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Allergy: Patient History
Donna’s symptoms suggest allergy rhinitis and a possible an allergic contact dermatitis. Donna complains of tenderness over maxillary sinuses and nares which are in conjunction with red, and with boggy moist mucosa and one-medium sized polyp on each side. All these symptoms suggest rhinitis, and an inflammation of the mucous membranes taking place in the nose (McCance & Heuther, 2014).
Other effects of allergens include the reddened clear and slightly swollen eyes with tearing that Donna presents with. Taking into consideration that Donna’s flaking erythematous rash is noted only on the flexor surfaces her arms, is it likely to be caused by direct contact with an allergen. A postponed sort IV extreme touchiness response Allergic contact dermatitis is and is appears localized, as opposed to widespread like atopic dermatitis (McCance & Heuther, 2014).
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Questions pertaining to both personal and family history include:
Any history of pet, seasonal, or environmental allergies?
Any history of respiratory issues?
Any history of asthma or asthmatic bronchitis?
Do these symptoms present around the same time each year?
Have you noticed an irritant that causes these symptoms to flare up?
Evidence suggesting that Donna doesn’t have an acute severe infection
Donna’s vital signs within normal limits, which shows hemodynamic stability; her lungs are clear to auscultation; and her postnasal drainage is clear. The presence of this evidence is not suggestive of an acute severe infection.
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Type of hypersensitivity reaction involved in Donna due to her allergic Rhinitis
As described in McCance and Huether (2014, p.56), allergic rhinitis is caused by inhalants such as dust, pollen, and mold. This is classified as a Type I hypersensitivity reaction. The most common allergies are type I reactions, which happen as a response to an exposure to an environmental antigen (McCance & Huether, 2014).
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Corporate Personality
The concepts of separate corporate personality have provided the ground for companies to survive even in the absence of its original owners, provided they adhere to the companies act. Despite this, the company is limited in that it cannot enter a contract ultra vires. The global economy and businesses are built on the separate corporate personality. However, it has been established that corporate personality has been the vital cause of several frauds and a legal shield in the courts of law (Mohanty & Bhandari, 2011).
To achieve a compensation for a fraud, the fraudster needs to be identified together with the company that the perceived fraudster controls. Usually such a process is referred to as piercing the corporate veil. Currently, the Supreme Court has reviewed the ruling in relation to corporate personality. Of particular interest is the case in Prest v Petrodel, where the supreme courts provided a new definition to the law in respect to the corporate personality.
Whereas the courts have limited powers to ignore the limited corporate personality, the courts acknowledge that many other English law doctrines can be used to provide an alternative interpretation and enhance the justice system. This essay illustrates how the ruling in the case of Prest v Petrodel altered the law and its effect on the meaning of corporate personality.
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The background of the case can be traced from a man by the name Prest. He shared the matrimonial home with his wife and the operations of his businesses were limited to owning residential properties. When the marriage failed and they decided to divorced, his wife sued. However, he denied that the wealth in the company was solely his and she should not be sharing with anybody.
In the first ruling, the court applied the clause in the Matrimonial Cause Act to treat the assets of the company as if they belong to the man (Stockin, 2014). Therefore, the companies could not be ordered to transfer the property to the woman since they belonged to the man. Having lost the case at the courts of the appeal, the woman took the issue to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court overturned the court of appeal decision that and ordered that the properties be transferred to the women since the first judge had erred in his judgment. The courts could only transfer the assets that are actually owned by the husband.
Unlike the appeal court, the Supreme Court discussed the concept of the corporate veil at length while delivering the justice. The concept of corporate veil in this ruling provides the precedent that may be formally binding to future cases (Daehnert, 2007). Immediately after the landmark ruling, the courts of appeal had already indicated that attempts to widen the scope of the doctrine would be difficult or even impossible.
Despite the supreme courts attempt to pierce the corporate veil, it is associated with some limitations as the application of law is concerned. The first limitation of this attempt to pierce of corporate veil is that it will only be applied of the when there is no other legal method of achieving justice. This means that this precedence may not apply if there exist other mechanisms of achieving equivalent results.
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In this regard, it is only necessary to pierce the corporate veil if it is appropriately to do so. One of the supreme courts judges asserted that it is only necessary to pierce the corporate veil when all other legal remedies cannot be applied to provide justice in the courts (Hargovan, 2007). The other limitation to the courts power to pierce corporate veil is possible when the claimant fails to establish an alternative way to identify the company with its controller.
It was evident before the supreme courts that the accused had already established his company several years before he divorced his wife. In this regard, the evasion principle was not applicable in his case and this limited the ability of the judges to pierce the corporate veil. On the other hand, the existence of the resulting trusts also limited the ability of the judges to pierce the corporate veil.
Corporate personality is a legal concept where an organization acquires separate legal personality that is an organization is a separate legal person from its members (Hargovan, 2007). Therefore, an organization is able to have legal obligations and rights. Consequently, an organization can sue and be sued, own property, continue its existence despite change in membership, shareholders can entrust management to directors, right to sell, purchase and mortgage its property in its own name, and enter into contracts. In international law, legal personality is a prior condition for an organization to use its own name in signing of international treaties (Ross 2008).
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This concept of corporate personality has consequences to both the company and its members(French, Mayson, & Ryan, 2015). These consequences are a member’s liability is limited to the share amount they fully paid or the fixed amount a guarantee pays. As a result, a company cannot claim additional contribution from the members. The members are also not liable to cover debts that the company incurred as a separate legal person (Gray, 1997).
A company is at liberty to sue third parties, and even its shareholders. Members are not capable of suing on behalf of the company since it is a separate person with its own legal rights. A company’s property is its own, hence neither creditors nor members have any legal or interest in its possessions. Another consequence in this concept is that a company has liabilities and rights occasionally claiming human rights. The artificial personality does not go as far as giving it human rights, for example, it cannot claim compensation for hurt feelings (McAdms 2014).
Piercing the corporate veil has been a tight rope for the courts as they have to deviate from existing liabilities to do so. However, the cases such as the one Trutor AB v Smallbone provided the need for the courts to pierce the corporate veil. The Canadian courts have the power to pierce the corporate veil in their pursuit for justice. Such a concept is complete contrast to other legal concepts in the common law world.
However, it is emerging that Canada has moved from the British legal system and is slowly influencing the American legal system on corporate matters (Hargovan & Harris, 2007). The North American country has added a conceptual fog of veil piercing jurisprudence through their indiscriminate use of the agency concept. According to Daehnert (2007), the English and the German legal systems are largely based on the limited liability and the separate legal entity philosophies.
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Piercing the corporate veil is a situation in which a court does not abide to the limited liability law and holds a company’s directors or shareholders legally responsible for the company’s statement, debts, or actions. This situation arises when there has been a serious misconduct such as engaging in fraud, undercapitalization at time of incorporation, and other criminal activities (McAdms 2014).
For a long time, the case in Salmon still holds true due to its widely accepted concept of limited liability. Therefore, most English and the American courts have adopted the approach that permits companies to order the affairs by the use of subsidiaries as they claim for limited liability. However, such a concept prejudiced the creditors on the basis that they should not know the state of affairs before transacting with the company (Ruane, 2005).
Throughout the evolution of legal practice, the yardstick of prevention of injustice continue to hold much power in the courts as the judges continue to lean in favor of the decision that favors justice(Mohanty & Bhandari, 2011).
The case in Salomon provided the benchmarks that have been used for years to deal with the issue of corporate personality and liability of directors. The courts established that a member is a legal entity that is separate who is not liable for the debts of the company and his personal assets cannot be used to offset the company debts (Walters, 1998).
The case in Bottrill was one of the numerous attack on the virtues held in Salomon. This ruling in this was fair but left the sole director of the company vulnerable to legal consequences. Whenever other directors of the company are absent, the sole director is left exposed to claims to the claims that his company is operating in a sham contract of employment (Howell, 2000). Therefore, the principle in Salomon can be denied on the policy grounds.
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The rationale for lifting the veil has been observed by law experts for some time. According to Krishnaprasad (2011), lifting corporate veil is a rare and unprincipled legal concept that is often left to jurists. From the policy perspective, the concept of trading with the enemy might form the rationale of lifting the veil. However, the corporate veil is usually lifted to stop people from abusing the legal privileges of the corporate form such as the case of fraud.
However, it is hard to determine whether established company can abuse the concept of corporate form through breaking out hostilities. Theretofore, corporate personality is a privilege that is superimposed on the agreement between the company shareholders that is cloaked in corporate veil and can only be lifted in the case of abuse (Ruane, 2005).
Traditionally, the courts were very reluctant to pierce the corporate veil, unless there exist a compelling issue to do so. However, the courts are increasingly to disregard the autonomous personality of the companies to facilitate the course of justice. In order to uphold the public interest, the courts have strongly relied on the strict rule in Salmon v Salmon to preserve the veil (Nakajima, 1996). The courts have observed the principle of separate personality by noting that the body corporate lacks the basic characteristics of human beings.
There are several corporate structures around the world with different legal consequence. However, most justifications for limited liability no longer apply when the creditor requesting to lift the veil is an involuntary creditor or when there exists a controlling shareholder.
According to Krishnaprasad (2011), the burden of the cases entailing an involuntary creditor and controlling shareholder should be put on the shareholder having potential control of the company to show that he exercises actual control. Such a system is likely to create incentives on the shareholders to invest in socially productive monitoring that activates the social sensitivity of corporations.
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The law in Salomon provided the basis cornerstone of the corporate personality. However, it is evident that the law has been evolving over the years as the court seeks justice. The extent by which the courts will pierce the corporate veil depends whether they are applying the common law of the statutes. For the courts applying the common law, they would only pierce the veil on exceptional circumstances.
On the other hand, there are statutory provisions where the veil can be pierced. From the case laws, it is evident that the courts have the power to pierce the veil or even lift the veil. The recent decision by the Supreme Court in Prest to revisit the issue of corporate veil brought a new concept with consequences in legal practice. In this case, the courts addressed the controversial issue of corporate personality by concealment and evasion principles.
The Supreme Court decision brought the concept that the remedy can be sought from a different position and provides alternative legal base on which equivalent remedy can be provided. In this regard, the courts will have alternative legal routes to make decisions in the vast majority of the corruption and fraud cases. The implication is that the courts should be left free to pierce or lift the veil upon observing certain criteria that falls within the evasion principle and if it is necessary to do so.
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Sneha Mohanty & Vrinda Bhandari, (2011) “The evolution of the separate legal personality doctrine and its exceptions: a comparative analysis”, Comp. Law. 2011, 32(7), 194-205
Krishnaprasad, K.V (2011) “Agency, limited liability and the corporate veil”, Comp. Law. 2011, 32(6), 163-165
Adrian Walters, (1998) “Corporate veil”, (Company Lawyer), Comp. Law.,19(8), 226-227.
Gray, (1997), “SIB attempts to pierce the corporate veil”,(Company Lawyer),Vol 18 No 7,page 217).
Anil Hargovan, (2007) “Piercing the corporate veil in Canada: a comparative analysis”, (Company Lawyer), Comp. Law, 28(2), 58-62.
Alexander Daehnert, (2007), “Lifting the corporate veil: English and German perspectives on group liability”, (International Company and Commercial Law Review), I.C.C.L.R. 2007, 18(11), 393-403.
Laura Stockin (2014), “Piercing the corporate veil: reconciling R. v Sale, Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd and VTB Capital Plc v Nutritek International Corp” Comp. Law. 2014, 35(12), 363-366
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Long-term Investment Decision
From the previous assignments, it was determined that the demand for low-calorie microwavable food is inelastic. The market for the product is also competitive meaning that the price of the commodity fluctuates from time to time. Therefore, the price of the low-calorie microwavable food can be made less responsive to market fluctuations or less price elastic in two ways. First of all is by making the product become more of a mass product that niche.
Secondly is to make its market rigid so that the clients for the product will have no alternative. This is because the customers will find no substitutes for the commodity and thus stick to it regardless of fluctuations (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2013). The low-calorie microwavable food is healthy and convenient. To emphasize on these two main aspects, it is imperative to market and advertise the product with no close substitute by the two key attributes.
Government policies have both positive and negative impact on production and employment in the market. Governments always put in place rules and regulations that guide the way business is done in the market (Mason & Brown, 2013). These policies have an influence on profitability and competitiveness of business enterprises. Government policies act as market catalysts by changing the social behavior in the business environment.
By exempting some companies or particular sector in the economy from tax and duty, the government will be able to trigger investment and generate growth. On the same note, government policy helps to create political stability and hence promote local businesses as well as attract foreign investors.
Long-term Investment Decision
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Government spending also has an effect on businesses, increased spending result in increased taxes that might discourage investment. Similarly, the government can influence the interest rates. An augment in interest rates add to the cost of borrowing. Therefore, it will discourage business because the entrepreneurs and business enterprises will not be in a position to obtain enough capital at a low price (Tricker, 2015). Low-interest rates, on the other hand, encourage investment.
Trade regulations also have an impact on business activities. Regulations such as the requirement for permits, federal minimum wage among others affect business practices. However, fair and effective regulation tends to promote business growth.
In our case, the government policies help to ensure that there is fairness in the microwavable food industry. Government involvement in the low-calorie, frozen microwavable food industry has led to fairness in the following ways.
Fair Competition: Government involvement in the industry has let to fair competition among the key players in the industries. Some firms often use unfair competitive strategies that may be of harm to other key players in the industry. For instance, use in predatory pricing strategies where firms set low prices to attract more customers and drive out other competitors who do not enjoy the economies of scale.
Large companies with high economies of scale can maintain low prices while small and medium-sized firms may not be in a position to maintain such low prices without incurring losses. Therefore, such small companies may end up quitting the market making the remaining large corporations enjoy monopoly power. As such, these strategies are unfair to small companies and thus the government comes in to regulate prices and protect small infant firms.
Long-term Investment Decision
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Minimization of corruption through regulations: Government regulations often prohibit firms from taking advantage of their positions to ask for special treatment that can lead to their success in certain commerce or market economy. For example, some firms may bribe auditors to avoid scrutiny. Such practices are often illegal and unethical and result in unequal distribution of resources.
Undue advantage by some firms in the industry: Firms that are large and powerful often manipulate individual to gain favors at the expense of other firms. It is the requirement of the government to come up with regulations and rules that will ensure that there is an equal distribution of resources in the industry. The government should intervene and prosecute firms that take advantage of their position to make companies avoid such behavior. Therefore, it will enable companies in the low-calorie, frozen microwavable food to embrace legal and fair strategies that may not end up being unfair.
Therefore, government regulations have enabled the low-calorie, frozen microwavable food firm to enjoy fairness. Government regulations have enabled the company to have an equal opportunity of achieving tremendous success as long as it is in a position to develop legal and effective business strategies.
Similarly, government involvement in the industry helps to shield consumers from exploitation. It is the responsibility of the customer to ensure that products and services available to consumers are safe for consumption. In the same way, government develops rules that help ensure market efficiency and govern international trade.
Long-term Investment Decision
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Some of the major complexities that would arise under expansion via capital projects include:
Uncertainty: The process of capital budgeting is primarily based on future cash flow estimates. However, in the real situation, there are some uncertainties that can make a project fail. Capital budgeting analysis also utilizes multi-period model which lay down costs and benefits of more than one year. During this period, the cost or benefits factor may drastically change. Therefore, use of estimates and uncertainty, realities may result in complexities in capital budgeting (Kardes et al., 2013).
Discount factor: The process of capital budgeting is time-weighted. The future cash flow is often discounted using the present time discount rate. It is also difficult to choose a discount rate. Each project assumes a unique risk associated with itself making it difficult to approximate a discount rate for a project
Indivisibility: It is hard to divide a project. Therefore, a project must be taken up either in entirely or not at all.
Evaluation is also a big challenge: There are different techniques that are used such as discounted techniques and non-discounted technique, when evaluation techniques conflict, business acumen, and manager’s prudence takes over the capital budgeting decision (Healy & Palepu, 2012).
In the case of low-calorie, frozen microwavable food company the big issue is the agency problem. This problem is because of the conflict of interest between the managers and the stockholders. Therefore, the microwavable food company can take the following steps to help bring convergence between the firm’s managers and stockholders.
First of all, the firm should align some part of the compensation package to the sales and profitability growth of the firm. Similarly, the firm should plan for stock options with the requisite T & C and provide it to the management to make them feel that they are part of the company (Grant, 2015). This way, the managers will be able to think for the betterment of the firm. Finally, the firm should develop a profit sharing plan that is linked to the performance of the managers.
Long-term Investment Decision
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By employing the above strategies, the firm will be able to motivate managers to work towards achieving the organization goals (Tricker, 2015). This is because the managers will begin perceiving their owned align with organization goals. Due to their hard work the firm will achieve growth in profitability, sales and profitability of the company. Increased sales will result in an increase in the compensation of managers. On the same note, it will increase the share price of the low-calorie, frozen microwavable food company. Therefore, both the managers and stockholders will mutually benefit.
The name of the firm should not be used as an initiative of converging manager’s interest with those of the stockholders. The reason is that such strategy may result in copyright related issues. Be as it may, an organization with good HR practices can align the interest of managers, employees, and the stockholders. Performance management linked and motivation strategies such as bonus payment will also helps to converge the manager’s interest with those of the stockholders.
In conclusion, the low-calorie microwavable food can make its commodity less price elastic by making the product more of a mass product and making its market rigid. The government, on the other hand, helps in the regulation of the industry to ensure fairness in the low-calorie, frozen microwavable food industry (Mason & Brown, 2013).
When it comes to capital expansion, firms face complexities because of uncertainty, discount factor, abandonment options, indivisibility and conflict between evaluation techniques. Finally, the low-calorie, the microwavable food company can converge the company managers and stockholders interest by making the managers feel like they are part of the company and linking compensation schemes with the performance of the managers.
Kardes, I., Ozturk, A., Cavusgil, S. T., & Cavusgil, E. (2013). Managing global megaprojects: Complexity and risk management. International Business Review, 22(6), 905-917.
Healy, P., & Palepu, K. (2012). Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning.
Weber’s distinction between formal rationality and substantive rationality
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Weber’s distinction between formal rationality and substantive rationality
Rationalization of society is an idea that was conceptualized by Weber (Carroll, 2011). This paper provides an exhaustive explanation of what Max Weber meant by differentiating between substantive rationality and formal rationality. Moreover, with the use of the concepts of substantive rationality and formal rationality, this paper analyzes whether the Human Relations Theory and Scientific Management are substantively rational, formally rational, neither or both.
Rationalization is basically a product of technological advancements and scientific study in the West. Lippman and Aldrich (2013) reported that rationalization, by decreasing the tradition’s hold on society, brought about new practices. Rather than the behaviour of human beings being motivated by traditions and customs, rationalization resulted in behaviours which were guided by practicality and reason.
Rationalization changed modern society to a great extent and it also played a vital role in the development of capitalism. The main types of rationality include formal rationality, substantive rationality, theoretical rationality and practical rationality (Sterling & Moore, 2012). This paper is focused only on formal rationality and substantive rationality.
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Formal rationality and substantive rationality
Substantive rationality – people may consider various possible actions or values, and trying to make them consistent. Max Weber, in the early 20th century, referred to this as substantive rationality. Weber saw it as problematic in the contemporary society largely because rationalization of social life makes it very hard for individuals to pursue certain values (Sterling & Moore, 2012). For instance, it might be very hard to pursue religious or family values in contemporary society thanks to economic pressures as well as dominance of bureaucratic institutions and organizations.
In essence, substantive rationality entails deciding the most appropriate choice of a means to an end as guided by each of the collective values. Put simply, a person is trying to make his or her system of values and his or her actions matching or in agreement with each other (Kemple, 2013). Derksen (2014) noted that substantive rationality is understood as goal-oriented rational action in the context of ultimate values or ends. It is the extent to which economic actions serve ultimate values in spite of what they might be. This concept is holistic thinking that focuses on problem solving in a system of values.
Formal rationality on the other hand entails making decisions which are founded on regulations, rules, as well as the bigger social structure of the society. In essence, formal rationality entails quantifying or calculating the most efficient means to an end (Hedoin, 2012). It is also the degree of quantitative calculation or accounting that is theoretically feasible and actually applied.
As Weber pointed out, formal rationality refers to straightforward means-ends rational calculation. For instance, a person has a goal to accomplish and he/she then takes rational steps – that is, steps which are founded on science, logic, observation or prior experience – to accomplish that particular goal (Townley, 2012).
Formal rationality, as Hedoin (2012) stated, is a more extensive form of rationality which typifies business organizations; bureaucratic organizations in particular. This results in universally applied regulations, laws and rules which typify formal rationality in the Western world, especially in the scientific, legal and economic institutions, over and above in the bureaucratic type of domination.
Some of the examples of formal rationality include rational-legal types of authority for instance the modern judicial and legal systems (Townley, 2012). The fear of Max Weber was that formal rationality was becoming increasingly dominant in the western contemporary society, and that the significance of substantive rationality was actually reducing.
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Scientific Management
Frederick Taylor was a contemporary of Max Weber and he conceptualized the idea of scientific management which seeks to increase results and performance by making employees more efficient and work more rational. According to Frederick Taylor, scientific management gave emphasis to the following:
(i) discovering effective and efficient means of working by using scientific techniques;
(ii) selecting the finest, most skilled personnel to perform work tasks and recruiting them;
(iii) providing professional development and training to improve the efficiency of these employees in the business organization; and
(iv) closely monitoring employees’ achievement of well-defined goals and standards (Sterling & Moore, 2012). In today’s age, most organizations and companies have espoused and implemented the fundamental principles of scientific management and rationality (Kemple, 2013).
The scientific management model proposed several principles applicable in management. Some of these principles comprised the study as well as application of scientific techniques to the tasks contained in different roles in order to improve workers’ efficiency (Derksen, 2014).
Moreover, it suggested a reform of the processes of recruitment which ensured that new employees were selected in a scientific way to ensure that the workers who were hired were actually suitable for the job. Scientific management made a lasting and vital contribution in terms of the development of contemporary management.
The application of scientific management principles is formally rational and therefore scientific management can be considered as being formally rational. The approach underlying such thinking is that people’s behaviour within organizations is rational, and that premeditated rational action has to be taken in order to ensure that control is effected over their actions for the purpose of the organization itself (Lippman & Aldrich, 2013).
It is in this sense that management control is in fact very consciously rational and purposive. Weber suggested that the movement toward formal rationality would result in the development of interactions and practices aimed at facilitating calculation or efficiency instead of promoting aesthetics, morality or tradition (Kemple, 2013).
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Scientific management by Taylor affirmed to have introduced a more formal rationality into the process of management. This assertion has a number of vital implications. It enabled the management of a business organization to be taught. If prescriptions of the management could be identified through experiment and study, then it is possible for individuals to attain management status (Giannantonio & Hurley-Hanson, 2011).
It is not essential to be born into managerial authority positions as it had been supposed by the old social class structures. Through training and experience, even individuals from disadvantaged ethnic groups or social classes could become managers. Another supposition was that scientific management would be helpful in getting rid of social conflicts.
If facts that are scientifically based could become the starting point and foundation of managerial decision-making, then the arbitrary exercise of managerial power would need to be eradicated and there would not be any rational disagreements with regard to managerial policies (Derksen, 2014). On the whole, scientific management offered the likelihood that conflicts of opinion could really be resolved through rational investigation.
According to Ritzer (2011), one familiar modern organization today that has effectively espoused and implemented the main principles of scientific management and formal rationality is McDonald’s – a company whose practices and structures typify and illustrate the ideas of Frederick Taylor and Max Weber in action. Ritzer (2011) pointed out that McDonald’s – as well as the McDonaldization of other firms in today’s era – is really not a novel or new phenomenon; rather, it is the product of the processes of rationalization which have been taking place during the past century and influenced commercial, governmental and even educational organizations.
In essence, McDonalized corporations have 4 main purposes or characteristics: (a) control over individuals entering the organizations by means of non-human technology; (b) efficiency, or the best technique of getting from one point to another point; (c) calculability, or a highlighting on the quantitative facets of services and/or products offered; and (d) predictability, the assurance that over time in every location, services and products would actually be the same (Lippmann & Altman, 2013).
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According to Max Weber, scientific management is formally rational. Max Weber did not see the success of formal rationality only in the bureaucracy. The other place where he saw the triumph of formal rationality is the modern capitalist factory which was greatly influenced by the formally rational military along with its discipline (Ritzer, 2011). Max Weber saw the organizational discipline within the modern capitalist factory as totally formally rational.
He saw the height of this type of formal rationality within the American system of scientific management: Weber stated that with the help of appropriate measurement methods, the individual worker’s optimum profitability is computed similar to that of any material means of production. Basing on this, he noted that the system of scientific management in the United States successfully proceeds with its rational conditioning as well as training of work performances, therefore drawing the final conclusions from the discipline and mechanization of the plant (Wren, 2011).
In essence, man’s psycho-physical apparatus is totally adjusted to the demands of the machines and tools – put simply, it is functionalized, and the person is shorn of his or her natural rhythm by the functional specialization of muscles and by creation of a most favourable economy of physical effort (Hedoin, 2012).
Human Relations Theory
Also referred to as behavioural management theory, the Human Relations Theory is focused more on the people in a place of work than the processes, procedures and rules. Rather than directives coming directly from the senior company executives, this theory emphasize communication between managers and staff members and allow them to interact with each other to help in making decisions (Townley, 2012).
Rather than providing employees with quotas and demanding specific procedures, staff members are exposed to emotional as well as motivational tactics in order to get them to enhance and improve their productivity. This style basically focuses on creating productive, satisfied employees and helping employees to invest in the organization.
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The Human Relations Theory is neither substantively rational nor formally rational. As a kind of decision-making, formal rationality is subject to calculation which goes into an action to improve its likelihood of success. In formal rationality, the most efficient means to an end is calculated or quantified (Lippman & Aldrich, 2013). In essence, formal rationality forces order on the society by means of quantifiable, rigid terms through decisions which are founded on universal regulations and rules.
The Human Relations Theory is not formally rational at all. As per the Human Relations Theory, the attitudes of people in an organization have the potential of affecting their productivity either in a negative or positive way. The place of work can be likened to a social system that comprises informal groups that bear significant influence over the workers’ behaviour and attitude.
Additionally, this theoretical framework emphasized on the style of supervision and management. It stated that the adopted styles of supervision and management have a direct impact on the workers’ job satisfaction level (Derksen, 2014).
Furthermore, the Human Relations Theory is really not substantively rational. Even as many business organizations operate basing upon the Human Relations Theory, Wren (2011) pointed out that this kind of management has its shortcomings. Business organizations risk their employees becoming very social or easily influenced by personal opinions and emotions when making important decisions instead of depending on hard data.
In addition, dismissing workers after they become invested in the organization or reprimanding them for poor performance might be harder and more difficult. In spite of these risks, this theory can increase employee productivity and retention rates in the organization.
As workers feel more valued by their organization, they would invest in it and its greater good (Wren, 2011). Substantive rationality is a kind of decision-making that is actually subject to values as well as an appeal to ethical norms and it does not consider the nature of consequences: the human relations theory is not at all substantively rational.
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Conclusion
To sum up, Max Weber stated that substantive rationality is basically a goal-oriented rational action in the context of ultimate values or ends. It entails deciding the most appropriate choice of a means to an end as guided by collective values. Conversely, formal rationality entails making decisions which are founded on regulations, rules, as well as the bigger social structure of the society.
It involves quantifying or calculating the most efficient means to an end. Since the application of scientific management principles is formally rational, scientific management is in fact formally rational. Nonetheless, the Human Relations Theory is neither substantively rational nor formally rational.
References
Carroll, A. J. (2011). Disenchantment, rationality and the modernity of Max Weber. Forum Philosophicum: International Journal For Philosophy, 16(1), 117-137.
Giannantonio, C. M., & Hurley-Hanson, A. E. (2011). Frederick Winslow Taylor: Reflections on the Relevance of The Principles of Scientific Management 100 Years Later. Journal Of Business & Management, 17(1), 7-10.
Kemple, T. (2013). Presenting Max Weber. Canadian Journal Of Sociology, 38(3), 407-412.
Lippman, S, & Aldrich, H. (2013). The rationalization of everything? Using Ritzer’s McDonaldization thesis to teach Weber. Teaching Sociology, 31, 134-145.
Ritzer, G. (2011). Explorations in social theory: From metatheorizing to rationalization. Boston, MA: SAGE.
Sterling, J. S., & Moore, W. E. (2012). Weber’s Analysis of Legal Rationalization: A Critique and Constructive Modification. Sociological Forum, 2(1), 67.
Townley, B. (2012). The role of competing rationalities in institutional change. Academy Of Management Journal, 45(1), 163-179. doi:10.2307/3069290
Wren, D. A. (2011). The Centennial of Frederick W. Taylor’s The Principles of Scientific Management: A Retrospective Commentary. Journal Of Business & Management, 17(1), 11-22.
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The Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility
Corporate social responsibility and its relation to business can be viewed as the voluntary activities that a company engages in with the aim of ensuring that economic, environmental and social goals of the society are achieved besides profit making.
When a company carries out its functions in a manner that impacts the economic, environmental, and social aspects and in a transparent way in the society, they are in a position of succeeding since this encourages the element of shared values (Habel, Schons, Alavi, & Wieseke, 2016). This therefore points out to the fact that the mitigation of social, economic and environmental risk factors remains one of the essential ingredients in the success of different businesses.
Conflicts that Corporate Social Responsibility Creates For Corporations
It is essential to consider the fact that one of the conflicts that Corporate Social Responsibility (CRS) creates for corporations is in relation to corporates the chosen levels of the expenditures in running these programs that may tend to be greater than the elements that maximize a company’s value (Habel, et.al.2016). This therefore may prove to be negatively connoted since it has the capacity to decrease the value of a company’s shareholders. Additionally, these conflicts are bound to promote the element of social agendas that may also be viewed positively.
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Shareholders & Stakeholders Conflicts in a Corporation
It is essential to consider that the shareholders and stakeholders have different conflicts within a corporation. In consideration of the shareholder and stakeholder theories, it is vital to note that these two functions have the capacity to dictate what a corporates role has to be in CSR(Mishra, & Modi, 2016). The shareholder theory therefore holds that the shareholders need to advance funds to the company’s managers who are tasked with the responsibility of spending the funds as accorded by the shareholders.
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On the other hand, the stakeholder theory asserts that the interests of corporates stakeholders need to be considered even in the even that this has the capacity to reduce the profitability of a company. The conflict therefore arises in relation to the definition of roles and functions between the shareholders and the stakeholders (Mishra, & Modi, 2016). On the other hand, conflicts are also bound to rise when the needs of the stakeholders compromise the expectations of the shareholders.
It is essential to determine the fact that corporations have the capacity of being socially responsible considering the fact that this is an element that points out to their clients on how they are dedicated which goes along with the company’s reputation.
Business Practicing Corporate Social Responsibility
RELX Group is one of the company’s that offers CRS to its employees by offering them opportunities to develop in order to reach their full potential. Through this, the company is in a position to justify their expenditures in meeting these purposes (Mishra, & Modi, 2016). Through this trainings, it has been established that the lives of the people within the community are impacted, a factor that has urged this company’s commitment of this course.
Mishra, S., & Modi, S. B. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility and Shareholder Wealth: The Role of Marketing Capability. Journal of Marketing, 80(1), 26-46. doi:10.1509/jm.15.0013
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Medical Nursing for Veterinary Technicians
Part 1: Orogastric tube placement
Orogastric tube is normally used to decompress the stomach of the patient, especially if the stomach is distended so much that it makes it difficult for adequate ventilation. Decompression is done by placing the orogastric tube (a flexible tube) into the canine’s mouth into the stomach (Jack & Watson, n.d.).
Procedure of placing and removing orogastric tube
Similar to any other procedure, several steps are needed to conduct this process to ensure safe tube placement and efficient decompression. To begin with, the healthcare provider must prepare in advance all the equipment required, as indicated by the proper sizes of tubes as based with the patient’s age. The healthcare provider must get donned with the appropriate personal protective equipment to protect the canine and himself from infection causative agents (Jack, Watson & Heeren, 2014).
The patient is then properly positioned. For instance, in non-trauma and non-intubated patient, the head should be placed in a flexed position. This helps easier passage of the orogastric tube through the oesophagus. However, most of the patients that demand gastric decompression are often intubated; thus, head movements may jeopardize positioning of the endotracheal tube. In this case, the head position should be neutral.
To estimate the depth of tube, measurements should be done from the mouth, around the patient ears to position just below the xyphoid process. Starting from the procedure, the distal end of the tube must be coated with a lubricant that is water soluble (usually Viscous Lidocaine) to minimize injuries and discomforts (Jack, Watson & Heeren, 2014).
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For the intubated patients, the endotracheal tube should be held by the assistant provider firmly, as the provider inserts the orogastric tube in the mouth, down to the oesophagus. The tube should pass with ease, and if any resistance is felt; then it should be withdrawn and procedures begun again. The tube is then placed on the premeasured depth. The syringe is then inserted at the end of the orogastric tube to withdraw the stomach content. In advanced healthcare facility, the tube is hooked directly to suction that will withdraw gastric contents.
To ensure that the tube is properly place, a syringe filled with air is usually placed on one end of orogastric tube, and the provider listens above epigastrum instil air rapidly at least 20cc. If it was well placed, the injected air is heard. The tube is then secured in place using a tape (Kirk, Othmer, Grayson & Eckroth, 2013).
If the correct placement of orogastric tube is bot confirmed, it should be removed immediately. The tube should be removed immediately if the patient develops shortness of breath or breathing difficulties. During the removal procedure, the patient should be administered with activated charcoal through the tube, by either blowing it into the tube of flushing with water.
The tube should be kinked to prevent the aspiration of lavage fluid. Once the tube has been kinked, it should be removed in one quick sweep. The patient should be extubated upon the return of gag reflex. The patient should remain head elevated in sternal recumbency position to avoid aspiration (Osweiler, 2011).
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Advantages and contraindications
The advantage of this procedure is that it facilitates the decompression of air from the patient distended stomach, thus improving the patient’s ventilation. Additionally, it orogastric tube is also used to empty the stomach content to avoid regurgitation and potential aspiration. This root is preferred as it helps minimize health complications that occur with the nasal routes such as bleeding and nasal trauma.
The contraindications of this method is that it should not be performed in patients identified with intact gag reflex, but it is the most safe methods for patients with major trauma in the head, spinal cord or facial as it minimizes complications (Kirk, Othmer, Grayson & Eckroth, 2013).
Complications of orogastric tube placement
If the tube is well inserted, minimal complications should arise. However, some of the complications noted includes mal-positioning of the tube causing discomfort. Oesophageal variceal haemorrhage and posterior pharyngeal perforations could occur during insertion. The complications that could arise during use include reflux, sinusitis, blockage and kinking of the tube. In some cases, unprecedented dislodgement could occur and mucosal adherence complications could arise during removal processes (Osweiler, 2011).
Part 2: Fluid administration
1. Physical parameters
Fluid therapy is very vital for most of the medical conditions for veterinary patients. To identify the exact need for fluid therapy, the patient history and physical exam findings play a huge role in determining the fluid selection, volume, location needed and composition of the fluid. Therefore, fluid administration is individualised to patient needs (O’Grady, 2011).
The health assessment conducted includes pulse rate, respiratory rates, lung sounds, body weight, skin turgor, mental state, and mucous membrane colour and temperature extremity. These assessments provide clue of dehydration. The clinical signs that correspond to dehydration percentages are shown below (Gajewski and Hillel, 2012).
Percentages
Clinical signs
5% and below dehydration
No clinical signs detectable, mild dehydration
5%-6% dehydration
Subtle skin elasticity is loss
6%-8% dehydration
Moderate dehydration. Reduced skin turgor, slightly sunken eyes into the orbitals, high capillary refill time
10%-12% dehydration
Severe dehydration. Completely dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes, dull eyes, loss of skin turgor, and signs of shock including tachycardia, weak pulses, irregular heart rate and consciousness alteration.
12%-15% dehydration
Most severe dehydration. Signs of shock present, death imminent of uncorrected quickly.
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2. Phases of fluid therapy for feline patient
The patient in this case study is a cat that weighs 8 lbs; dehydration rate is reported at 10%. The patient does not present signs of shock. The cat does not suffer from diarrhoea or vomiting.
a) Calculating the fluid need rates
To identify the fluid replacement volume, the veterinarian needs to know the dehydration percentage, the ongoing fluid losses as well as the fluid maintenance requirement. This is calculated as based using the following formula (Hansen, 2012).;
Fluid deficit (ml) = Body weight in Kg x percentage dehydration (in decimal point)
The ongoing fluid loss includes sensible as well as the insensible fluid losses. The sensible fluid losses include those which can be quantified such as urination. The insensible losses includes those which cannot be quantified e.g. through faeces and cutaneous losses. Maintenance fluid is the volume required by the patient per day to sustain the patient balance.
Most of the providers apply the standard requirements such as 40- 60 ml/kg/day. However, it is important to monitor the maintenance requirements by calculating the hydration deficit. In this case, the patient is has no ongoing losses, thus the fluid maintenance is as calculated below (Davis, 2013).
Fluid deficit (ml) = Body weight (lb) X percentage dehydration (in decimal) X 500
8 x 0.1 x 500 = 40ml/kg/day
Monitoring IV fluid therapy and its importance
The patient IV fluid therapy is monitored by conducting serial measurement of the body weight to monitor excessive or inadequate fluid therapy. The new weights will be compared with the base line weight. The serum chlorides measurements will also be conducted to enable identify electrolytes imbalances. The measurements of urinary output are a good indicator of fluid balance. Therefore, monitoring is important it enables the veterinarian identify of there is over or under provision of fluid; and early identification of electrolyte imbalances that could lead to further complications (O’Grady, 2011).
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Part 3Dental Prophylaxis
a) Difference between horse and dog teeth
Like any living animals that have teeth, horses and dogs have premolars, molars, incisors and canines. The tooth structure is similar to the other animals. The horses have hyposodont tooth and the jaw conformation is anisognathic. The upper jaw and the maxilla are considerably wider in comparison of the mandible and the lower jaw (Kirk, Othmer, Grayson & Eckroth, 2013).
This enables the horse maximize their chewing efficiency, making them fed adequately for long time. On the other hand, dogs are carnivore and thus their teeth reflect the evolutionary history of carnivores. However, pet dogs are omnivores; which requires dental management practices such as prophylaxis. The differences of the two species teeth is as summarized in table 1.2 below (Berkovitz, Moxham, Linden & Sloan, 2010):
Horses’ dental formula
Dog’s dental formula
a) Temporary teeth I – 3/3 C- 0/0 P – 3/3 M – 0/0 = 12 x 2 = 24 b) Adult (permanent teeth) I – 3/3 C – 1/1 P – 3 or 4/3 M – 3/3 = 20 (or 21) x 2 = 40 (or 42)
a) Puppy (temporary teeth). I – 3/3 C – 1/1 P – 3/3 M – 0/0 = 14 x 2 = 28 b) Adult (permanent teeth) I – 3/3 C – 1/1 P – 4/4 M – 2/3 = 21 x 2 = 42
b) Importance of dental prophylaxis in both species
The dental prophylaxis consists of examination of oral dental, coupled with odontoplasty of the enamel points that are extremely sharp. In horses, the sharp enamels should be removed two times year when the permanent dentition; and after as many times as required, depending on the horse management practices. For horses that graze freely in the range may require dental prophylaxis yearly; whereas those confined should be done twice a year. In dogs, they should have dental prophylaxis performed at least once per year (Gajewski and Hillel, 2012).
In both, the aim and importance of this practice is to remove the sharp enamel edges that could cause irritation of the soft tissue. Additionally, it is also done to clean the two species teeth and make the evaluation of the oral cavities or any dental related health complication present (Kirk, Othmer, Grayson & Eckroth, 2013).
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c) Comparison of dental prophylaxis procedures in both species
The procedure is quite similar, where the animals are put under general anaesthetic care, to ensure that the patient is comfortable and to ensure effective cleaning. It also allows insertion of endotracheal tube in the trachea of the patients, in order to protect the bacteria from cleaned teeth from invading the lungs. The dental prophylaxis includes (Berkovitz, Moxham, Linden & Sloan, 2010):
a) supra-gingival cleaning; which involves the cleaning of the regions above the gum line done suing the mechanical scalers.
b) Subgingival cleaning; involves cleaning of the ears below the gum line to remove the plaques as well as the calculus responsible for periodontal infection. This stage mainly causes the roughening of the teeth.
c) Polishing; The roughened surfaces increases retentive ability of plaque and calculus, causing faster build up and progression of periodontal disease progression. Polishing is done to smoothen tooth surface, reducing the adhesive plaque ability.
d) Sulcal and subgingival lavage; the polishing as well as the scaling and polishing makes lots of debris get trapped, the gingiva is flushed with antibacterial solution, where periodontal disease occurs, then it is flushing is done using saline.
e) Fluoride treatment; done to strengthen and harden the dentin, which causes the tooth sensitivity to reduce, and is known to retard the formation lesions.
f) Treatment planning; done using dental graphs and all other modalities responsible in reestablishment of oral health.
g) Dental charting: involves recording if the findings and oral health recommendations. The chart is used to examine the disease progression or regression.
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Part 4
What is CPR? What is its goal?
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is used to check dog’s heartbeat when the dogs gets accidentally injured and stops breathing with the aim of bringing it back to life. The pet’s owner should report the incidence to the provider so that they can prepare the emergency room adequately. The procedure used to perform CPR includes is described (Sirois, 2013).
Procedure of performing CPR
To begin with, the veterinary should be armed with their crash cart. The basic items in this cart include endotracheal tube, needles/syringes, Dopram, IV catheter supplies, bandaging materials, epinephrine and atropine. To perform CPR, the dog’s mouth is open gently, and the tongue pulled out. The dog’s neck and head is straightened gently to avoid further injuries. The dog’s chest is examined to check sign of respiration (Sirois, 2013); which can be evaluated by holding the dog’s mouth to feel any respirations.
If the dog is not breathing, then one performs mouth to snout by holding the mouth closed, the provider should cup his or her hand around the dog’s nose and blow two breaths into the dog’s snout. The breathing should go in, the procedure should be continued. The recommended breaths are one breath for every 3 seconds or an average or 20 breaths/min (Macintire et al., 2012).
The next step is to check for circulation. The dog’s femoral artery should be checked to check if it has pulse. If no pulses are felt, chest compressions should be done. The dog should be positions on its right side; the dog’s chest is located (normally at the position where elbow joins the ribcage). The compression should be done based on the dog’s size. For dogs below 16 pounds, compression should be done using thumb and forefinger in both chest sides (Jack, Watson & Heeren, 2014).
For larger dogs, palm method compression is the most effective. The compression should be done 1.5 inches for each compression. The compression rate which is recommended should be at least 3 compressions/ 2 seconds. For every 15 compressions, at least two breaths should be done. Where there are no abdominal injuries, the healthcare provider assistant should perform interposed compression of the abdominal simultaneously. This aids in making the blood flow back to the heart. The CPR procedures should be repeated until the sign for breathing or pulse is heard from the dog (Lopate, 2012).
References
Berkovitz, B., Moxham, B., Linden, R., & Sloan, A. (2010). Master Dentistry Volume 3 Oral Biology. London: Elsevier Health Sciences UK.
Gajewski M, Hillel Z. (2012). Anesthesia management of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2012;54(6):503–11.
Hansen B.(2012). Technical aspects of fluid therapy. In: DiBartola SP, ed. Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders in small animal practice. 4th ed. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier Saunders; 2012:373
Jack, C., & Watson, P. Veterinary technician’s daily reference guide.
Jack, C., Watson, P., & Heeren, V. (2014). Veterinary Technician’s Daily Reference Guide: Canine and Feline, 3rd Editi. John Wiley & Sons.
Kirk, R., Othmer, D., Grayson, M., & Eckroth, D. (1984). Encyclopedia of chemical technology, third edition. New York: Wiley.
Lopate, C. (2012). Management of Pregnant and Neonatal Dogs, Cats, and Exotic Pets. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
Macintire, D.K., Drobatz, K.J., Haskins, S.C., et al.(2012). eds. Manual of small animal emergency and critical care medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Wiley Blackwell:69.
O’Grady, NP. (2011). Alexander M, Burns LA, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheterrelated infections, 2011. Department of Health & Human Services, USA. Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/bsi-guidelines-2011.pdf.
Osweiler, G. (2011). Small animal toxicology. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell.
Sirois, M. (2013). Mosby’s Veterinary PDQ. London: Elsevier Health Sciences.
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Ecology World Crisis
Introduction
Ecologists agree to the fact that ecology world crisis that is facing the world today is attributed to the element of capitalism with the only real solution to this found in socialism. It is essential to note that many people have given explanations about the world with no formidable solutions and tasks in changing the factors that affect it (Boehlert, Strzepek, Chapra, Fant, Gebretsadik, Lickley, &. Martinich, 2015).
The environmental issues that exist in the imperialists states can be mitigated in the event that sufficient resources specifically time, labor and energy are directed towards these actions. This would therefore require some change in the manner in which consumption patterns are made. This paper consequently seeks to conduct a study on the ecological issues that the world is facing that include environmental problems such as greenhouse effect that is done through the emission of gasses over the expanse and that originate from the fossil fuels.
Ecological Crisis
Ecological crisis is one of the factors that have turned out to be of interest in this current dispensation. According to Negi, & Maikhuri (2013), ecological crisis can be termed as the occurrence of problematic changes within the physical, biological, chemical and environmental composition of the earth’s ecosystems as a result of human made and natural reasons (pp.452).
Through the development of human capacity, the environment has been viewed as changing, a factor that has seen the ecological balance loose its originality, with this damaging the ecosystems within the local and global level. It is for this reason vital to note that there is a need of establishing an ecological balance in this world which remains the final goal of this focus.
Ecology World Crisis
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The cause of the greenhouse effect is attributed to the rise of activities that have taken a central role win a capitalist economy which as seen the inclusion of fossils as an approach of generating energy for use in transport(Tauringana, & Chithambo, 2015). These are thus determined as the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions since every tone of fossil fuel that is burned produces close to 3.7 tons of carbon dioxide. This gas is considered as chemically unreactive and may not be gotten rid of easily since it is emitted from the exhausts.
The greenhouse effect has then been established as a serious problem since the earth warms is warmed by the atmosphere which acts like a protective layer since without this, the temperatures within the earth’s surface would escalate to -18 degrees centigrade(Tauringana, & Chithambo, 2015).
Heat from the sun is consequently known to pass through an atmosphere, an element that warms it up as this emits heat in the form of infra-red radiations. Some of this heat is trapped on the atmosphere with the rest escaping into the earth’s space. The greenhouse gases aid the atmosphere in trapping more radiations, with this gradually warming more than expected.
Ecology World Crisis
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Problems of the Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is responsible in the raising of temperatures of the planet, a factor that affects the earth’s ecosystems since they remain fragile and serious heat changes may affect the systems. According to a panel on the changes in climate, it has been predicted that the rise of the degrees in temperature will be experienced by the year 2025, with this having the capacity to cripple the Corn Belts in North America which centrally provides the worlds grains.
According to Harris (2012), these effects will definitely see the rise in food prices and the limitation of food to the Third World nations (pp.572). This means that some nations which lie further north would be in a position to grow crops that they have in the past growth.
On the other hand, the rising sea levels have also been an area that is threatening many ecologists. This event is known to result from the melting of the polar ice caps that leads to severe flooding in many regions(Harris, 2012). Most of the nations that are likely to suffer from this issue are considered to be the states that are considered as poor especially the Southern Pacific, the Islands of Caribbean, Indian Ocean and Mediterranean that are formulated as an alliance of other small states.
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Solution of this Ecological Crisis
It is easier enough for individuals to mention some of the elements that are required to rectify these situations than in engaging in the act. The reduction of energy conservation approaches and including alternative sources of energy such as the nuclear power is one of the fundamental ways of managing this crisis (Alberti, Primavera, Vecchio, Lepreti, & Carbone, 2015).
Additionally, the inclusion of free public transport within different nations would be another aspect in managing thins crisis since cars would be turned for recreational purposes. There is also a need to ensure that the destruction of forests is stopped and to incorporate reforestation programs in nations.
The reduction in the use of fossil fuels is another factor that would considerably reduce the levels of carbon dioxide that is produced which will in turn see the reduction of the pollutants that result in acidic rain. This may only be achieved through the use of less energy systems or through the incorporation of alternative sources of energy (Remais, Hess, Ebi, Markandya, Balbus, Wilkinson, & .Chalabi, 2014).
Household on this note also need to consider that there is essence in reducing their consumer behaviors. In this case, there is a need to educate households on the value of turning off their lights when not in use, and avoiding the usage of cars for short distances. Households also need to make use of different inventions that make use of less energy.
Ecology World Crisis
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Conclusion
Ecological crisis that are currently facing the world today are attributed to the element of capitalism with the only real solution to this found in socialism. It is essential to note that many people have given explanations about the world with no formidable solutions and tasks in changing the factors that affect it.
An ecological crisis can be termed as the occurrence of problematic changes within the physical, biological, chemical and environmental composition of the earth’s ecosystems as a result of human made and natural reasons (Remais, et.al.2014).
As determined in this study, cause of the greenhouse effect is attributed to the rise of activities that have taken a central role win a capitalist economy which as seen the inclusion of fossils as an approach of generating energy for use in transport.
In solving this ecological crisis, it is essential to ensure that appropriate approaches are directed towards the reduction of energy conservation approaches including alternative sources of energy such as the nuclear power is one of the fundamental ways of managing this crisis. Additionally, the inclusion of free public transport within different nations would be another aspect in managing thins crisis since cars would be turned for recreational purposes.
References
Alberti, T., Primavera, L., Vecchio, A., Lepreti, F., & Carbone, V. (2015). Spatial interactions in a modified Daisy world model: Heat diffusivity and greenhouse effects. Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear & Soft Matter Physics, 92(5-B), 052717-1-052717-11. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.92.052717
Harris, G. P. (2012). Introduction to the special issue: ‘Achieving ecological outcomes’. Why is translational ecology so difficult?. Freshwater Biology, 571-6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02773.x
Negi, V., & Maikhuri, R. (2013). Socio-Ecological and Religious Perspective of Agrobiodiversity Conservation: Issues, Concern and Priority for Sustainable Agriculture, Central Himalaya. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 26(2), 491-512. doi: 10.1007/s10806-012-9386-y
Remais, J. V., Hess, J. J., Ebi, K. L., Markandya, A., Balbus, J. M., Wilkinson, P., & … Chalabi, Z. (2014). Estimating the Health Effects of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Strategies: Addressing Parametric, Model, and Valuation Challenges. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(5), 447-455. doi:10.1289/ehp.1306744
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State of New Jersey Health Report Cards
New Jersey States key health indicators
According to the census population data estimates, the state of New Jersey has a population estimate of 8,938,175 with the poverty rate of this state standing at 11.4%. According to the health indicators, some of the chronic diseases that are prevalent among this population include cancer, asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney diseases, HIV/AIDS, Heart diseases and stroke, and tuberculosis (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013).
The reports also indicates that access to health care services is more that the lack of health insurance with the understanding of public health care systems and having care providers remaining some of the key elements that determine the manner in which access to these services are employed. However, there is a need to increase the proportion of adults with the health care providers with the aim of improving healthcare outcomes.
An increase in children’s lives expectancy has been impacted immensely by the reduction in mortality by infectious ailments that have been achieved through the administration of vaccines. Early childhood immunization is considered as safe with the employment of cost-efficient approaches of controlling preventable diseases through the use of vaccines. Vaccinations have on the other hand let to a 95%reduction in vaccine-preventable ailments among this populations.
According to the National Immunization Survey (NIS) 2012, New Jersey’s immunization rates of coverage for children are considered as above the national average for children aged between 19-35 months (The National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties, 2012). Low birth weights and defects are determined as the leading causes of deaths among the infants in New Jersey with many factors attributed to the quality of prenatal care, nutrition, infections, medical problems, alcohol and drug substances use, stress, obesity, poverty, violence and the mothers ages.
State of New Jersey Health Report Cards
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A dramatic increase in children and adults including teens who are overweight in New Jersey is also one of the alarming factors about the well-fare of this population. The occupational injuries that are either fatal or non-fatal in nature are also serous public health issues that affect this population. Additionally, the use of tobacco is also another factor that is considered that cause of deaths and diseases among these people (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2013).
Smoking is considered as the cause of chronic lung diseases, heart diseases, and strokes of the lungs, mouth, larynx and the esophagus. Exposure of the secondhand smoke contributes to the increase in heart diseases and cancers among the nonsmokers.
How these Indicators Influence Health Status
These indicators influence the health status of New Jersey considering the fact that the state has experienced a growing population of individuals who suffer from cancer, asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney diseases, HIV/AIDS, Heart diseases and stroke, and tuberculosis. Additionally, it has also been upon the state to address these issues through the development of appropriate care approaches for the patients who present these ailments(Green, Tones, Cross & Woodall, 2015).
On the other hand, the low birth weights and defects have also constituted deaths among the infants in New Jersey with many factors attributed to the quality of prenatal care, nutrition, infections, medical problems, alcohol and drug substances use, stress, obesity, poverty, violence and the mother’s ages. The increases in child and adults having obesity also influence the health status of the state including injuries and the use of tobacco.
State of New Jersey Health Report Cards
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What is and what are Not Covered under Medicare and Medicaid
In line with the health status of this population, Medicare covers services that include the lab tests; the visits that are made by the physiciansthe provision of wheelchairs and walkers for those of face fetal injuries, hospital care for the patients, home health care services and nursing home care including a skilled facility with effective nurses(Green, et.al.2015).
On the other hand, Medicaid is fully developed to serve most of the poor people within this population and it covers the clinical treatments, midwifery services, screening, diagnosis and treatment of the people aged between 21, doctor’s services, x-rays and medical and surgical services (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, n.d.).
Direct and Indirect Burdens Of Health Risk Behaviors
The chronic diseases and conditions among this population that includes the contraction of cancer, asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney diseases, HIV/AIDS, Heart diseases and stroke, and tuberculosis remains some of the costly and preventable health issues in New Jersey (Green, et.al.2015). These diseases are considered some of the top causes of deaths among the population of this country.
As a result of this, families are forced to put up with the costs of these illnesses that is dependent on their experiences (Green, et.al.2015). Families are therefore forced to select treatment approaches based on the severity and nature of these ailments with the choices of these options dependent on their ability to access resources and other barriers to accessing health care systems.
State of New Jersey Health Report Cards
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Policy and Its Impacts on Key Health Indicators
Policy plays an essential role in impacting the health indicators considering the fact that this incorporates the public and governmental interventions in changing the environment as well as promoting the behaviors of individuals with the aim of enlightening on how to prevent chronic diseases within the society(Green, et.al.2015). Through policies, the state and the general public are in a position to reduce the contraction of chronic diseases, a factor that promotes the health of the society.
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2013, from http://www.cms.gov/
Green, J., Tones, K., Cross R., & Woodall, J. (2015). Health promotion: Planning and strategies (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
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Motivation and Performance
Motivation and performance are two vital concepts of productivity irrespective of the underlying factors that instigate them, whether in a service providing or a manufacturing environment. According to Robertson, Birch & Cooper (2012), motivation of any extent among employees or students in working or education settings respectively is undeniably the most imperative determinant of satisfaction and subsequently performance due to effective and efficient utilization of resources with minimal wastage and optimal efforts towards achieving the set outcomes.
As a result, considering the challenge of limited resources balancing between motivation and task satisfaction has become very essential (Robbins & Judge, 2013).
Motivation and Performance
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Cooper (2013) noted that motivation is the desire to not only do but also actualize things, making it the most crucial element in setting and achieving goals which is to a greater extent influenced by self-control. Thus, motivation is usually what stimulates us to act and it involves the process of initiating, guiding, and maintaining behaviors that are goal-oriented (Brief & Weiss, 2012).
This is without any doubt the main reason why talent and ambition are not the sole predictors of whether someone will push until a certain goal is achieved or quit along the way. Hence, this validates the suggestion by Wade and Tavris that the source of someone’s motivation is a crucial factor to determine whether the set goal is achieved including the need to perform excellently in front of others or the satisfaction achieved from learning a task (Brief & Weiss, 2012).
Motivation and Performance
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Schultz & Schultz (2014) emphasize that performance goals are vital in determining someone’s motivation as well as satisfaction irrespective of whether a task is performed personally or in front of others or assigned by someone else. A focus on this assertion makes it clear that anyone who has ever set a goal to achieve, has through motivation and envisaged satisfaction to urgently realize that by simply having the interest of accomplishing it is not enough (Brief & Weiss, 2012).
Cooper (2013) notes that achieving such performance goals require persistence through obstacles as well as endurance to keep pushing on irrespective of the difficulties which are faced along the process since the satisfaction expected from actualizing such a task is enough to motivate sustained action. Thus, with regards to performance goals, motivation is usually determined by three main components such as activation of the desire, persistence and intensity.
Mastery goals are undoubtedly the most important link between motivation and satisfaction (Cooper, 2013). This is attributable to the fact that, the motivation of performing well in front of others as well as learning a task due to satisfaction attained from it requires not only commitment, but also mastery of the task for satisfactory performance.
As a result, in order to ensure mastery goals with regards to a particular task are achieved someone should always endeavor to increase satisfaction in learning the task for improved motivation, subsequently leading to better performance and increased efficiency (Robbins & Judge, 2013).
Motivation and Performance
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The effect of praise is also crucial in influencing the motivation to perform better in front of others and achieve satisfaction in learning a particular task. Hence, in order to sustain praise from others concentration must be focused on contentment, optimism, enthusiasm, and teamwork among colleagues in order to help the task flourish (Robertson, Birch & Cooper, 2012). Schultz & Schultz (2014) noted that the effect of praise is also strongly associated with the feelings of worth whereby someone’s motivation and satisfaction is driven by his/her mental outlook in believing that he/she is valuable or appreciated, which results to continued effort to maintain the praise.
Expectations and self-efficacy are also naturally linked to motivation and satisfaction because optimism enables someone to hope for the best outcome, especially in challenging or difficult circumstances (Cooper, 2013). Furthermore, self-efficacy with regards to a task’s motivation and satisfaction refer to someone’s emotional condition and the driving force in pursuing and satisfying one’s needs in order to achieve contentment according to Maslow’s theory of needs (Brief & Weiss, 2012).
Robertson, I. T., Birch, A. J., & Cooper, C. L. (2012). Job and work attitudes, engagement and employee performance: Where does psychological well-being fit in? Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 33(3), 224–232.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2014). Psychology and work today: An introduction to industrial and organizational psychology, (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
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