program for human resources managers, Human Resources Policies and Procedures. Lastly, the most effective performance assessment technique for the hospital organization is recommended.
How the Joint Commission has influenced HRM basic functions
One significant way in which the Joint Commission has influenced Human Resource Management’s basic functions is that the Joint Commission has created policies, standards and procedures that hospital HRM professionals must adhere to in the management of human resources.
In essence, the objective of the HRs function is to make sure that the health care organization determines the competencies as well as qualifications for every staff position – individuals like contractors, workers, or impermanent agency personnel who offer their services in the health care organization – basing upon the hospital’s population, mission and treatment, care and services. To meet the needs of patients, a health care organization should provide the right number of competent staffs (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), 2016).
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Human Resources Policies and Procedures
The specific Joint Commission standards on the management of human resources include:
Planning – the hospital: should have a sufficient number and combination of staffs who are in line with the staffing plan of the hospital; and should have a process for ensuring that the qualifications of a person are consistent with that person’s job responsibilities. The hospital should also utilize data on service/clinical screening indicators together with HR screening indicators in assessing the effectiveness of staffing (JCAHO, 2016).
Orientation, Training and Education: the hospital should ensure that orientation offers initial job training and information; there should be an ongoing education, which includes in-services, training and other activities; sustains and enhances employee competence; and every employee including volunteers, students, licensed independent practitioners and staff members should be able to demonstrate or describe their responsibilities and roles, basing upon job responsibilities and duties (JCAHO, 2016).
Competence Assessment: the hospital has to carry out performance evaluations periodically; and competence to carry out responsibilities of the job should be evaluated, demonstrated and upheld.
The possible impact of the procedures and policies at my acute healthcare facility is that the hospital would at all times have the right number of employees who are competent that will allow the hospital to meet the needs of its patients. Furthermore, the acute hospital will always have to provide continuous in-service and other training and education in order to increase staff knowledge of particular work-related issues.
Also, the impact of these procedures and policies is that the hospital would carry out periodic, ongoing, competence assessment to evaluate the continuing abilities of staffs to perform during their association with the healthcare organization as required by The Joint Commission.
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Human Resources Policies and Procedures
Importance of collaboration between HR and department managers
The HR department in an organization serves as a vital link between its people and every other department in the organization. It is important for department managers and human resource managers to collaborate when filling any open posts in the company because this will enable the human resources department to employ the right people needed to fill positions in every department.
In other words, as a result of the collaboration, the HR would be able to hire the most appropriate personnel who are needed in every department to fill in the vacant positions (Flynn et al., 2015). The main function of the HR department of an organization is certainly to support the organization’s workforce needs. Human resources and department managers need to communicate frequently and regularly in order to determine the qualifications and skills that are needed for seamless operation of department functions within the organization.
For instance, whenever there is a vacant position in the department of a line manager, the line manager and a human resources manager review the job description for completeness and accurateness. In the process of recruitment and selection, the human resources managers will advise the line manager on how to identify competent applicants as well as department staff capabilities (Flynn et al., 2015). The human resources department has to be the epicentre of collaboration as this would enable several branches in the organization to come together for the greater good.
One of the main reasons as to why HR managers and department managers need to collaborate is because all of them have a vested interest in making sure that the organization attains success. The most probable impact of this collaboration on the process of hiring is that the company will ultimately achieve success. On the whole, the more that human resources managers and department managers collaborate in filling vacant positions in departments, the more appropriate, suitable and competent staff members the company will get and the more the organization will ultimately accomplish its objectives and mission, and succeed.
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Human Resources Policies and Procedures
Outline of a training program for managers
The following is a thorough outline of a training program for managers. It includes techniques for interviewing which assist managers in identifying the most suitable applicant for the job vacancy. It meets the prerequisites of appropriate employment regulations and laws.
A. Identify vacancy, evaluate need and develop position description: determine whether a new job post is required in the organization. In developing position description, the HR manager should identify responsibilities and duties including general information, purpose of the position, main functions, minimum requirements for the position and the preferred qualifications.
B. Post the job position: the job description should be posted in the organization’s career site. The recruitment activity should be monitored continuously.
C. Review the job applicants and develop a short list: after posting the vacant position, applicants would apply. Those who apply after the application period has ended would be regarded as expressions of interest, and their applications would not be viewed. All the candidates should be reviewed and a short list developed, which has to represent an adequately diverse pool of applicants (Marler, 2012).
D. Interview Questions: the questions asked during the interview must be pertinent to the job post and seek information on particular abilities and skills to carry out the job. The questions that do not relate to the present requirements of the job post should not be utilized – for instance a question regarding supervisory experience if the job post would not be supervising workers. Using competency-based and/or behavioural-based questions during the interview is very much encouraged. This is largely because when they are crafted properly, they would allow the individual being interviewed to get more meaningful data to establish his or her ability to perform the job’s responsibilities and duties (Brewster, Gollan & Wright, 2013).
E. Select hire: after completing the interviews, the human resource manager should evaluate the degree to which each job applicant has met the selection criteria. Carry out reference checks. Moreover, the HR manager should ensure that: the most appropriate applicant for the job post is picked basing on qualifications; and the selected candidate would help in carrying out the mission of the department and that of the organization at large.
F. Finalize recruitment: after completing the process of recruitment, the manager should make an offer to the chosen finalist. A verbal offer of employment by the manager and the verbal acceptance by the finalist will create a contractual relationship. The total compensation package should be discussed with the selected finalist (Armstrong, 2013). The recruitment should be closed properly, and this includes notification of the candidates interviewed but not picked.
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Human Resources Policies and Procedures
Significant factor to consider in developing a benefit and compensation plan
Compensation is understood as all the rewards that staff members in an organization earn in return for the labour they provide. This includes non-monetary compensation like opportunities for recognition and opportunities for career development and advancement; indirect monetary compensation like retirement plans, education, leaves, and benefits; as well as direct monetary compensation such as commissions, bonuses, salaries and wages given regularly (Brewster, Gollan & Wright, 2013).
In developing a benefit and compensation plan which is competitive, fair and aligned with the strategic goals of the organization, the most important factor that has to be taken into consideration is employee motivation. Armstrong (2013) reported that in this more and more competitive environment, employers who wish to succeed need to have a benefit and compensation plan which not only ensures fairness and controls compensation costs, but one that also motivates the organization’s staff members.
The impact of this factor on the elements is that when employees are motivated to work, their job performance will certainly improve which would in turn boost productivity and the organization’s return on investment in employee compensation and benefits would be maximized. Employee motivation will ensure that employees have a high morale, are satisfied with their job, and turnover rates remain low.
Organizational effectiveness will also improve (Marler, 2012). In essence, employee motivation affects both the happiness and productivity of workers, in addition to the ability of the organization to effectively accomplish its goals. It is to the organization’s advantage to make sure that its workers are compensated creatively as this will motivate them very much.
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Human Resources Policies and Procedures
Performance appraisal method
The most effective performance appraisal method for the organization is the 360 degree feedback appraisal system. This performance appraisal method is the most suitable one for the organization since the employee is evaluated by his or her subordinates, suppliers, customers, workmates, peers, and supervisors.
This method is particularly advantageous given that it provides the staff member with a glimpse of how other people view her performance in different relationships that are crucial to her job (Brewster, Gollan & Wright, 2013). In addition, this technique allows a better chance for comparing dissimilar viewpoints in the process of evaluation.
In essence, collecting feedback from a number of different sources is an essential way of ensuring that staff members are rated truthfully, correctly and justly. Since the broad feedback is obtained from many sources, it would provide a multi-dimensional picture of performance which could actually cancel the influence of outlying data points or the influence of bias.
The objective of using this technique is basically to paint a correct picture of the weaknesses and strengths of staff members (Armstrong, 2013). However, this performance appraisal technique also comes with quite a few weaknesses. For example, negative employee feelings, poor alignment with the organization objectives, and biased evaluators are some of the shortcomings of this method.
Strategy for managing behavioural-based and performance-based employee problems
Every staff member is expected by the organization to carry out their duties effectively and efficiently. Even so, when it becomes quite apparent that the ability of the worker to be effective or efficient in performing his/her job is compromised, it is the manager’s responsibility to step in and address that situation. When a worker exhibits poor job performance, the manager should promptly address such inefficiencies.
Usually, the problem could be corrected, hence the manager needs to at all times give the worker sufficient notice and chance for improving before the yearly performance assessment and before removing him or her from the job post (Gould, 2013). The manager needs to take a formal unsatisfactory performance process and it includes giving the worker a written warning notice of unsatisfactory job performance.
Even though a worker’s inability to meet the expectations of the job or his/her decline in job performance is handled via the unsatisfactory performance process, there are a number of performance problems which call for disciplinary action. These include the following: a worker who deliberately refuses to perform a given assignment or forgets to perform a job task; failure to fulfil a crucial job commitment or responsibility or failure to meet a deadline; making a major error or mistake which has a harmful impact; and completing a task incorrectly or presenting a vital job task incorrectly (Gould, 2013).
To effectively manage a behavioural-based employee problem such as safety violations or rule-breaking, the manager should first give the employee sufficient warning: he/she should know that the poor behaviour can result in disciplinary action. Before taking any disciplinary action, the manager should ensure that the worker actually breached the rule. Prior to initiating the disciplinary process, the manager should carry out an exhaustive investigation of the circumstances and facts (Gould, 2013). In essence, such workers must stop certain behaviours or else suffer the consequences.
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Human Resources Policies and Procedures
Conclusion
In conclusion, a significant way that the Joint Commission has influenced Human Resource Management’s crucial functions is that it has actually created policies, standards and procedures which must be followed by hospital HRM professionals in managing human resources. When a staff member shows poor job performance, the manager needs to quickly address such inefficiencies.
Before taking any disciplinary action against behaviour-based and performance-based employee problems, the problem employees have to be given adequate warning. Through collaboration, the HR would hire the most suitable individuals who are required in every department to fill in the available job posts.
References
Armstrong, M. (2013). Armstrong’s Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. London: Kogan Page.
Brewster, C., Gollan, P. J., & Wright, P. M. (2013). Guest Editors’ Note: Human Resource Management and the Line. Human Resource Management, 52(6), 829-838. doi:10.1002/hrm.21594
Gould, T. (2013). Poor performance, bad behaviour: Handling 2 very different problem employees. Business & Legal Resources, 55(8): 65-72
Marler, J. H. (2012). Strategic Human Resource Management in Context: A Historical and Global Perspective. Academy Of Management Perspectives, 26(2), 6-11.
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Breast Cancer Screening
Why is breast self-examination being replaced in the breast cancer screening guidelines by mammography and breast magnetic resonance imaging?
Breast cancer screening is normally done to facilitate early detection. This is important as it saves millions of lives in the world. According to guidelines by the American Cancer Society, breast screening should be done regularly. One of the most common and most easy methods is breast self-exam (BSE). This method has been advocated for in the recent past as it enables the women have sense of control over their breasts. Research highlights that over 70% of breast cancers incidences have been reported via BSE screening technique (Mahon, 2012).
However, there have been critiques on BSE screening method; especially due to increased incidences of benign biopsy. This is attributable to low specificity and sensitivity values. The excessive biopsies are associated with risk of cancer, emotional stress and disfiguring of the breast. The guidelines also tend to favour breast magnetic resonance imaging as well as mammography over breast self-exam method of breast screening. Magnetic resonance and mammography breast screening methods have high level of specify and sensitivity (Morrow, Waters, & Morris, 2011).
What are the risks associated with breast cancer screening? Do the risks outweigh the benefits? Why or why not?
Breast screening is important, especially for the woman in the case study as she is at high risk age. Breast screening involves process that aid in detecting breast cancer at early stage. Breast screening is done using many methods including mammogram, breast self-exam, and magnetic resonance imaging among others. Breast screening saves lives by ensuring that cancer is detected early, and appropriate interventions are made on a timely manner (Morrow, Waters, & Morris, 2011).
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However, there are risks involved in breast screening. To begin with, it is vital for a patient to understand that breast screenings does not prevent cancer. Some of the processes are uncomfortable and is associated with mild pain. Additionally, some processes involve use of X-rays- indicating that patients are exposed to radiation, which could lead to side effects.
However, the benefits outweigh the risks; therefore, every woman should be encouraged to undergo breast screening. There are many things that cause changes in the breast tissue. Although some of them could be harmless, it if important to get breasts checked as there is a small chance that the changes ignored are first indicator of cancer (Mahon, 2012).
References
Mahon, S. (2012). Screening for breast cancer: Evidence and recommendations. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16 (6), 567-571. doi10.1188/12.CJON.567-571
