Elizabeth Loftus Research Focus

Elizabeth Loftus
Elizabeth Loftus

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Elizabeth Loftus 

A current and fascinating area of research is that of Elizabeth Loftus. Dr. Loftus believes that memory can be reconstructed and changed based upon outside influences and has studied misinformation effects, eyewitness testimony and memories of abuse.

Read about Dr. Loftus’ research in the textbook and go to You Tube to search for Elizabeth Loftus. www.youtube.com

There are many videos about her and explaining her research. Choose 2 videos ( Please provide links to it)which you find interesting (choose ones that have her actually speaking about her research and not copies of her experiments done by others.)

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Dr. Elizabeth Loftus also has her own website.

Answer the following questions in essay form (please answer and number each question separately) –

1. Explain the 2 YouTube videos that you watched about Dr. Loftus. 

2. Discuss the Mini Lecture #20 article and video. Watch both parts of the video to answer the questions. 

a What occurred to Jennifer Thompson and Ronald Cotton? 

b How did the police investigation and procedures allow this injustice to occur? 

c How have police procedures changed now? 

d What are your thoughts about this story?

Elizabeth Loftus

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3. Discuss 3 facts that you learned about memory from reading Myers’ discussion of Memory in chapter 7 of the textbook. Cite pages of textbook.Question 1

In the first video, Elizabeth Loftus discusses the possibility of implanting a false childhood memory in a person’s mind by merely suggesting that it happened through the use of actual facts and suggestions of possibilities of what would have took place. This was done by getting background information from the subjects’ parents prior to talking to them. A quarter of this population ended up accepting the existence of the memory which was in fact false (Loftus, 2009).

In the second video, Elizabeth Loftus discusses the unreliability of eye witness testimonies. Her hypothesis or argument is that eye witness accounts are actually much more malleable than we think. This is to say that the accuracy of these events is more flexible thus making it unreliable as a source of reference for incidents that individuals have witnessed (Loftus, 2010). 

Question 2

Jennifer Thompson was raped and in a bid to ensure the rapist gets justice insisted that Ronald Cotton was the one. As a result, he got convicted of a crime he did not commit and spent a decade in prison. 

Police investigations allowed this injustice to occur because they relied exclusively on the eye witness account rather than other important circumstances. 

Police procedures have changed in that there is more reliance on forensic evidence in combination with eye witness accounts. 

This story makes me have serious doubts about eye witness testimonies and also it leads me to be sympathetic about the large number of people who have probably been convicted despite their innocence due to reliance on eye witness accounts. 

Elizabeth Loftus

Question 3

The first fact I have learnt is that that there are three stages of memory formation and these are sensory, short-term and then long-term memory. 

The second fact I learnt is that routine events are easy to recall because they have become automatic thus leaving very little need for effort. 

The third fact I got was that sleep is indeed good for the brain (Myers, n.d.). 

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 Question 4

Memory can therefore be summarized as a the sum or recollections that an individual experiences subjectively depending on the context of the actual event as well as the present situation. 

References

Loftus, E (2009) The Power of Suggestion. Retrieved from  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=il0u2s_WGXA

Loftus, E (2010) Eye Witness Testimony Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SP8kJ5A5xU8

Myers, D (n.d.) Psychology in Everyday Life. Second Edition

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How does psychotherapy help people

How does psychotherapy help people
How does psychotherapy help people

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How does psychotherapy help people? 

How do psychologists define a psychological disorder? What are the 3 terms used to identify a disorder?

 Explain the ideas of the medical model and the biopsychosocial approach. How do they each help our understanding of mental illness?

Explain 2 ways to treat psychological disorders. For what type of disorders would each treatment be used?

Answer

How does psychotherapy help people? How does Psychotherapy help People?

There are three main ways that psychotherapy helps people. These are the provision of hope for people who are demoralized. The second way is the provision of an alternative perspective for people whose lives have been negatively affected by a psychological disorder. Psychotherapy also provides mental patients with an opportunity to develop empathetic, trusting and also caring relationships (Myers, 363).

Many people who have experienced psychological challenges tend to me demoralized about life and this gives them a negative outlook towards different matters in life. With psychotherapy, the hope that these people have can be renewed leading them to have a second chance at different matters in life. This then empowers them to take on different challenges head on (Myers, 363).

Another benefit of psychotherapy is that it helps individuals to alter the perspectives they have towards life from a negative one to a more positive one. This is done through encouraging these individuals to look at the positive aspects of their lives and situations (Myers, 363).

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Last but not least, psychotherapy is beneficial to people with psychological disorders because it offers them a chance to form empathetic, trusting and caring relationships with other people. The treatment procedures that are covered in psychotherapy gradually prepare these individuals to readjust into a society that had probably shunned them due to antisocial acts they may have been involved in at one time or another during their mental disorder.

By forming these relationships, people can recover faster since the people in their lives have a better understanding of what challenges the patients are going through (Myers, 363). 

Psychotherapy is therefore important since it strives to improve the quality of life people who have previously suffered mental disorders thus giving them a new lease of life (Myers, 363). 

Works Cited

Myers, D (n.d.) Psychology in Everyday Life. Second Edition

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THE CRUCIFIXION, CA. 1340 BY PIETRO LORENZETTI

THE CRUCIFIXION, CA. 1340 BY PIETRO LORENZETTI
THE CRUCIFIXION, CA. 1340 BY PIETRO LORENZETTI

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THE CRUCIFIXION, CA. 1340 BY PIETRO LORENZETTI

The goal of this paper is to interpret the painting you have chosen using iconographical analysis by examining its relationship to the textual source upon which it is based, as outlined in the van Straten reading.

Step I: Read the text
Locate and read the text upon which your painting is based:

The Crucifixion, ca. 1340
Pietro Lorenzetti

Text: New Testament, Matthew, Chapter 27: Verse 35-56
Mark 15: 24-41; Luke 23: 33-49; John 19: 18-36
Use the Douay-Rheims version of the Bible: www.drbo.org

Step II: Writing the Essay
When the artist painted the scene before you, he made choices about how to interpret the text upon which the painting is based. It is your job as a writer to uncover these decisions made by the artist and to explain how the painter understood his text. As analytic writers, we are not interested if the artist’s interpretation is good; rather we’re interested in how the painter translated his text into a visual representation.

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Method
In order to do this, it is imperative that you describe with loving detail how form and composition relate to, and deviate from, the narrative of the original text. Now that you have noticed patterns and anomalies separately in both the painting and the text using Rosenwasser and Stephen’s Method, you are to now look for patterns and anomalies shared between the painting and the text. Write out your observations which you will submit:

1) List shared repetitions and strands that repeat between the painting and text
2) List shared contrasts that repeat between the painting and the text
3) List shared anomalies


4) List differences between the details of the painting and the details of the text.
5) List the two most significant repetitions, the two most significant strands, and the two most significant contrasts, the two most significant anomalies, and the two most significant differences.
6) Write a paragraph about which shared element and which difference is the most significant any state why

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TIP: In order to determine the identity of the figures in the painting, based on the text, it is important that you describe them in detail to discern their distinguishing characteristics before you compare them to the text. After careful examination, you may realize the figure may not be who you originally thought he or she was.

Organization:
Your paper should be organized by focusing on a series of select parts of the composition that you think are particularly important and have larger significance. Part by part, you should discuss how each relates to the original textual source. [See Rosenwasser & Stephen’s 10 on 1 Method]. You should also consider if the painting represents a particular moment in the narrative of the text, and if so, which one.

Discussion of similarities and difference should be rooted in an analytical discussion of your paintings form and composition. Discussion of the textual source should take second place to discussion of the paintings form and composition.

TIP: Organize your paper as suggested. Do not organize your paper by talking first about similarities, then about differences.

Textual References
Be specific about the particular sentences in your text that you are referencing. Footnote the specific passage, by citing a particular line number, like this. I encourage you to restate the textual passage in your own words and to avoid long quotations. If you are writing about the Crucifixion, each of the Gospels tells the story in a different way. You must be specific about which gospel(s) you are citing.

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Answer

ICONOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PAINTING; THE CRUCIFIXION, CA. 1340 BY PIETRO LORENZETTI

INTRODUCTION
Iconography is defined as the branch of art history concerned with studies on identification, interpretation and description of the contents of an image . The painting by Pietro Lorenzetti ; The Crucifixion depicts three people crucified on the cross and may by use of iconography it is analyzed in the report to in relation to how Jesus Christ was crucified on the cross with two thieves by his side. The painting is based on the scriptures found in The New Testament Bible.

ICONOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF PIETRO LORENZETTI’S PAINTING

In the gospel according to Mathew, the text notes that Jesus was crucified with two thieves and Pietro Lorenzetti’s painting shows three people who have been crucified. The painting also repeats what is found in the text where we are told that there were many other people at the place of Crucifixion. ‘

In like manner the chief priests, with the scribes and ancients mocking him said to one anther’ and in the paint Pietro Lorenzetti paints an image of a crowd and they are seem to be talking to each other while others are looking up on those who have been crucified.

As represented in the text, painting shows some women who are looking off this may be traced in the text where according to Gospel by Saint Mark, it is written that there were women looking on afar off . The painting repeats the text in the Gospel of Saint John where it is noted that after he took the vinegar, he gave up the ghost bowing his head . This is represented in the painting where those who have been crucified have their heads bowed except the person on the right hand side of Jesus who is looking up.

This is also a repetition of the text in the book of Luke where one of the robbers was repentant and asked for forgiveness . The painter has repeated what is found in the text written by Saint John where he has depicted broken legs of the one persons who was crucified on the sides but the one crucified in the midst has his legs intact . The painting also depicts as written in the text pierced ribs of the person crucified at the center. The crucifixion is also done on the cross as written in the scriptures.

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Pietro Lorenzetti’s painting brings out contrast, by use of the setting and figures that can be closely linked to the crucifixion of Jesus. The audience of the painting are called upon to interpret the meaning of the painting despite the fact that painter does not state this out rightly. The painter wants the audience to relate the crowd in the picture to depict those who crucified Jesus. In the painting, some people in the crowd are carrying spears to show that it was a hostile crowd.

The image shows the person crucified in the middle has blood oozing from the ribs which is the place we are told in the Bible that Jesus was pierced but does not show the water that also came out. Another contrast in the painting with the text is that we expect those crucified to be agonising but this is not brought out in their faces.

The text which may have informed Pietro Lorenzetti in coming up with this paint have some shared anomalies with his painting. In the text, we are told that there was an inscription written over him in Greek, Latin and Hebrew that this is the king of Jews but in the painting though there are writing on the cross of the person crucified in the middle, it does not bringing out the same message as what is indicated in the bible where in the text, these word were written in capital letters.

The other anomaly is that in the text, we are told that there was darkness at some time during the crucifixion but the image depicts presence of light. The text mentions no horses at the place of crucifixion expect a mention of beasts but the painter has painted some people on horse backs.

The text also point that those who crucified Jesus shared out his clothes and the painter depicts this by painting the person who has been crucified in the middle naked with only the lower area covered but the anomaly is that the painting does not show the crowd below sharing the clothes.

There are various differences that can be noted between the text and the painting. One of these differences is that we are told by Saint Luke that Jesus said that ‘for if in the green wood they do these things what shall be done in the dry wood….’ This implies that the background of the place of crucifixion was green, but the background of the painting is golden. In the text we are also told that Jesus was crucified in a garden and therefore it is expected that the place should have been green.

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The text points that that after Jesus had died, a soldier took out a spear and opened his side where blood and water came out but in the painting only blood is seen oozing from the side. There is also another notable difference between the painting and the text where we read in the text that they gave him a sponge filled with vinegar but in the painting this is not seen as none of the persons crucified has a sponge in the month.

The other glaring difference between the text and the paint is that according to Gospel according to Mathew, they put a platting crown of thorns on the head of Jesus but this is not depicted in the painting .

The two most important repetitions of the text and the painting are that there are three people who were crucified on the cross and the one at the center had his side pierced by a spear and blood is flowing. The strands of evidence brought out by the painter to link his painting with crucifixion as explained in the text are that, some members of the crowd are carrying spears and also the use of the cross for crucifixion.

The most important contrast in the painting is the painter has only blood coming from the side that is pierced though water also came out. Another contrast is that although the painting is on crucifixion where those who have been crucified ought to be agonising, the painter does not depict this as they all look unperturbed.

A cross look at the painting and texts brings out two main anomalies where we expect to see a large writing on the person crucified at the center and the other is that we expect to see one of those crucified wearing a cap of thorns. There are also differences between the painting and the text where from the text, we expect to see water flowing from the pierced side and also the background of the painting to be green as the crucifixion happened in a garden.

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THE CRUCIFIXION, CA. 1340 BY PIETRO LORENZETTI

In conclusion, there are important repetitions and strands, contrasts, analogies and differences between the painting and the text which can be used in the description, identification and description of the painting. The most important repetition of the text and the painting that helps the audience to relate it to crucifixion of Jesus is that the painting shows three people who have been crucified side by side.

The person who is crucified at the center has his side pierced and blood is flowing. Strands of evidence in the painting also lead the audience to relating the painting to the crucifixion of Jesus. Despite his efforts, difference in the background where Jesus was crucified with the background and lack of a person wearing a cap of thorns in the painting may invoke doubts on whether the painting can be interpreted as the crucifixion of Jesus.

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Bibliography

Pietro Lorenzetti. The Crucifixion. ca. 1340 cited on 22nd November, 2011(database online) Available from http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/pietro+lorenzetti

Białostocki, Jan. Iconography, Dictionary of The History of Ideas, Online version: University of Virginia Library, Gale Group, 2003.

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MOBILE PHONES AND SOCIAL LIFE

Mobile Phones and Social Life
Mobile Phones and Social Life

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Mobile Phones and Social Life

How did mobile phones change our social life?

Introduction

In sociology, social life refers to the interpersonal relationships of individuals, or group of individuals in a social setting such as family, community and society Macionis & Plummer (2005). Since human beings are social animals, the tenor of social life is one of the most vital influences in their lives. This is because without durable and positive relationships, the social structures are bound to fall apart. The nature of relationships in social settings influences all other factors in life.

Wajcman et al (2007) argues that, it is undisputable that among many inventions, mobile phones have diffused rapidly into people’s life across the world. As a result it has impacted on people’s lives greatly in all aspects; social, political, cultural, and economic. This research focused on how mobile phones have changed our social life. In order to have a better understanding of this research question, it is important to use sociological concepts and theories.

The theories appropriate for this discussion are functionalism, symbolic interaction, and conflict. In relation to functionalist theory, it is true that mobile phones have changed the way people function in the society; they have increased the scope for work and flexibility of families through enabling of coordination of tasks, schedules and time Wajcman et al (2007).

Mobile Phones and Social Life

These devices have diminished the boundaries between people and also between work place and personal life. In regard to symbolic interaction, Sheldon and Vryan (2003) observe that human beings are understood best based on their relation to their environment. They further note that people act toward things according to the meaning those things have for them; the meanings are derived from social interaction.

Conflict theory describes how mobile phones have brought about differences and social problems in the society Harrington (2005). According to social issue scholars and commentators, mobile phones have become a threat to quality of social life even though it provides opportunities for integration in the society. My thesis is thus informed by how these theories describe the research question and the responses from respondents of diverse walks of life. My thesis is: Mobile phones have changed our social life in a positive way. 

Mobile Phones and Social Life

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Elaboration

In researching my topic, I consulted variety of academic sources including the lecturer’s notes, sociological books, and related internet sources. In addition, I conducted a sample survey among the students. I administered the sample questionnaires to the selected students in order to obtain their opinions on the issue. I administered the questionnaires to all of my classmates while I selected samples using random sampling technique among the students of the other courses and academic years.

Since, I understand the fact that people have different perceptions on various issues which are in most cases informed by the cultural and social orientation and knowledge backgrounds among other factors, I considered various aspects. First, how mobile phones have impacted different aspects of individuals’ lives? Secondly, how long has an individual accessed the mobile phone?  Lastly, I considered the frequency of mobile phone use by an individual.

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Conclusion 

From the research I conducted I obtained the following results: 90% of respondents made at least a call a day; 81% either sent or received at least one text message in a day. It is important noting that there was significant percentage of calls made and received and messages sent or received in a day with 72% making or receiving more than two calls a day while 65% sending or receiving more than two messages a day.

The respondents cited the following as the main reasons why they used the mobile phones; one, for leisure or social purposes such as managing family, maintaining contact with extended family, and balancing personal and work life (54%). Two, work or study related uses (31%). Third, other reasons such as playing games and entering lotteries accounted for 15%.

To show how important mobile phones was important in social life, the respondents said that without them life would be unimaginable. As a matter of fact, 99% of respondents admitted they cannot live without mobile phones. Therefore, it is evident that mobile phone use is important in people’s lives as it helps them coordinate their daily activities effectively in addition to providing opportunities for relaxation. 

Mobile Phones and Social Life

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As a result of the research, my perspective on myself as a member of a society changed. I realized that indeed human beings are social animals and that is why they also seek to interact with each other at any opportune time. It gave me an insight that even before the invention of mobile phones human beings had a way of communicating and coordinating their daily affairs. However, it reminded me that human beings have always sought a better way of communicating, interacting and having a better social life.

Invention of mobile phones and other communication devices such as computers is a proof of this argument. In regard to mobile phones and social life, I realized that as a human being living in this information age, mobile phone is virtually indispensable in social life and therefore I cannot do without it just like most members of the society cannot. Mobile phones make life easier and enable us conduct our activities without engaging in much of physical movement. Indeed, mobile phones have changed our social life in a positive way. 

References

Harrington, A. (2005). Modern Social Theory: An Introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Macionis, J., & Plummer, K. (2005). Sociology: A Global Introduction. Harlow: Pearson Education.

Sheldon, S., & Vryan, K. (2003). The Symbolic Interactionist Frame. New York: Plenum Publishers.

Wajcman, J. et al. (2007). The Impact of the Mobile Phone on Work/ Life Balance. Retrieved from www.politicsir.cass.anu.edu.au , on October 17, 2011. 

Sample Questionnaire

  1. Do you make or receive at least one phone call a day, and/ or send or receive at least one message a day? ______________________________
  2. Do you make or receive more than two phone calls a day, and/ or more than two messages a day? __________________________
  3. For what purposes do you use you mobile phone for? Kindly list most if not all of the purposes_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
  4. Can you live without a phone? (Yes or No)___________ Briefly, explain your answer______________________________________________________________

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Financial liberalization Research Paper

Financial liberalization
Financial liberalization

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Financial liberalization

“Financial liberalization and increased access to international capital markets brings benefits and disruption to developing countries.”With the above statement in mind, and based on a review of the literature, consider the evidence on the net benefit to developing countries from unfettered access to international markets.

FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION

Globalization is the process of worldwide integration that occurs as a result of the exchange of global views, goods, ideas, and other cultural elements (Fernando, 2021). Globalization has been fueled by advancements in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, such as the Internet and mobile phones, which have increased the interconnectedness of economic and cultural activity in countries all over the world (Fernando, 2021).

Though some researchers identify the beginnings of globalization in modern times, others trace its history back to the third millennium BCE, well before Europeans began crossing the Atlantic in the 15th century (Fernando, 2021). Large-scale globalization began in the 19th century, and by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the world’s economies and cultures had become extremely intertwined (Fernando, 2021).

Following World war ii, leaders worked together to organize the Bretton Woods Conference, which took place from July 1 to July 22, 1944 (Chen, 2021). The conference brought together 730 representatives from all 44 Allied states to oversee the post-World War II international monetary and financial system (Chen, 2021). The conference resulted in key states agreeing to establish the framework for international monetary policy, commerce, and finance, as well as the establishment of various international institutions aimed at facilitating economic growth by eliminating trade barriers (Chen, 2021).

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Financial liberalization

The rapid rise of globalization has sparked a heated discussion among economists, with both supporters and critics. This paper outlines the benefits and risks that financial liberalization entails for developing countries. Financial liberalization is the elimination of government involvement from financial markets.

It involves removing limitations such as bank interest rate limits, mandatory reserve requirements, entrance hurdles, especially for foreign financial intermediaries, and credit allocation choices (Masci, n.d.). These policies limit government intervention in financial markets, resulting in the privatization of state-owned banks, the introduction of currency convertibility on the capital account, capital account liberalization, improved prudential regulation, and the promotion of local stock markets (Masci, n.d.).

Simply phrased, it refers to a country’s local financial system’s integration with international financial markets and institutions. Financial liberalization lets governments and private investors to do business with less constraints, while also allowing financial hosts to access the global market (Banton, 2021). However, because emerging countries or economies are compelled to compete in the same market as larger economies or nations, this might be detrimental to them (Banton, 2021).

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Financial liberalization

The capital account in a country’s balance of payments covers a wide range of financial flows, including foreign direct investment, portfolio flows (including equity financing), and bank borrowing, all of which involve the acquisition of assets in one nation by citizens of another (Kose and Prasad, 2020). It is theoretically feasible to manage these flows by imposing limitations on those that pass via official channels. However, through increased capital inflows and outflows, capital account liberalization is likely to result in a greater degree of financial integration of that nation with the global economy (Kose and Prasad, 2020).

Any action taken by a government or other regulatory agency to restrict the movement of foreign capital into and out of the domestic economy is referred to as capital control (Barone, 2020). Taxes, tariffs, laws, and market forces are all examples of these types of regulations. Many asset types, including stocks, bonds, and foreign currency trading, can be affected by capital regulations. 

It is a country’s attempt to protect itself against the dangers connected with international capital flow variations. Unrestricted capital flows might make maintaining a fixed exchange rate system more challenging. This is one of the reasons why, under the Bretton Woods system of fixed currency rates, even industrial countries maintained relatively restricted capital accounts during the second world war (Kose and Prasad, 2020). 

One of the major roles of capital control is that it reduces the volatility of currency rates in the economy as well as provide support and stability by shielding it from sharp fluctuations (corporate finance institute, 2015). This is because unrestricted capital can produce inflows and outflows that easily affects the appreciation and depreciation of the nation’s currency (corporate finance institute, 2015). For instance, in the year 1933, President Franklin D.

Roosevelt compelled Americans to convert their gold for US currencies by Executive Order 6102 (Giambruno, n.d.). The official government exchange rate was negative, which comes as no surprise. Until 1974, the United States government prohibited individual possession of gold bullion (Giambruno, n.d.). According to Ballotpedia (n.d.) this major decision made by the late president lead to the revision of the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, allowing banks to reopen after a four-day banking holiday and requiring the Department of the Treasury to examine institutions.

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Financial liberalization

The legislation increased the president’s regulatory powers over the banking system, provided the comptroller of the currency the right to restrict the activities of banks with impaired assets, and empowered the Federal Reserve Board to create emergency money backed by commercial bank assets.

Capital controls are also used to prohibit foreigners from acquiring local assets or to restrict domestic individuals’ access to foreign assets. Foreigners’ and residents’ capacity to exchange domestic money for foreign money, and vice versa, has historically been the most extensively employed capital control and it is known as exchange control (Coppola, n.d.).It can disrupt international trade by interfering with floating foreign exchange rates;

when a country’s official exchange rates diverge significantly from market prices and citizens are not permitted to get foreign money, foreign enterprises may find it difficult to conduct business there (Coppola, n.d.).

Financial liberalization

Some systems allow beneficiaries of certain types of exchange to sell a part of their receipts on the free market. A managed exchange rate is frequently higher than a free-market rate, reducing exports while increasing imports. The control authority can limit imports by restricting the amount of foreign exchange a resident may buy (Britannica, n.d.). As a result, the country’s overall gold reserves and foreign balances will not drop.

Regardless of the many advantages of capital control, there are still a number of negative factors to be considered. For instance, the distribution of resources would be inefficient if credit was determined administratively rather than by market price. Because the most promising initiatives would not be supported and hence would not contribute to economic growth, this poor allocation would exacerbate the negative impact on growth (Masci, n.d.).

Financial liberalization

Also, Access to credit would be granted for developmental purposes to big state owned and private companies, while the rest of the economy will only have some access to consumer credit (Masci, n.d.). Moreover, Individuals would find methods to export capital internationally, runaway inflation, putting pressure on the exchange rate. Administrative interest rates would undervalue actual interest rates, give an incentive to reduce savings and investment and also have a negative influence on the pace of economic growth (Masci, n.d.).

Financial liberalization

According to Kose and Prasad (2020), Capital account liberalization should theoretically allow for more efficient global capital allocation from capital-rich industrial countries to capital-poor developing economies, with widespread benefits such as higher rates of return on people’s savings in industrial countries and increased growth, employment opportunities, and living standards in developing countries. It also allows for risk sharing opportunities by demonstrating that international financial integration should lead to a decrease in consumption volatility relative to output volatility (Masci, n.d.).

Financial liberalization

Finally, financial liberalization provides protection against national income fluctuations while also demonstrating a country’s commitment to sound economic policy (Kose and Prasad, 2020). A perceived deterioration in the policy environment for a nation with an open capital account might be penalized by local and international investors, who might rapidly withdraw money. This offers a powerful incentive for governments to adopt and sustain solid policies, with evident long-term growth advantages (Kose and Prasad, 2020).

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Financial liberalization

Federico and Tena-junguito (2016) estimated that since the 1950s, the growth in the proportion of international commerce in GDP had added around 5% to global wealth. With a global GDP of $85 trillion in 2018, the incremental trade advantages since the 1950s amount to around $4.3 trillion in global revenue.

Financial liberalization has also boosted finance, technology, and talent flows, boosting earnings and increasing living standards (Petri and Banga, 2020 p.3). According to other research, the United States has profited from globalization even more than the rest of the globe. According to Petri and Banga (2016), advancements in globalization added $0.8 trillion–$1.5 trillion, or 11 percent–14 percent, to the US GDP of $11 trillion in 2003, between 1947 and 2003.

Financial liberalization

Extrapolating these figures to 2018 GDP, economic interconnectedness has contributed $2.2 trillion since 1947. Unfettered access to international market has brought about both net benefit as well as certain disruptions to developing countries for the past two and a half years. To developing countries, financial liberalization and integration has brought about abundant benefits that are verifiably both theoretically and through empirical evidence as well as a number of disruptions to their economy.

Firstly, liberalization has brought about the elimination of barriers to international investing whereby both the government and private organizations are allowed to business with minimal restrictions. Tax rules, foreign investment limitations, legal challenges, and accounting requirements are all examples of barriers that make it difficult or impossible to access the international market (Barone, 2020).

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Financial liberalization

During the 1980s through to early 1990s, a great banking crisis occurred that is considered to be one of the worst global credit disasters in history. The crisis drove the United States’ state and federal regulatory and deposit banking insurance systems to their breaking points, resulting in broad regulatory revisions (Summa, 2014). The Depository Institutions Deregulation Committee and Monetary Control Act of 1980, which removed many restrictions on thrifts and credit unions, and The Tax Reform Act of 1986, which fundamentally altered the banking landscape and engendered conditions that contributed to the banking crisis, were both passed prior to the onset of the crisis (Summa, 2014).

This was considered to be the primary cause of the banking crisis of that time. In order to rescue the banking sector. The United States’ economic comeback has been aided by liberalization and economic contact with the rest of the globe. Their relatively open borders, which let most foreign goods to enter with no or modest tariffs, have helped keep inflation in control, allowing the Federal Reserve to ride out the good times without raising interest rates as swiftly as it could have otherwise (Summa, 2014).

Financial liberalization manifests its positive impact through the rather increase in demand for domestic goods internationally for both developed and developing countries. By increasing the involvement of developing countries into the international market, it becomes evident through an increasing export and import volumes, as well as expanding outflows of domestic savings into international investment projects and increasing inflows of foreign capital into local enterprises (Masci, n.d.).

According to a report made by the office of the unites states trade representative (n.d.), The United States was the world’s top goods and services trading nation in 2017, with $2.35 trillion in exports. The total value of goods and services traded in the United States in 2017 was $5.3 trillion, up 6.5 percent ($321 billion) from 2016 and up 31% from 2007. The value of US goods trade was $3.9 trillion, while the value of US services trade was $1.3 trillion.

Despite the large number of benefits that are associated with financial globalization, there are also disruptions that come with liberalization. One is the transitional risks that accompany it. Despite a significant rise in global gross capital flows, net capital flows to developing countries have typically been minimal, if not negative (Broner and Ventura, 2016).

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Financial liberalization

Traditional models acknowledge that foreign sources of funding can be problematic, since the incentive for opportunistic default coupled with low-quality institutions can lead to recurring foreign debt crises. They also expect that domestic savings stay in the country and that new foreign sources of financing add to overall development funding (Broner and Ventura, 2016).

The chief concern in the US is that the economy is delivering a disproportionate share of gains to the wealthiest few. According to Census data, from 1970 to 2018 the median US household income rose from $50,545 to $63,179, or by 0.46% per year, while that of the top 5% of households rose from $192,603 to $416,520, or by 1.62% per year (Semega et al., 2019). In 1970, a high-income household earned 3.8 times as much as the median household, but this ratio had grown to 6.6 by 2018.

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Financial liberalization

Still more extreme contrasts emerged between richer and poorer households, and amongst subgroups by levels of education. In turn, inequality may have contributed to other trends such as withdrawal from the labour force, increased mortality and morbidity, and political polarization (Broner and Ventura, 2016). These trends are not direct results of liberalization, but they are often attributed to trade in popular discussions. 

Is it worth the risk of liberalization? It depends, as it would with most things. Capital account liberalization is definitely not a perfect solution, and it comes with significant dangers if it is implemented in poor conditions, especially without accompanying measures (Kose and Prasad, 2020). While data indicate that capital account liberalization is linked with transitory risks, fighting it for a lengthy length of time may be useless and harmful. Closed capital accounts are becoming more difficult to maintain as the forces of globalization progress (Kose and Prasad, 2020).

References of Financial liberalization

Ballotpedia, n.d. emergency banking act. [online] Available at: https://ballotpedia.org/Emergency_Banking_Act[Accessed June 5, 2021]

Banton, C., 2021. Trade liberalization. [online](Updated March 24, 2021) Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/trade-liberalization.asp [Accessed June 5, 2021]

Barone, A., 2020. Capital control. [online](updated December30, 2020) Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capital_conrol.asp [Accessed June 4, 2021]

Britannica, n.d.. Exchange control. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/exchange-control [Accessed June 5, 2021]

Broner, F. and Ventura, J., 2016. Rethinking the Effects of Financial Globalization. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/131/3/1497/2461106 [Accessed June 4, 2021]

Chen, J., 2021. Bretton woods agreement and system. [online](updated April 28, 2021) Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/brettonwoodsagreement.asp [Accessed June 5, 2021]

Coppola, F., n.d.. How capital and exchange controls affect international trade. [online] Available at: https://www.americanexpress.com/us/foreign-exchange/articles/capital-controls-in-developing-economies-affect-international-trade/ [Accessed June 5, 2021]

Corporate finance institute, 2015. Capital controls.[online] Available at: https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/capital-controls/ [Accessed June 4, 2021]

Federico, G. and A. Tena-Junguito 2016. ‘A Tale of Two Globalizations: Gains from Trade and Openness 1800–2010’, CEPR Discussion Papers, No. 11128. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research. 

Fernando, J., 2021.Globalization. [online](updated May 17, 2021) Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/globalization.asp [Accessed June 5, 2021]

Giambruno, F., n.d. Capital controls are coming. [online] Available at: https://internationalman.com/articles/capital-controls-are-coming/ [Accessed June 5, 2021]

Kose, M.A and Prasad, E., 2020. Capital Accounts: Liberalize or Not? [online](updated February 24, 2020) Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/capital.htm [Accessed June 4, 2021]

Masci, P., n.d. Financial Liberalization, Economic Growth, Stability and Financial Market Development in Emerging Markets. [online] Available at: https://www.bpastudies.org/index.php/bpastudies/article/view/68/146 [Accessed June 4, 2021] 

Office of the united states trade representative, n.d. Benefits of trade. [online] Available at: https://ustr.gov/about-us/benefits-trade [Accessed June 5, 2021]

Petri, P.A. and Banga, M., 2020. The economic consequences of globalization in the United States. [pdf] Available at: https://www.eria.org/uploads/media/discussion-papers/The-Economic-Consequences-of-Globalisation-in-the-United-States.pdf [Accessed June 5, 2021]

Semega, J., Kollar, M., Creamer, J., and Mohanty, A., 2019. Income and Poverty in the United States: 2018 – Current Population Reports. Washington, DC: United States Census Bureau. 

Summa, J., 2014. From Booms To Bailouts: The Banking Crisis Of The 1980s. [online](Updated September 10, 2014) Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/banking-crisis-1980s.asp [Accessed June 5, 2021]

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Financial liberalization

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

The product development process in the health and pharmaceutical industries is complicated, time-consuming, and expensive. Research and development expenditures have an impact on policy choices and judgments on how to effectively stimulate innovation to satisfy health demands and make final goods affordable (Swagel, 2021). 

According to a recent research published in the Journal of Health Economics by the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development (2016), the cost of developing a new drug that receives FDA clearance is estimated to be $2.6 billion. This is up from $802 million in 2003, which is over $1 billion in 2013 dollars, representing a 145 percent growth during the ten-year research period. 

While the average time it takes to get a medicine through drug testing has reduced, the success rate has dropped by nearly half, to only 12%. Tufts breaks down their $2.558 billion figure per approved compound into $1.4 billion in estimated out-of-pocket payments and $1.2 billion in time expenses.

Pharmaceutical businesses rely largely on patents to preserve their enormous efforts and investments. Patents grant a pharmaceutical business a 20-year monopoly period during which it has market exclusivity and can charge a monopoly price for its medicines. In order to recuperate investments and incentivize them to engage in additional innovation, substantial patent protection is required (Gurgula, 2020).

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When a patent expires, however, other businesses may produce generic versions of a branded medicine and compete with the original for market share. This is what is referred to as generic competition. Generic medications are bioequivalent copies of branded pharmaceuticals whose patent protection has expired (Gurgula, 2020).

Some pharmaceutical corporations, however, may utilize the patent system to get a slew of secondary patents that construct multi-layer protection around their profitable drugs, allowing them to evade merit-based competition. Pharmaceutical corporations can use strategic patenting to improve their monopolistic positions and charge high medicine costs as a result. 

This strategy goes against the common objective of patent and competition laws, which is to incentivize innovation, because it diminishes the incentives for innovators, hurts generic businesses’ follow-on innovation, and upsets the delicate balance between patent monopoly and competition (Gurgula, 2020). Various reasons for high drug prices and the growing focus on incremental innovation are put forward by pharmaceutical companies, including the complexity of drug discovery and development, as well as the expensive and lengthy regulatory procedures involved.

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

As the COVID-19 pandemic is sweeping through the world, thousands of people urgently need access to affordable medicines. However, there is concern that patents would limit access to any future vaccinations and treatments, resulting in unaffordable high pricing. This dilemma is aggravated by the fact that, despite purported increases in pharmaceutical R&D spending, current figures show a decline in the number of new breakthrough treatments. Furthermore, rather than breaking new ground, pharmaceutical companies are increasingly focusing their research on incremental medication development (Gurgula, 2020).

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

References

DiMasi, J.A., Grabowski, H.G., Hansen, R.W., 2016. Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: New estimates of R&D costs.Massachusetts: Tufts University.

Gurgula, O., 2020. Strategic Patenting by Pharmaceutical Companies – Should Competition Law Intervene? [online](updated October 28, 2020) Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40319-020-00985-0#Sec10[Accessed June 1, 2021]

Philip L. Swagel, 2021. Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry. [online] (updated April 2021) Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/57126 [Accessed June 1, 2021] 

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

Divorce among Christians Research Paper

Divorce among Christians
Divorce among Christians

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Divorce among Christians

Undoubtedly, religion is, and continues to be, a fundamental element in most marriages in different parts of the world. As an institution, marriage is crucial to human existence and further serves as a crucial avenue for people to partake in God’s creative activities through creation. God’s command, ‘Be fruitful and multiply’ (Genesis 1: 28), can only be fulfilled in the context of marriage.

As a result, marriage is considered a precursor to the formation of a family, and given this, all cultures recognize its importance despite relativism. Among Christians, marriage is expected to be a life contract, hence the phrase, ‘till death do us part.’ This implies that divorce or separation is no option regardless of the circumstances.

However, the divorce and separation rates reported in today’s society have become problematic to Christians as marriages are crashing over irreconcilable differences. The socio-ethical impact of divorce is apparent, and solutions are elusive, regardless of the various measures applied by the Church, marriage counselors, and other concerned individuals or groups to minimize its recurrence.
As an African country, Ghana thrives with a rich cultural and religious heritage that informs and governs its people’s lives and activities. Culture and religion are significantly intertwined in a system referred to as religio-culture, which, when translated to marriage, highlights numerous challenges that include changes of family, ethnic group (clan, village, or tribe), and residence establishment in a new house by the newly wedded couple.

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[What page is this from? I doubt if Brako said religio-culture breeds challenges for marriage] Nonetheless, different researchers concur that a correlation between restrictions, dreams, agencies, and realities serve as the pillars to family dynamics in transnational African migration to the United States or European countries.

Migration to an international destination produces profound social changes in receiving societies. As pointed out by sociodemographic studies, international migration can significantly increase divorce due to various reasons. Among the reasons identified include the fact that moving entails a stressful and life-changing event that leads to a higher divorce likelihood, especially when international borders are crossed.

Divorce among Christians


Additionally, migration policies applied in different nations have become more stringent, making it challenging for families to migrate. As a result, more couples and families end up separated geographically and challenged with the need to arrange family life transitions, which causes marital stress and eventually divorce [Source?] Therefore, this chapter’s essence entails exploring migration issues impacting Ghanaian Christian couples’ marriages in North America.

Divorce among Christians

It will determine the factors or stressors leading to distress and instability in marriages, including intimate conflict between couples, separation, or divorce among Ghanaian Christian couples who immigrate to America. Moreover, the project will analyze the role played by migration, whether the interpretation of marriage and divorce in biblical scriptures factors in the experiences of African’s traditional values and cultural norms.

These will be coupled with the determination of the steps the Church has taken to revert such occurrences and optimally address the issue. [That is not the purpose of this chapter. This chapter is to use Scripture to provide rationale for the project. This whole page is not needed]

Divorce among Christians

The Biblical Rationale
The increase in globalization and migration among Africans to other countries has contributed to socio-cultural dynamics affecting their marriages, leading to separation and divorce. Specifically, marriages have become unstable while divorce rates have skyrocketed [Really, where did you get this from, source?] among American populations in industrialized areas, particularly for unemployed women. As pointed out by König & and Regt, [Use their full names at first appearance] African couples in the diaspora are constantly grappled with numerous challenges in their marriage due to intimate partner violence as one of the significant factors driving high divorce rates. As a holy institution, the foundation of marriage traces back to the Biblical Eden, followed by several other analogies implying God’s decision and take on the union between man and woman. For instance, in Ephesians 5: 22-23, God likens marriage to the Church, while in Luke 14: 7-14, the parable of the wedding feast describes an eschatological rendition. Despite the significance of married highlighted, Arugu points out that each society faces distinct situations characterized by falling marriages, and couples can no longer tolerate each other, leading to divorce.
Common Views for the Different Interpretations [Wrong sub sectioning]
Although different opinions and ideologies exist on interpreting B biblical [Bible is B, biblical is small b] teachings on marriage and divorce, Christians generally agree on various aspects. On the one hand, Christians agree that the intended design for marriage, as put forth by God, comprised a covenant union [But in your conclusion and elsewhere, you said is a contract, stick to marriage as a covenant and why that impacts quality and stability, where in Scripture that it say a covenant, not just what “Christians” say] between a man and a woman for the rest of their lives. Specifically, Genesis 2: 24 exemplifies the one-flesh union that consists of one man and one woman who come together to establish a lifelong covenant. [This is where technical commentaries are needed. The source you mentioned does not deal with theological of covenant so why is it here? Please don’t make things up, not good] This union portrays a bond that should not be separated and that follows a design meant to promote the most fulfilling and satisfying life for humans. Thus, it is considered an elaborate depiction of God’s promise and loyalty to his people and the Church through Jesus. [How is this related to the dissertation or justify the need for the project?]
On the other hand, even though divorce is legal, [On other pages you mentioned that irrespective of the issues there is no divorce, which is which?] biblical teachings urge people to avoid it at all costs. Divorce among Christians is considered failure to adhere to God’s command and design for marriage and sin that has rendered humans unable to live as per the standard stipulated in scriptures such as Genesis 1 and 2. Specifically, most Christians are aware of the adverse eventualities associated with divorce and can identify its significance due to the Church’s cases. [How is this related to the dissertation or justify the need for the project?]

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Lexical Analysis [This whole section is completely unnecessary because it does not tie to any preposition or why this project is needed. Besides it is poorly written, and I already have already written more on this that I could have easily copied but this is a dissertation and biblical rationale chapter]
In Matthew 19:1-12, Jesus engaged in a dialogue with the Pharisees after he entered Judea, a Gentile region.6 Akin to his travel in other regions, Jesus’ opponents approached him with a question aimed at trapping him into uttering words that would anger Herod or contradict Moses’ teachings. In verse three, the Pharisees posed a question to Jesus, ‘Is it lawful for a man to divorce his wife on any grounds?’7 Entrenched in cultural, legal, and biblical grounds, Jesus understood their intentions and opted to reframe it based on marriage’s biblical foundation. [Poor writing] In verse four, he responded, ‘Haven’t you read…,’ implying that his listeners would better understand what he was about to say. [Wrong syntax analysis] Paradoxically, Jesus referenced the Torah from which the Pharisees drew their understanding of divorce law. [Not true Jesus referred to Genesis 1:26-27 and 2:24-25 and there is nothing about divorce in those texts. I doubt the theological skills being applied here, wow!] In his initial response, he urged [Really, Jesus urged them to ask a question?] the Pharisees to pose a second question, which he knew would trap him into saying something blasphemous.[What does this mean?] In verse 7, the Pharisees asked Jesus, ‘Why then did Moses command us to give divorce papers and send her away?’ in this question, and the Pharisees sought to provoke Jesus into the claim that Moses’ teachings were wrong. However, Jesus responded that the real reason Moses condoned divorce entailed ‘the hardness of their hearts’ mentioned in verse 8. Genesis 1: 9, Jesus taught about divorce, alongside the exception clause, which perplexed his disciples more than the Pharisees. In disgust, the disciples asked Jesus, ‘If the relationship of a man with his wife is as such, it’s better not to marry.’
Similarly, Paul’s teaching in 1 Corinthians 7 portrays marriage from the perspective of the cross. More precisely, Paul’s interactions with the Corinthians fostered the teaching that marriage can distract spouses from the cross, and for single people, there are situations not to pursue it. Paul’s sentiment, ‘It is good for a man not to have sexual relations with a woman,’ does not allude to his opposition to sex. God created the life-long union between man and woman, implying that he endorses sexual relations. Besides, Paul held high regard for marriage and sex. However, in a letter to the Corinthians, Paul sought to teach them to abide by their wives and the holy institution of marriage. Specifically, in the phrase, διὰ δὲ τὰς πορνείας ἕκαστος τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γυναῖκα ἐχέτω καὶ ἑκάστη τὸν ἴδιον ἄνδρα ἐχέτω, [What is this doing here? When I ask for skills in Biblical Greek as a requirement, it does not mean peppering the paper with a Greek sentences to prove a point. Where are the commentaries saying and what are the specifics of the tect impacting the subject of the research. For example 1 Cor 7:15 talks about ἄπιστος or unbeliever who might dissert and in “such cases” ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοιςwhat are the interpretation of such in relation to divorce, should in such cases include abuse as theologians like Wayne Grudem are advancing] can be translated to mean that ‘due to fornication after fornication, each on (of you husbands) should continue (in the sexual relationship) with (your) one wife, and each one (of you wives) should continue (in the sexual relationship) with your husband.’10 In this statement, Paul used the plural, πορνείας, to highlight the infamous sexual sins in Corinth. Most fundamentally, Paul recognized that fornication was running rampant in Corinth, but merely uttering words would not curb the sin.
In 1 Corinthians 7:2, Paul stated that an individual should have his spouse sexually and each wife should have her husband. Based on these words, Paul attempted to help the Corinthians develop a full appreciation for the physical marriage-bond put in place by their creator. Conversely, in verses 10 and 11, Paul addressed Christian couples who may have been considering divorce or separation. In Corinth, the divorce context was not considered Rabbinic Judaism since it was in Jesus’ day. Instead, across the Greek and Roman cities, the divorce law was interpreted to be that if an individual’s partner decided to divorce their spouse, they could do so by leaving. Similarly, divorce was interpreted as, if the individual owned the house, he or she should insist that the partner leaves. During this time, Paul’s teachings indicated that divorce ought to have been handled through separation based on no-fault or contest. However, no regulations or provisions existed protecting women as the requirement Judaism. If the couple proceeded to divorce in court, it was meant to determine how the property would be distributed instead of determining if they should break off their marriage. Akin to today’s society, when the couple divorced, society the partners as free individuals who would remmary.12
Instructions for Divorce among Christians
Following verses 10 and 11, Paul attempted to teach believers on whether they should divorce. For instance, he stated that God prohibited divorce or separation after marriage, or in the event of separation, another marriage. Similar sentiments are echoed in Malachi 2: 14-16, which states that although God hated divorce and initially created marriage for men and women, a provision or exception exists in Pentateuch’s divorce, especially across issues that involve uncleanness, which has been translated to imply adultery. In Jesus’ era, this provision has been interpreted by Rabbi Hillel’s followers as condoning divorce for any reason that did not please the husband. When confronted by the Pharisees about this issue, Jesus did not condone the widespread interpretation that accommodated divorce for any reason and further limited it to sexual immorality, porneia, meaning adultery in Matthew 5: 32; 19: 6-9.
In 1 Corinthians 7: 10-11, Paul interpreted Jesus’ words to the Christian believers who were married. For instance, Paul stated that ‘10To the married, I give this command (not I, but the Lord: A wife must not separate (chōrizō) from her husband. 11But if she does, she must remain unmarried or else be reconciled to her husband. And a husband must not divorce his wife).’ Under the NIV version, divorce is translated to aphiēmi, which implies releasing or dismissing someone from a particular place or situation. In the Greco-Roman context, Paul is portrayed to be referring to couples in which both partners are Christians, similar to the way Jesus addressed couples within the Jewish context.
Subsequently, Paul affirmed that the marriage binds the couple until death, echoed in Matthew 19: 4-6. Precisely, Paul stated that ‘Haven’t you read… that at the beginning the Creator made them male and female,’ and ‘For this reason, a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one flesh? So, they are no longer two, but one. Therefore, what God has joined together, let no man separate.’ [The guide says don’t insert full passages into the text] In today’s society, divorce is associated with intense pain, distress, and psychological issues, even among Christians left to ponder over several issues, [Poor sentence structure] including whether they can remarry. [You mean Gravningen et al said this, which page?] For instance, when a spouse migrates to an international destination such as the United States, why is it challenging to maintain the marriage, or why does the couple drift away from the bond that initially brought them together. As Arugu puts it, the major contributor to the increase in rates of divorce in the twentieth century entails the widespread acceptance in society. More precisely, the increase in society’s tolerance of divorce has emanated from the relaxation of negative attitudes in Church. Besides, divorce is no longer perceived as sin by most religious denominations, and most nations, including Ghana, have adopted relatively moderate divorce laws.
Additional attributions to the increase in divorce rates in today’s society include less satisfaction among couples with their marriages than biblical times or a few decades ago. Similarly, the variation in cultural norms, social constructs, and realities between the two contexts, Ghana and North America, trigger different relationship experiences and determine the standard predictors of marriage outcomes. On the one hand, Ghana’s cultural and religious systems help its people in formulating internalized social constructs and norms that serve as the primary sources behavior patterns in a relationship. At the same time, marriage ceases to be a fundamental element in the society and transitions into a social construct. Although several studies exist on marriage and religion, they have been limited to the basic aspects of religiosity, including church attendance and affiliations. However, some researchers have extended their studies to proximal aspects of religion, fostering a better understanding of how married couples connect their religious faith to family life. This objective’s attainment has included aspects such as specific belief systems, the processes applied in meaning-making, and the impacts of religion on such meaning-making, alongside religious behaviors that extend beyond church attendance.
Despite the approaches used in determining religion’s role in curbing divorce rates, especially among couples who migrated to international destinations, [Migration is not just about people who migrated already married, check the project worksheet and the proposal outline to understand the research] the biblical interpretation of marriage, remarriage, and divorce follows the commands postulated across various scriptures. For instance, in 1 Corinthians 7: 10-11, Paul passed on commands from Jesus to shape marriages and deter divorce rates. Among these commands include that Christians should not get divorced or separated from their spouses. However, if divorce or separation are inevitable, the believers should remain divorced, single, or work towards reconciling their marriage. [Orr and Walter, never said anything like this, what page?]
Stressors in Marital Distress or Instability among Ghanaian Immigrant couples in America
Despite the underlying pressure to abide by specific cultural norms and social constructions in African countries, Christian couples experience various stress factors that significantly contribute to the prevalence of divorce rates. These stressors’ experience is primarily experienced by Christian couples who immigrate to different parts of the world, including the United States, as they are constantly expected to maintain their African traditions and further assimilate into the host nation’s cultures. For women, immigrating to North America from Ghana necessitates acquiring a new language and culture, alongside social status and income levels. In the Ghanaian context, women may have been predisposed and limited to relying on the husband as the sole income earner. Still, upon immigration, they face stressors that include finding employment, discrimination, culture shock, and linguistic changes. These stress factors are coupled with cultural barriers to necessary health and social services, lack of professional accreditation, and the need to secure affordable and safe housing.

Divorce among Christians


Conversely, for some women who migrate with their husbands, the process may translate to economic independence, social mobility, and relative autonomy. These elements occur when immigration is accompanied by a significant increase in participation in the labor market. The exposure to increased responsibilities in the economy and throughout society tends to alter the power distribution processes within the family, culminating in increased participation and authority over household decision-making and control over resources. At the same time, increased participation in the labor force intensifies the burden carried by Ghanaian women until they identify different ways of handling the conventional roles and responsibilities, including those of childcare and housework. These occurrences bring about a dramatic change in the power relationship within the marriage. Despite situations in which immigrating may improve the women’s social status, it does not change their roles and position within the family. [THIS WHOLE SECTION IS NOT NEEDED, I NEED BIBLICAL RATIONALE]

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Relevance of the Stressors to the Exception Clause in Matthew 19:9 and 5:32
Following the stress factors faced by women in Christian marriages and who migrate with their husbands from Ghana to the United States, several allusions can be deduced in terms of their relevance to interpreting the exemption clause passed by Jesus. Specifically, in Matthew 5:23; 19:9, Jesus provided an exception that warranted divorce and remarriage if the reason for separation was adultery or sexual immorality. Among Christians, this exception indicates that unless the husband or wife commits adultery, the couple should abide by Paul’s command and in reference to Jesus’ teachings. It further indicates a consensus among Christians applied since its introduction by Erasmus in the sixteenth century. Nonetheless, the interpretation of this exception has, over time, changed to favor specific circumstances in which a couple seeks to separate.
As pointed out by Ferrante, the variations and challenges in interpreting the exception clause are based on the phrase ‘porneia.’ Different people hold distinct views regarding the phrase’s interpretation, with the least adoption option referring to an incestuous relationship. Nevertheless, the most likely held view is in reference to biblical chapters, such as Acts 15:20 and 29, which has interpreted the phrase porneia as forbidden marriages, as per Lev 18:6-18. Similarly, another set of interpretations of the phrase entails a forbidden or prohibited relationship between a Jew and a gentile through mixed marriage. These two interpretations are characterized by the Jewish context of Matthew’s Gospel, which may not be considered legitimate marriages that should be dissolved instead of involving the divorce process. The interpretation that best fits today’s Christian world and marriages entail the view of porneia as unchastity of betrothed men and women. Under this view, the interpretation of the phrase as sexual immorality without reference to marital unfaithfulness is based on its use in describing a situation in which the betrothed and not married yet.
As described herein, the various stressors facing Ghanaian women in Christian marriages and who have migrated to North America predisposes them to conditions that disregard and change gender roles and marital quality. Although the women or men in these marriages do not necessarily commit adultery, they engage in activities that lead to sexual immorality without reference to marital unfaithfulness. These circumstances further lead to divorce. The couple is forced to compromise by accepting the changes in gender roles and marital quality instead of adhering to the cultural norms, social constructions, and Christian values that initially bound them together. In Matthew 1:19, when Mary and Joseph were betrothed, she conceived Jesus. The verse further points out that ‘her husband Joseph, being a just man and unwilling to put her to shame, resolved to divorce her quietly.’ In this case, Mary and Joseph are considered betrothed, mnesteuo, but Joseph is still considered her husband, aner.
The lexical correlation between these interpretations and those in today’s society exemplifies the significance of betrothal in Jesus’ era compared to engagement in the contemporary world. In the latter era, being betrothed meant the same as marriage as the couple had their intentions to get married or further made the necessary arrangements. The only difference between betrothal and marriage entailed abstinence from sexual intercourse until the coupled is united. Marcus. For instance, when Joseph decided to divorce apolysai, Mary quietly portrayed the end of a betrothal based on perceived porneia, committing adultery. The incident coincides with divorce in an entire marriage, which was considered a just act as it was at par with Jewish customs and the standards put in place by Jesus. Christian couples who have migrated to North America get divorced for reasons that do not include porneia, sexual immorality. Although the circumstances slightly differ, they have significantly contributed to the increase in divorce rates today. Besides, the Church does not reinforce marriage fundamentals before and after a couple enters the holy institution. [Apart from the quality of writing, what has all this got to do with the research at hand?]
Based on these factors, divorces among Ghanaian couples who have migrated to North America follow the interpretation in Joseph’s and Mary’s case. The circumstances leading to separation fall under the category of adultery. For instance, stressors such as lack of marital satisfaction, intimate partner violence, and different forms of distress play a fundamental role in the destabilization of marriage, leading to divorce. Before migrating, the couple understood and abided by the traditional and cultural norms that defined their family roles. Extended family members had a significant influence on the activities carried out in the family, while social constructs defined gender roles and participation in societal events. However, over time, these trends have drastically changed as people have become increasingly individualistic and further taken the laws into their hands. As a result, family values have significantly eroded, resulting in an increase in divorce in contemporary society.
Traditionally, both husbands and wives understood marriage as an indissoluble, sacred, and stable institution based on biblical teachings related to ‘what God puts together, no one should separate or put asunder,’ Matthew 19:6. [This is completely unnecessary statement, what does it proof?] Akin to the biblical allusions,[allusions overused term] marriage in Ghana and other African countries meant that no couples had the privilege [divorce is not a privilege] of discontinuing or dissolving the Christian relationship. For instance, after the marital exchange of vows, couples promised each other to remain in the marriage until death separated them. Upon migration in today’s society, numerous things have changed, and marriage is no longer a stable and steady institution. [This is below master’s level writing let alone PhD, please is anyone checking?] When in a new country with different cultures, social constructs, values, and rules, privileges, and opportunities, among others, a Christian couple is often faced with various issues that might dissolve their relationship. The cross-culturalization between these distinct nations influences the attitudes of the couple concerning marriage and divorce. For instance, the woman may want freedom from the traditional roles of childcare and looking after the family. At the same time, the man may desire to explore different cultures or pursue a different path.

Divorce among Christians


Conclusion
After conducting an in-depth exegetical analysis of the applicable scriptures, this project has further analyzed existing literature to acquire the relevant data related to the effects of migration on Ghanaian Christian couples’ marital quality and stability in North America. By harnessing Bbiblical teachings and principles applied in different contexts, the study has generated immense insights that may strengthen marriage and minimize divorce rates. Besides, the congruency between the biblical allusions and the scientific studies has played a fundamental role in questions such as how migrations affect the quality and stability of sub-Saharan African Christian couples in North America. Although the biblical allusions do not provide facts about the appropriate steps that should be taken [About what?], they provide relevance to Jesus’ teachings, among other scriptures that conform to God’s intention for humans. [Are you separating the Bible from Jesus?] More precisely, the biblical teachings indicated that marriage is an institution crucial to human existence and further serves as a crucial avenue for people to partake in God’s creative activities through creation. As per God’s command, for humans to be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth, marriage serves as the fulfillment and a precursor to a family’s formation. Given this, all cultures recognize its importance despite relativism.
Among Christians, marriage is expected to be a life contract bidding the parties involved commitment till death separates them.[Bad grammar] This implies that divorce or separation is not an acceptable option regardless of the circumstances.[Is that true, but you mentioned Jesus provided an exception?] However, the divorce and separation rates reported in today’s society have become a concern, even for Christians, as marriages are crashing over irreconcilable differences.[Bad writing] The social and ethical effects of divorce have thus become apparent. At the same time, solutions are undeniably elusive, and regardless of the various measures applied by the Church, marriage counselors, and other concerned individuals or groups to minimize its recurrence. Therefore, based on this section’s findings, different theoretical and analytical methods should be applied in determining the precise variables and measures that would foster answering the project questions.

Bibliography Divorce among Christians

Ademiluka, Solomon O. “For I Hate Divorce,” says the Lord: Interpreting Malachi 2:16 in relation to prohibition of divorce in some churches in Nigeria.” Old Testament Essays 32, no. 3 (2019), 846-868. doi:10.17159/2312-3621/2019/v32n3a5.

Adonu, Joseph K. “Psychosocial Predictors of Marital Satisfaction in British and Ghanaian Cultural Settings.” Thesis Submitted for the Award of Ph.D. Degree in Psychology- School of Social Sciences and Law Brunel University, 2005, 1-305.

Andersson, Gunnar, Ognjen Obucina, and Kirk Scott. “Marriage and divorce of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in Sweden.” Demographic Research 33 (2015), 31-64. doi:10.4054/demres.2015.33.2.

Arugu, Love O. “Social indicators and effects of marriage divorce in African societies.” The Business & Management Review 4, no. 4 (March 2014), 374-383. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1073.995&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

Asoodeh, Mohammad H., Shiva Khalili, Manijeh Daneshpour, and Masoud G. Lavasani. “Factors of a successful marriage: Accounts from self-described happy couples.” Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 5 (2010), 2042-2046. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.410.

Bijwaard, Govert E., and Stijn Van Doeselaar. “The impact of changes in the marital status on return migration of family migrants.” Journal of Population Economics, 2013. doi:10.1007/s00148-013-0495-3.

Brako, Fred. “Examining gender role beliefs and marital satisfaction of Ghanaian immigrant couples in the U.S.A.” Drexel University- Ph.D., Couple and Family Therapy, November 2012. https://idea.library.drexel.edu/islandora/object/idea%3A6126.

Caarls, Kim, and Valentina Mazzucato. “Does International Migration Lead to Divorce? Ghanaian Couples in Ghana and Abroad.” Population 70, no. 1 (2015), 127-151. doi:10.3917/popu.1501.0135.

Clark, Shelley, and Sarah Brauner-Otto. “Divorce in sub-Saharan Africa: Are Unions Becoming Less Stable?” Population and Development Review 41, no. 4 (2015), 583-605. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00086. x.

Coe, Cati. “What is Love? The Materiality of Care in Ghanaian Transnational Families.” International Migration 49, no. 6 (2011), 7-24. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2011.00704. x.

Cooke, Thomas J., Clara Mulder, and Michael Thomas. “Union Dissolution and Migration.” Demographic Research 34, no. 26 (2016), 741-760. doi:10.4054/demres.2016.34.26.

Counted, Victor. “African Christian diaspora religion and/or spirituality: A concept analysis and reinterpretation.” Critical Research on Religion 7, no. 1 (2019), 58-79. doi:10.1177/2050303218823258.

Familusi, Olumuyiwa O. “Till Circumstances do us Part: A Socio-Ethical Analysis of Divorce among Christians in Nigeria.” Global Journal of Human-Social Science: An Arts & Humanities – Psychology 19, no. 5 (2019). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332539294_Till_Circumstances_do_us_Part_A_Socio-Ethical_Analysis_of_Divorce_among_Christians_in_Nigeria.

Ferrante, Lorenzo. “Religion and Culture of Origin. Re-Shaping Identity in the Integration Process: A Case Study in Sicily.” Qualitative Sociology Review 15, no. 3 (2019), 126-147. doi:10.18778/1733-8077.15.3.07.

Furtado, Delia, Miriam Marcén, and Almudena Sevilla. “Does Culture Affect Divorce? Evidence from European Immigrants in the United States.” Demography 50, no. 3 (2013), 1013-1038. doi:10.1007/s13524-012-0180-2.

Goodman, Michael A., David C. Dollahite, Loren D. Marks, and Emily Layton. “Religious Faith and Transformational Processes in Marriage.” Family Relations 62, no. 5 (2013), 808-823. doi:10.1111/fare.12038.

Gravningen, Kirsten, Kirstin R. Mitchell, Kaye Wellings, Anne M. Johnson, Rebecca Geary, Kyle G. Jones, Soazig Clifton, et al. “Reported reasons for breakdown of marriage and cohabitation in Britain: Findings from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3).” PLOS ONE 12, no. 3 (2017), e0174129. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174129.

Hyman, Ilene, Sepali Guruge, and Robin Mason. “The Impact of Migration on Marital Relationships: A Study of Ethiopian Immigrants in Toronto.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 39, no. 2 (2008), 149-163. doi:10.3138/jcfs.39.2.149.

König, Reinhilde S., and Marina De Regt. “Family dynamics in transnational African migration to Europe: an introduction.” African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal 3, no. 1 (2010), 1-15. doi:10.1080/17528630903368232.

Orr, William F., and James A. Walther. “I Corinthians: A New Translation: Introduction with a Study of the Life and Paul, Notes, and Commentary.” Journal of Biblical Literature 96, no. 4 (1976), 608. doi:10.2307/3266017.

Wilson, Ralph F. “7. Marriage and Divorce at the End of the Age (1 Corinthians 7) – 1 Corinthians: Discipleship Lessons from a Troubled Church, by Dr. Ralph F. Wilson.” Bible Study — the Jesus Walk Bible Study Series. Last modified 2021.

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Divorce among Christians

Effect of Migration on Marital Quality and Stability of Ghanaian Christian Couples in America 2021

Effect of Migration on Marital Quality
Effect of Migration on Marital Quality

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Effect of Migration on Marital Quality and Stability of Ghanaian Christian Couples in America

The Biblical Rationale :

Marriage has been given profound importance in all religions specifically in Christianity. There is substantial articulation in both Hebrew and Bible about the importance, benefits both in eternal and worldly life, and the impacts of undermining marriage. The basis of marriage is possessed by the Biblical Eden in which it is considered as a holy institution.

The religious importance of marriage can be evaluated and gauged by the fact that God presided over the first-ever marriage by offering Eve to Adam. We all are a generation of Adam and Eve and God itself has given substantial importance to marriage as can be seen in the scripture of the Bible and God adores the marriage in the Church. Therefore, there is no denying the fact that marriage has an inevitable role in strengthening Christian communities and societies.

In addition to the manifestation of the Bible about marriage, many researchers and scholars conceded the fact that marriage is the bedrock of any stable or mainstream community. “And the two will become one flesh’. This is a profound mystery – but I am talking about Christ and the church” (Ephesians 5.31–32). Marriage is the gift of God and God considered marriage crucial not only for the individuals who are marrying but also for the evolving human societies.

The Church, therefore, rejects as false all efforts to understand marriage (and all other human relationships) independently of the call to discipleship. In Christianity, discipleship is the true following of the way of Jesus Christ

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Dynamic patterns concerning Christian Marital issues require ordinary, refreshed investigations, trying to dispose of ‘deadly’ obliviousness. Peter Brierley, cited Tidball’s perception; “…something is truly amiss with the congregation” and Riddell’s congregation is in a difficult situation and doesn’t know it”. Among these inconveniences are the expanding circumstances of Marital trouble that bargain certain Christian practices when all is said in done and the Ghanaian Adventist Christian transient couples specifically.

Even though instances of factual records abound and by and large vouch for passionate scars endured by numerous individuals with their comparing consequences for society, the pattern proceeds with unabated. It is accepted inside the Christian people group that scriptural Christianity proposes a potential enduring glad Marital relationship, where magnanimous love may connote Christian development.

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However, the truth of existing relationships including that of GACMs comes up short. While it very well might be viewed as ordinary somewhere else, with resolute non-debatable customs of exacting hierarchical (SDA) translation of Scripture in certain circles, combined with comparing African social impacts, GACMs find nearly everything amiss with troublesome relationships particularly when they end in separate.

In pretty much every culture, separate from influences more than the couples in question. While a few casualties suffer hopelessness peacefully being shy of different choices ladies, experience some friendly demonization for being separated. Thusly a few couples shroud troubles even from companions and the congregation. As such, whole networks generally have a stake and may languish some detachment over family members’ Marital pressures. Such Marital issues whether they end in partition or separation convey with them numerous casualties.

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In actuality, such a choice may affect the actual endurance of the tranquil conjunction of included networks. As a matter of first importance, this examination researches potential purposes for Marital troubles noted among Ghanaian transients explicitly GACMs in Britain which regularly make fears and doubt among couples and local area pioneers. Stories of genuine circumstances proliferate (among GACMs) of how couples’ conduct and mentalities out of nowhere change following settlement in Europe.

Subsequently, some Ghanaians lean toward a drawn-out partition and decide to leave companions in Ghana for genuine feelings of serenity. Ghanaian relationships will undoubtedly get troublesome with a high likelihood of finishing off separate. The gathering’s administration faces the real factors of assimilation and lawful limitations, combined with a misconstrued social view of their issues inside a 21st century’s non-absolute climate.

Other extra issues for the administration include: Dealing with expanding divorce rates, indefinite partition of couples while in Britain with accompanying doubts, Non-responsibility issues, for example, co-habiting believers.

Church Discipline:
For instance, some administrations face allegations of cumbersomeness with anomalies of progressively moral and opinionated contentions against their treatment of marital concerns. Argumentative and frequently begging to be proven wrong church disciplinary inconsistencies, follow co-residence, partition, separation, and remarriages consequently influencing resulting church cooperation trying to keep up chapel discipline.

Existing measurable documents imply that likely the pace of expansion in the overall Christian separation issue is in proportion to the Christian churches needed to address and contextualize the commonsense real factors of contemporary scenes in holy places today. Also, almost certainly, there are a few casualties of these Marital quandaries inside the Ghanaian social direction while kids and different casualties get cleared along by the breakdown of Ghanaian relationships.

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Implications regarding Immigrants:
The concept of marriage may vary from societies to societies but nearly all societies see marriage favorably. In the American context too, marriage is also considered as the firm bonding for societal stability but certain causes are undermining this aspect of marriage like migration. The African migrations and the immigrants coming to America are dissolving their marriage substantially which is prompting feelings of distress, depression, and anxieties in the communities.

The interaction of these migrants with natives, clash of cultural norms, and inappropriate guidance from the church leaders further intensify these types of issues. To offer a piece of good advice, Bible also articulates the examples of those immigrants who faced countless challenges at their time. For example, in Genesis 12:1, Bible manifests how God gave instructions to Abraham to leave the house of his father for that new land, which God would show to him. The other examples include Moses and Joseph, who left their native land and became migrants.

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These people were the influencers of that time and due to only one reason, they conceded the order of migration from God and that reason was the inherent trust in God.
Adoption of Culture:

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As the study aims to unveil the inherent prospects of the Ghanaian culture about the impact of migration of marriage, it is crucial to deliberate the cultural impact on the interpretation of the Bible. According to various scholars, it is crucial to consider the cultural framework while interpreting the verses of the Bible and also noted that many different cultures have different world views which have been shaped by their distinct cultures.
For the people who are migrating from their native land to another land, it is formidable for them to adopt the culture of the migrated area.

The evaluation of culture is also important to perceive the message of the Bible accurately. There is no denying the fact that God has created Bible for diverse cultures and these cultures cannot be ignored. Western culture is without a doubt among the powers that have formed the encounters and relationships of transients from sub-Saharan Africa.

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Leaving the outsiders feeling secluded and estranged is among the impacts of Western culture. For instance, Massey and Higgins discovered that unfamiliar societies affected foreigners’ confidence. They saw that devotees who were beforehand resolute in their Christian confidence practice were probably going to turn out to be less strict when they moved toward the West. They infer that “detailed church participation at spots of source and in the United States recommend that migration is a problematic occasion that estranges migrants from strict practice instead of “theologizing” them.”

Effect of Migration on Marital Quality and Stability of Ghanaian Christian Couples in America

Clifford MeesuaSibani offers a charming conversation on the progressions that travelers experience when presented to Western impacts. Travelers who move to Western nations receive Western qualities, and subsequently, they can’t assemble relationships that last. For instance, Sibani noticed that in African societies, relationships are a mutual undertaking where families and the local area become engaged with cooperating and issue harsh alerts against such indecencies as infidelity.

Effect of Migration on Marital Quality and Stability of Ghanaian Christian Couples in America

Then again, in the West, relationships are an individual matter, and the local area assumes a restricted part. At the point when they leave Africa, hitched adherents lose the advantage of connection and local areas that are profoundly instilled in African culture. It is little marvel that as Amato and James set up, the U.S. furthermore; Europe leads the world concerning divorce rates. At the point when they get comfortable in these districts, African Christian migrants are presented to a raised danger of separation.
Laws:

The laws in objective nations fundamentally sway the relationships of African transients. Across numerous African countries, polygamous relationships are perceived and cherished in the law. Then again, in the West, polygamy is unlawful, with those discovered taking part in this work on confronting weighty authorizations. The distinction in the ways to deal with polygamy among Africa and the West somewhat clarifies the ascent in separate from cases among African migrants.

For instance, as indicated by Baloyi, the breakdown in African relationships and families is the conflict between the African partiality for polygamous relationships and the Western demand that a man must be hitched to one lady at a given time. The laws overseeing divorce are likewise forming the relationships of African settlers. Tallied accused the higher commonness of separation among these foreigners in light of the fact that, in the Western nations where they settle, the laws on separate are generally careless.

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Effect of Migration on Marital Quality and Stability of Ghanaian Christian Couples in America

Financial Reliance: Effect of Migration on Marital Quality and Stability of Ghanaian Christian Couples in America

Financial reliance is another factor that seems to impact marriage and separation among African foreigners in the West. For some settlers from Africa, the quest for better financial possibilities is among the fundamental drivers of movement. Basically, the outsiders look for a getaway from the destitution and monetary difficulties that are endemic across the African landmass. Examination by researchers like Hogendoorn et al. has affirmed a relationship between monetary weakness and separation.

Basically, moderately helpless people are more defenseless and bound to encounter issues that set up for separate. A few different analysts have likewise settled that neediness is a critical danger factor for separate and Marital issues. Since they are destitute and monetarily reliant on the West, African foreigners are almost powerless as their relationships lay on the nations’ monetary strength and liberality that have them.

Another way that African migrants’ financial reliance on the West has on marriage is that the dependence forces strains and weights on settlers’ families. For instance, each year, African workers dispatch tremendous entireties back to their nations of origin. While these settlements help to construct African economies, it is sensible to assume that they leave the workers monetarily depleted.

It is for sure conceivable that as they send cash home, the settlers are left with scarcely enough for their food. The monetary troubles that they face could trigger marital issues that finish in separate. Research demonstrates that monetary difficulties are among the indicators of separation. Accordingly, their families and networks’ financial reliance on African settlers causes pressure and can contribute to divorce cases.

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However, different analysts have inspected marriage and separation rates among African workers living in the West, some evident holes underscore the significance of the task. For instance, while some research has investigated outsiders’ encounters from Africa, Ghanaians have not gotten a lot of consideration. Existing research is fairly broad and doesn’t offer explicit bits of knowledge into the encounters of Ghanaian foreigners. Auxiliary, scientists will in general zero in on effect of movement on separate without the fundamental treatment of components of conjugal quality or avoidance of separation.

Consequently, zeroing in on marriage quality this research fits a hole on avoidance. Thirdly, there isn’t surviving writing or research that arranges the issue inside Christian experience. Generally, the current writing examines the causes and effects of migration status on African foreigners’ relationships. By creating explicit mediations that the settlers can embrace, the current undertaking will expand the research scope.

Effect of Migration on Marital Quality and Stability of Ghanaian Christian Couples in America

References:
Anarfi, J. K. (1993). Sexuality, migration and AIDS in Ghana-A socio-behavioural study. Health Transition Review, 45-67.

Chattopadhyay, A., White, M. J., & Debpuur, C. (2006). Migrant fertility in Ghana: Selection versus adaptation and disruption as causal mechanisms. Population studies, 60(2), 189-203.

Falen, D. J. (2008). Polygyny and Christian marriage in Africa: The case of Benin. African studies review, 51-74.

Charsley, K., Storer‐Church, B., Benson, M., & Van Hear, N. (2012). Marriage‐related migration to the UK. International Migration Review, 46(4), 861-890.

Familusi, OlumuyiwaOlusesan. “Till Circumstances do us Part: A Socio-Ethical Analysis of Divorce among Christians in Nigeria.”Global Journal of Human-Social Science: A Arts & Humanities-Psychology 19.5 (2019), 23-32.

Fenske, James. “African polygamy: past and present.”Journal of Development Economics 117 (2015), 58-73.

Fielder, Klaus. “For the sake of Christian marriage, abolish church weddings.”ERT, 41.4 (2017), 355-68.

Flahaux, Marie-Laurence and de Haas, Hein. “African migration: trends, patterns, drivers.”Comparative Migration Studies 4.1(2016), 1-25.

Garland, David E. Reading Matthew: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the First Gospel. Macon, GA: Smyth &Helwys Publishing, 2001.

“Ghana.”Migration Policy Institute. 2020.

Gonzalez-Garcia, Jesus, Hitaj, Ermal, Mlachila, Montfort, Viseth, Arina and Yenice, Mustafa. Sub-Saharan African migration. Patterns and spillover”, International Monetary Fund; 2016,

Effect of Migration on Marital Quality and Stability of Ghanaian Christian Couples in America

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Effect of Migration on Marital Quality

National Appliance Inc case study 2021

National Appliance Inc
National Appliance Inc

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National Appliance Inc CASE STUDY

National Appliance Inc case study Bob Reard, Director of corporate transportation for National Appliance, Inc., has just hung up the phone after a lengthy discussion with Susan Jameson, vice president of logistics.

National Appliance Inc has just acquired an appliance distributor located in Paris, and the logistics department has two months to develop an operating process to support this European distributor with National Appliance Inc products.  The shipments to Paris will begin in approximately five months, and Mr. Reard is to prepare a transportation operating plan for these shipments.  

National Appliance Inc is a medium-size U.S. manufacturer of refrigerators and electric ranges.  During the past fifteen years, National Appliance Inc has increased its share of the refrigerator and electric range market from less than 2 percent to 20 percent.  

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Part of the reason for this tremendous growth is that National Appliance Inc offers high-quality products at low prices.  In addition, National Appliance Inc has vertically integrated both its supply and marketing channels.  National believes that quality products result from actually owning and managing key component vendors and that quality marketing and sales efforts result from directly managing distributors and retail appliance outlets.  

It surprised Mr. Reard to learn that National Appliance Inc had purchased control of a European alliance distributor.  There had been many rumors about expansion into the European market, but Mr. Reard had felt that National Appliance Inc would merely develop a contractual relationship with a distributor in Europe, not purchase a distributor. 

Purchasing the Paris distributor is the first major international business venture for National Appliance Inc in its thirty-five-year history.  During the late 1990’s the company had unsuccessfully attempted to market refrigerators in both Canada and Mexico.  Mr. Reard had personally managed the truck shipments to both countries. 

 Consequently Mr. Reard and his staff have very limited international experience.  They do, however, possess considerable expertise in domestic transportation, having successfully controlled both transportation costs and services during the company’s rapid growth in the past fifteen years.

Given the emphasis on quality products and service, top management has mandated consistent, low lead times.  National Appliance Inc delivers domestic distributor orders in less than five days from the order date; the company allows no exceptions to this service policy.  

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Truck transportation, including a private fleet, is the primary mode the company uses for both inbound and outbound shipments.  Spare parts are normally shipped by ground express, but the company uses air express when the distributor or dealer needs a special part immediately.  Ms. Jameson has established a logistics quality control program that measures carrier performance and has used Mr. Reard’s managerial skills to assure acceptable performance from National Appliance Inc carriers.

Having had little experience in international transportation, Mr. Reard feels a bit out of his element in developing an international transporation plan.  Ms. Jameson has assured him that transportation is transportation and that the only difference between international and domestic transportation is distance.  

Distance is going to be a major factor, since National Appliance Inc has plants located in Memphis, Minneapolis, and Omaha.  This long distance from the European market will contribute to two basic problems; high transport costs and long lead times.  Moving the products from the plants to the Atlantic or Gulf ports will require some form of ground transporation.  Ocean carrier shipment will be long, and Mr. Reard will have to arrange to move the product from the French entry port to Paris.  Mr. Reard is sure that he can hire an international transportation manager, but he will have to pay a high salary.

            With the logistics planning meeting set for the next morning at 8:00 a.m., Mr. Reard prepares the following transporation plan for Ms. Jameson:

  1. Finished product from all three plants will be shipped by truck to NY/New Jersey ports.
  2. Water transportation will be used from New York/NJ to LeHavre, France.
  3. Trucks will transport the products from LeHavre to the Paris distributor.
  4. From Paris, the distributor will arrange transportation to the ultimate customer.
  5. An international transportation manager will be hired.

Mr. Reard estimates that the total transit time required for this move will be approximately four weeks.

National Appliance Inc, Case study Questions:

For this case, you must do the following:

a)  Type up the answer to the question below, using supporting materials from text, class, news, research citations, etc. 

  1. Develop an alternative international plan to present to Ms.  Jameson, and provide justification sufficient to support its adoption. (include the strengths and weaknesses of your plan)

b)  You must include one visual diagram, and include one justification for your strategy (strength or weakness).  (For example, if driver issues might be a problem with your solution, you can tell why this isn’t a problem, based on the corporate strategy)

c) Include an overall conclusion of the case analysis.

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MODEL ANSWER

National Appliances Inc Case study

The current international plan made by Mr. Reard has some strengths and weaknesses but needs much improvement. Mr. Reard plans on transporting all finished products from three different locations to one main port through trucks. He also plans on using water transportation to deliver the products to the France harbor where they will be then transported to Paris through trucks. Due to his lack of experience in international transportation, Mr. Reard plans on hiring an international transport manager which will be quite hefty.

The main problems are a long lead time and high transportation cost from the USA to France. An alternative plan can be formulated in order to eliminate the weaknesses in Mr. Reards’ plan as well as eliminating the problems that are predicted. A new and better plan will be formulated in order to minimize on the scale of the current problems.

There will be a need for a central hub, where all products from Memphis, Minneapolis, and Omaha will be stored awaiting shipping and distribution. This will inevitably reduce transportation cost from all three locations to the harbor. A central hub will offer a service window defined by delivery frequency and response time to order (Rodrigue 2006). 

According to (Carnarius 2018), longer journeys through rail can be cost effective as compared to road. This is because it is having reliable transit times and schedules and also fast and cost-effective. Moreover, one train can carry goods equivalent to 400 trucks hence more products can be transported to the port at once (Carnarius 2018).

Considering the amount of products to be transported, other modes of transport, like air, are considered economically unviable. Transporting cargo through the ocean is cost effective but at the same time disadvantageous due to long lead times (Carnarius 2018). Even though the four weeks of the time the water transportation is longer than the usual domestic time, it will reduce the cost for the company significantly.

Mr. Reard and his staff have helped in increasing the sales of National appliances from two percent to twenty percent in the last fifteen years. They possess considerable expertise in domestic transportation, having successfully controlled both transportation costs and services during the company’s rapid growth in the past fifteen years. Considering his experience, Mr. reard is capable of overseeing the whole project and will assure an acceptable performance from National appliances. Moreover, hiring a long-term employee will be expensive for the company. An alternative would be to consult an expert initially for setting up international operations. They will help the company overcome challenges and also increase revenue (Business News Daily 2021).

Using the new formulated plan will not only be cost effective but also reduce the long lead time. The company will have a smooth entrance into the global market and will inevitably see a high profit. A visualization of the new plan is presented in figure 1. The plan that would otherwise be presented to Ms. Jameson will be as follows:

  1. A central hub will be created between the three locations where all products will be transported from for New York/ new jersey in order to reduce transportation cost.
  2. In order to minimize on transportation cost, the products will be taken to the New York/new jersey ports through rail transportation.
  3. From the USA ports, the products will be transported through water to the LeHarve harbor in France.
  4. An international transport manager will not be hired, instead Mr. Reard will be overseeing the whole project.

References

Business news daily (2021). What is a business consultant. Retrieved from https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/4610-business-consultant.html

Carnarius J. (2018). Modes of Transportation explained: Which type of cargo and freight transportation is the best?Retrieved from https://forto.com/en/blog/modes-transportation-explained-best/

Rodrigue J. P. (2006). The geography of transport systems: logistics and freight distribution. Retrieved from https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter7/logistics-freight-distribution/

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National Appliance Inc Case Study