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The Multiplier
Read this short article from the December 10, 2020 edition of The Economist: How much economic stimulus does America actually need? In the second-to-last paragraph, the author points out that the fiscal multiplier during the pandemic was only about 0.6. You may have noticed that a value of 0.6 is much smaller than any multiplier you have computed in this class.
Define the term multiplier and explain, in detail, how it is computed.
Provide an example where you take the reader through a few ‘rounds’ of additional spending generating additional income, and that income causing more consumption spending, etcetera.
Then explain why the multiplier will be smaller if people saved rather than spent their stimulus checks.
In your answer, be sure to define any economic terminology you employ.
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Vignette Analysis II
Your response to each vignette should be 1-2 pages per vignette for a total of 5-6 pages for the entire assignment plus a title and reference page.
Do not copy and paste the vignettes into your written response
Vignette Four
Albert and Paula are an African-American couple seeking counseling. Albert and Paula have been living together for several years. Albert wants to either resolve certain problems or break up the relationship. Paula is very anxious about being deserted, and she agrees to come for counseling as a couple. Paula feels unappreciated, and she does not feel that Albert cares for her in “the way I would like.” She initially tells you the following: “I try so hard to do what I think Albert expects.
It’s really important that I please him, because I’m afraid that if I don’t, he’ll get fed up and simply leave. And if he left, I imagine all sorts of terrible things happening. First of all, I feel the constant threat of being left. I need someone to rely on – someone who will listen to me, who I know cares for me and accepts me the way I am, who wants to be with me, and who will approve of what I do.
I feel I must have this in the person I live with. If I don’t, this just proves that the other person doesn’t love me. I need to be loved. My parents didn’t love me, they never gave me the approval I needed to have, and I think that this alone is more than enough for me to bear.”
Albert responds with the following: “Frankly, I’m so tired of always feeling that I must prove myself and my constant love for Paula. No matter what I do or say, I typically end up feeling that I’m not enough and that regardless of what I do, it just won’t measure up. I’m tired of hearing that I don’t care. I’m sick of being made to feel that I’m insensitive.
I hate being made to feel inadequate, and I don’t want to constantly feel that I have to weigh everything I say for fear that I’ll offend Paula and make her upset. I just can’t stand having people be upset at me – it makes me feel lousy and guilty – as if I should somehow be more than I am, that I ought to be better than I am. If I can’t get over being made to feel inadequate around Paula, I want out!”
Assume that Albert and Paula comes to you for personal therapy and that all you know about them is what they told you above. Answer the following questions on how you might proceed with this couple within a Cognitive-Behavioral frame of reference:
1. From the perspective of rational emotive behavior therapy, some of the following could be identified as Paula’s irrational beliefs. Show how you would demonstrate to her that they are self-defeating attitudes that are the direct cause of her misery:
• I must please Albert, and if I don’t he’ll leave, and the consequences will be horrible!
• I must have someone to rely on, or else I can’t make it on my own!
• I must have someone to show me caring, love, and approval, and if I don’t get this, life is hardly worth living!
• If I don’t get what I want from life, then life is damn unfair!
2. Again as an REBT therapist, how might you work with Albert’s irrational beliefs? How would you teach him to dispute them? How would you show him that these beliefs are at the root of his problems?
• I must prove myself, I must be able to meet another’s expectations of me – and if I don’t, I’ll feel inadequate, guilty, rotten, and deficient as a person!
• If I don’t meet Paula’s needs, I’m made to feel inadequate.
Vignette Five
Fourteen-year-old Candy, her father, and her mother are sitting with you in your office for an initial counseling session. Her father begins: “I’m just at the end of my rope with my daughter! I’m sick and tired of what I see her doing to disrupt our family life. I’m constantly wondering what she’ll pull next in her long line of antics. She’s gone to the Colorado River with some guys who are older than she is, in outright defiance of my order not to go. She’s done any number of things she knows I disapprove of, and the result is that she’s suspended from school for three weeks or until she gets some counseling.
This was the last straw. Candy knows what my values are, and she knows that what she’s doing is wrong. I just don’t know how to convince her that if she doesn’t change, she’ll come to a bad end.” Candy’s mother is rather quiet and does not list complaints against Candy. She generally agrees that Candy does seem defiant and says she does not know how to handle her.
She says she becomes very upset at seeing her husband get angry and worried over the situation, and she hopes that counseling will help Candy see some of what they see. Candy appears very withdrawn, sullen, and not too eager to open up in this situation with her parents. She is in your office mainly because she was brought in by her parents.
Assume that Candy and her family comes to you for counseling and that all you know about them is what they told you above. Answer the following questions on how you might proceed with Candy and family within an Choice Theory/Reality Therapy frame of reference:
1. Assume that in an individual session with Candy she does open up with you, and you find out that her father’s presentation of the problems is correct. In fact, matters are worse than he imagined. Candy tells you that she has recently tried marijuana and is considering having sex with her 18 year-old boyfriend. Using the Choice/Reality Therapy framework, how might you proceed in working with her? What might you want to say to her? . What would you be inclined to tell the parents? What would you not tell the parents?
2. Your central task as a reality therapist is to guide Candy toward making an honest assessment of her current behavior and to help her evaluate the results of her behavior. Show how you will attempt to do this. How will you respond if she resists looking at her own behavior, insisting that her problems stem from her demanding and moralistic father, who is driving her to rebellion?
Vignette Six
The Kline family consists of Gail and George, both in their early 40’s, their two daughters, Jessie, 10, Jaimi, 12 and their son Gary, age 16. Gary is on probation for using and selling drugs on campus. The court ordered him to undergo therapy. It was suggested that the entire family be involved in family therapy.
According to George, the one who is responsible for the family’s problems is his wife, who, he says, is an alcoholic. George, a businessman who does a great deal of traveling, is convinced that he is doing all he can to hold the family together. He comments that he is a good provider and that he does not understand why Gail insists on drinking. He feels that Gary has gotten everything that he ever wanted, and he maintains that the young people of today are “just spoiled rotten.”
The father says that his eldest daughter, Jaimi, is the best one of the bunch, and he has no complaints about her. He sees her as being more responsible than his wife. He views his younger daughter, Jessie, as pampered and spoiled by her mother, and he has little hope for her.
George is willing to give family counseling a try and says he hopes that the therapist can straighten them all out. Jaimi doesn’t want to come, because she is not the problem. Gary is very reluctant to appear, even for one session, because he feels sure that the others in the family will see him as the source of their problems. To satisfy the conditions of his probation, Gary would rather see a therapist privately, regardless of what the court wants.
Assume that this family comes to you for counseling and that all you know about them is what they told you above. Answer the following questions on how you might proceed with this family within an Family Systems Therapy frame of reference:
1. If you believed in the value of seeing the family as a unit, how might you go about getting the entire family to come in? Assume that all agreed to attend one session. What would be your focus, and what would you most want to achieve in this family session?
2. What are the key dynamics of the family as a system? How you would work with this family, discussing any problems that you might expect to encounter?
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Vignette analysis II
Introduction
The diversity that characterizes humans ensures that the behavioral mannerisms bear distinctions from one another. In an effort to bridge this gap and enhance understanding of one another for peaceful coexistence, the field of psychology has devised means of helping people recognize their differences and understand them for more trusting relationships to be built and encourage dialogue.
Vignette four
Albert and Paula have, in their relationship not fully understood the emotional needs of one another and in her quest to always have somebody by her side, Paula has instead smothered Albert. Paula’s need to always get approval for everything she does and her attention craving antiques can be traced back from her development from earlier ages. Her neglect as a child has left her always in need of being recognised, her actions approved of and having someone constantly by her side.
She is also afraid of being alone and is always quick to blame herself for other people’s decisions. Albert on his end feels smothered by the constant needs of Paula that he has his mind set on leaving should the situation not change. In this case, the couple needs to apply the rational emotive behavior therapy to help work through their issues.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy.
The central focus of the therapy will be the address of unhealthy emotions on Paula’s side and the understanding of the power of interpretation of events and emotions for both of them (Bennett and Pearson, 2015). In this case Paula has to understand that despite the human need to feel loved, the over expectation of the same could lead to people leaving as they are likely to feel smothered by the same. She needs to accept herself first as she is and not gauge her personal worth by the decision of someone to stay with her.
She also need to understand that the choice to leave is usually a personal one and that in her effort to ensure that Albert stays, she has made it an emotional journey for him. She needs to develop healthy and rational thoughts on her personal worth based on what she is as a person and not on what she thinks or believes other people think of her.
In the development of these emotive behaviors, she is more likely to let go of her beliefs or her interpretation of her childhood experiences with her parents to fully understand that her personal worth should not be based on her ability to please others or be pleased by others but by her ability to recognize her true worth on a personal level.
She needs to put her be flexible in her thoughts and actions as well as be accepting of uncertainties as life is full of unpredictability and unsatisfied moments. She also needs to develop high tolerance when faced with frustrating situations in addition to accepting herself as an individual instead of basing herself worth on her ability to make people stay.
Albert on the other hand is tired of the feelings that he undergoes every time in the hands of Paula of being made to feel inadequate. He is fed up with her insatiable behavioral mannerisms that put pressure on him to always step up when he thinks he has done his best. He however wants the relationship to work or move out. In his admission of desire to remain in the relationship, it is advisable for him to be more flexible in his thought and acts towards Paula. He also needs to change his beliefs about his position in the relationship as he holds a vital place in Paula’s heart.
All in all, the couple needs to learn to be more tolerant of one another and to try and appreciate each other more on an individual level then as a couple in order to increase their self-worth (McLaren, Doyle and DiGiuspepe, 2016).
Vignette five.
Candy has a communication problem with her parents as she feels they are being unreasonably strict on her and hence she engages in conduct that upsets her parents in rebellion. Her recent use of marijuana and her plans to engage in sexual relations with her older boyfriend are all signs of her acting out against what she believes are right in her actions against what she terms as her parents’ unfair restrictions……
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Counseling and Psychotherapy
Order Instructions:
Find articles from professional journal dated within the past 5 years. A minimum of eight (8) research articles are required to complete this assignment.
For the final research paper you will be comparing and contrasting 2 schools of counseling and psychotherapy: Psychoanalytic and Humanistic/Existential
Your research paper must include:
compare and contrast both theories
discuss evidence-based research on applicability of each theory and treatment
present research on the pros and cons of each theory to specific populations
integrate research on culture and diversity in regard to the applicability of each theory
create an original case example that ties in your research (this should only be ½ to 1 page)
Your final paper should be 8-10 pages plus a title and reference page
Counseling and Psychotherapy
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Counseling and Psychotherapy
Research paper
Introduction
The emergence of various methods of treatment in the practice of psychology is as a result of the different schools of thoughts that were developed to cater for the patient’s specific needs. These methods are applied by the therapists depending on their preference and the problem that is sought to be solved. It is also guided by the cultural and personal attributes of the client in accordance with the estimation of the therapist. Some of the main schools of thought include the humanistic/existential model of therapy and psychoanalysis method.
Humanistic school of thought
This school of thought does not have specific beliefs as the other school of thoughts as it focuses on the exploration of the human holistically. It focuses on the development of the client by the exploration and reflection on the meaning of life as per the client’s view, the choices available to the client and the decision that follows. It seeks to decipher the meaning of life and proceed on the view that life is all about the choices people make. Despite the fact that external forces such as culture and the past happenings playing a big role in how people turn out, the life one lives is fully determined by the choice people make (Watson and Bohart, 2015).
The human capacity is the principle focus in this school of thought. This mode of treatment is mostly used in the treatment of personality disorders such as schizophrenia, family and other relationship issues in addition to addiction problems. This is because of the focus it places on the self actualization of the client and hence seeks to resolve personal issues. In the treatment of the same, it helps the client to dig deep into themselves to rediscover who they are and focus on who they intend to be and hence help in the resolution of these personal issues.
The proponents of thus school of thought argue that despite the huge role the external factors in our lives play in shaping one’s personality and behavioral traits, the same is fully determined by the choices and decisions one makes. It focuses on the self actualization that everyone is capable of achieving and the power to make decisions as to what constitutes good and evil.
This type of psychology places its focus on the individual and overlooks the cultural and other environmental factors that would affect behavioral characteristics. Since it is only by the full understanding of oneself can true happiness be achieved and peaceful coexistence attained. It therefore neglects to consider the factors such as culture and other external surroundings that have a major influence on the personal traits and behavioral tendencies that one exhibits.
Psychoanalysis school of thought.
In this method of practice, the importance of knowing and understanding the unconscious mind and interpreting it for a better understanding of who one really is. This is because of the role it plays in the determination of behavioral characteristics (Elliot, 2015). This school of thought focuses more on the external forces that push one to behave in certain way and propagates that idea that the past, especially one’s childhood, and instinctual drives that lead to certain behaviors.
The focus on childhood experiences during therapy and the responses that people put up as defenses when reacting to certain circumstances are the principle focus in this method of treatment. This mode of treatment is used to address issues such as depression and anxiety. This is because it seeks to address mental issues that may have arisen as one grows up. The purpose is to help the client to face the past in an effort to overcome the negative impacts of the past occurrences and face the present and future as the client desires.
It does not consider the experiences such as cultural considerations in the shaping of one’s behavior and neither does it give due regard to other environmental factors of the same. Its major proponent is Sigmund Freud who placed his focus on sexual behaviors and insists on the maturity of one’s personality at the age of about six years. These sentiments were however disputed by other theorists who subscribed to this school of thought.
Humanistic and psychoanalysis schools of thought.
In both schools of thought, the importance of the individual and his power to make changes is emphasized. This is because of the recognition of the fact that one is responsible for their own happiness and that the result is contagious. The focus on the mental effects of behavioral characteristics is important as the manifestation of the behavior is just a spill-over effect of the mental feelings (Shahar and Mayes, 2017). The outbursts as well as other observable behavioral characteristics are all considered to be as a result of a certain thinking analogy that leads to the client’s actions and beliefs and hence by making right their mental faculties, the results will offer explanations as to the way the clients act.
The focus on the childhood of the client is equally important as it is a major contributor of the unconscious thoughts and feelings people have. In the understanding of both the past of the patient, the therapist is able to guide the patient to the understanding of their unconscious self and hence find a way of dealing with it. In so doing the therapist will have applied both concepts of the humanistic school of thought and the psychoanalytic school of thought in the furtherance of the understanding of the client’s mind and hence the rightful solutions…….
Counseling and Psychotherapy
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Essay should be on the 5 W’s (who, what, where, when, why) and how.
1 page. Essay should satisfy requirements for a Reading class. Double Spaced.
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Foreigners in their own land
Introduction
The concept of home is analogous with the place their ancestors lived. This denotes the land that they have lived upon for generations and hence their land. Many indigenous communities have lost their right to their ancestral land due to the rapid urbanization and also due to the lack of recognizable titles as proof of ownership. One such case is the Hispanic and Indian population that inhabited parts of the United States, the south western side consisting of California, the Dakotas and much of the arid and semi arid regions of the south west.
The indigenous Indian population of the South West
This begun in the 1530’s when one Avarez Cabeza chanced on the now Texan coastline due t a ship wreck. He went ahead to convince the Spaniards of the large Indian towns while at the same time selling himself as a healer to the Indians (White, 5). This was all aimed at conquering the Indians and subsequently acquiring the Indian land in order to form the Nuevo Mexico. As fate would have it the Spanish population and the Indian population would be involved in various conflicts to show their might which ended up with deaths on both sides and the burning of villages such at the burning of the Pueblo in 1541……
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Transport Techniques and Management
Order Instructions:
Discuss the main challenges for container shipping companies today. Potential area to discuss includes competition from other modes, competition between shipping lines, capacity, investment, port access etc.
Discuss each challenge in turn and provide actual examples of how shipping companies are overcoming some of these challenges.
Please use some real life example to support the judgement. Reference have to use any company literature, newspaper articles and academic journal…etc can be used.
Transport techniques and management
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Transport techniques and management
Introduction
International business is a sector that has seen tremendous growth within the last few years. This is because of the effect globalization has had in addition to the increased trade between regions. As such the increased use of the shipping industry to move commodities has intensified. The importance of the shipping industry can therefore not be overlooked as it plays a critical role in the facilitation of international trade and the global economic growth (Lun et al, 2013).
Despite the critical role the shipping companies play in the maintenance of international trade and the subsequent movement of goods from one jurisdiction to another, there are various challenges that these companies face that have impeded their ability to carry out their mandate efficiently.
Some of the challenges include the lack of uniform legal platform to conduct the shipping business, the presence of various regulations as well as the international rules that hinder the smooth running of the shipping sector, the unsecure environment the companies are forced to operate in, competition from the other modes of transportation and other shipping industries, capacity building in the shipping sector, the lack of investment in this industry due to its vulnerability and the access to the various major and minor ports across the globe in addition to other challenges.
These challenges have impeded the growth of the shipping industry globally hence reduced the capacity to efficiently transport both goods and people across jurisdictions, this is despite being in operation for approximately 60 years (Meersman, Van de Voorde and Vanelslander, 2014).
Legal challenges
The specification of the terms of the agreement between the players in the shipping industry is normally spelt out in the shipping contracts. In this case then, the legal frameworks are usually spelt out. Specifically in terms of the legal provisions that would be used in case of disputes. Despite this reprieve, the difference in the legal obligations with regards to transportation varies per jurisdiction and hence brings confusion in the performance of the contract (Tan and Thai, 2014).
The discord that the legal regimes bring to the shipping sector is made worse by the provisions of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Model Law (1985), which despite being enacted to bridge the gap that was created by the domestic law, is not binding to the parties in addition to the call to the parties in that particular contract to adopt the local laws in the resolution of the dispute in article 1. The said law is additionally applicable only in arbitrations. As the main international legal provision for international trade, the lack of binding authority in the application of the same means and the permit and calls to incorporate the domestic laws bring confusion.
The application of the different laws in the shipping industry has caused the lack of stability (Rodemann, Hendrik and Templar, 2014). These legal challenges pose great inhibitions in the growth of the industry as they affect the shipping routes in addition to creating a discord in the relationship between the parties to the shipping contract as to the applicable legal principles (Huang, Lasserre and Alexeeva, 2015).
The use of the Uniform Customs and Practice 600 to try and regulate the financial institutions with regard to international trade is a welcome move. This although only solves part of the problem as commerce forms part of the contract. The resolution of issues such as the period and the place of delivery are still governed by the domestic laws.
It is therefore advisable that in the formation of shipping contracts, all the legal issues be addressed fully, from the mode of payment, place and time of delivery, the duration of the shipping and the laws that will be applicable in case of a dispute this is in addition to the place of resolution of the dispute. This is to reduce the uncertainty as well as the time that may have been used to traverse the various conflicts of laws issues to make the same determination (Johansson and Donner, 2014).
In covering the legal aspects in the shipping contract the legal issues that would have otherwise caused the severance of relations between the parties to the contract would have been saved. In this case, the parties will have their way in making the decision as to the legal regime that would govern their shipping agreement…..
Transport Techniques and Management
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Learning how to multiply can be an extremely difficult aspect of mathematics education. As described in the text (Sousa, 2015), the shift students encounter as they move from counting strategies to the rote learning of arithmetic facts can cause a major upheaval in their thought process.
Keeping this shift in mind, complete the following:
• Based on the information in the text (Sousa, 2015), analyze the multifaceted issue of how American students struggle with multiplication tables and why educators should pay particular attention to student experiences and thought processes while learning them.
• If you teach, or plan to teach, at the elementary level, how do you believe that multiplication tables should be taught? Is it necessary to memorize them? Why or why not?
• If you teach, or plan to teach, at the high school or college level, how do student experiences with multiplication table learning impact students at this level?
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Learning to Calculate
Based on the information in the text (Sousa,2015). Analyze the multifaceted issue of how American students struggle with multiplication tables and why educators should pay particular attention to student experiences and thought processes while learning them?
The use language in teaching mathematics makes the learning of multiplication difficulties. The addition and subtraction calculations the students are able to associate numbers which makes it easy for them to solve questions. Additionally, there is a consistent pattern that makes the students able to carry backward and forward calculations. Contrariwise multiplications are difficult because the brain is unable to find a sequence that they can relate to. The dissociative aspects of multiplication make learning of the mathematical tables hard (Sousa, 2015). Students have different learning styles that forms a foundation in their arithmetic learning. Paying attention to the learning styles makes them progress to multiplication from addition and subtraction with ease.
If you teach or plan to teach at the elementary level, how do you believe multiplication tables should be taught? If necessary to memorize them? Why or why not?
I believe at the elementary level; the teacher should focus on counting skills of the students. The counting skills are essential in solidifying the learners’ confidence in mathematics. They then can progress to multiplication tables using mathematical charts. In addition, they can start with small figures before progressing to complex ones (Sousa, 2015)…..
Learning to Calculate
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Quality Management
Session Long Project
Using the fictitious company from the previous SLPs, continue to develop the company profile and operating information. This is a very open-ended SLP, and it will give you an opportunity to expand your knowledge and use creativity in providing the solution to the challenges.
Identify how your company uses quality management.
Categorize the quality problems in your company, and identify different areas for quality measurement and management.
What types of quality tools and techniques are the best to be employed, process control, quality tools, employee involvement?
Consider quality management programs such as TQM, Six Sigma, ISO9000, etc.
How might these be employed, and which of these do you think are best for your company?
• First discuss a recap of your company and provide any additional information about it that will be necessary and/or an interesting background to a discussion of quality and quality management.
• Identify at least three areas of types of quality focus (e.g., product quality, etc.). Discuss these areas and explain why quality is important.
• What are some quality tools and techniques that can be used to chart, diagnose, and improve quality in these three areas?
• Discuss the types of quality programs and recommend what you think is the best program or programs for your company to use and explain why.
Quality Management (TQM) is the organization-wide management of quality that includes facilities, equipment, labor, suppliers, customers, policies, and procedures. TQM promotes the view that quality improvement never ends, quality provides a strategic advantage to the organization, and zero defects is the quality goal that will minimize total quality costs. While this special topic on TQM is not a comprehensive discussion of all aspects of TQM, several key concepts will be discussed.An important basis for justifying TQM practice is understanding its impact on total quality costs.
TQM is rooted in the belief that preventing defects is cheaper than dealing with the costs of quality failures. In other words, total quality costs are minimized when managers strive to reach zero defects in the organization. The four major types of quality costs are prevention, appraisal, internal failure, and external failure.
Prevention costs are the costs created from the effort to reduce poor quality. Examples are designing the products so that they will be durable, training employees so they do a good job, certifying suppliers to ensure that suppliers provide quality in products and services, conducting preventive maintenance on equipment, and documenting quality procedures and improvements.
In a traditional organization that does not practice TQM, prevention costs typically comprise the smallest percentage of total quality costs.A good example of good product design occurs in all Honda products. Honda produces a wide variety of items, including automobiles, ATVs, engines, generators, motorcycles, outboard motors, snow blowers, lawn and garden equipment, etc. To say the least, Honda engines last a long time. For example, Honda Accords typically run for well over 200,000 miles.
Employee training is also a very important prevention cost. For instance, employees in a vegetable/fruit packaging warehouse need to know what a bad vegetable/fruit looks like, since customers will not want to find spoiled produce in the store. Lifeguards at a swimming pool must know proper procedures for keeping swimmers safe. In many circumstances in both manufacturing and service businesses, the training of employees can make an enormous difference in preventing defects.
Supplier selection and certification are critical prevention activities. A product or service is only as good as the suppliers who partner with an organization to provide the raw materials, parts and components, and supporting services that make up the final products and services that the end customers receive. For example, a home furnishings store might use an outside subcontractor to install carpeting, but if the subcontractor fails to show up on time, tracks mud into the customer’s home, or behaves in a rude manner, the store’s reputation will suffer. Similarly, a car manufacturer who purchases defective tires from a supplier risks incurring high costs of recalls and lawsuits when the defects are discovered.
Preventive maintenance is necessary for preventing equipment breakdowns. Many manufacturing companies use sophisticated software to track machine usage, and determine optimal schedules for regular machine maintenance, overhauls, and replacement.
Documenting quality is a necessary prevention cost because it helps the organization track quality performance, identify quality problems, collect data, and specify procedures that contribute to the pursuit of zero defects. Documentation is important to communicating good quality practice to all employees and suppliers.
Appraisal costs are a second major type of quality cost. Appraisal costs include the inspection and testing of raw materials, work-in-process, and finished goods. In addition, quality audits, sampling, and statistical process control also fall under the umbrella of appraisal costs.Inspection and testing of raw materials is very important, since substandard raw materials lead to substandard products. Raw materials used for a bridge determine the strength of the bridge. For example, soft steel will erode away faster than hardened steel. Moreover, the concrete bridge decking needs to be solid, as concrete with air pockets will erode and crumble faster, creating an unsafe bridge.
Finished goods and work-in-process inventory also need inspecting and testing. For example, worker error is quite common in the home construction industry, and this is why inspections occur frequently on newly constructed homes during and after the construction process is complete. Building inspectors ensure that the house has the proper framing, electrical, plumbing, heating, and so forth.
Quality audits and sampling are also important appraisal costs. Quality audits are checks of quality procedures to ensure that employees and suppliers are following proper quality practices. With sampling, a company can ensure with confidence that a batch of products is fit for use. For example, a wooden baseball bat manufacturer may test 10 out of every 100 bats to check that they meet strength standards. One weak bat can signal that quality problems are present.
Statistical process control (SPC) is the final type of appraisal cost. SPC tracks on-going processes in manufacturing or service environments to make sure that they are producing the desired performance. For example, a restaurant might statistically track customer survey results to make sure that customer satisfaction is maintained over time. In manufacturing windshields for automobiles, SPC might be used to track the number of microscopic air bubbles in the glass to make sure the process is performing to standard.
Internal failure costs are the third category of quality costs. This cost occurs when quality defects are discovered before they reach the customer. Examples of internal failure costs include scrapping a product, reworking the product, and lost productivity due to machine breakdowns or labor errors. Internal failure costs are typically more expensive than both prevention and appraisal costs because a great deal of material and labor often has been invested prior to the discovery of the defect. If a book publisher prints 10,000 books, then discovers that one of the chapters is missing from every copy, the cost of reworking or scrapping the books represents a major loss to the company. It would have been much cheaper to have procedures in place to prevent such a mistake from happening in the first place.
In the case of internal failure cost due to machine failures, FedEx and other courier services cannot keep up with demand when a conveyor belt breaks down in the package distribution center. Major delays and costs occur when such incidents occur. Other examples include a road construction company having a road grader break down, a tool and die shop having a CNC machine break down, and a farmer having a combine break down during harvest time.
External failure costs are the fourth major cost of quality. External failure costs occurs when the defect is discovered after it has reached the customer. This is the most expensive category of quality costs. Examples include product returns, repairs, warranty claims, lost reputation, and lost business. One spectacular example of external failure cost was when the Hubbell telescope was launched into space with mirrors that were ground improperly. When the telescope was turned on, instead of a magnificent view of stars, planets, and galaxies, the scientists could see only blurred images. The price of correcting the problem was over USD 1 billion.
External failure costs also occur when the wrong meal is delivered to a restaurant customer, when a computer breaks down shortly after it was purchased, when the wrong kidney is removed from a patient, and when a poorly designed automobile causes the death of drivers and passengers. Because of the enormous costs of internal and external failures, all companies should strive for zero defects. Successful TQM practice dictates that pursuing zero defects will result in the minimization of total quality costs by spending more on prevention and appraisal activities in order to reduce the much higher costs of internal and external failure.
References:
Global Text Project (2017), Operations management: Special topic: Total Quality Management.
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Quality Management
The management of quality in an organization is becoming increasingly important. In order to assess this importance, this project determines an organization whose quality management, control, planning, and analysis will be assessed. This paper looks into the areas of quality focus, various tools and techniques used, and a number of program recommendations for the chosen organization.
Recap of the chosen company
The choice company is Better Medical Hospital, a health care facility with a bed capacity of 200 and approximately 2500 employees. The firm offers a number of services to local, state, and out of state patients. These include diagnosis, treatment, palliative care, medication, and end of life care services. The organization’s key operational processes are diagnosis, medication, documentation, and patient flow processes. The use of various approaches in the field of quality management could help to improve the operational processes within the organization. This would help in the increase of efficiency and productivity for Better Medical Hospital.
Areas and types of quality focus
A focus on quality by a company is important, as it is one of the key cornerstones of a business. The main importance of quality is the loyalty it creates in the fan base of the business (Loureiro & González, 2008). There exists a number of areas and types of quality where an organization should focus. Bearing in mind the chosen firm, some of these are outlined below.
Product quality
A key focus area for any business should be the quality of the products and services offered to the consumer. Several definitions exist for product quality. Given the nature of services provided by Better Medical Hospital, the preferred definition is the user-based approach, where the quality of the product is judged based on its ability to satisfy the varying needs of the various consumers (Garvin, What Does “Product Quality” Really Mean?, 1984).
Customer focus
The second area of quality focus is the focus on the customer. In order to determine the best forms of managerial, operational and production practices, a firm should base such decisions on the experience of their customers. In using this focus area type, the views of the consumers are held in high regard in terms of what the company does. An institution such as Better Medical Hospital should have a customer-centric approach to its operations as this will lead to better performance metrics for management (Garvin, 1987).
Employee engagement
A firm that seeks to deliver on its mission and vision should focus on the quality of personnel at its disposal. Such a company seeks to optimize the skills and interactions of its members of staff. Once the employees of the organization are empowered, they provide the needed services which lead to satisfied customers. In the case of the healthcare facility, the availability of engaged employees makes a big difference in the attitude of the customers. This is because the employees have a direct engagement with the customers that are usually at a personal level….
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Lab Report
Students are required to write a laboratory report, not exceeding 1,500 words in accordance with APA (American Psychological Association, 6th edition) formatting requirements.
The report is based on the experiment conducted in laboratory classes during Week 3 of the semester. The report should include:
A literature review and critique of the relevant literature.
What is Mindfulness?- a paper trying to operationalise Mindfulness
Selective Attention IMPROVES under stress- this paper argues that being stressed can improve attention performance
Selective Attention is IMPAIRED by stress- this paper argues that stress impairs selective attention (although using a different task to us to measure attention BUT a similar method of inducing stress)
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Financial Management Quiz
The exchange rate is 0.967 Swiss francs per U.S. dollar. How many U.S. dollars are needed to purchase 1 Swiss franc?
The exchange rate is 1.1491 Swiss francs per U.S. dollar. How many U.S. dollars are needed to purchase 9,899 Swiss francs?
Suppose one U.S. dollar can purchase 135 yen today. If the yen depreciates by 10% tomorrow, how many yen could one U.S. dollar buy tomorrow?
Suppose the exchange rate between U.S. dollars and Swiss francs is SF 0.9645 = $1.00, and the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the euro is $1.00 = 1.1934 euros. What is the cross-rate of euros to Swiss francs (Euro/SF)?
Suppose the exchange rate between U.S. dollars and Swiss francs is SF 1.1716 = $1.00, and the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the euro is $1.00 = 1.149 euros. What is the cross-rate of Swiss francs to euros (SF/Euro)?
You can exchange $1 for either C$1.209 or ¥114.09. What is the cross rate between the Japanese yen and the Canadian dollar? That is, solve for ¥ per C$.
In New York, you can exchange $1 for €0.8026 or £0.6149. Suppose that, in Berlin, £1 costs €1.1814. How much profit can you earn on $40,116 using triangle arbitrage?
Your friend from Germany has decided to come and visit you in the United States. You estimate the cost of her trip at $6,752. What is the cost to her in euros if the U.S. dollar equivalent of the euro is 1.2031?
You just returned from a trip to Venezuela and have 6,696 bolivares fuertes in your pocket. How many dollars will you receive when you exchange this money if the U.S. dollar equivalent of the bolivares fuertes is 0.1507?
Financial Management Quiz
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