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National Patient safety
Introduction
Patient safety is critical in ensuring the best possible outcomes for healthcare institutions. However, some conditions and treatments pose higher risks for patients due to their nature such as high and lethal dosage of cancer drugs, home oxygen, and suicidal thoughts for veterans and adolescents who might be suffering from psychological conditions. It is important for nurses and other healthcare personnel to assess the risks that are posed in each patient cases, and come up with ways of reducing the risk levels of patient safety, or having them eliminated at once. It is critical to be aware of the risks that different patients are exposed to, and the means through which the safety of patients can be improved. Improving patient safety through reduction of risks
This part of the health safety paper will cover four journals on different risks that different patients might suffer from. The sections will also cover the actions that can be implemented by health professionals to ensure reduction of risks to patients and their loved ones.
Identify risks associated with home oxygen therapy, such as home fires, applies to: Home Care
According to Cooper (2015), 14-51% of cigarette smokers continue with their habit; which endangers those that use oxygen in their homes. The presence of oxygen in the homes contributes to an improvement of the health of those that are ailing. However, it also contributes to an increase in the risk of flammability in the home. Unfortunately, most cigarette smokers in places with home oxygen fail to report the exact danger that their habits might cause the individuals probably feel some guilt because of the increased risks and dangers that they pose to their loved ones and homes.
In 2010, about 4.3% of the United States population as estimated to have experienced home fires based on data from an extrapolation in Maine. Tobacco smoking, cooking, flammable materials, and outdoor fire related activities were blamed as some of the greatest contributors to home fires in the country and globe. Countries such as Finland and Romania had the highest rates of fires while Switzerland and Italy had the lowest level of oxygen related home fires that resulted in deaths in Europe, between 2008 and 2010.
The level of home oxygen fires is greater among elderly patients which could be attributed to the poor physical agility in comparison to that of younger individuals. Healthcare professionals have an ethical duty to ensure that they contribute to the reduction of fires especially for elderly patients and their relatives and neighbors. Most tobacco smokers allege that they have an addiction, and might therefore experience difficulty in trying to quit their habit. The home oxygen containers are fitted with safety fittings or tubing to minimize the flow of oxygen in case of fires especially in elderly home cares where patient mobility is likely to be low.
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Predictive modeling and concentration of the risk of suicide: implications for preventive interventions in veteranspatient safety
According to McCarthy et al (2015), there has been a high rate of suicides among veterans in the country (US). The health system concerned with the well-being of veterans (Veterans Health Administration) initiated a program to ensure a steady reduction or maintenance of a low number of suicides among veterans. The VHA program did not contribute to a dramatic reduction in the number of suicides among the intended population, but resulted in a stable rate of suicide control in comparison to the rate of suicide among other populations.
According to McCarthy et al. (2015), a predictive modeling can be utilized in finding out the at risk individuals among the population, and therefore reduce the number of individuals that commit suicide. Based on the results of the modeling, action steps would be implemented to ensure the reduction of the number of those at risk, and offering of treatment services. Those that portray risks of suicide should be involved in community or clinical based support groups based on the level of indications that they exhibit.
The health department has also proposed the ease of access and counseling for pain management related patients; as a means of reducing the rates of suicides among veterans and general population. According to McCarthy et al (2015), homeless unmarried males were more likely to contemplate and execute suicidal thoughts in comparison to those individuals that had support from their family members.
Assessing the risk for suicide in patients with cancerpatient safety
All chronically ill patients might suffer psychological stress in addition to their physical symptoms. Some cancer patients might feel that suicide would be a means of dying with dignity since their health keeps on deteriorating. Some healthcare professionals such as nurses might share these views, and therefore increase the risk of successful suicides for the patients. Therefore, there is a need for a high level of assessment and knowledge regarding patient safety for cancer related patients; in reducing suicide levels.
According to Aiello-Laws (2010), the cancer patient might be contemplating suicide due to untreated depression or anxiety. The nurses and other healthcare patients that are around the cancer patients should ensure that there are no lethal substances or objects that are left around the patients. The cancer patients might inject themselves with lethal doses of drugs or cut themselves with sharp objects.
For patients that are residing outside hospital confines, the nurses should involve the family or loved ones of the patient in ensuring the reduction of risks to increase safety. Social workers or religious leaders could be involved in the offering of visits to cancer patients that live alone so that they get encouragement and guidance that would encourage them.
A process model for assessing adolescent risk for suicide
The level of suicides among adolescents has increased over the last two decades; at an alarming rate. Most of the adolescents suffer from depressive or bi-polar conditions which contribute to an increase in their suicidal tendencies and thoughts. Adolescents who had attempted to commit suicide in the past were 18 more times likely to attempt suicide a second time. The social conditions around the adolescents such as bullying or subjection to abuse are also likely to contribute to an increased likelihood of abuse among adolescents.
If adolescents are bullied, they are likely to contemplate committing suicide especially if they come from unstable homes. The adolescents would feel unappreciated and likely succumb to peer pressure or the negativity around them. The young individuals are also likely to have higher levels of suicidal thoughts if they are engaged in substance abuse. According to Stoelb & Chiriboga (1998), counseling and involvement in physical activities such as sports offers some of the best ways of ensuing patient safety among adolescents that contemplate suicide.
Conclusion
Patient safety is one of the most critical goals for the healthcare industry Nurses and other healthcare professionals have the duty of ensuring that patients do not suffer any danger or avoidable death as a result of their environment or untreated psychological state. Depressed individuals that contemplate suicide should be kept away from harmful agents and objects that would increase their likelihood of committing suicide.
Patients that smoke or have increased risks that could contribute to fires for home oxygen users should be briefed on possible accidents that could occur. Where necessary, the fire department should be involved in the assessment and briefing of the possible risks of fires for home oxygen users.
Cooper, B. G. (2015). Home Oxygen and Domestic Fires. Lung Function and Sleep. 11 (1): 1-11.
McCarthy, J., Bossarte, R., Katz, R.I., Thompson, C., Kemp, J., Hannemann, C., Nelson, C. & Schoenbaum, M. (2015). Predictive Modeling and Concentration of the Risk of Suicide: Implications for Prevention Interventions in the US Department of Veteran Affairs. American Journal of Public Health. 105 (9):
Stoelb, M. & Chiriboga, J. (1998). A Process for Assessing Adolescent risk for suicide. Journal of Adolescence. 21 359-370.
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Abstract
Forty years after the licensing of an effective vaccine, measles continues to cause severe complications and death in children in the world. The most common complications from measles include pneumonia and encephalitis. Measles also remain a leading cause for blindness in the world. However, there has been some remarkable progress in the global measles program. In the past one decade, annual reports on measles have decreased by 77% that is from 146 per million populations to 33 cases per million people.
This is attributable to the wide coverage of safe and inexpensive vaccine. Nevertheless, there have been many incidences of measles outbreak in developed and developing countries. This is attributable to poor implementation of vaccination programs in developed and developing nations. This results to infection of 40 million people and results in 1 million deaths in the world.
Due to the highly infectious of the disease, a population immunity of 95% is needed in order to disrupt the transmission, but only a small fraction of the population gets vaccinated. In this regards, this paper explores the pathogen, the disease signs and symptoms, its transmission and preventive measures available. The paper will also explore the mechanism of measles vaccination in improving human immunogenicity. Glossary
CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CD8+: cluster of differentiation 8
CD4+: cluster of differentiation 4
CD46: cluster of differentiation 46
CD150: signaling lymphocyte activation molecule
CNS: Central Nervous System
EEG: electroencephalogram
pH: acidity or basicity of a substances
MV: Measles virus
SLAM+: Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule
SSPE: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
WHO: World Health Organization
Background
Measles is a viral disease that was first described by Rhazes- a Persian Physician in the 10th century. The incubation period and lifelong immunity after an infection was described by Peter Panum in 1846. The virus was isolated in 1954 in monkey and human kidney tissue by Enders and Peebles. The first measles vaccine was given license in the USA in 1963. Prior to the development if vaccine, the disease was nearly universal in early life stages, but most of the children would develop immune by the time they are 15 years.
Although it is significantly managed in the USA, measles is still one of the major fatal diseases in the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the disease causes 40 million infections with 1 million deaths globally in 2013. Measles is clinically manifested with cough, running nose, maculopapular rash, Koplik’s spots, low grade fever, and lymphadenopathy. In some cases, measles could lead to the infection of the respiratory tract or other organs including the skin, Kidney, bladder and viscera (Koehlmoos, Uddin, & Sarma, 2011).
Measles Virus
Measles is caused by a virus. This virus is known as Morbillivirus measles virus. It belongs to the family paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales and the genus Morbillivirus. The virus diameter is120-250 nm, and consists of single stranded RNA. The species is a close relative of canine distemper viruses and rinderpest.
There are two membranes that enclose the virus proteins. The membranes are responsible for the pathogenesis. The F (fusion) protein main role is to cause fusion of the virus to the host, haemolysis, viral infiltration; and Hemagglutinin (H protein) that causes the integration of the measles virus into the host cells. However, recent studies have reported changes in the H glycoprotein of the virus. Measles virus is inactivated by heat, acidic pH, trypsin and ether. Outside its host, the virus has a short life span which is normally less than 2 hours (Walsh, 2011).
The measles virus genome encodes 8 proteins, 6 structural proteins and 2 are responsible for viral entry. These are the Hemagglutin (H) as well as the measles virus fusion (F) protein. These proteins are the components of the viral envelope that together they mediate integration of the virus into the cells in the upper respiratory tract. The H protein targets the cellular receptors of the CD46 and CD150. This protein is is associated with the lifelong immunity that follows after recovery of the infection. This is attributable to the cell-mediated memory that causes the creation of neutralising antibodies that target the H protein of the measles virus (Walsh, 2011).
The measles virus life cycle starts with virus adsorption to host’s cell membranes surface using the H protein. The virus CD46 molecule is the cellular receptor. The virus then enters to the host cells where it uncoats. This is followed with RNA polymerase transcription of the Virus genome into the host mRNA. This is followed by the assembly of helical nucleocapsid occurs before the virus are released by budding. The mRNA synthesis, translation process and replication processes are as shown below (Walsh, 2011);
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Pathogenesis measles virus
The virus transmission is through droplet or airborne route. The nasopharynx is the primary infection site of the virus is the nasopharynx respiratory epithelium. The virus enters through the upper region of the respiratory system but the infection is not localized one specific site. The viral replication takes place in the epithelium of the respiratory system, and the replicated virons moves to lymphatic tissue.
Replication continues again in the lymph nodes and is from the lymphatic system that the virus spreads to the other different organs including the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and kidney. The virus replication takes places in the endothelial cells and epithelial cells of each of the aforementioned system. The virus has broad range of tissue tropism after it has accessed the epithelium (Walsh, 2011).
In each system, the virus replicates and sends it to the new virions which target the new host cells. The primary viremia is 2-3 days. After invasion, the virus replicates takes place in the respiratory epithelium and in lymph nodes as mentioned above. Following this replication, the second viremia takes place which is usually 5-7 days after initiation of the infection, which could lead to the infection of the respiratory tract or other organs including the skin, Kidney, bladder and viscera. The rash in measles and the Koplik’s spots arise from delayed hypersensitivity reaction (Walsh, 2011).
The pathogenicity of the virus takes place through in various distinct stages. The prodrome stage is the first stage. This stage is characterised by non-specific clinical manifestations such as fever, coryza, cough and conjunctivitis. However, addition signs and symptoms can be manifested during this prodrome stage. Small white spots can appear on the mucus membrane around the eye or sometimes along the parotid duct of the mouth. The spots are called the Koplik spots and precede the onset of skin rash. The Koplik spots are considered as diagnostic indicators, but are not present in all infections and also requires experienced healthcare provider to recognise them (Hanvoravongchai et al., 2011).
The onset of skin rash marks the end of prodrome. The rash is distinctive in that it is maculopapular and erythematous. The rash is attributable to immune reaction to endothelium and which occurs due to infiltration of mononuclear cells. The rash starts from the face and outspreads down to the trunk and lower extremities. The rash often lasts 3-4 days and dries up following a similar pattern. When the rash fades away, indicates that the viral clearance has begun. For uncomplicated incidences of measles, full recovery begins as soon as the skin rash begins to disappear (Guerrant, Walker, & Weller, 2006).
The third stage takes many forms and will occur where immunosuppression occurs and results to complications. When the patient is infected with measles virus, it induces immune response that is intense, which makes the host to be immunologically compromised. The reduction in CD4+ T helper cells, incapacitation of clonal activation of cell mediated and humoral immunity and reduction of CD8+ cytotoxic cells follows the viral clearance.
In addition, the antigen presenting capability is reduced due to maturation of then dendritic cells. The immunosuppression greatly affects the aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, and since the immunosuppression can last for sometime, the patient state of viral clearance makes them to become increasingly vulnerable. The immunosuppression can result to increased bacterial and viral infection. The most common type of infections is diarrhoea and pneumonia, which are responsible for increased paediatric mortality and morbidity associated with measles (Hanvoravongchai et al., 2011).
Measles virus has been isolated from the bronchial lymph nodes mononuclear cells and in tonsils in the first few days after infection Other studies have demonstrated massive infection in the lymph node, thymus and spleen. This suggests that it is possible that the virus primary target is the epithelial cells of the respiratory system and normally follow the SLAM + and CD46- independent pathway including the monocytes and lymphocytes.
The rash is occurs when T-cell reacts to the MV-infection in the capillary vessels. This is supported by the fact that the skin rash is absent from children with T-cell immunodeficiency. The mechanism that underlies the severe lymphonepia and immunosuppression is not well understood. However, the massive destruction of SLAM+ cells could cause the immunosuppression (Fields et al. 2013).
Acute measles panencephalitis normally involves the central nervous system (CNS). Transient EEG detects the brain abnormalities in 50% of the patient. It is difficult to isolate the measles virus from the patient’s brain. Therefore, the CNS damage arises from autoimmune reaction. The Subacute measles encephalitis occurs in patients with a history of severe immune disorder.
Therefore, the infections are not accompanied by production of antibodies. In SSPE, the virus gains entry to the CNS during the secondary viraemia. This causes a low grade infection that is persistent. It is not yet established if the lesions are due to immunopathological mechanisms or through viral replication (Walsh, 2011).
The human body immune system has a capacity to fight the measles viruses. The immune systems is carried out by specialized cells, each cell is designed to fight the disease. The microbe’s macrophages recognize the microbes through microbe’s specific antigen. The antigens trigger the lymph nodes to produce lymphocytes that are of two types- the T cells and B cells.
These cells are programmed by exposure to microbe’s antigen. The T cells function as defensive cells and offensive cells. The offensive cells work by attacking using chemotaxis. The defensive cells are the cytotoxic T cells also known as killer cells which usually identify the cells that are harbouring the microbes and release chemicals which destroy infected cells (Walsh, 2011).
The T helper cells help in activation of the T killer cells. The T helper cells works together with the B cells, which help secrete antibodies. The Antibody (Ab) that fights measles is produced and circulates in the blood system. The antibodies produced match the Ag sites for measles viral coat. The Abs then binds to the antigen in a specific matter. The Ab-Ag complexes have two effects.
First, the complex distorts the coat protein by attaching on its receptors. Secondly, the complexes have powerful chemical attractants of the white blood cells, which destroy the virus through phagocytosis. After viral clearance, the B cells and T cells are transformed into memory cells. These then quickly divide further into plasma cells making reserve antibody. In case of re-exposure to the measles virus, the immune system recognizes them and stops the infection. Through immunization, the live attenuated measles virus is injected in a person’s body.
The body responds by forming measles specific Abs through a process that mimics the actual infection of the virus. The viruses introduced are usually weakened and therefore cannot cause a disease, but it leads to formation of Memory cells. Thus, if the vaccinated persons get confronted with the real virus in the future, the body already have adequate quantity of anti-measles Abs, thus no infection results (Walsh, 2011).
Summary of an article
Eden and colleagues investigated the impact of novel microneedle measles vaccine in primates. The study hypothesised that use of microneedle patch will improve vaccination rates. The microneedle patches is a dry formulation of vaccines, which occurs in solid needles which dissolves upon application of the patch of microneedle puncture into the primate’s skin. The advantages of these patches are that they provide the opportunity of minimally-trained person to give the vaccination as there are no requirements for reconstitution. In addition, no single-dose presentation and avoids use of sharp waste, facilitates mass vaccination (Edens et al., 2015).
The microneedle vaccination systems are effective in delivering of vaccines. They have been effectively used in cotton rats, where the findings indicated that equal neutralizing antibody titers as those in cotton rats that had vaccination in subcutaneous injection. However, in this article, the animal model used is the rhesus macaques.
In this study, one group received live attenuated vaccine using microneedle patch and the other group using the subcutaneous injection. The serum samples collected were tested for presence antibodies, and the presence of IgM in day 14 after vaccination. The presence of IgM by day 14 is an indicator that the animal had generated immune response following immunization (Edens et al., 2015).
As shown in the Fig 1. , the neutralizing antibodies were detected at day 21 after vaccination, which accelerated and peek on day 28 in both groups. There was no statistical difference on the peak of titers and times to peak between the two groups. In subcutaneous injection and microneedle patch, the animals reached a titer higher than 120mlU/mL- which is normally considered as protective level in humans (Edens et al., 2015).
On matters concerning safety of microneedle patch vaccine, no side effects were observed. However, upon the removal of the patch, faint erythema was observed but there was no evidence of wound infection or bleeding. The faint puncture disappeared 2-3 days post vaccination and no swelling or discharge was observed. In addition, no reactogenicity or discomfort was observed.
This technique should be used in clinical practice as thermostability of the microneedle patches is considerably better as compared to the currently measles vaccine that are formulated and refrigerated during transport. Most of the vaccines denatures due to cold-chain failures (Edens et al., 2015).
Environmental factors that contribute to the re-emergence of measles and its impact in the society
The measles outbreaks have been hopscotching across the USA. It has not yet been confirmed on what exactly triggered the Disney linked measles outbreak, but the CDC officials have associated it with the overseas tourists who visit Disneyland Park. This is supported by the findings of genetic finger prints which was identical to B3 measles virus that had caused the massive measles outbreak in the Philippines. With the low vaccine coverage rate, the disease spread rapidly across the states. Medical professionals were quick to point to possibilities of anti-vaccine movement (Edens et al., 2015).
Research points out other contributing factors from public health measures such as lack of access to quality health care. For instance, surveys indicate that only 50% of pre-school aged children have been vaccinated against measles. Disparities in vaccination are observed in African American and Hispanic community. The vaccines for children program is for uninsured and medical eligible children.
The vaccine is give at no additional cost. However, still not every child gets immunized (Walsh, 2011). This is because some parents rejects vaccinations and another fraction may delay the child from getting immunization. This trend has increased in the recent past, which has resulted in unvaccinated communities. This poses a public health risk and barriers in achieving significant benchmarks for immunization coverage.
There are increased concerns that measles outbreaks have been reoccurring in areas that are least expected and in some cases in persons who have received vaccines in the past. This raises concerns on whether there is vaccine dilemma, or if the current vaccine must be insufficient and lacks adequate protective levels that will ensure that will enhance the circulation of measles specific neutralizing antibodies (Poland & Jacobson, 2012).
Measles have severe impact to the society. For instance, high measles fatality ratios have been reported in both developed and developing countries. In the developed countries, less than one in 1000 children diagnosed with measles dies. In developed country, measles is the leading cause of mortality in refugee camps. The risk of death depends on patient’s age, vitamin A deficiency, and malnutrition.
Most of the mortality is attributable to a number of measles complications such as encephalitis and pneumonia. The economic cost of the disease cannot be overlooked. CDC estimates that approximately $ 4,091-$ 10, 228 is used to contain each case of measles per day. The additional economic costs include the weighty costs of work absenteeism and children missing schools. These estimates indicates that the outbreak have a hefty price tag (Benjamin, 2014).
The resurgence of measles and most infectious disease globally reflects a quick fix mentality. There is poor development planning in infectious disease endemic regions, lack of institutional inertia and political determination. The re-emergence of infectious disease is inevitable because of high environmental and developmental change which results in increased population growth. There is much that can be done to reverse the current trend.
However, this will require meshing the economic and social developmental programmes with the natural resource and environmental programmes in order to establish strategic interventions that will reinvigorated the virus ecology and advancement of scientific measures. This will facilitate the strengthening of applied and basic research on the interaction of a pathogen, host and environment; which in turn will result in the development of vaccines, diagnostic procedures and new therapies required to detect and control the disease (Benjamin, 2014).
References
Benjamin Johns, D. (2014). Measles Eradication versus Measles Control: An Economic Analysis. J Vaccines Vaccin, 05(06). Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7560.s3-002
Edens, C., Collins, M., Goodson, J., Rota, P., & Prausnitz, M. (2015). A microneedle patch containing measles vaccine is immunogenic in non-human primates. Vaccine, 33(37), 4712-4718. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.074
Fields, R., Dabbagh, A., Jain, M., & Sagar, K. (2013). Moving forward with strengthening routine immunization delivery as part of measles and rubella elimination activities. Vaccine, 31, B115-B121. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.094
Guerrant, R., Walker, D., & Weller, P. (2006). Tropical infectious diseases. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone.
Hanvoravongchai, P., Mounier-Jack, S., Oliveira Cruz, V., Balabanova, D., Biellik, R., & Kitaw, Y. et al. (2011). Impact of Measles Elimination Activities on Immunization Services and Health Systems: Findings From Six Countries. Journal Of Infectious Diseases, 204(Supplement 1), S82-S89. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir091
Koehlmoos, T., Uddin, J., & Sarma, H. (2011). Impact of Measles Eradication Activities on Routine Immunization Services and Health Systems in Bangladesh. Journal Of Infectious Diseases, 204(Supplement 1), S90-S97. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir086
Poland, G. & Jacobson, R. (2012). The re-emergence of measles in developed countries: Time to develop the next-generation measles vaccines?. Vaccine, 30(2), 103-104. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.085
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Using the New Pokémon Go Mobile Game
Mobile gaming and technology makes users think they have seen the best possible creations until the next creations come. The Pokémon Go Mobile App released in July sixth, 2016 is an example of such games that make one realize their previous favorite game was quite mediocre. With only days in distribution, the game played on Android and Apple smartphone devices has already been downloaded by millions of players across the world The (Pokémon Company, 2016).
It is, therefore, necessary that any mobile game and video game enthusiast learns how to play this game created by the veteran video gaming company, Niantic. Therefore, the paper aims at describing the game in a simplified manner to enable gamers to play the new game.
The Pokémon game is a game that lets players from all over the world play in virtual, although real world locations like Paris, New York and places in Japan. The new game allows players to play as single gamers or many gamers, either using their smartphones or using special devices that enable controlling by vibrations called Pokémon GO Plus (Pokémon Company, 2016). The game combines simplicity of managing the complexity of battling other gamers over the Internet as one searches and fights Pokémon in their locations either alone or in teams with other gamers.
When one first plays the game, they get a chance to customize their trainer to a look that they prefer to make the game more exciting. The customized App character will appear on the screen as the play moves around the map as well as when other players visit the gym that the gamer controls (Pokémon Company, 2016). After customizing the character, one will begin playing, and as they play, they will advance in levels as they continue.
At higher levels of the game, players will have abilities to catch more Pokémon to finish their Pokédex. Gamers will also access more sophisticated items for playing at higher levels such as Great Balls that give them better chances of catching Pokémon. One can also add Pokémon in their Pokedex when they catch same Pokémon species many times, and they can also evolve one and hatch a Pokémon egg that may be found at a PokéStop.
During the game, wild Pokémon appears in places near where the player lives or around the world. For instance, in places near lakes, water type Pokémon may appear. Therefore, if the gamer is always around from home, they should be alert to catch types of Pokémon they have not seen before. Evolving Pokémon can be done by, for example, if one is having problems catching a type of Pokémon, like Poliwag in their area, they can catch the available species such as Poliwhirl and evolve them to the Poliwag.
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During the game, gamers are asked to join one of three teams. As team members, players can assign Pokémon to open gym locations in real world places. Team members will also need to coordinate to defend their gym against Pokémon attacks. Once a team is in control of a gym, the members can advance the gym level and therefore get more Pokémon to guard the Gym (Pokémon Company, 2016). Teams at higher levels will also be able to attack other gyms and take them over. By completing more challenging tasks and climbing the levels, players get more achievement medals.
To sum it up, Pokémon Go is a game like no other on the smartphone platform. The game that allows gamers to transverse both the real and virtual worlds is simple to play although with exciting tasks that get the players playing the game. The Pokémon Go is also superior to other mobile phone games as it has accessories that allow players to play without looking at their phones and therefore allow multitasking. Therefore, Pokémon Go is a game that combines elements of video games and mobile games and takes it to a level that any enthusiast can hardly resist.
References
The Pokémon Company. (2016). Discover Pokémon in the Real World with Pokémon GO! [Motion Picture]. The Official Pokémon Channel. Retrieved July 13, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sj2iQyBTQs
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Establishing an effective POLC Framework
Introduction
Outdoor recreation or activity refers to the pursuit of leisure activities that appeal to the lovers of natural or unnatural activities in remote village settings or towns. These are largely team sports that attract hardened individuals who are risk takers and love challengers. The sporting activity maybe canoeing, waterskiing, rock climbing, surfing, fishing, hunting, sailing or even horseback riding among other sports events.
The management of such an event provides a complex test of organization skills and a web of complicated decision-making that stem from clear understanding of business operations. The complex situations demands for skillful and competent managers who have clear business strategies and vision for successful business operations (Davidson & Stebbins, 2011).
The management of Outdoor Adventure Paintball Park (Outdoor Adventure) and as per the wishes of the three family members, who own the company but are not experienced on handling complex outdoor sporting activities, seeks to establish an effective POLC framework. The company strategically resolved to:
1). Reaffirmed the need to develop and share a strong and motivating mission statement.
2). Change the personnel in charge of resource organization
3). Implement new measures to ensure effective training of manpower, recruitment and development of sound employment policies and job descriptions (Miska & Mendenhall, 2015).
4). Find new ways of improving leadership and motivating employees to work hard.
5). Enumerate the critical aspects of adopting measures of standard performance, balance score cards and effective feedback systems that reflect the company’s vision and mission.
6). To implement the POLC framework and weigh its impact on organizational growth.
Planning
Mission and Vision
The mission of the outdoor facility is to provide fun activities that are safe and which are designed to enhance rich outdoor experience for children, teenagers, young adults, team building work groups that target relaxation and also holiday making. The vision of the facility is to provide unrivalled Outdoor experience that would be an entertainment destination for thousands of professions throughout the country and other fun lovers. The number of visitors currently visiting the facility out-numbers the resources available and mishandling of customer bookings have been noted severally due to staff incompetence and lack of clear operations structure. The result has been loss of potential customers and sales.
Goals, Objectives and Strategy
The company seeks to develop and set goals that are consistent with the management strategies as espoused by the company’s mission and goals. The operations of the company have been organized to develop targets that would ensure that the goals of the company have been achieved. The Outdoor Adventure’s management team has ensured that the operational strategies that had been earmarked to improve performance have been fully implemented in an effort to increase sales and improve customer experiences. The strategies are addressed during the initial POLC framework planning to ensure that the crucial concepts are also captured in the POLC framework.
Organizing
Organization Culture
Outdoor Adventure was established b three owners who shared a dream of developing a first class outdoor facility that would provide memorable experiences to all its customers. However after several years in existence the owners are not on the same page regarding the management of the Outdoor sports center. The management wants to institute a new organization culture that would enhance more team work and create more production and sales.
Organization Structure
The organization lacks a clear organization structure which is making the company to be ineffective in its role as a first class facility. The current structure provides no job definitions or roles. The company needs to adopt a clear organization structure that has clear hierarchy order as depicted below. The major advantage of hierarchal organization structure is that it provides an appropriate centralized structure that is consistent with the nature of the business that needs a strong management presence in most of its operations.
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Job Profiles, Descriptions and Responsibilities
John Thomas oversees most of the company’s general operations and is also responsible for making key organizations changes and business operations. Carl Thomas is also responsible for general business operations together with Joe.
Phillips is responsible for daily operations at the company while also coordinating and assigning duties at the park. Roberts is in charge of sales and marketing and works directly under the three directors. Finesse is in charge of the human resource and is responsible for hiring competent staff. The stores department is manned with Smith who also oversees the work of other store’s supervisors while also controlling the inventory. She reports to Phillips. The concepts of POLC are meant to equip the organization with qualified personnel who can steer the company in the right direction.
Leadership
The lack of a clear organization structure in Outdoors Adventures led to ineffective leadership which also trickled to other departments and eventually affected the customers (Miska & Mendenhall, 2015). Poor communication among the owners resulted in ineffective business operations. To promote innovation at the park, the management ought to consider knowledge-based leadership as a way of promoting innovation (Doh and Quigley, 2014).
Knowledge based leadership would provide better and well informed judgment on the part of the three owners given that some employees are concerned on what are the real objectives of the park from the owners perspective. Leadership skills form one of the major components or pillars of POLC framework (Conway, n, d).
Control
Balanced Scorecard
The best way to implement strategic controls in a company is through the use of balance scorecard that has aligned the four major functions with the company’s strategy that has also incorporated the company’s mission and vision. The balance scorecard (BS) translates a company’s vision and strategy into reality.
The BS identifies the relationship between a company’s operations control and the strategic controls of a company. What the customers are exposed and what the management wants the customers to see. How the company’s financial resources match the shareholders expectations and the best way to grow (Kaplan & Norton, n, d).
Strategic Human Resource Management
The human resource management plays a critical role in POLC framework. The HR department must hire competent employees to ensure that the services provided by the company are above the average standards and qualities of all the company’s services are universally acceptable and are consistent with the company’s objective.
Davidson, L., & Stebbins, R.A. (2011) Serious Leisure and Nature: Sustainable Consumption in the Outdoors. Hound mills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Doh, J. and Quigley, N. (2014) Responsible Leadership and Stakeholder Management: Influence Pathways and Organizational Outcomes. Academy of Management Perspectives, 28(3), pp.255-274.
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Unethical Practice by Computer Sciences Corporation
Ethics & Finance Paper
Introduction
This paper discusses one of the most significant illegal and unethical practice which had been caused by Computer Sciences Corporation for which the company and its management was also charged by the US government. This is known as the Medicaid fraud under which the company had been involved in two fraudulent schemes. Both of these schemes had used the computer programs for circumventing the requirement that once the private insurance coverage becomes exhausted then only the billing of the Medicaid should be performed (Office, 2014).
Along with these two schemes, the third fraud scheme focused on the use of the defaulting. Under this scheme the company had falsified all the diagnosis codes which had been submitted systematically to Medicaid. This paper analysis this issues with specific emphasis on Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002.
Mistakes made by Computer Sciences Corporation
The main problem of Computer Sciences Corporation is that the company has good people but they all are poorly managed. The employees of the company are rated by those people who do not work with the employees on a regular basis. The appraisers at Computer Sciences Corporation are not the day to day supervisors but they are outside managers who have just a single role which is to rate all the employees in specific jobs.
Apart from this, the mid-level managers at Computer Sciences Corporation who have never interacted with the employees of the company had to forcefully downgrade the performance ratings of their employees in order to meet the required 40% quota level (Anna, 2013). This is highly unethical practice and these are the mistakes which resulted in the above fraudulent schemes.
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Steps which could have been taken
Some of the steps which could have been taken to avoid such unethical practice are:
The day to day supervisors should have been tasked with appraising the employees.
Managers need to interact and know their employees and learn about their traits. There are certain traits which can indicate a manipulative behavior.
Supervisors need to listen and observe the employees to identify the risks of the potential fraud.
All the people working within the organization should be clearly made aware of the fraud, its different types and the reporting system.
The internal control should be made stronger by the leaders of the company. Examples of such internal controls which could have avoided the unethical practice to occur at Computer Sciences Corporation are segregation of the duties, supervision and documentation. The documentation seems to be weak at Computer Sciences Corporation.
Finally, a positive corporate culture needs to be created at Computer Sciences Corporation where the employees should be satisfied and work in a positive work environment to prevent theft and fraud.
Role of Market Pressures on Unethical Practice
There are many arguments that the role of the market pressures and the competition in the market can cause the firms to engage in unethical practice. This is because unethical practice can lower the costs of the firm. For example, when companies make use of child labor then they can hire such labor at cheap rates and lower its costs but this is highly unethical and even illegal in many countries.
Competition could only raise the ethical standards in a long run however, companies engage in unethical behavior to make their firm more competitive in the short run (Miller, 2015). Therefore, when competition starts to increase in the market based on any factor such as market share, stock prices, cost structures etc, then firms indulge in unethical behavior to remain competitive in the market.
Influence of Finance
Finance also plays an important role in pressurizing the firms to conduct unethical behavior. When companies compete with one another then they compare their performance on the basis of their profitability, shareholder wealth, stock prices, and growth in EPS etc. However, when the financial performance of firms is deteriorating due to any external factor, then indulge in unethical and fraudulent practices such as creative accounting. The case of Computer Sciences Corporation for devising its three fraud schemes is also an example of creative accounting. For example, when the company had falsified all the diagnosis codes which had been submitted systematically to Medicaid is a true example of creative accounting.
Influence of Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002
The Sarbanes Oxley Act had been enacted in 2002 after a series of the corporate scandals and financial abuses to make the corporate governance systems strong and enhance the compliance and ethics programs. The major influence of this act has been in the role of the leadership in an organization to avoid fraudulent and unethical behaviors. This act had defined the responsibilities for CFO and the CEOs and also enhanced the engagement and professionalism of the audit committees.
This act had guided the best law to guide he best practices within the board room. It has also enhanced the focus of the regulators and state courts and most importantly increased the consciousness of the public in raising the standard of corporate governance in firms.
Recommended Changes for Companies
Some of the recommendations for the companies to avoid financial statement fraud and present the financial statements to the public are as follows:
Internal controls need to be made strong to detect any action or unusual behavior by those who prepare the financial statements of the company.
All the main accounting functions should be segregated and measures should be taken to reduce the incentives for the fraud.
A strong control environment should be created which should be controlled by the top management to ensure best corporate governance practices.
Finally, management should also conduct the examination of its financial statements by an outside consultant. This will help the company to avoid behaving aggressively for committing unethical practices.
Conclusion
Overall, the Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002 is the best guide for Computer Sciences Corporation in order to avoid the unethical treatment of its employees and prevent the fraudulent activities which have taken place in the past. Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002 has reshaped the corporate America today. Computer Sciences Corporation needs to pay close attention on its internal controls, segregation of the duties, supervising its employees, appraising the employees through their day to day supervisors and promoting the best practices of corporate governance.
The main issue currently faced by Computer Sciences Corporation is that the company is the unethical treatment of its employees. Human Resource Management is the key aspect of any organization and all the employees should be given more independence and freedom in decision making. Finally, whistle blowing should be encouraged within the organization as this would overcome the problem of fraud. Whenever there would be any sort of unusual activity or unethical behavior, the employees would have a route to report that and save the company from severe allegations.
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Agency Ethical Policies
Creating and Implementing and Agency Policy on Ethics
Any type of criminal justice agency needs to possess an elaborate set of ethical framework, policy and procedural standards that give a detailed description about how its ethical values are supposed to be formulated and implemented in the agency (Manroop & Harrison, 2016). It is through the policy framework and procedural standards that the agency is able to; effectively communicate to its employees and staff what it requires and expects from each and every one among them (Kaptein, 2015).
After the agency has put in place its ethical policies and procedures, it should further develop elaborate measures that are to be used to assess and evaluate whether its ethical policies and standards are being maintained, and also if those policies and standards are meeting its initial objectives or yielding the desired results in its functioning and operation (Hess, 2015). Below is a detailed description about how an agency should go about planning and implementing ethical policies.
Identify the Desired Values for the Agency
The agency would find it wise and advantageous to adopt a collective or inclusive approach, which should be used to identify a set of values that is clear and elaborate before it embarks on the development and implementation process of the ethical program (Kaptein, 2015). This is so because it would help the employees develop the perception that; the ethical program is based on values rather than the achievement of mere compliance (Hess, 2015).
Furthermore, the inclusive approach would enhance the employee’s commitment in observing the ethical policies, and also in strengthening their will to achieve the agency’s objectives, which is simply because their input had been put to consideration in the planning and implementation process (Manroop & Harrison, 2016). In addition, the inclusive approach would make the employees feel more responsible, and as such, it should be done on a regular basis to renew and enhance the effectiveness of the policies and procedural standards, and to also make it flexible and adaptive to changes in the working environment.
Consult Senior Managers and Secure Their Commitment
In order to develop and implement a successful ethics program, it is imperative to secure the commitment and support of senior managers in the process (Hess, 2015). For example, the senior managers could be encouraged to include aspects of ethical importance in the content of their communication, and to also make active participation and contribution in the planning and implementation process of ethical policies.
In addition, it is equally important to ensure that the senior managers behave and conduct themselves accordingly (Kaptein, 2015). This is important because it acts as a source of motivation to the employees, and also creates a sense of equal concern from all parties involved, especially if these senior managers are actively involved in the training of employees on how to implement the program.
Engage Directors or the Board of Management
This could be easily achieved if an ethics committee is instituted in the agency, and the directors and managers made prominent members in it, and in such a way that they occupy active positions (Manroop & Harrison, 2016). This important because they will be able to include aspects of ethics during board meetings in their discussion, an aspect that could create more importance in the program once it is put in place. This could even be more effective if liability is placed on the board in cases of gross ethical transgression in the agency.
Formulate an Ethics Code of Conduct
A comprehensive code of conduct should be formulated, especially one that is aligned to the agency’s values and national laws. Furthermore, the codes should be able to equip employees with the appropriate knowledge about how to act in case they are caught up in a dilemma and where leeway could be the only solace (Ruiz et al., 2015). As such, the codes should be both flexible and adaptive in order to withstand changes in the environment, especially when new challenges emerge (Kaptein, 2015).
This would therefore necessitate regular updates to keep the codes as relevant as possible. However, rigid codes that are non-negotiable should be formulated, and where leeway is applicable, employees should be guided precisely on ways to act according to the agency’s expectations.
Integrate Ethics into the Agency’s Mission and Vision Statements
By formulating ethical codes, policies and procedural standards into the agency’s mission and vision statements, all employees and managers are constantly reminded of the importance of observing them, and that of exercising values in all their operations while working in the agency (Kaptein, 2015). New employees should also be trained about the necessity of operating within the ethical program, for instance, through orientation programs that are designed for new employees.
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Secure All Necessary Resources and Funding
In order to successfully plan and implement the ethical program, it is necessary to have adequate funding and the appropriate human resource in place to facilitate the process (Manroop & Harrison, 2016). All costs that will be incurred should be factored into the agency’s budget, which is in order to determine the sustainability of the program and to facilitate the necessary adjustments that should be put in place.
Encourage Autonomy while Exercising the Ethical Provisions
It is important that each and every employee is made to understand all ethical policies and procedural standards, and to also understand the agency’s values that support those policies and standards (Manroop & Harrison, 2016). This is necessary because the agency is prone to risks and challenges that emanate from the dynamic nature of the environment, which brings along new challenges every day that could compromise the employee’s ability to act within the stipulated guidelines (Kaptein, 2015).
In addition, encouraging autonomy and understanding of all aspects of the ethical program is important because of the fact that; no ethical codes or programs are able to envisage all possible situations and encounters the employees could find themselves in. It is therefore important that employees understand and embrace all values objectives of the agency.
Reinforcement
It is also necessary to develop reinforcement practices to ensure that the ethical program is adhered to, and that all employees are constantly reminded of the program’s importance (Manroop & Harrison, 2016). For example; all employees should have a copy of the ethical policies in their work stations at all times; mechanisms that report ethical breaches should be put in place as a counter-breach measure (Kaptein, 2015).
However, manner in which the mechanism works should be confidential; include the ethical code as part of job contracts; identify employees who should be responsible for the evaluation and implementation process of the code; organize and avail a detailed report about the use and effectiveness of the ethical program on a regular basis (Ruiz et al., 2015); and most importantly, ensure that all senior employees are able to act and demonstrate compliance with the codes in all their undertakings.
If well planned and implemented, the ethical program could go a long way to ensure that the agency is able to achieve its objectives, which is by enhancing both the management’s and employee’s commitment and responsibility in work (Hess, 2015). As such, the planning and implementation process should be treated with all the importance and necessity that it deserves.
References
Hess, D. (2015). Ethical Infrastructures and Evidence-Based Corporate Compliance and Ethics Programs: Policy Implications from the Empirical Evidence. New York University Journal of Law and Business, Forthcoming.
Kaptein, M. (2015). The effectiveness of ethics programs: The role of scope, composition, and sequence. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(2), 415-431.
Manroop, L., & Harrison, J. (2016). The Ethics Portfolio: Building and Promoting Ethical. Leadership and Personnel Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, 1.
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Tablets for Quality Education
Abstract
The department of education has decided to set aside funds for financial start-ups for chartered schools. These funds would be crucial for the implementation of system where students use pads for their daily learning activities. A tablet is a machine whose features are greatly advanced to meet those of a computer and are easy to transport or move with. They help in making work easier and they will be effective in the school because students are now finding books bulky either in transportation or in travelling with them.
Tablets give students opportunities to travel with their work and safely keeping it in case it is needed for reference. This paper deliberates on how funds from the department of education can be accessed and used to effectively boost the grades of capable students without remediation.
Introduction
A request for qualification should be sent to the education department with an attachment for the potential of the institution with the money. This study in important to people who run non-performing institution and have recently acquired funds to be used towards student development. The paper will assist institutional managers with a solution on how the funds acquired can be used to promote student grades. Schools have many capable students who fail in their exams because they lack the resources to be used in their studies.
These students either fail because of lack of commitment to their studies or fail to get enough access to resources that can boost their learning. With the funds gotten from the department of education, the students will have a platform to enhance their learning skills and teachers will be awarded the opportunity to enhance their teaching skills (Hattie, 2009).
The primary goal, therefore, is to implement the use of tablets for all students regardless of their grade. The introduction of these devises will help make both teaching and learning easier. The major problem in learning institutions is the lack of sufficient funds that can be exerted to help boost the learning conditions. A change in the teaching strategies should occur to do away with the old teaching habits, which even after being applied are leading to low performance among students.
The major purpose of this study is to provide teachers or institutions in general with an idea of what they can do with funds that they get to enhance performance among students. At the same time, it tries to figure out how tablets can be incorporated in the education sector to boost performance among students thus eliminating low grades in the school system.
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Literature review
According to the European Schoolnet Academy, tablets are affordable, simple, have potable speed and are because of the wide variety of applications they have are greatly gaining recognition in European schools with most teachers already experimenting with them (Scimeca et al., 2009). The organization goes ahead to claim that institutions that have already started using tablets have registered a raise in their mean grades.
This is a positive issue for the purpose of this study in that it asses other areas that are already implementing this type of teaching and gives a positive report on the implementation of these devices. The firm also alleges that with the upcoming generation better teaching methods will have to be introduced as the generation prefers tablets to books. The main goal behind the introduction of the devises is because most students were complaining of having to carry large books home and the stress of borrowing books from the library.
Students complained that they were not being given adequate time with the books that they had borrowed from the library. This gave the institutions a challenge because providing test books for all the students seemed costly. The management of these organization preferred tablets to administer education because it simplified teaching and learning.
The BBC also argues that 70% of schools in Europe have implemented this style of learning although it has not provided evidence for the improvement of students using the devices. According to a study that they did most students admitted carried their devices to bed in order to continue with their social media conversations.
The institutions are relying on the tradition that has been adapted by the young students to effectively administer learning. One a student has carried the device to bed they can even go through their assignments before retiring to sleep. This is good as they carry knowledge to their beds and can learn or remind themselves a thing or two before sleeping which will on the other hand boost their performance.
Ethical issues
Certain issue may arise in the course of the study and may interfere with the research. For example, teachers are against the implementation of this type of learning claiming that it gives students the opportunity to become lazy. Some are claiming that the old teaching methods have always been successful to serious students while others are claiming that it would be unfair to the poor kids. This is very genuine concern because children who originate from poor families might have the challenge of purchasing these devices. The funds that will be acquired will ensure that the children are provided with free tablets upon registering at the institution.
The tablet has many applications, which the younger generation is quite conversant with. This will also provide a challenge as teachers will have to be trained to effectively use the devices. Another challenge comes up in the applications that the tablet has many of the teaching staff are concerned that the devices will promote other kind of material in classes. For example with the help of the tablet students can send text messages to each other during class session. Other student might start playing games on their devices while the teacher is teaching. This is an essential concern but the devices will be customized for educational purposes only.
Type of data collected
The study is relying on qualitative data from all the concerned parties. This type of data was chosen because it is easy to analyze and can be done by even non-professionals but it is advisable to get professional for this type of study as one cannot rely on incompetence. The data collected will be critically analyzed with the sole purpose of identifying the exact department that will be allowed access to these privileges as not all subjects can utilize the tablet.
Participation methods for the interviewees will be simple in that they will be required to answer questions that will be in form of interviews and questionnaires. Getting feedback from all the parties is essential towards development. The interviewees might offer other solutions that may not include remediation. Remediation is effective where applied with extreme caution because it can also lead to non-performance among students.
Answers retrieved form the teachers are essential for student development as it is teachers who know the needs of the students. Data from the parent is also essential because it will determine if the students are allowed to carry the devices home. Parents who are objected to poverty might feel the need to sell the devices to provide for their children so interviewing the parents is important to ensure that the institution does not waste the funds provided.
The students also play a significant role in the implementation of this program. Nowadays children are very conversant with electronics and have knowledge that their teachers have no knowledge these devices. Thus, getting their feedback is essential because it will determine the type of applications to block on the tablets to ensure that they have maximum concentration in class without the interference of any software or application that might distract them.
Data collection methods and their limitations
The most suitable type of data collection for the purpose of this study would be interviews and administration of questionnaires. Interviews would be conducted on all those who are involved that is teachers, students and the parents to assess the advantages and disadvantages that this type of teaching would have. Data collection would be important to understand the type of attitude all of the above mentioned have towards this method of learning.
The interviews will only apply to teachers and parents because they are the ones who know how their children behave and can give answers that are more accurate. It will also be advantageous because information from both sides will be achieved and the concerns that both parties have will also be addressed.
The questionnaires would be handed out to students to fill them. The main reason behind administering questionnaires to students is that students have the capability of lying if it is towards their benefits. Giving them questionnaires will limit their answers and only important questions will be asked. The form of answering the questions will be yes/no with a little space provided on the paper where students will offer additional information.
The data collection methods will be used to try to know the areas that are most affecting the students and the solutions they think should be applied. Parents and teachers know the strongholds of their students and they will offer the information through interviews. Several days will be set aside to ensure that the data collected in sufficient and truthful.
These types of data collection come with their own limitations for example during interviews parents can offer false information to protect their children. Poor interviewing skills may get insufficient information/data that cannot be used in the study. Badly answered questionnaires will also be a challenge in that the data collected may be incomplete hence becoming of no importance to the study. The questionnaires will have clear and simple questions that are expected to be truthfully answered by students. Because students will never say no to such a proposal (learning through tablets), it is important that professional skills are applied in the data collection.
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Data analysis
Professionals, to avoid confusion and incomplete analysis, will do analysis of the data provided. The participants of the analysis will be required to gather in a room to give their final report and each member must participate. The analysis will be directed towards understanding the context of the matter. This is where the political, social and economic issues regarding the matter will be retrieved.
It will cover other environmental and organizational factors that influence education and affect the implementation of the devices. Understanding people is fundamental to gain their experiences with tablets and the type of impact that they had on their lives. Previous experiences will be helpful in that the effects of the devices will be known and also ideas will be gathered on the best ways to implement them.
The best way of analyzing information collected form interviews is looking at all the answers and marking the most common ones. Using this type of data analysis is very effective in that the most common answers, which are, probably the correct answers will achieved. This will be very useful towards understanding the effectiveness of the study and to gauge whether it can be used for educational purposes.
Understanding the interaction of the participant is very important because it offers a view of how the system will be and whether it will be a success or a failure. The primary reason for choosing the data analysis methods is that they provide accurate answers if properly conducted and it is also simple compared to quantitative method which requires a lot of calculations
Another reason for choosing this type of data analysis is that it is broad and flexible. For example if something was left out there is the option of adding it to the final results without the need of conducting the whole investigation again. Quantitative method of data collection and analysis can have its disadvantages, in that: if something has been left out the calculations have to be started again afresh to incorporate the forgotten data/information.
The answers from the questionnaires will analyzed in a different manner for the interview answers this is because they contain simple yes/no questions with a space of providing additional information. The questions that receive ‘yes’ answers will be put against those with those answered ‘no’. Doing this will give a clear view of which was the dominant side and the in the implementation of the program the winning side will be awarded more priority.
Significance of study in research
The study will be beneficial to those interested in introducing tablets to the education system. The forms of data collection provided in the paper will be of significance importance to researchers as they will be aware of the most effective method of data collection during this type of research. It will also be suitable for teachers who want to know how to go about such type of research and the advantages that are associated with it. Parents can also use it to try to understand how tablets can be implemented in the learning system and the advantages that are associated with it.
Other institutions can also adapt it in the implementation of tablets in school programs. The department of education can also recommend this type of data collection and analysis to schools that want to adapt tablets or rather they can be recommended to use this study in their implementation of the program.
Conclusion
It is important to note that lack of tablets in institutions is not the only contributor to poor grades, and, that there are other factors that need to be looked and implemented to ensure top performance among students. Tablets will however boost student teacher relations because unlike a book, which has to be shared among several students. This is supported by the fact that each student will own a tablet so the teacher can concentrate on performance from an individual level.
Work will also be made easier because no paper work will be required in that upon completion of an assignment the student will send it via email to the teacher who will mark and respond via email. This will also help the institution to reduce on its expenditure and the funds used to acquire papers will be directed towards other duties that are of much importance. Students will benefit a great deal since they can get access to all the books that are in the library on their tablets free of charge. The institution will make sure that they are customized to include all the textbooks that are available in the library. The tablets will also offer additional sources of information for the students because of the availability of the internet.
Reference
Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. New York, NY: Routledge.
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National Security Intelligence: Homeland Security
Discussion Replies
Reply to peer 1
It is true as the author says that the organization of the security intelligence systems in the USA has not made the security situation perfect. However, the writer is also quick to acknowledge that the streamlining of the flow of information is a good step that the government took to better the collection and administration of intelligence. For instance, the creation of the Director of Intelligence as the author points out has improved sharing of information among the agencies and therefore better use and access to information (Bullock, Haddow & Coppola, 2016).
Reply to peer 2
The sentiments of the second peer are also correct. The reason is that the establishment of the fusion centers, the giving of grants as well as the Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting Initiative are important recommendations that ease not only the collection of information from grass root levels but also preparedness of the security agencies and states. For example, the fusion centers enable the interaction among the different federal agencies with regards to technical support and access to security clearance, therefore increasing corporation among the agencies (Bullock, Haddow, & Coppola, 2016). The unifying of the agencies that have resulted from the recommendations has undoubtedly improved effectiveness within the intelligence community.
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Reply to peer 3
The Director of National Intelligence is indeed an addition to the system that is meant to unify the intelligence community. It is also agreeable that in the initial times, it was hard for anyone accepts the directorial role as it bears responsibilities that most people feared. However, the author echoes the improved efficiency ad flow of information using the example involving how the CIA plays the lead role in the collection of data and training, therefore streamlining the dissemination of the intelligence to other agencies (Bullock, Haddow, & Coppola, 2016).
References
Bullock, J. A., Haddow, G. D., & Coppola, D. P. (2016). Introduction to Homeland security: Principles of all-hazards risk management (5th ed.).Waltham, MA: Elsevier.
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Fermi Problems
Fermi problems are an estimated problem that is used to dimensional analysis and approximation and is often a back-of-the-envelope calculation. This type of estimation technique was named after the physicist Enrico Fermi, who was widely known for his approximation calculation prowess and at times, with little or no data. Fermi problems are used to justify guesses about their quantities and variance. Enrico has received worldwide recognition for most of his accomplishments, but the major one is his contribution to the development of the atomic bomb.
The talk by Lawrence is significant for physicians primarily to understand Fermi problems. Lawrence gives his viewers a physicist’s perspective of the world. He does so with the help of experiments, for example, he drops a book and a paper and asks which fall first while giving the explanation why the book fell first.
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The first of Fermi problems revolves around counting the number of equipment that is in a particular region for example piano tuners (Krauss, 2008). The first question is the number of people in the population, how many use keyboards and the number of families that own pianos. The second issue revolves around the number of substances that can fill another subject, for instance, the number of water balloons that can fill a room. One thing is to note the quantity of water that a single balloon can hold and the amount of water required to fill the room. Form there a simple calculation is exerted to find the number of approximated balloons and water.
There is a good chance that every time an individual breathes he/she takes in one molecule that was inhaled by Julius Caesar before his assassination. This was achieved using Avogadro’s number (6.02×10²³) and which multiplies the number of molecules in a single breathe and the atmosphere. The next step is finding out the volume of the atmosphere and through calculation arrives at the number of molecules that are consumed by each person.
The number of piano tuners in London varies from 50 to 125. This can be arrived by viewing the whole population in London and estimating the number of households that own one and calculating the number of houses that regularly tune a piano and how many times a piano can tune in a day.
Reference
Krauss, L. (2008). Commentary: World Lines by Lawrence Krauss. New Scientist, 198(2653), 50.
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