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Acquisition Planning
In this case study acquisition would be an appropriate option because the supply and demand calculations to determine the company equilibrium both in short-run as well as long-run shown that acquisition is a favorable option, and it is essential for the effective measures or interventions to be implemented. This is due to the fact that, this approach is highly imperative to ensure that the company maintains its competitiveness in the market (Andreyeva, Long & Brownell, 2014).
As a result, increased capital investment in R&D in order to come up with high quality methods and procedures in the Bio Sensor Virus Detector (BSVD) program is highly encouraged. This calls for the need for the company to embark on a continuous and an aggressive process of making sure that there is a consistent improvement of the quality of its products and methods (Saito, 2013). This is a vital consideration with regards to the federal government directive in 2010, in which GAO was given the mandate to conduct an examination of how civilian agencies were undertaking their acquisition planning for services contracts (Saito, 2013).
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In particular, there was a concern on the extent of spending by these agencies in terms of acquisition planning with respect to professional, management and administration to support these services (Saito, 2013). As a result, there was a recommendation for these challenges to be resolved through an elaborate acquisition planning procedure including: cost estimation, written acquisition plans, as well as incorporation of requirements development (Andreyeva, Long & Brownell, 2014).
Thus, it is clearly evident that these elements are critical for planning, and acquisition planning ought to be closely aligned with elements stipulated in the FAR. Finally, the case study reveals the need to adopt several practices in attempts towards curbing the identified limitations including hiring personnel who have procurement specialization, especially with regards to business issues and cost and price analysis as a key strategy towards providing a guideline in helping to prepare key documents concerned with acquisition planning.
References
Andreyeva, T., Long, M. W., & Brownell, K. D. (2014). The Impact of Food Prices on Consumption: A Systematic Review of Research on the Price Elasticity of Demand for Food. American Journal of Public Health, 100(2), 216-222. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151415.
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The Impact of Brexit on the UK and the EU’s financial regulation
Introduction
The 1999 EU regulatory initiatives were meant to ensure that there were maximum financial markets activities among member countries. The regulations were also meant to contribute to the removal of existing legal barriers in the financial sector among EU members. The cross-border financial market initiative benefitted the UK and contributed to an increase in trade in the sector. However, Brexit’s move on 23rd June 2016 might have resulted in an end to the many of the financial conveniences that the UK enjoyed (Grant Thorton, 2016).
According to Wellink (2009: 13), and World Bank (2013: 15), regulatory arbitrage is one of the greatest disadvantages that can emerge from an exit of a country from a Union with existing guidelines and policies. According to Wen (2016), there is a possibility of businesses undercutting each other if the current financial market is deregulated. Brexit might contribute to deregulation of the UK’s financial sector, therefore contributing to undercutting of some firms through unscrupulous dealers. Some of the firms that have their headquarters in the region might initiate planning on moving to other regions that they consider favourable; especially those within the European Union coverage.
Institutions in the global financial market will be affected to great lengths as a result of Brexit. Institutions that are directly related to the UK or the European Union might have to “revise” the location of their headquarters or location of their subsidiaries. The adjustments are necessary for the firms to survive in the market. Brexit has a major impact on financial firms because the sector is strictly regulated, and might contribute to challenges especially for UK firms.
Impact and challenge of Brexit on the UK’s financial sector regulation
According to Claessens and Kodres (2014: 78), regulation of the financial sector contributes to securing of firms so that the shareholders’ wealth is maximized. The UK financial institutions will have to meet the requirements of strict regulations which emanate from Brussels. Before Brexit, the UK might have had an upper hand in negotiating for strict financial regulations such as their refusal on the imposition of tax bonuses. However, the EU might want to use them (UK) as an example of the disadvantages that countries are bound to face when they exist the EU.
The regulatory arbitrage for the UK might have complex consequences since some of the financial sector regulations for the UK and EU are different. The UK might have more strict rules in comparison to those that are issued by the EU. The EU might have less stringent rules based on the need to accommodate many different members who have different backgrounds.
The UK has been part of the EU for over forty years, and most of its financial sector laws are based on policies in the EU regulations. Therefore, Brexit could contribute to instability of the UK banking system since most of the financial regulations that have been in use, have not been enshrined in the UK law for the forty years that the country has been a member of the EU. The effects from pass porting will determine the future of the financial sector for the UK. It is not all gloom for the UK’s financial sector after Brexit since the country will attain independence to make its own decisions in the sector.
Any loopholes that might be used by firms for arbitrage purposes should be identified and sealed so as to minimize any chances of illegal activities. Banker bonus cap has been raised as one of the areas that the bank of England and the European Parliament discussed as possibly contributing to financial regulation arbitrage.
There will be immediate need of business continuous amidst the new and old regulations, or lack of clarity in the regulations that should be applied. Existing international financial firms that are located in the UK will have to make decisions on the viability of their current location. If the firms decide on a new location within the EU, they will have to make assessments on the suitability of a location that will contribute to a high level of business.
The short duration of confusion might lead to loss of business for some international firms. Financial firms in the UK will also have to ensure that they follow the MIFD II rules that will be established in 2018. The UK’s economy will be negatively impacted by a move of the financial firms that will want to relocate especially from London. Most of the international firms owned by EU member countries might want to relocate to other capital cities within the EU in order to make maximum gains.
The UK owned financial firms that have been conducting business in the EU will face higher costs and double rules if they will continue trading within the EU (Ashurst, 2016: 4). The low costs and EU financial regulation rules will no longer be accessible to those firms. Companies in the UK will also face stringent measures as required by the European Commission and the UK in the acquisition of partners from the EU.
The regulatory authorities in the UK are likely to increase the sector’s interest rates so as to make up on the deficit from being charged high rates through trade involving the EU. Clients will consider financial firms in the UK as being less stable as compared to those in the EU. Therefore, the clients might ask for higher returns on their investment based on the higher level of risk.
Financial firms will in turn have to invest in projects that have a high return, but take a long duration to give the expected profit on the investment made. The regulation of the financial sector institutions and supervision is largely national, even if the country is a member of a larger body (Omarova, 2010: 665: International Monetary Fund, 2009).
Evaluation of UK and EU’s financial regulation
The EU is quite strict on “bailing out” of companies since it results in the depression of the economy. Funds that could have been injected into projects contributing to the development of the economy, or boosting the economy are put into several companies that might not have a major positive impact on the economy (Heath, 2013: 32). Bailing out of companies by the government might contribute to lowering of ethical standards in companies.
The companies would know that the government would bail them out in the event that they collapsed. UK based financial companies are bound to face strict regulation especially since clients are likely to demand higher returns based on the higher level of risk. The EU is viewed as contributing to stability among its member states, and therefore making transactions that they engage in safer and more likely to give the planned return.
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The consequence arbitrage that has resulted from Brexit is highly influenced by non-financial effects of the initiative. The UK is no longer being considered as a major stakeholder in the making of foreign policies that might be required in times of conflict. Therefore, the UK has less bargaining power if it requires making deals with other countries. It is critical for a country to have a high bargaining power so as to negotiate trade and profitable financial agreements for its institutions (Weil, Fung, Graham, and Fagotta, 2006: 68).
The consequence arbitrage is the exit of major international financial institutions from London to other European Union capital centres. International financial organizations such as banks have already operated in the European Union and in the EU for decades. The move will contribute to the undoing of many years work, since the UK government has made numerous deals to bring the firms into the country (Ashurst, 2016: 4). Governments usually have to spend reasonable resources and adjust their regulations so as to be attractive to investors from foreign organizations.
Many other countries usually compete for the foreign firms. Therefore, countries have to ensure that their package offers are as friendly as possible. Furthermore, a financial Maginot line is necessary to deal with any eventualities that might arise such as collapsing of hedge funds. A hedge fund with a large volume of deposits could collapse and contribute to the collapse of banks in the region. The collapse or discovery of missing funds in a hedge fund could be triggered by sudden national financial moves such as the one triggered by Brexit.
Clearing houses might also contribute to negative consequences in the financial sector. According to Wen (2016: 9), clearing houses deals defaulting by a few traders can contribute to the system’s collapse. The collapse would result from the system’s insolvency. The central banks in different nations oversee the financial systems of those countries. However, there is no institution to oversee the central banks of different countries.
In the event of a collapse of the central banks of the countries involved in Brexit, there would be a collapse of all other financial institutions in involved nations. Financial regulatory organizations are focused on maintaining the regulations in place, especially because of the hefty fines that have been put in place. Therefore, in the event that the central bank was collapsing, it might take time for signs to be recognized by the financial firms that are the major focus of regulation.
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4.0 Conclusion
If it would not make the UK appear inconsistent, I would recommend a return to the European Union. However, since the decision and necessary steps have already been taken, the UK has to make do with its current situation. The UK has to establish clear guidelines in its financial sector since it has mostly used those in the European Union for about forty years. The opportunity should be utilized in coming up with financial sector regulations that will promote growth and have a competitive edge over countries in the European Union.
The regulatory authorities in the UK are likely to increase the sector’s interest rates so as to make up on the deficit from being charged high rates through trade involving the EU. However, the UK will have to come up with clear financial policies so as to mitigate the occurrence of a crisis. In the past, there has been severe and a high level of frequency of financial crisis that have occurred across the globe. The regulation and supervising of firms in the financial sector of a country is largely a national responsibility.
Both regulation and consequence arbitrage results are likely to be experienced by countries in the UK due to its exit from the European Union. There are international banks that have been situated in the UK for a long duration. These firms might have to relocate to other geographical locations in the EU so that they can continue enjoying the same regulations that they are used, especially if their parent firms are located in Europe (Ashurst, 2016: 6).
The geographical move would result in loss of revenue and employment for many UK nationals. Financial firms in the UK would be motivated to move because they would be expected to comply with a double regulation of the financial sector in EU, and that of the UK. Clearing houses could also contribute to a major collapse of the financial sector as a consequence of a failure of payment by a few dealers especially if they trade in high volumes. The solution to the possible loopholes that might occur is strict regulation of the financial sector for both the UK and EU.
Bibliography
Ashurst, 2016, Brexit: potential impact on the UK’s banking industry. Ashurst.
Claessens, S. and Kodres, L. 2014, The Regulatory Responses to the Global Financial Crisis: Some Uncomfortable Questions, IMF Working paper.
Heath, R., 2013, “Why Are the G-20 Data Gaps Initiative and the SDDS Plus Relevant for Financial Stability Analysis?” IMF Working Paper 13/6 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
International Monetary Fund, 2009, “Restarting Securitization Markets: Policy Proposals and Pitfalls,” Chapter 2 in the Global Financial Stability Report (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Omarova, Saule T., 2010, “Rethinking the Future of Self-Regulation in the Financial Industry,” Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 35, (3): 665.
Weil, D., Fung, A., Graham, M., and Fagotta, E. 2006, “The Effectiveness of Regulatory Disclosure Policies,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 155-81.
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Personal and professional development
Professional development entails a person developing himself or herself in his or her role to completely understand the job that he/she does and the way in which that person can improve. It is notable that professional development entails enhancing the necessary skills in order to perform one’s role as effectively as possible and as Armstrong (2010) pointed out, it is something that would continue all through a person’s working life.
When thinking about personal development, one thinks about the skills needed to achieve the required results, both in the person’s role and for life in general. Ordinarily, personal development is about improving one’s talents as well as potential, both in the place of work and outside the place of work (Cook &Hunsaker, 2011). This learning portfolio entailed filling out a total of five Activity Reflection sheets for Lecture Topics 1 through 6. Entries 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 provide a summary of the activity reflection sheets.
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In essence, each entry highlights the things that I learned from the activity and includes relevant examples which prove my learning and how I am intending to use the skills that I developed all through the activity in the future at my place of work. On the whole, this learning portfolio provides evidence of my progress as well as ongoing performance and is therefore of major importance to me.
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Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System
Racial discrimination as a deterrent to public safety efforts in America: A study of citizens’ trust on the criminal justice system
In the past decades, the United States has been proactive in addressing the racial discrimination issue. However, the concern over unfairness and discrimination based on race remains a major cause of controversy within the criminal justice system.
Race and culture influences public safety policies immensely because there is need to design policies that address citizen needs without discrimination. Accordingly, public safety policy is developed through a series of write-ups that must be thoroughly scrutinized to determine that policy seeks to protect all citizens equally. In the event that public safety policy appears to negate from equal treatment public uproar is likely to result. This leads to questioning of values that underlie criminal justice policies and procedures; and the possibility that citizens could lose trust in the system due to unrelenting racial disparity (Lawrence, 2011).
This insinuates that until policies are further revised to create serious consequences for criminal justice officers who discriminate based on race and ethnicity, citizens’ trust on the justice system will continue to diminish (Durant, 2016). It is a mandatory obligation for the government to enhance citizens’ safety; while safeguarding equality grounded on racial or cultural background. This will ensure that public safety policies are effectively executed and that they are considered effective.
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It can be established that the U.S. is significantly committed towards ending discrimination in all aspects. Therefore, the criminal justice system is undergoing copious reforms, all which portray discrimination as unconstitutional and place emphasis on the need for professionalism within the system. However, discrimination still perseveres. A considerable number of citizens have been reported as serving jail term based on erroneous conviction (Smith & Hattery, 2011).
Minorities’ overrepresentation is also rampant, leading to continued questioning of the criminal justice system objectivity and whether every American can feel adequately protected by the system (The Sentencing Project, 2016). The police force is particularly as affected, having been criticized continuously in the recent past as being agents of discrimination. This is a serious predicament that the government must address, if its efforts towards enacting inclusive public safety measures are to be successful.
Based on this topic, the writer will demonstrate how racial discrimination has affected overall trust on the criminal justice system and how this is likely to impact public safety outcomes and policies.
References
Durant, J. M. (2015). Equal Protection: Access to Justice and Fairness in the American Criminal Justice System? Depaul Journal for Social Justice, 8(2), 175-198. Retrieved from eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=29d32b56-8af3-487f-b80b-041bc4748a07%40sessionmgr4006&vid=1&hid=4205
Lawrence, K. O. (2011). Race, Crime, and Punishment: Breaking the connection in America. Washington, D.C: The Aspen Institute.
Smith, E., & Hattery, A. (2011). Race, Wrongful Conviction & Exoneration. Journal of AfricanAmerican Studies, 15(1), 74-94. doi:10.1007/s12111-010-9130-5
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Biomechanics on Basketball Jump Shot
How to Make a Jump Shot Effectively
The jump shot technique is one of the essential elements of the techniques of basketball as it allows the players to earn points. The technique requires high level of performance and it engages the legs without the ball followed by a counter movement short of an arm swing. To effectively enact the move, it is important that the player should learn the fundamentals of the technique. To master the move the player ought to start with the necessary and proceed to learn the more sophisticated techniques following intensive practice and training.
The first step in ensuring that the move is conducted efficiently, the player has to select a comfortable location. In so doing the player should turn the body to face the hoop and subsequently plant the feet on the ground. More so the feet should be set in such a way that they are 10- 45 degrees such that the hips, shoulders, and elbow are aligned with the basket. In the second step, the player should get in a shooting position also known as the shooting stance. The stance has a significant impact on the accuracy of shooting. The knees should then be flexed slightly to allow for flexibility. Also, this is the position that powers the jump. The foot positioning, in this case, should be shoulder width to enhance the shooting speed.
In the third position, the ball is raised into the shooting position. To effect the position, the ball is dipped to the shooting side. The fingers should be spread to ensure that the player has control of the ball. The shooting hand should be placed behind the ball such that the back of this hand is aligned directly away from the basket. The non-shooting hand, on the other contrary, should be positioned in such a way that is on the side of the ball. Additionally, the thumb on the non-shooting hand should point towards the forehead.
The next step of the jump is to flex the knees and then make the jump. The player ought to push with their hips and legs so as to launch themselves into the air. To ensure maximum accuracy, it is important to keep the forearm aligned vertically when flexing so ensure that the motion is in line with the hoop. As the player jumps, they should launch the ball up in front of the body towards the basket in the arc with the shooting arm first.
Subsequently, the shooting arm elbow should be straightened as the player shoots. The shooting hand should only be used to ensure that the ball is kept in control. At the top of the jump, the ball is released by turning the wrist downwards. Consequently, the ball is expected to roll off from the shooting hands having contact with the index finger last. After the ball is shot the shooting hand should then naturally descend.
The Biomechanics Principles of the Jump Shot
While making the shot, various biomechanical principles have been shown to maximize the accuracy of the shot while imparting sufficient power. Regarding precision and power, several biomechanical principles are linked to the effectiveness of the jump. It is evident that here is production of a force that the shooter will employ so as to begin the shooting motion.
Research indicates that the force is produced by the activity of the muscles (Struzik, Pietraszewski & Zawadzki, 2014). As a result, the stronger the muscles, the more power will be produced. However, it is important that the force developed by the muscles or the groups of the muscles must be applied in the proper sequence as well as in the proper direction so as to ensure that the greatest force is realized muscles (Struzik, Pietraszewski & Zawadzki, 2014).
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As a result, there is the derivation o the most important principle of biomechanical power which is known as the summation of forces. The principle provides that the shooter should apply all the forces of summation. As such to impart the greatest power it is important that the shooter should gather the fore beginning from the legs heading to the fingertips as they release the ball. As more power is added to each and every muscle group, the shooter will be able to push the ball further than if the individual muscles were applied muscles (Struzik, Pietraszewski & Zawadzki, 2014).
Another aspect that enables the shooter to have a mechanical advantage by facilitating a range of motion speed as well as the strength. As such as when shooting the basketball, the shooting arm should act as the lever and therefore assist in increasing the power of the shot. In this case, the lever will help them in guiding the ball to get off the middle, and the index finger as the shot is completed (Struzik, Pietraszewski & Zawadzki, 2014).
However, the lever should also be used effectively to ensure that the shot is done effectively. Most importantly, the position of the hands during the delivery is also important to allow the ball to fly off the hands with the perfect backspin.
Another biomechanical aspect that is important in the accuracy of the shot is the angle of projection. It is implied that when the greater the angle of projection is high, then the object is likely to obtain a greater vertical height (Struzik, Pietraszewski & Zawadzki, 2014). On the contrary, if the angle of projection is small, then it is likely that the ball will not have sufficient vertical velocity to have the sufficient range.
Similarly, it is evident that the release angle and the entry angle are correlated. As such when the entry angle is reduced, the target size is also reduced. The best yielding angle of release is the one that is shot between 50 and 70 degrees (Struzik, Pietraszewski & Zawadzki, 2014).
The objective of all the players during the game is to score points. As such the player has to be endowed by various techniques such as jump shots. The technique is one of the most popular techniques that engages the player in a two-legged jump shot.
The technique is not as simple as it appears since the movement ought to be automated such that the player achieves the required elements of biomechanics. The most important variables to be considered in the jump shot includes the angular velocity, the release angle and the angle and power of the portion of the body of the shooter. Therefore, the motor abilities of the shooter also plays a significant role in enacting the shot effectively.
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Marijuana Legalization
Possession, selling and use of marijuana is illegal in many countries because of the adverse effects of the drug on the body. Nevertheless, there has been much debate recently in several countries concerning the legalization of the drug. In the United States, for example, there is division as to whether marijuana should be legalized in all states for both recreational use and medical applications or not. However, in some states like Colorado and California, cannabis is already legal for both recreational and medical use, but in limited amounts. However, cannabis should not be legalized.
Cannabis is a drug that has long-term adverse effects on the health of the abusers. These effects include an increased body mass index, insulin resistance, increased appetite and increased waist circumference (Thomson & Hay, 2015). The results lead to lifestyle diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Phyto-cannabinoids, which are intermediates in reactions involving cannabis activate the receptors of brain cells and inhibit release of neurotransmitters by the brain cells.
This leads to brain dysfunction in the short term; that may develop into long-term dementia. It would, therefore, be absurd to legalize a substance with such effects on the human body. Legalization of the drug would inevitably cause an increase in the use of the drug among the youth, hence increased health hazards (Davis et al., 2015).
Marijuana heightens aggressive and antisocial behavior among the users. Legalization of marijuana would increase its consumption and, therefore, lead to increased occurrence of crime and other social vices (Polini et al., 2009). In Colorado, for example, a case study shows that legalization of the drug has resulted in increased use among teens, educational problems in high schools and middle schools.
There has also been an increase in emergency room visits resulting from consumption and abuse by children and their pets, causing sickness and even death (Hurley, & Mazor, 2013). Cannabis related hospital admissions rose by 32 percent. Cannabis also impairs the judgment of its abusers and users leading to road accidents. Statistics shows that traffic accidents related to marijuana accounted for 20 percent. Marijuana also contributed to 32 percent of road accident fertilities.
It is, therefore, clear that even if marijuana is legalized with restrictions for both medical and recreational use, there will still be increased chances of regulations being disregarded as in the case of alcohol. Therefore, cannabis should remain illegal in the rest of the country and be made illegal in the states in which it has been made legal. This is with regards to the statistics for increased marijuana-related impacts within one year of legalization (Joffe & Yancy, 2004).
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Other people may argue that marijuana legalization is good for the economy, a fact that is evident in Colorado where 6 million dollars were collected from the trade of ‘weed’ with one year of amendment 64, but it would be incorrect to choose money over citizens’ wellbeing. Also, another argument is that cannabis legalization would be good for those who use the drug for cancer treatment. Therefore, it is beyond reasonable doubt that the drug has benefits. However, allowing citizens to vote on whether cannabis should be legal or not, while at the same time campaigning about the benefits rather than the negative side-effects is also incorrect. It is analogous to letting a patient treat themselves (Anderson, & Rees, 2014).
In conclusion, marijuana should remain illegal in states of the USA where it is not yet legal and be illegalized in states like California where money hungry local governments have conspired to brainwash citizens into voting for the legalization of the drug.
References
Anderson, D. M., & Rees, D. I. (2014). The Legalization of Recreational Marijuana: How Likely Is the Worst‐Case Scenario?. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33(1), 221-232.
Davis, J. M., Mendelson, B., Berkes, J. J., Suleta, K., Corsi, K. F., & Booth, R. E. (2015). Public health effects of medical marijuana legalization in Colorado. American journal of preventive medicine.
Hurley, W., & Mazor, S. (2013). Anticipated medical effects on children from legalization of marijuana in Colorado and Washington State: a poison center perspective. JAMA pediatrics, 167(7), 602-603.
Joffe, A., & Yancy, W. S. (2004). Legalization of marijuana: potential impact on youth. Pediatrics, 113(6), e632-e638.
Margaret, K. (2013). Legalization of Marijuana. Publications Oboulo. com.
Pollini, R. A., Romano, E., Johnson, M. B., & Lacey, J. H. (2015). The impact of marijuana decriminalization on California drivers. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 150135-140. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.024
Thompson, C. A., & Hay, J. W. (2015). Estimating the association between metabolic risk factors and marijuana use in U.S. adults using data from the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Annals Of Epidemiology, 25(7), 286-291. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.01.013
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How Organizational Structures Support or Impede Innovation
Organizational structures acts as the main guideline of how to run activities like supervision, coordination and task allocation. Also, it defines the flow of information in diverse levels of management (Swan, 2007, P. 177). On the other hand, innovation entails changing the organization’s processes or coming up with new ideas to improve the company’s performance.
Therefore, for change to take place, the organizational structures should be active to avoid confusion. Moreover, the management should have a positive attitude to embrace changes which occur as a result of the transformation process. Innovation depends on the employee’s flexibility, adequate information and communication systems and proper project management.
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For change to be effective, people should have knowledge about various matters. According to the epistemology of possession, knowledge is a personal property of an individual, who interprets the meaning of data according to perceptions, experiences, and previous understanding. Various people with different past experiences are likely to draw different conclusions from the same information. Since knowledge is based on an person, what individuals agree on as true is driven by those in power since their justifications often have a lot of weight.
For instance, in western medicine, clinicians who claim about the best treatments, basing their knowledge on scientific research override the competing claims which come from less powerful groups applying alternate therapies (Newell et al., 2009, P. 15). The sales persons can use support innovation by sharing ideas from customers because they are in a position to understand the customers’ needs. These thoughts help the organization to come up with better products to suit the market’s needs.
Additionally, the firm tries hard to maintain a fairly flat organizational structures to avoid many rules and regulations. Moreover, the firm did not have a human resource department, and would employ its workers formally through the word of mouth. These features help in recruiting the most competent workers because recruitment considers a person’s ability to apply his knowledge in diverse areas. Moreover, the organization ensures that there are adequate resources for implementing in all technologies to facilitate project implementation.
Organizations use ICT to carry out knowledge work. However, the human agency, physical properties of some ICTs and institution within which the people make their work influence the effect of ICT on education. Research shows that technology determines the type of organizational structure.
The organizational structures have the ability to support or impede innovation in some ways. Change starts with the management of awareness that different people possess. If workers conduct the improvements appropriately, people will learn to embrace and apply the change correctly (Camison & Villar-Lopez,204, P. 100).
References
Camisón, C. and Villar-López, A., 2014. Organizational innovation as an enabler of technological innovation capabilities and firm performance. Journal of Business Research, 67(1), pp.2891-2902.
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Mixed Method Approach Research Designs
Every work involves the use of specific tool or apparatus that enhances the attainment of the desired objectives. Similarly, in research, there are diverse methods that can be applied to collect data and come up with scientific reality or information about the social reality. In some instances, research work will need to apply combined techniques or more than one technique to increase the chances of getting more reliable information.
One of the prominent research techniques is the use of the Mixed Method Research, (MMR). Mixed method approach, also referred to as the multi-methodology, involves the application of both the quantitative and qualitative techniques in a single study. The application of both techniques can either be concurrent or sequential. The mixed method approach is likely to give a wider dimension of approach to research when applied in psychology-based study.
The current paper describes the mixed method research as an integration of both quantitative and qualitative methods. In addition, the paper explains the type of questions best explained by the mixed method approach. The paper also elaborates the strength and limitation of mixed method approach. Finally, there is the rationale for and against the utility of mixed methods in psychology.
According to Johnson & Onwuegbuzie (2004), the mixed method approach can be used to bridge the rift between quantitative and qualitative techniques. Both techniques though viewed as different, may have closer similarities. For example, both techniques aim to gather empirical evidence or data to address the questions posed. Mixed method approach is therefore an integrated approach that erases the limitations posed by the single method and can be used to answer a question posed on the social phenomenon (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004).
The mixed method approach technique usually uses both quantitative and qualitative techniques in order to create a greater validity that can be derived through the use of varied techniques of data collection. In the mixed method research technique, both the qualitative and quantitative data are collected. Afterwards, the data are mixed together to produce more comprehensive and integrated results regarding the social reality.
The mixed method technique can therefore be viewed as the bringing together of the qualitative and quantitative techniques (Creswell, 2014). Consequently, the mixed method technique can be explained as a convergence of results arising from both the qualitative and the quantitative results. This can be illustrated by the diagram below.
RESULTS
The data collected from both the qualitative and quantitative techniques are then connected together to form integrated research results.
Lastly, the information that is got from the result of carrying out both techniques is then embedded together and used to explain the social phenomenon that was under enquiry.
Any research study usually aims to answer a specific question or identify a gap that has been identified. When applying the mixed method of approach, one question is usually developed and then extended into quantitative and qualitative sub-questions. Once the enquiry has been undertaken, different perspectives of research are got and can therefore be used to explain the social phenomena under the study (Collins & O’cathain, 2009). The questions that are raised and are to be investigated can be answered from a number of perspectives.
In a concurrent mixed study method, both the quantitative and qualitative studies are carried out together and results emanating from the study combined. In a sequential study approach, the qualitative method for instance can be carried out first while the quantitative technique will be used to test a named hypothesis arising from the study so as to enhance generalization of the facts (Burkholder, Cox, & Crawford, 2016).
One of the advantages of using the mixed method approach is that the researcher can be able to use narratives, words and pictures to be able to explain reality or factual data in social phenomena (Creswell, 2014). For instance, Psychological facts can better be understood when a combination of these concepts will be used to aid in the explanation of the social reality.
From another insightful perspective, the researcher has an ample platform that allows him/her to be able to generate and at the same time test any grounded theory (Burkholder, Cox, & Crawford, 2016). Since the researcher will not be confined to particular tenets of the single method of research, he/she can be able to tackle broader and complete varieties of questions.
This allows the researcher to explore fully and comprehensively the case that he/she is studying to come up with conclusive information on what he/she is studying. In the mixed method approach, therefore, there is the concept of complementarily. Additionally, the mixed method allows the researcher to be able to add insightful facts and methods that can be ignored when a single research technique is applied in carrying out research work especially in psychology.
On the other hand, the mixed method can be considered to be more time-consuming and expensive. From another perspective, a lot of researchers may also find it difficult to handle any conflicting ideas or results arising from the study that uses the mixed method research technique. Furthermore, there are some researchers who may hold methodological predilections, which may make them lean on one method at the expense of the other. In such cases, the researcher may fail to understand the mixed methods as a complete integration of both the qualitative and quantitative methods.
Psychology-based researches require intensive implementation of research techniques that come up with viable results that fully explain a specific social phenomenon. For example, when the mixed method is used in finding out psychological concepts in the social world, the researcher is likely to come up with stronger evidence that will be derived from the convergence and collaboration of ideas from both the qualitative and quantitative techniques, applied together.
When both methods have been applied, the researcher can come up with a complete knowledge that can be effective in explaining and informing psychological practices and theories (Edmonds & Kennedy, 2012). From another insightful perspective, when the mixed method approach is used to investigate a psychological concept, overlapping, though diverse ideas about a social phenomenon can be derived.
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When undertaking a psychological study, the mixed method can enhance complimentarily between the quantitative and qualitative techniques. For instance, the results that can be derived from one method can be verified using the other. For example, the qualitative study can be used to come up with a psychological concept in the social world. Quantitative study can afterwards be undertaken to verify the facts through coming up with a hypothesis following the survey undertaken from the qualitative study (Mertens, 2014). Consequently, when qualitative technique is used as a platform to carry out a survey study, quantitative technique can be used to verify the facts.
Contrarily, the mixed method approach can pose difficulties to the researcher especially where he/she will be required to apply two or more approaches concurrently to study a psychological concept on a certain population. The researcher will be required to go an extra mile to understand how to apply both methods and how to mix them appropriately.
In conclusion, a single method used in carrying out research can produce a variety of weaknesses. The mixed method approach can be used to compensate for the weaknesses that can be prevalent in every single technique. For instance, the use of both the qualitative and quantitative techniques yields results that give a comprehensive outlook about the social phenomenon under enquiry.
References
Burkholder, G. J., Cox, K. A., & Crawford, L. M. (2016).The scholar-practitioner’s guide to research design. Baltimore, MD: Laureate Publishing.
Collins, K. & O’cathain, A. (2009). Introduction: Ten points about mixed methods research to be considered by the novice researcher. International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 3(1), 2-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/mra.455.3.1.2
Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Sage Publications.
Edmonds, W. A., & Kennedy, T. D. (2012). An applied reference guide to research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage Publications.
Johnson, R. & Onwuegbuzie, A. (2004). Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come. Educational Researcher, 33(7), 14-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189×033007014
Mertens, D. M. (2014). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage publications.
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Dentist
Introduction
In a health facility, there are different professional and non-professional practitioner that plays a vital role in providing health care. In a matter of facts, their roles differ from how they get involved with patients, and the community, and also their responsibilities. It is imperative for a member in different teams to comprehend the role of various health disciplines. In that light, the study sorts to interview a peer Dentist, who will help in understanding the professional identity and stewardship in his line of career. The interviewee was expected to give the ultimate truthful answers in his perspective of how he understands the question asked (Suzuki, 2015).
Question one: Role of dentist as a health care team.
A general dentist is a profession mandated to take care, diagnose, treatment management, and coordination of services to ensure that oral health of patients of all ages is met. In simple terms, they ensure that the teeth and gum are in proper care and maintained, but there is more than the layman’s teeth and gum. That is to say, they also check head muscles, salivary glands, tongue, jaw among others and are vital in spotting early signs present in the mouth, that may indicate another disease elsewhere in the body. In the team (dentist), there are specialists like Pediatric Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthodontics, Endodontics among other who plays a vital health care role.
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Question two: Define of professionalism and how it impacts their work
In dental health care career line, professionalism is a core value which aligns with other codes of health education and other occupations. Correspondingly, professionalism in dental education has a unique definition which is primarily guided by six values-based virtues. The virtues are competence; which deals with quality of know-how, fairness; illustrated by consistency in caretaking, integrity; indicated by the complete alignment of words, actions, and values.
Also, responsibility; deals with accountability, respect; depicted in honoring others worth, and lastly, service mindedness; this is not limited to showing compassionate but also acting in a way that benefits the patients. Thus, professionalism in my career line is, just practicing a combination of these virtues when taking care of the patients.
Question three: Stewardship of Dentist in health care?
Yes, the in my working place are practicing excellent leadership in the dentistry department. Indeed, they are working hand in hand, with the dentists, and other educators to ensure that they transform the practice environment. Chiefly, they intend to make the practice environment is more positive, engaging and also healthy.
There are a number of things that the Dentistry Leaders in the health center have focused on the following aspects: they have improved the level the department collaboration practices, increased aging workforce involvement, focused on the patient population centeredness among other crucial stewardship qualities. Above all, there has been regulatory and accreditation aspect of the dentist career.
Question four: Importance of professional advocacy and authenticity as well as power and influence of leaders.
The incorporation of advocacy and authenticity of leaders with authority and influence is necessary to inspire the workers to deliver the highest standard practices. A mere fact is that being a leader does not end by just taking control; rather it should incorporate the ability to bring and sustain influence as they have to be authentic. As said earlier, stewardship should bring different people to work together to improve the current health practice condition.
Nonetheless, the leaders should have the power to take control of some of the situations, and be related to a group at the same time perceived as the head. A combination of these professional qualities makes the leader have direction when he shows the power, concern about other people’s opinion when they have advocacy or authenticity.
