Category: Essay

The Use of Diamond in Engineering

The Use of Diamond in Engineering
The Use of Diamond in Engineering

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The Use of Diamond in Engineering             

Introduction

Traditionally, the classification of ceramics is done on the premise that they are materials made of clay. However, due to the expansion of the field of ceramics, nowadays they can be defined as non-metallic, inorganic materials that are treated by heat when being processed or used (Marinescu, Tönshoff & Inasaki, 2010; Moore, 2012; Pierson, 2013). As a result, they tend to be hard, brittle and inert and have covalent or ionic bonding.

According to Neves & Nazaré (2011) diamond fits this description of ceramics by meeting all of the outlined criteria. Diamond is purely made of carbon atoms that are crystallised to form a cubic structure whereby the linkage between each carbon atom is through a rigid and strong chemical bond to other four carbon atoms. Harlow (2008) states that until the 1950s, the availability of diamond was in quantities that were relatively small and at prices that were fairly high.

However, these challenges prompted the development of new methods and technologies for making synthetic diamonds, which has led to various new diamond-based products with diverse applications in engineering (Marinescu, Tönshoff & Inasaki, 2010).

The use of diamond in engineering has been attributed to its unique combination of properties, such as highest thermal conductivity and hardness among any other material that is known, a large optical band gap, high electrical resistivity, a high transmission, low adhesion and friction, good resistance to corrosion as well as a thermal expansion coefficient that is extremely low (Prelas, Popovici & Bigelow, 2008; Yarnell, 2014). As a result, these properties have made diamond to be among the most desirable industrial material in a broad range of uses or applications in chemical, electrical, thermal, optical, and mechanical engineering.

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According to Feldman & Robins (2011) in most cases of the usage of diamond in engineering, the surface of a diamond element or component must have a superior finish, usually in terms of surface roughness ranging within measures of nanometres. Nevertheless, as a result of its chemical inertness and extreme hardness, the process of polishing diamond and its subsequent composites has always been sophisticated and lengthy (Chen & Zhang, 2013; Rastogi & Hack, 2014).

According to Field (2012) the use of diamond as an engineering material has been evident a wide range of industries such as car manufacturing, aerospace, oil and gas as well as mining among many other customised uses or applications in engineering. Due to diamond’s thermal conductivity, wear resistance and extreme hardness it has actually become an ideal choice material for use in engineering for extreme applications and conditions (Servin, Quinoga & Padilla, 2013).

Based on the title of the essay, the method chosen to tackle the essay was to complete it as a written survey of the existing information in the form of a concise report. In order to complete the report for this basic survey, the existing information concerning the use of diamond in engineering including a brief background history, materials sources and selection, existing materials and technology, current and state of the art uses or applications of diamond in engineering as well as suggestions for future developments.

Sources of Diamond

Nowadays, diamond is usually found from a number of sources mainly in form of natural or synthetic diamond. The main sources or methods of synthesising diamond are discussed below as follows:

Natural diamond: According to Chen & Zhang (2013) each year across the globe there are 20 tonnes of naturally occurring diamond which are mined. Almost a half of this quantity is of industrial quality, while the other half is of gem quality (Chen & Zhang, 2013).

Single crystal synthetic diamond: Efforts towards creation of diamond in a synthetic manner can be traced back many years and have led to commercial availability of gemstone quality diamond by treating carbon-based materials with high pressure and high temperature (Field, 2012; Yarnell, 2014). According to Welbourn (2006) every year there are approximately 90 tonnes of diamond produced using the high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) method.

For instance, the production of most of the industrial quality diamond is usually from graphite at temperatures of 1400 to 1600°C and pressures of 4.5 to 6.0 GPa with the assistance of a transition metal catalyst that is always molten (Prelas, Popovici & Bigelow, 2008). The diamond produced through this method is usually cheaper compared to natural diamond (Moore, 2012; Pierson, 2013; Welbourn, 2006).

Polycrystalline diamond (PCD): According to Sexton & Cooley (2009) this type of diamond is usually formed by cementing grains of diamond together under conditions of high pressure and high temperature where the used bonding agent is a metal or by sintering utilising Boron Carbide as an aid for the sintering.

PCD is usually superior compared to natural diamond in a number of ways including its high wear resistance, isotropic characteristics as well as cost effectiveness. Welbourn (2006) notes that PCD addresses many weaknesses of natural diamond such as high cost, high variability, uneven wear, and large cleavage planes.

Vapour phase deposition diamond: This type of diamond is in the form of thin diamond films and is produced through both physical vapour phase deposition (PVD) and chemical vapour deposition (CVD). According to Koizumi, Nebel & Nesladek (2008) every year about 10 tonnes of diamond films are produced through vapour phase deposition. However, compared to naturally occurring diamond their cost is higher by above four times, even though despite their high cost their application can be economically justified due to the fact that, irrespective of their usage in thin film form they usually result to significant differences in component properties (Koizumi, Nebel & Nesladek, 2008).

Moreover, the availability of low-pressure and high-temperature conditions through CVD has enabled diamond coatings to be grown using a gas-feed mixture of methane and hydrogen. In addition, there can be tailor made growth conditions to enable production of nano- or microcrystalline dopants and morphology such as the addition of boron to induce conductivity (May, 2010, Pan & Kani, 2005; Stallcup & Perez, 2011).

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Key Properties of Diamond

The actual uses or applications of diamond in engineering are attributed to its key properties which provide a desirable combination of mechanical, physical and chemical properties as discussed below:

Extreme Hardness: Diamond is without any doubts the hardest material that is known by man surpassing other comparatively hard materials such as steel, silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, and silicon nitride (Prelas, Popovici & Bigelow, 2008). In fact, this property makes it ideal use in engineering applications requiring greater durability and toughness (Yarnell, 2014).

For PCD and CVD or PVD, this hardness is attributable to diamond-to-diamond particles that are sintered in a structure that is coherent through a HPHT process as well as random orientation of diamond-to-diamond bonds for the purpose of eliminating weak planes thereby preventing tool cracking (Welbourn, 2006).

Resistance to Harsh Environments: According to Feldman & Robins (2011) diamond material is significantly resistant to erosive and corrosive environments and also it is resistant to corrosion from all bases and acids, which makes it easy to operate in any process or chemical fluid environment. Through the combination of hardness and fracture toughness for improved durability, diamond handles loads of extremely high capacities (Harlow, 2008; Prelas, Popovici & Bigelow, 2008; Yarnell, 2014). As a result, it usually offers coefficient of friction that is significantly lower compared to that of Teflon, steel and tungsten carbide (Moore, 2012).

Long Life and Low Wear: Harlow (2008) states that diamond is a super-hard engineering material appropriate for use in environments that are significantly abrasive thereby making it ideal for producing drilling as well as cutting tool material. Also, due to its coefficient of friction which is considerably low, diamond has superior wear resistance which is attributed to its ultra-long tool life as well as higher fracture toughness compared to silicon carbide and silicon nitride (Coelho et al., 2012; Yarnell, 2014).

Highest Thermal Conductivity: It is undoubtedly evident that there no other engineering material known with higher thermal conductivity than diamond (Marinescu, Tönshoff & Inasaki, 2010; Wei et al., 2013). This high thermal conductivity is attributed to the reduction of the localisation of temperature extremes that causes material degradation (Wei et al., 2013).

As a result, diamond disperses heat better than comparable engineering materials such as to silicon carbide, steel, silicon nitride, tungsten carbide, and even copper (May, 2010). According to Moore (2012) the low thermal expansion coefficient of diamond is attributed for its excellent use in making heat sinks as well as applications in harsh environments.    

In addition, the uses or applications of diamond in engineering are also attributable to some of its other properties such as its high electrical resistivity, broad optical transparency ranging from ultra violet region to infra red region as well as biological compatibility (Harlow, 2008; Prelas, Popovici & Bigelow, 2008; Yarnell, 2014). These properties enable diamond to be applied for specific uses in electrical, optical and medical engineering respectively.

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Furthermore, diamond has some limitations which are attributable to a number of its mechanical and physical properties which are listed in Table 1 shown below. For example, diamond is Meta stable at room pressure and temperature, which makes it to form a black coat upon heating to above 600°C in oxygen and also reverts to graphite upon heating in nitrogen to about 1500°C (Wei et al., 2013).

According to Lee & Novikov (2015) diamond reacts with strong carbide to form metals (i.e. zirconium, tantalum and tungsten), and also it dissolves in chromium, cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, as well as the platinum group metals. The typical mechanical as well as physical properties of diamond are listed in Table 1 below.

        Table 1. Typical mechanical and physical properties for diamond Property   Density (g/cm3) 3.50 Young’s Modulus (GPa) 1050 Bend Strength (MPa) 850 Fracture Toughness K1c (MPa.m 0.5) 3.5 Hardness (GPa) 45 Thermal Expansion Coefficient (x 10-6/°C) 1.1 Coefficient of Friction 0.02 Electrical Resistivity (ohm.cm) >1013 Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) 400 Decomposition Temperature in nitrogen (°C) 1500

Present/Current State of the Art Applications or Uses of Diamond in Engineering

The use of diamond and its composites whether CPD, CVD or PVD are closely linked to the extreme physical properties of diamond discussed in previous section. A number of the applications of diamond have already found their way into the marketplace, including some which are more sophisticate such as those concerning applications in electronics, particle detection, optics as well as thermal management.

Until recently, wide-scale usage of diamond in engineering had been hindered by high cost and its availability in small quantities, but this has already been overcome by synthetic production of other forms of diamond including single crystal diamond, CPD, CVD or PVD (May, 2010).

In particular, a wide-scale use of the two superior synthetic composites of diamond such as CVD and PVD was mainly prevented by economic factors until recently because the coating films were typically too expensive in comparison with other alternatives that exist. However, due to the standardisation of higher power deposition reactors, there has been significant reductions in the cost for 1 carat (0.2 g) of CVD and PVD diamond over the past one decade, and this will make the use of both CVD and PVD diamond which have superior physical and mechanical properties much more economically viable, and allow exploitation of their vast array of outstanding physical and mechanical properties in a wide range of engineering uses or applications. Specific uses of diamond in engineering are discussed below:

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Cutting tools

The properties of diamond including extreme hardness and wear resistance, makes it highly appropriate for use to cut tools for machining composite, non-ferrous metals, chip-board and plastics materials (May, 2010). In fact, industrial quality diamond has over the past five decades been used for cutting tools, and until today it remains a useful application in engineering (Moore, 2012).

According to Lee & Novikov (2015) this process involves either gluing the diamond grit to a tool that is suitable (e.g. drill bits, lathe tools, saw blades) or through consolidation of the diamond grit with a binder phase that is suitable (e.g. SiC or Co) to make a tough, durable and hard composite.       

Thermal management

Thermal management in heat spreaders, substrates, and heat sinks are some of the uses or applications of diamond in electrical engineering because it uniquely combines high thermal conductivity and electrical insulation (Wei et al., 2013).  According to Neves & Nazaré (2011) the use of diamond in electrical engineering include applications such as heat sinks for laser diodes, hybrid circuit packages, small microwave power device, printed circuit boards and integrated circuit substrates.  Higher operating speeds are enabled by the use of diamond as devices can be packed more compactly without overheating (Wei et al., 2013).   

Optics    

Due to the optical properties of diamond, it is beginning to be used in optical components, especially as a protective coating as an infrared window during harsh environments (Mildren & Rabeau, 2013; Zaitsev, 2011). Conventionally, infrared materials within the wavelength range from 8–12 µm (such as ZnSe, ZnS and Ge) are brittle and easily damaged, and a thin layer of CVD diamond film with high durability, transparency, and resistance to thermal shock is ideally used to protect them (Rastogi & Hack, 2014; Servin, Quinoga & Padilla, 2013;Walker, 2009). An example of a diamond coated optical fibre can be seen in figure 1.

http://www.azom.com/work/vZaQTZ1l6Z2QOAJMW0Ch_files/image004.jpg
Figure 1. A diamond coated optical fibre.

Semiconductor Devices

Diamond has an electronic structure with a wide band gap that makes it to be used as a semiconductor (Pan & Kani, 2005; Yarnell, 2014).  However, prior to wide-scale exploitation of diamond coatings in the area of semiconductors there is need to address the concern of how to effectively dope the material as well as the growth of either highly oriented films or a single crystal (Wei et al., 2013).  

According to Yarnell (2014) active devices made from boron doped (p-type) films subsequent to growth on diamond substrates operates at temperatures > 500°C in comparison with a maximum temperature of 200°c for gallium arsenide and silicon devices to operate. As a result, the use of diamond and its composites in this area includes high temperature integrated circuits; very high power transistors; radiation hardened integrated circuits as well as piezoelectric devices (Wei et al., 2013).

Electrochemical sensors

According to Prelas, Popovici & Bigelow (2008) doped CVD diamond films have been used for electrochemical uses or applications, particularly in corrosive or harsh environments. When diamond electrodes made through boron-doping CVD diamond films are conducted, a significant potential window in water is observed compared to Pt often to make electrode materials because it dissociates water at electrodes of higher potentials leading to unwanted evolution of oxygen and hydrogen (Pierson, 2013; Wei et al., 2013). For electrodes made from diamond, there is much slower rate of hydrogen gas evolution, allowing the use of much higher electrode potentials (Pierson, 2013).    

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Composite reinforcement

There has been fabrication of diamond fibres and wires, which are exceptionally stiff for their weight (Neves & Nazaré, 2011). With increased growth rates to levels that are economically viable, such diamond fibres are used as reinforcement agents in metal matrix composites to allow manufacture of stiffer, stronger and lighter load-bearing structures (Sexton & Cooley, 2009). Two-dimensional diamond fibre and Hollow diamond fibres weaves or matting have already been developed and have been used in engineering as the basis of smart composite structures (Neves & Nazaré, 2011).        

Particle detectors

One area where diamond has gained considerable usage, especially the CVD diamond films is as a ‘solar-blind’ detector for high energy particles and ultraviolet (UV) light. Diamond UV detectors with high-performance are in existence and other high energy particles, including neutrons and alpha- and beta-particles can be detected using diamond detectors (Feldman & Robins, 2011). Moreover, since the response of diamond and human tissue to X-rays and gamma rays damage is similar, this means diamond may be used in medical and chemical engineering to measure the dose of radiation exposure (May, 2010).  

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Suggestions for Future Research and Developments

Despite minimal attention in the use of diamond in engineering in the past, the past few decades have shown a clear upturn in interest on research and new uses of diamond and its synthetic composites. The existing information indicate that use of diamond in engineering is on the brink tremendous expansion across diverse engineering fields such as quantum computing, catalysis, formation of composites and hard coatings or films, polishing as well as seeding of substrates for CVD diamond growth (Greentree et al., 2006; Wrachtrup & Jelezko, 2006).

In particular, polishing of diamond materials has the potential of providing a state of the art analysis, both experimentally and theoretically concerning most commonly utilised techniques to polish mono or polycrystalline diamond as well as CVD diamond films, including high energy beam, mechanical, thermo-chemical, dynamic friction, chemo-mechanical and other polishing techniques (Greentree et al., 2006; Wrachtrup & Jelezko, 2006). Hence, it is imperative to carry out extensive research on these issues in order to identify specific areas for new developments including coming up with new polishing mechanisms, material removal rate as well as possible modelling through which new uses of diamond and its composites can be highlighted.

Suggestions for future research and developments in the field of polishing of diamond materials will be focused on hard materials development in the field of precision manufacturing. In addition, new innovative and creative ideas on the application of diamond technology in future to develop solid state and vacuum microelectronics, electric power devices, MEMS, sensors and micro-sensors (Wrachtrup & Jelezko, 2006).

This requires more attention to be directed into the research and development micro-devices by conducting modelling, design, development, characterisation, fabrication as well as testing of devices made from diamond. Furthermore, as more interest continue to rise in the field of nanotechnology, the role of nanodiamond (ND) in the future development of quantum computers is imperative for consideration (Lee & Novikov, 2015).

This possible future development will be achieved through extensive research and is attributable to the desirable properties of the (N–V) − defect centre, which serves as a single-photon source that is photostable, and allows this centre’s usage as a quantum bit (solid-state room temperature qubit). In particular, significant research is currently in progress to address the properties and structure of the (N–V) − centre, so that it can be used in quantum computing (Greentree et al., 2006; Lee & Novikov, 2015; Wrachtrup & Jelezko, 2006).

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Conclusion

Despite the rapid and significant progress made over the past one decade in the use and application of diamond and its composites in engineering, the matching commercialization of some amazing diamond composite materials such as CVD and PVD diamond films has not been achieved.

However, as the use of diamond and its composites continue to expand due to reducing costs which is attributed to standardisation of production methods; researchers and diamond technology and engineering industry currently emphasise on the development of methods aimed at scaling up the diamond composites synthesis processes as well as reducing synthetic diamond production costs in order to make diamond the preferred engineering material not only due to its superior properties but also because its economically viable.

Considering that the dream of making diamond the ultimate material for use in engineering has not yet been achieved, more research is required to address this challenge. However, diamond and its composites has been used in engineering to develop some devices which have already found their way to the marketplace, such as diamond windows, cutting tools, diamond heat spreaders as well as SAW filters. In the near future, appearance of diamond films is envisaged to be seen in many more applications including electronic devices as well as more specialised applications such as high temperature electronics and flat-panel displays. 

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References

Chen, Y. & Zhang, L. (2013). Polishing of Diamond Materials: Mechanisms, Modelling and Implementation. Engineering Materials and Processes Series. New York, NY: Springer.

Coelho, R. T., Yamada, S., Aspinwall, D. K., & Wise, M. L. H. (2012). The application of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tool materials when drilling and reaming aluminium-based alloys including MMC. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 35(5), 761–774.

Feldman, A. & Robins, L. H. (2011). Applications of Diamond Films and Related Materials. New York, NY: Elsevier.

Field, J. E. (2012). The Properties of Natural and Synthetic Diamond. London: Academic Press. 

Greentree, A. D. et al.  (2006). Critical components for diamond-based quantum coherent devices. Journal of Physical Condensation Materials, 18(3), S825–S842.

Harlow, G. E. (2008). The nature of diamonds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

John, P., Polwart, N., Troupe, C. E., & Wilson, J. I. B. (2012). The oxidation of (100) textured diamond. Diamond and Related Materials, 11(3–6), 861.

Koizumi, S., Nebel, C. E., & Nesladek, M. (2008). Physics and Applications of CVD Diamond. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley VCH. 

Lee, J. & Novikov, N. V. (2015).Innovative superhard materials and sustainable coatings for advanced manufacturing. New York, NY: Springer.

Marinescu, I. D., Tönshoff, H. K., & Inasaki, I. (2010). Handbook of ceramic grinding and polishing. London: William Andrew.

May, P. W. (2010). Diamond thin films: a 21st-century material. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 358(3), 473–495.

Mildren, R. & Rabeau, J. (eds) (2013). Optical Engineering of Diamond. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Moore, M. (2012). Properties, growth and applications of diamond. Engineering Science and Education Journal, 11(2), 56.  

Neves, A. J. & Nazaré, M. H. (2011). Properties, Growth and Applications of Diamond.Institution of Engineering and Technology, pp. 142–147.

Pan, L. S. & Kani, D. R. (2005).Diamond: Electronic Properties and Applications. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Pierson, H. O. (2013). Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond, and fullerenes: Properties, processing, and applications. London: William Andrew.

Prelas, M. A., Popovici, G., & Bigelow, L. K. (2008). Handbook of industrial diamonds and diamond films. London: CRC Press.

Rastogi, P. K. & Hack, E. (2014). Optical Methods for Solid Mechanics: A Full-Field Approach.  Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Servin, M., Quinoga, J. A., & Padilla, M. (2013). Fridge Pattern Analysis for Optical Metrology: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Sexton, T. N. & Cooley, C. H. (2009). Polycrystalline diamond thrust bearings for down-hole oil and gas drilling tools. Wear, 267(3), 1041-1045.

Stallcup, R. E. & Perez, J. M. (2011). Scanning tunnelling microscopy studies of temperature-dependent etching of diamond (100) by atomic hydrogen. Physical Review Letters, 86(15), 3368–3371.

Walker, J. (2009). Optical absorption and luminescence in diamond. Reports on Progress in Physics, 42(10), 1605–1659.

Wei, L., Kuo, P. K., Thomas, R. L., Anthony, T. & Banholzer, W. (2013). Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond. Physical Review Letters, 70(24), 3764–3767.

Welbourn, C. (2006). Identification of Synthetic Diamonds: Present Status and Future Developments. Gems and Gemmology, 42(3), 34–35.

Wrachtrup, J. & Jelezko, F. (2006). Quantum information processing in diamond. Journal of Physical Condensation Materials, 18(2), S807–S823.

Yarnell, A. (2014). The Many Facets of Man-Made Diamonds. Chemical and Engineering News, 82(5), 26–31. 

Zaitsev, A. M. (2011). Optical Properties of Diamond: A Data Handbook. New York, NY: Springer.

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Customer Relationship Management System at BP Plc

Customer Relationship Management System
Customer Relationship Management System

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Deployment of Customer Relationship Management System at BP Plc

Executive Summary

This project is about building a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system for BP Plc., a London-based energy company. This corporation has approximately 84,480 workers. The economic value that BP generates every year is $360 billion and its profit in 2014 was $8.07 billion. The new system would help BP to gain competitive advantage with a measurable outcome or improve its operations in some way. The information regarding the project would be collated using qualitative methods.

The project manager will talk to the interviewees face-to-face with a listing of questions. The constraints for this project include technological issues; economic factors; and social factors. The project risks are categorized as follows: schedule, financial, technical, client, and people risks. The outcome of the cost-benefit analysis shows that this project is economically viable and can be pursued. Non-financial benefits of this project include customer loyalty, improved brand image and reputation for BP and increase in employee satisfaction.

Deployment of Customer Relationship Management system at BP Plc

This business report describes an international business project that can be solved by carrying out a short-term project pertaining to digital capabilities at British Petroleum (BP) for global customer communications at this multinational energy company. Firstly, the current situation of the firm is analyzed in order to determine a need for a particular project in this area that would improve BP’s customer relationships management. All in all, the project would help BP to gain competitive advantage with a measurable outcome or improve its operations in some way. 

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1.0 Purpose of project

The project’s purpose is to develop a customer relationship management system at BP and deploy it throughout the company. It will store data concerning BP’s clients and their interactions with BP.

1.1 Project Plan and Project Scope

Scope of the project is the part of the project planning which entails determining and documenting a listing of exact project deliverables, goals, deadlines, costs as well as tasks.   The scope is essentially what the project would deliver (Lebedeva 2015). In this project, the goal is to make improvements on BP’s Management Information System for global customer communications in order to meet the overall business needs of attaining increased sales as well as competitive advantage. A Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system would be built. It would be an information system which would maintain data regarding the company’s clients as well as their interactions with the organization.

2.0  High level analysis of business environment
2.1 Micro and Macro (Internal and External factors)
2.1.1  Porters 5 Forces

Intensity of competition: High – BP operates in a market that is very competitive. Some of the main private sector players which are BP’s competitors include Royal Dutch Shell, ExxonMobil, Texaco, Total, and Chevron. These main competitors have established presence all over the globe and they employ costly differentiation and branding strategies in their operations. It is notable that low switching costs, high storage and real property costs, low levels of product differentiation and rapid global growth foster more intense rivalry amongst the existing competitors in the gas and oil sector.

Bargaining power of suppliers: High – The suppliers mainly comprise the countries in which the oil and gas company extracts the commodity. These oil-producing countries such as Venezuela, Nigeria, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran and other Oil Producing and Exporting Countries (OPEC) have a high bargaining power given that they can easily manipulate the oil and gas prices for instance by reducing or increasing the availability of gas and oil (Reckdahl 2015). The OPEC countries establish prices for gas and oil and this affects both the supply as well as price levels.

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Bargaining power of buyers: Medium – There is medium bargaining power of consumers since the cost of switching to other products is high. There is growing demand for oil and gas in the marketplaces particularly in the emerging markets of China and India. There is the growing need for clean, eco-friendly fuels. The oil companies can sell their products to many customers.

Threat of substitute products: Low – At the moment, there are few commercially exploitable substitutes. Non-renewable sources of fuel which may pose a threat to BP’s oil and gas production and retail mainly includes coal. There are also emergent alternative fuels such as wind energy, photovoltaic energy or solar power, nuclear energy, geothermal power as well as other renewable sources of energy although they do not pose a significant threat to BP (Helman 2012).

Threat of new entrants: Low – The likelihood of new players penetrating the oil and gas industry is low thanks to high barriers to entry that discourage other companies from entering this industry. High amount of capital is required to enter this market. New companies may lack the necessary personnel and financial capital essential for operating in the oil and gas industry. There are high exploration and development costs and financial institutions do not provide financing for exploratory activities (Reckdahl 2015).

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2.2 Information research needs

Collecting information from various sources is an essential part of this project. Determining what information would help to effectively execute the project is something that would be done prior to gathering any sort of data. It is notable that wasting time in collating incorrect type of information could set any given project back and cost the organization so much money (Cunningham, Salomone & Wielgus 2015). Collection of information will start only after obtaining a thorough and clear listing of information required for the project.

In this project, helpful information would be gathered by talking to the right individuals. BP’s senior managers and the company’s employees who have worked for BP for over 24 months have extensive experience and they can offer quality information which may be helpful to this project. The information would be gathered using qualitative methods and interviews would be used. The project manager will sit down and talk to the interviewees face-to-face with a listing of questions. The information gathered will help in determining exactly what the client requirements are with regard to the new digital technologies.

2.3 Stakeholder Analysis

Stakeholders are basically those entities that could influence the project. The stakeholders of this project are formally tabulated as follows:

Table 1: Stakeholder analysis

 StakeholderLevel of influence or powerInterest in the project / level of involvementStakeholder expectationsActions to meet expectations
1ClientHighOwner of the project. Controls the financial resources. Makes decisions.New and improved Management Information System (CRM) for global customer communications to meet overall business needs of attaining increased sales and competitive advantageSpecify requirements for the new/improved system, provide financial resources
2Regulatory bodiesMediumCertify the new digital technology deployed at the client organizationManagement information system that meets defined standards and regulatory requirementsApprove system if meets standards and satisfies needs of customer
3Project teamLowDesigns the new digital technology, deploys and implements it at client organization, BP. Project team has specialist skills needed by the projectExecute the projectComplete the project within budget, deliver the required project deliverables, and complete the project by due date
4SupplierLowSupplies the digital technology; the CRM systemBe notified of the client’s expectations regarding the new systemSupply CRM system that meet needs of end-user

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2.4 Constraints Analysis (Internal and External)

Constraints essentially place conditions or limits on the project. Constraints could originate either from internal or external factors. Being able to identify constraints implies that an analysis has been carried out on the proposed project (Rivard & Dupré 2011). The external constraints for this project include the following: technological issues; environmental concerns or issues; economic factors; social factors; and political factors. The internal constraints include predetermined budget; expertise on the specific CRM system to be deployed at BP; hard deadline; resources; legal requirements; and business requirements.

2.5 Benchmarks

The new improved CRM at BP should result in the following:

(i) BP should focus more on its relationships with individual customers and suppliers.

(ii) There would be improved customer experience since employees at BP would have access to comprehensive relationship detail anywhere they work to engage with the company’s customers and provide excellent services.

(iii) Users would be able to check order histories instantly in order to comprehend the buying patterns of consumers and identify new opportunities for selling BP’s products (Shanks, Jagielska & Jayaganesh 2010).

(iv) BP would be able to do business wherever by having dependable access to customer, relationship, as well as sales detail needed with the use of CRM app. Some of these benefits have been realized by Chevron, which deployed a new CRM system organization-wide within the last 5 years. 

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3.0 Risk Analysis and Control
3.1 Sources/categories of risk

The potential risks for the project fall in the following categories: schedule, financial, technical, client, people, cost and contractual. The project manager will assume total authority of minimizing the chances of occurrence of risks whilst implementing the project. In this project, the risks would be handled by mitigating them. If a risk cannot be avoided, they can be mitigated. This basically implies taking some kind of action which would cause the risk to cause as little harm to the project as possible (Söderlund & Müller 2014).

3.2 Risk assessment

After identifying the possible project risks, they are evaluated basing upon the likelihood that a risk event would crop up and the possible loss associated with the risk. All risks are not the same. Some risk events have a higher chance of happening in comparison to other risk events and the cost of any given risk could differ very much (Huff & Prybutok 2010). Assessing the risk for likelihood of occurrence and the severity or possible loss to the project is an important step in the process of risk management.

                                                Impact High                                                                                                            Low
                 High  
Likelihood                         Low		High impact risk and likely to happen Technical PeopleLow impact risk and likely to happen Technological risks  
High impact risk but not likely to happen ScheduleFinancialLow impact risk but not likely to happen Contractual

Projects risks which are considered as high-impact are the ones that may increase the costs of the project by 10 percent or more. Just a few possible risk events actually meet these criteria. Low impact project risks are the risk events which could increase the costs of the project by less than 10%. It is the high-impact project risk events which the project management team would be focusing on when formulating the project management or mitigation plan.  Through risk assessment, the project management team gets to understand the possible risk events which have the greatest likelihood of happening and could cause the greatest negative impact on the project (Hartman & Ashrafi 2010).

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3.3 Risk analysis using Force Field Analysis

Force Field Analysis (FFA) was conceptualized by Kurt Lewin and is commonly employed in change management. This technique facilitates change in an organization as it seeks to understand 2 differing sets of forces: that is, driving forces which foster organizational change and hindering forces that strive to sustain the status quo (Cunningham, Salomone & Wielgus 2015). By methodically taking into account the persons, attitudes, customs, and habits which both hinder and drive the capacity of the company to change to attain its goals, FFA helps in sharpening the findings of the risk assessment process.

In this project, since the objective of BP Plc is to improve its Management Information System (CRM) for global customer communications so as to meet the overall business goals of accomplishing increased sales and gain competitive advantage, the driving forces include competition, scorecard reporting of progress, and monitoring by the company’s management. Examples of restraining forces include insufficient expertise or training to implement and use the system, employee resistance to change, and the lack of meaningful data for measuring results prior to and following implementation of the change.    

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3.4 Risk Control/response/management programme
3.4.1 Risk mitigation

The common strategies for mitigating risks are risk transfer, risk reduction, risk sharing and risk avoidance. Each of these techniques of mitigating risks could be effectual in decreasing individual risks as well as the project’s risk profile. It is notable that the risk mitigation plan spells out the approach for mitigating each risk event that was identified as well as the actions which would be taken to eliminate or decrease the risk (Ku 2010).

Mitigating technical risks: when tasks are delegated to individuals in the project team, the technical capability and skill of those people may be overlooked. This will in turn increase the probability of delaying the project and not meeting its deadline. In this project, a delay such as this would be avoided by way of increasing the frequency of communication between the members of the project team and closely monitoring their tasks during execution of the project.

The other alternative entails dividing an intricate task between members of the project team and then delegating every part to one group member. When a complex/difficult technical task is reduced into simple, smaller tasks, the time of implementation might increase but the likelihood of missing the deadline for completion of the task could be managed given that the risk which is involved in the undertaking is diversified amongst many people (Besteiro, de Souza Pinto & Novaski 2015).

Mitigating financial risks: it is not easy to estimate risk factors which are cost-based. The project manager will develop an intuition with regard to decisions so that the decisions which would increase the costs of carrying out a given task could be avoided. The project manager will utilize sophisticated techniques to estimate costs. Some of these techniques include Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)/Critical Path Method (CPM). These could be employed in overseeing how tasks are deployed and to analyze the risks that are involved. The project manager can also employ advanced techniques like Expected Monetary Value which provides an insight on fiscal loss or gain if an event occurs or does not occur.

Mitigating scheduling risks: implementing the right tasks at the correct time will help in lowering the risk of not meeting the deadline of the project. Tasks of the project could be allocated to team members in 2 different ways. First is by calculating the estimated processing time of every task and executing the tasks basing upon the Shortest Processing Time (SPT). The second approach involves defining the due dates for every task and then process them basing upon the Earliest Due Date (EDD).

In essence, the project manager would choose which approach to utilize to schedule tasks and delegate them to the project team members who are associated with the implementation of the project. The Monte Carlo Simulation method is an advanced technique that can be used to decrease the risks whilst scheduling work-based tasks (Huff & Prybutok 2010).   

Mitigating people risks: the project team may lose crucial personnel who are important for successful completion of the project. To effectively mitigate this potential risk event, the project management team will sign up new personnel to help implement the project successfully and complete in time and within the specified budget.

Mitigating technological risks: this project entails improving BP’s management information system by deploying a new digital technology that includes a state-of-the-art Customer Relationship Management system. Possible risks are that this new system may have include technological flaws, and the members of the project team may lack familiarity with this new digital technology. To mitigate against this risk event, the project management team would ensure that every project team member is familiar with the CRM system which would be deployed at BP. Furthermore, the project management team will make sure that the procured CRM information system is flawless, perfect and works appropriately.

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3.5 Contingency planning

The risk plan will balance the investment of risk mitigation against the benefits for this project. It is notable that an alternative approach would be developed by the project team. This alternative method would be used to complete the project and accomplish the goal when a particular risk event has occurred which might actually hinder the attainment of the project goal. In essence, these plans are referred to as contingency plans (Parker & Mobey 2010). In this project, the project team would set aside contingency monies for addressing any unforeseen events which may result in an increase in project costs.

These contingency amounts will amount to $72,114. The project manager would manage contingency monies at the project level and will need the project sponsor’s approval prior to using the contingency funds. People risks for instance losing some skilled and proficient project team members who have the required technical expertise to effectively complete the project would be mitigated with a contingency plan which will entail hiring a skilled expert to help implement the project and accomplish the project goals.

Table 2: Contingency budget

 Phase of projectContingency budget
1System Design  $3,114
2System creation$17,000
3Hardware acquisition$19,000
4Implementation  $21,000
5Testing the CRM system$7,000
6Deployment throughout BP  $5,000
 Total$72,114
3.6 Resource reviews and personnel requirements

Resources refer to the items needed to implement the project activities. For this particular project, the resources needed are as follows:

Money/budget – roughly $337,700 would be needed considering that the project would be carried out to integrate all of BP’s Management Information Systems worldwide. This money would be expended on overheads, subcontracting, subsistence and travel, acquiring the most recent CRM system for BP, equipment as well as staff costs.

Time – the project is to be completed within 12 months. If the project manager succeeds in meeting schedule of the project, then this project manager will be very likely to stay within the project budget. For time to be managed effectively, the project management team will detail and prioritize the various project activities.

Equipment and materials: the project manager will ensure that the right equipment is available and at the right time and that it actually operates as it should. The equipment in this project mainly includes computers. Materials comprise an extensive category of requirements for instance utility services like access to the internet, telephone lines, electricity, office space and office materials utilized by the project team members.

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3.7 Personnel Requirements

The most significant resource for this project are the human resources. It would always be important to have the right personnel who possess the required skills. The project management team will ensure that everyone is aware of what is needed to be done in the project, how to do it and when. The staffs would be motivated to take ownership of the project. The key personnel for this project will include administrator, project manager, project staff, project sponsor, and technical advisor.

The Responsible, Accountable, Consulted and Informed (RACI) matrix outlines the business areas which are responsible for project deliverables. Every role is separate and different from other roles, although a single individual could be responsible for several roles. The RACI matrix for this project is as follows:

Table 3: RACI for personnel requirements

 Project managerProject Team membersClient/ownerSponsorTechnical advisor
Project planningARRII
Provision of resourcesRCAAC
Development of CRM systemARIIC
Content ReviewARIIR
Usability TestingARCIC
Installation of the CRM system companywide at BP.ARCCC
References

Besteiro, É, de Souza Pinto, J, & Novaski, O 2015, ‘Success Factors in Project Management’, Business Management Dynamics, 4, 9, pp. 19-34, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 16 October 2015.

BP Plc. 2015, BP at a glance. Retrieved from http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/bp-at-a-glance.html

Cunningham, J, Salomone, J, & Wielgus, N 2015, ‘Project Management Leadership Style: A Team Member Perspective’, International Journal Of Global Business, 8, 2, pp. 27-54, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 16 October 2015.

Hartman, F, & Ashrafi, R 2010, ‘Project Management in the Information Systems and Information Technologies Industries’, Project Management Journal, 33, 3, p. 5, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 16 October 2015.

Helman, C 2012, ‘BP is booming (SHHH!)’, Forbes, 189, 8, pp. 106-112, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 16 October 2015.

Huff, R, & Prybutok, V 2010, ‘Information systems project management decision making: The influence of experience and risk propensity’, Project Management Journal, 39, 2, pp. 34-47, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 16 October 2015.

Ku, ES 2010, ‘The impact of customer relationship management through implementation of information systems’, Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 21, 11, pp. 1085-1102, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 16 October 2015.

Lebedeva, A 2015, ‘Five Essential Project Management Skills for RM and IG Professionals’, Information Management Journal, 49, 5, pp. 28-33, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 16 October 2015.

Parker, D., & Mobey, A 2010, Action Research to Explore Perceptions of Risk in Project Management. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 53(1), 18–32.

Petrevska, R, Poels, G, & Manceski, G 2015, ‘Bridging Operational, Strategic and Project Management Information Systems for Tactical Management Information Provision’, Electronic Journal Of Information Systems Evaluation, 18, 2, pp. 146-158, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 16 October 2015.

Reckdahl, K 2015, ‘Slimed: BP’S forgotten victims’, Nation, 300, 18, pp. 24-29, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 16 October 2015.

Rivard, S, & Dupré, R 2011, ‘Information systems project management in PMJ: A brief history’, Project Management Journal, 40, 4, pp. 20-30, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 16 October 2015.

Shanks, G, Jagielska, I, & Jayaganesh, M 2010, ‘A Framework for Understanding Customer Relationship Management Systems Benefits’, Communications Of The Association For Information Systems, 25, pp. 263-287, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 16 October 2015.

Söderlund, J, & Müller, R 2014, ‘Project Management and Organization Theory: IRNOP Meets PMJ’, Project Management Journal, 45, 4, pp. 2-6, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 16 October 2015.

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Bloom Taxonomy Essay Paper

Bloom Taxonomy
Bloom Taxonomy

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Bloom Taxonomy

The present health care system dictates that delivery processes integrate various interfaces and patient handoff amid myriad health care practitioners with different levels of educational and professional background. During the timeframe of a four-day hospital stay, a patient might come into contact with 50 different personnel, including doctors, clinicians, technicians, and others. Dynamic clinical practice thus includes many cases where essential information should be correctly communicated.

Team cooperation is critical. When health care specialists are not communicating productively, the safety of a patient is at risk for various reasons: insufficient essential information, mix-up of information, ambiguous orders over the telephone, and ignored adjustments in status. Poor communication leads up to circumstances where medical errors can take place. These mistakes have the capacity to amount in severe injury or surprise patient demise. Medical flaws, particularly those caused by lack of communication, are widespread challenge in today’s health care organizations.

Conventional medical education stresses the significance of a practice that is free from errors, using severe peer pressure to accomplish perfection at the time of diagnosis and treatment. Mistakes are thereby conceived normatively as a harbinger of failure. This situation generates an atmosphere that prohibits the fair, honest assessment of errors needed if organizational learning is to occur.

It is significant to stress that nurturing a team cooperation environment may have problems to solve: extra time, conceived loss of independence, lack of confidence, conflicting ideas, amid others. However, many health care personnel are aware of the poor communication and teamwork, as a consequence of a culture of truncated outcomes that has bloomed in many health care situations (Helmreich and Schaefer, 2009).

Bloom Taxonomy

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            According to Irwin, McClelland and Love (2006)communication is the core factor in medical care. In essence communication between physicians and patients is amassing a growing amount of attention with the health care in the U.S. In the last few years descriptive and investigational research has attempted to focus on the communication activities during medical consultations. Nevertheless, the knowledge obtained from these endeavors is restricted. This is likely because amid inter-personal relationships, the physician-patient collaboration is one of the most sophisticated ones.

While advanced technologies could be utilized for medical diagnosis and treatments, interpersonal communication is the key apparatus by which the doctor and the patient trade information (Stiles & Putman, 2007). Particular factors of doctor-patient communication appear to have considerable effect on patients’ attitudes and safety, for instance, contentment with care, positive response to treatment, recall and having knowledge about medical information, dealing with disease, qualify of life, and even condition of health.

Cooperation and communication are particularly essential in the case of a chronic disease, such as a cancer (Fallowfield, Maguire & Baum, 2002). Today, specialists of communication have progressively been focusing on psychological features of cancer. Creating a proper inter-personal cooperation between physicians and patients can be interpreted as a significant function of communication.

Furthermore, proper inter-personal relationship forms the basis for optimum medical care. On the other hand, the significance of a good physician-patient relationship relies on its therapeutic qualities. Another key function of medical communication is supporting the exchange of information between the physician and the patient.

  Bloom Taxonomy

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            Information can be regarded as a resource brought into the verbal exchange between the two parties. From a medical standpoint, physicians need information to determine the correct diagnosis and treatment strategy. From the patient’s standpoint, two needs have to be accomplished when meeting with the physician: the need to know and understand and the need to experience a sense of being known and understood. To be capable of achieving doctor’s and patient’s needs, both alternate between information-transmission and information- hunting.

Patients have to provide details about their symptoms, physicians’ needs to considerably look out relevant information. At times patients may be inclined to ask for as much information as possible, doctors appear to know patients needs for information.  For instance, where cancer is involved, the desire for information is most great. A great number of cancer patients’ discontentment with transmission of information emanates from concordance between views of patients and physicians.

When relaying information to cancer patients about their disease (good or bad), doctors might explain medical information more empirically while patients explain it as a matter of individual relevance. As a consequence, the doctor might experience a satisfying sense that he has offered right and relevant information. The patient conversely might feel he has discovered nothing satisfying. Recent research indicates that about 45 percent of cancer patients have reported that no information has been provided relating to dealing with their disease (Fallowfield et al., 2002), however most patients wanted such information. Doctors must thereby first motivate their clients to exchange their key worries without interruption (Ben-Sira, 2008).

Bloom Taxonomy

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            Psychological privacy involves a patient’s capacity to be in charge of active and cognitive inputs and outputs, to think and formulate behaviors, values to establish with whom to share information.  Nevertheless, asking delicate questions and divulging confidential information is inevitable if the physician desires to find an effective diagnosis and treatment. The degree to which doctors communicate in a more dynamic, high-regulation style, could be conceived by patients as abuse of their psychological privacy.  Physicians’ attitudes during patient examinations are regulated by societal values. It seems that at the time of medical interactions limited privacy is needed. 

Constant eye contact, for instance, could be viewed by the patient as excessively intimate for the relationship.   Conversely physical privacy can be regarded as a relevant aspect of non-verbal communication and can lead to improved quality of the inter-personal interactions between physicians and patients (Stiles and Putman, 2007). Other result gauges utilized to examine the quality of the physician-patient interaction are patients’ recall and understanding information. As it stands, most patients fail to recall or comprehend what the physician has told them.

Patient compliance is also a broadly utilized result variable and is regarded a measure of the productivity of provider-patient communication. Doctor-patient interaction might have significant outcomes for patient’s health outcomes, thus this relationship can be viewed as a type of social support. Lack of information appears to play a vital function in psychological challenge that can come up during the diagnosis and treatment (Irwin, McClelland & Love, 2006).

Bloom Taxonomy

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References

Ben-Sira.Z. (2008). “Affective and instrumental components in the physician patient relationship: an additional dimension of interaction theory.” Journal of Health Sociological Behavior, 170-185.

Fallowfield. L. J., Hall A., Maguire. G. P. and Baum. M. (2002).“Psychological outcomes of different treatment policies in women with early breast cancer outside a clinical trial.” British Medical Journal, 301- 575.

Helmreich. R.L & Schaefer H.G. (2009). Team performance in the operating room and Human error in medicine. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Irwin W. G., McClelland R. and Love.A. H. G. (2006). “Communication skills training for medical students: an integrated approach.” Medical Education, 387-390.

Stiles. W. B. and Putnam. S. M. (2007).Analysis of verbal and non-verbal behavior in doctor-patient encounters: In Communicating with Medical Patients. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

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Appendix: Interview

I chose to interview a personal acquaintance of mine who happens to be a screenplay enthusiast. I think it is a fantastic occupation path since it balances creativity and professional writing.

1. What are you pursing as an undergraduate student?

I am studying Journalism. 

2. How will your undergraduate studies influence your future career?

I am on track to work in the corporate world, probably as an editor

3. When did you first develop interest in screenplay writing?

I like to think when you first write a screen-play and gets positive comments from people who have been in the production scene for some time, you get interest in that moment. It had never occurred to me that this was something I’d be doing as pastime thing.

4. How much experience with screenplay writing do you have?

None as a matter of fact, but I have always been involved with creative writing on the side (for instance, poems and flash stories).

5. What are some of your objectives for the future?

Finishing my undergraduate, find a job, get a job, and see what fate throws my way. I have come to discover in life that whatever you make plans, the big guy above somehow has a totally different idea.

6. Would say that screenwriting you will be engaged in as a side project rather than a full time career?

I don’t want to find myself restricting myself at all. My undergraduate will put me up in the corporate world, but this might as well turn into an amazing gig in the future. 

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Project Activation Case Paper

Project Activation Case
Project Activation Case

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Project Activation Case

Globally, projects are at the heart of the success of any organization. Most organizations rely on the success of the individual project to eventually be successful in their other business operations. Considering the significance of project success, it is prudent to look at the project management practices being currently used by most organizations.

It is common to find that the outdated project management practices or models being used are prone to mistakes errors and eventually project failure (Burke, 2013). However, there is a new project or rather program management model that is better than the ones being currently used by most organizations.

The new model of program management focuses more on the most important areas of running a project to ensure their optimum function. Essentially, the new model provides the overall program manager or individual project managers new ways to manage, coordinate and control the activities that constitute a project.

The new model does so by ensuring that the program managers are note prone to some of the errors, mistakes or other people mistakes that they make during program management. The new model of program management has a new thing to teach the professionally concerned with overseeing project activities at the organizational country or global level.

Project Activation Case

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Looking into the significance of the projects being carried out by MEDCOM each year. Project management needs to be at the core of their activities. For an institution as large as MEDCOM, project management is one of their critical aspects that they incorporate into their schedules to ensure that the purpose of the organization is not in any way deemed unachievable. Therefore, MEDCOM should consider looking into the new project management model to find out what they have been doing wrong and what they can be able to change for a better performing organization.

The new model of project management can be explained in detail throughout this paper. However, there are some sections in the new model that are similar to other models that have been in place for a long time. Consequently, there also some other sections that do not exist in the absolute models and therefore, they need to be explained together with how they change the way people think about managing projects and programs by completely redefining project management.

In essence, managing a project is quite a limited task as compared to a program. The unique difference comes in the fact that the scope of a program is larger than that of a project. Therefore, we conclude that the definition of program management covers a larger scope than that of project management. Therefore, we are going to use a definition of the latter term to give the meaning of the scope in which these two management practices operate.

Essentially, program management is defined as the process through which a group of projects is coordinated and managed in a way to achieve the control and benefits, not achievable from managing them individually (Maxwideman.com, 2015). In simple term, the definition of program management comprises of the idea of managing several projects under one umbrella to attain certain benefits that would steer a certain organization towards prosperity, in which case it would not have been possible by the act of managing each project separately and individually.

Project Activation Case

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MEDCOM has been facing quite some challenges caused by their project management practices. According to information available. Their last projects were faced by quite some challenges that made them quite not successful in their objectives. The challenges they faces were mostly attributed to the inability of the project managers to effectively and efficiently manage a project. Essentially, the organization’s bureaucracy problem was identified as a magnification of the internal problems of the project managers.  That is quite true.

However, there is hope for this organization. After critically and carefully analyzing the new model of program management. You realize that there are some essential components of the new model that ought to be incorporated into the practices of MEDCOM when they are managing their many projects. Or otherwise, MEDCIM should consider adopting the new model to achieve project management success in every perspective possible.

The paper is going to critically evaluate the essential components that align to the project management problem at MEDCOM and come up with a recommendation on what MEDCOM should consider changing to be successful in their operations.

MEDCOM has faced quite some challenges, but the new project management model has come to the rescue. Initially, MEDCOM had been managing their project separately and individually. This meant that most of the project if not all had a sole supervisor who was the project manager. They faced likely problems that include lack of commitment, firm leadership, and sponsorship. Other problems included poor requirements management, lack of defined success metrics, and lack of integrated planning and so on.

To effectively tackle the problems or challenges being faced by MEDCOM as they attempt to effectively manage their projects. They need to use the services of an overall program manager. The program manager will be there for one reason only. To ensure that program management is done to the best of the potential being held by the organization. This includes practices like ensuring project managers communicate their achievement and setbacks right on from the start to ensure that the program goes with a certain plan (Maxwideman.com, 2015).

The deliverables of the projects need to be also communicated from the start of the project to ensure that stakeholder gets a clear picture of the benefits to be expected from the project and also know if they are in the process of being obtained or if they have already been obtained.

Project Activation Case

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The program management process also requires the right organization. The new model dictates that there are some crucial roles to be played by other parties other than project managers and the program manager (Kerzner, 2013). This crucial role would require the expertise of some professional who have significant input into the project.

Some of whom have quite critical roles that define the commitment with which various professionals would run individual projects that are coordinated in such a way that the benefits obtained are specific to the function of the organization. The required professionals include program sponsors, program managers, change manager, risk manager, business analyst, and program office manager.

The program sponsor will have the sole purpose of providing a level of authority on matters such as purpose and direction of the program as well as program funding. The success of the program depends heavily on the overall quality of the sponsors. The program managers will be tasked with integration and coordination of component projects and operations to meet the objectives of the program eventually.

The change manager’s work will be to successfully integrate the changes that the program will bring into a certain organization. The risk manager will have the responsibility of identifying the different ways of identifying and implementing the process of risk management.  The business analyst is concerned with the analysis of the scope of requirements across all projects in the program and also a quality assurance to verify some of the project deliverables.

Program office manager is the person who sets the standards for the program management practices. Seeing that every professional listed above have a specific purpose, they are therefore crucial to meeting the objectives of the projects and program as a whole (Maxwideman.com, 2015).

Project Activation Case

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Other aspects of the new model that are essential include a well-defined program architecture, managing stakeholder’s expectations, integrated program planning, systematic risk management,  evaluating possible program outcomes, implementation of the right control practices, identification of achievable benefits and requirement and lastly facilitation of effective change management in the organization.

When the above stipulated essential components of the new model, have been successfully integrated into the operations of MEDCON. Success is assured. However, after integrating the essential one need to critically analyze if the new model has delivered program success in the said organization. This can be done through some ways that include assessing if the implementation of the strategic programs has been successful of not.

Considering that success is guaranteed only if a combination of strong communication, leadership, managerial and technical skills was adopted for the program (Strategyex.com, 2015). Then and only then will project management said to be successful in a given capacity.

References

Bestpractices.osi.ca.gov,. ‘Project Management: Executing’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques. New Jersey, USA.

Kerzner, H. R. (2013). Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons.

Maxwideman.com,. ‘Expert Project Management – Ten Essential Steps To Delivering Successful Programs’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

Strategyex.com,. ‘Parametric Technology Corp., Resources | Twentyeighty Stratex’. N.p., 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.

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Post-secondary Education

Post-secondary Education
Post-secondary Education

Post-secondary Education

Legal, Social Justices and Ethical Challenges in Post-secondary Education

There are some identifiable legal, social justices, and ethical challenges anticipated to develop in the next ten years in the field of post-secondary education. One of the social challenges anticipated in the next decade is to increase the school completion rates of students with disabilities (Ruberman, 2014). Presently, there is experienced widespread dropout of people with disabilities in post secondary education. The problem is anticipated because many PWDs with disabilities are finishing pre-secondary education to join the post-secondary education.

One of the identifiable ethical challenges anticipated in the next decade revolves around scholarship. Ruberman (2014) argues that pedagogical ethics lacks in the post-secondary education. One of the examples that describe the lack of pedagogical ethics in post secondary education is the lack of respects for the students. Presently, observance of the professional ethics lacks in post-secondary education.

Woodcock & Olson Beal (2013) attest that educators in the post-secondary education are hiding behind a veil of beneficence to do things that harm the students. This is mostly observed when there is a fiduciary correlation between the educator and the student. Therefore, the types of harm on students ranging from academic and intellectual will increase in the next decade since little efforts are promulgated to deal with them.

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The legal challenge anticipated in the next decade is that people will develop the inability to act as an educated member of a democratic society (Anselme & Hands, 2010). This is because, for example, the Department of Education has had problems in implementing and administering student financial aid programs. With the increased embezzlement of education funds, in the next decade, the cost of post-secondary education will increase rapidly, contributing to the complexity of students affording a postsecondary education (Woodcock & Olson Beal, 2013).

References

Anselme, M. L., & Hands, C. (2010). Access to Secondary and Tertiary Education for All Refugees: Steps and Challenges to Overcome. Refuge, 27(2), 89-96.

Ruberman, L. (2014). Challenges in the Transition to College: The Perspective of the Therapist Back Home. American Journal Of Psychotherapy, 68(1), 103-115.

Woodcock, J. B., & Olson Beal, H. K. (2013). Voices of Early College High School Graduates in Texas: A Narrative Study. High School Journal, 97(1), 56-76.

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Leadership and the Graduate Nursing Role

Leadership and the Graduate Nursing Role
Leadership and the Graduate Nursing Role

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Leadership and the Graduate Nursing Role 

From the assessment, my leadership style is participative type of leadership. This fits in my leadership believes in that the leaders must listen to followers inputs when solving problems or making decisions. This is because it motivates the group members, encouraging them to remain focused to the organization. I believe in that involvement decision making as it improves the understanding of the critical issues by the group people who will undertake the tasks.  

This includes the involvement of the subordinate staff, superiors, stakeholders and peers. This helps the individuals become committed with their actions, become less competitive and instead, they become more collaborative towards working together. These processes of making decisions collectively ensures that there are social commitment, which makes them become committed to the decision established (Lam & Chan, 2013).

 This type of leadership has a lot of attributes that are vital for the graduate level nurses. To start with, it is based on mutual respect as it involves increased participation between the leaders and the nurse staff. The other attribute of participative leadership includes the issue of involvement. This increased collaborative work and involvement among the staff to contribute to ideas, support ethical decision making. 

This type of leadership is always open to suggestions. The leader is humble enough to accept other people’s contribution and ideas. This makes the leader remain respected as the input benefits all the staff.  This attribute increases collaborative work, which promotes teamwork (He, 2013).

Leadership and the Graduate Nursing Role 

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The leader appreciates the concepts of diversity and cultural competence. This discussion of the most effective strategies results sometimes with conflicting ideas or methods of achieving the set strategies. The leader ensures that they use these differences to ensure that the team work effectively and more efficiently. The participative leadership ensures that others have been empowered.

The leaders ensure that they invest on the employees’ values by supporting them when they have committed mistakes, or help them in solving issues.  This enables the workers become more optimistic, proficient and making them become more motivated (Arnold & Loughlin, 2013).

Evidence based practice indicates that participative leadership ensures that the nurse satisfaction because it ensures that positive work environment is promoted. This improves employee retention. It is identified as a crucial element that can be used to improve quality of care as it is effective in implementing change towards improving the patient safety.

This type of method is adopted in most healthcare facilities as it has been associated with reduced medical errors. This is because it strengthens the relationships between the healthcare providers such as patients, colleagues and physicians. This is because positive relationships are key issues towards success (Lam & Chan, 2013).

 The key issues that help me as family nurse practitioner is the fact that it helps when making decisions that are critical. The healthcare is undergoing numerous changes, which requires new visions to be implemented regularly.  This type of leadership ensures that my fellow employees acquire new skills and knowledge, which enables them understand the best way to manage their work. They are able to make reflections of their work, and understand what would influence their contribution to work. This will also help them perform even in absence of their leaders (He, 2013).

Leadership and the Graduate Nursing Role 

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 Other attributes that increase the advantages of this attributes includes my increased ability to understand my authority as well as my responsibility. I possess effective communication and interpersonal skills. This helps in communicating responsibilities to the team members and in the delegation of challenging responsibilities, which improves the confidence of the team members. Additional skills include self-monitoring, listening skills, and legitimate power and assertiveness skills (Arnold & Loughlin, 2013).

 Some of the challenging attributes is conflict management skills, which negatively affects the satisfaction of the team members. I sometimes tend to side with team members that we have close relationship, which results to biased response.  This results to reduced motivation and has one time resulted to resistance to change. This issue must be addressed in order to improve the quality of the decisions, and team member’s performances.

In some cases, this has resulted in splitting of groups, which results to more internal conflicts. Learning to be impartial when solving internal conflicts will facilitate smoother implementation of the proposed change, and improve the quality of care being delivered (Lam & Chan, 2013).

Leadership and the Graduate Nursing Role 

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 Other challenges that neutralise the effectiveness of this type of leadership includes when we are faced with urgent emergency incidences. Most of the time, these incidences has shorter deadlines which may not allow facilitate participation of every team members. It has also been found that charismatic character tends to overcome the passive people, whose voices are often overlooked.  

In this context, it is important to build group harmony, and increase formal rules as well as procedures that describe ways to deal with internal conflicts, and ways to handle emergencies that have shorter deadlines. In some cases, it may require redesigning of   tasks to improve interdependence between the team members (Arnold & Loughlin, 2013).

References

Arnold, K., & Loughlin, C. (2013). Integrating transformational and participative versus directive leadership theories. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 34(1), 67-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437731311289974

He, H. (2013). Participative Leadership and Follower Creativity: Do Different Types of Trust Play Different Roles?. Academy Of Management Proceedings, 2013(1), 12324-12324. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2013.12324abstract

Lam, C., & Chan, S. (2013). “Leadership Threshold: Participative Leadership, Information Sharing, and Performance”. Academy Of Management Proceedings, 2013(1), 15706-15706. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2013.15706abstract

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Management, Innovation and Organisation Performance

Management, Innovation and Organisation Performance
Management, Innovation and Organisation Performance

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Management, Innovation and Organisation Performance

Introduction

Innovation is a process that involves bringing of new products in a more modern way to impress the customers and capture the market accordingly. The people who benefit from this process tend to benefit a lot and it is in such a situation that design thinking is embraced by customers. Innovation in an organisation will tend to focus on the needs of the existing and new customers in place as well as encourage amendmends of the organisation structures.

Analysis of innovation process

Building of change

In designing of organisations that are bound to change, managing of talents is embraced accordingly. Poor fit for any organisation gives the job description that will be bound to update from time to time. In most cases, an organisation that is geared to make more innovations will employ individuals who are quick learners and interested in matters of change. These individuals will work to ensure that the organisation innovation activities are attained accordingly due to their interest in acquiring new changes in their working environments (Ernst, Chrobot-Mason, 2011).

Paying their workers well will make them participate in the change process that will bring innovations in the organisation and make it more competitive in the market (Day, 2006). Also, organisations that advocates for a work environment with the allocation of best task to an individual will facilitate change and innovation to take place in their premises effectively.  Allocation of tasks in accordance with individual capability is a better approach to acquiring innovations in the market accordingly (Ernst and Chrobot-Mason, 2011).

The right skills and knowledge ought to be employed for use under operations of the best talent to facilitate innovations to take place accordingly. Rewarding workers for their good job that they have done makes them be more creative towards advocating for change in their workplaces (Edmondson, 2011). The performance will be improved and change, innovation in the company will be very effected in such situations. Any bad behaviour from the employees that could have interfered with the change process will be terminated immediately; since, they are not ready and willing to temper with their jobs that give them means of survival (Hoehl & Parboteeah, 2006).

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The organisation structure of a company that wants to be more innovative must be checked and rectified where possible to avoid any interference in the innovation process. The structure of the organisation ought to be close to the market and define all the competitive activities that are taking place in conjunction with their innovation activities (Worley & Lawler, 2006). The organisational structure must connect its employees with the outside world to ensure that they learn more innovative methods to be used in the company.

The employees ought to be connected with the external environment for a smoother working and encourage more innovations to take place for the benefit of the organisation (Nonaka, 2007). Any organisational structure that is ready and willing to connect its employees to the outside world must bring all the critical information’s about trends taking place, encourage opportunities and issues of concern accordingly to their workers.

They ought to ensure that their workers don’t get tired with their roles that they are doing and also make it possible for them to connect with regulators across the globe (Andreeva & Kianto, 2011). Once they succed in connecting their employees with the external market, they will acquire more customers and make more progress under a well-planned innovations (Ciabuschi, Forsgren & Martín, 2011).

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Leaders and information

Information as well as decision process has to be well sought to ensure that all activities are well conducted. All the information given has to be transparent to ensure that activities transacted are transparent as well to the benefit of the company. Its profits govern business units that it has incurred or any loss experienced over a given time. Shared leadership is advantageous, implying that there is the best distribution of hierarchical duties, and they can be done more effectively.

The organisation will tend to respond to all information given whenever; there is shared knowledge that comes as a result of shared leadership in the organisation. Leaders in an organisation are attributed with the role of getting everyone moving in a new and a better direction that will be to the benefit of all (Corniani, 2012). Leaders also have to share the knowledge that they have for the benefit of the organisation and get their workers more informed on how they should handle their customers.

The building of talents in an organisation will be facilitated under a reputable leadership that is also shared among many people (Giedraityte & Raipa, 2012). Leaders, will be able to nurture their skills and each one’s talent will be improved. Improving of leadership talents guarantees better innovations in the organisation because; they are focused on making their functionalities better. Leadership talents include; making good decisions under all circumstances to make sure that all persons benefit from the decisions made.

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The views of the workers should be sought under innovations process management as a way of making them feel recognised and appreciated for who they are and for what they do. Shared leadership also calls for shared ideas of the company and ways of making innovations is of greater benefit to the organisation. Leaders working together with all the stakeholders of the organisation make a good decision related to their customers and how they can better their services and products.

Understanding both the internal capabilities and external environment is very useful under shared leaderships since; it helps in matters of corporate change (Hennala, Parjanen, & Uotila, 2011). Change is what contributes to organisations becoming more innovative and productive in its operations and will work better under shared leadership. Leaders who are focused on getting to higher heights will advocate for continuous change in their operations as a way of becoming more innovative and matching the customer’s needs (Kong, 2010).

The customer will tend to be associated with a business that are more innovate and focused on bettering their service. Innovations that come as a result of continuous change mean that customers will get impressed with them and want to buy their product and services. It is clear to state that services and products from the innovative organisation will be liked by many and their products will be improved accordingly (Schuurman, De Marez & Ballon, 2013).

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Aligning operations with the market                    

Most of the companies are pulling their organisational strategy to align it with the market for the sake of responding to the competitive pressure and become more innovative to get new customers. Teaming makes an individual be more innovative; since, they can share knowledge and help one another with different ideas that they know and in whatever they do rather than when one is working alone.

Their knowledge becomes broader and more applicable for use in the innovation process which is very useful in the company progress. Good interpersonal skills are also bound to be developed and this is also good in encouraging better networking in the innovation process. There are serious challenges that are evolving from teamwork and if not well managed can cause a lot of chaos and disorientate functionality of the group.

The embracing of several projects management helps employees in an organisation to learn how to carry several activities assigned to them. Networking comes as a result of better teaming in organisations members and for the stable teams that have learned to work together end up achieving their ultimate goal accordingly.

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Knowledge creation               

Knowledge creation is another innovation theory that had been employed for use to ensure that the best strategies are entertained to attain the required aim of the company. Making the personal knowledge available to others was a central activity that was employed for use in making sure that the best is attained in the innovation process. Knowledge availability takes place at all times in the company, and it means that knowledge creation is as much as ideal as it is about ideas.

There was the use of tacit to tacit knowledge, which is very personal and hard to personalise as well as difficult to communicate to others (Ernst, Chrobot-Mason, 2011). There is a limitation of knowledge creation that takes place when socialisation is in the process and this ouht to e limited very much. Use of knowledge model ensures that managers challenge their employees to take working seriously for the sake of making good and reputable innovations. Creation of actual model is a process in knowledge that can be used to guarantee good working and better results of innovation.   

Efforts of the group work

The group identified four practices that enable boundary spanning of leadership, buffering, mobilising others and transforming as well as the weaving of others as strategies of achieving its desired goal. The group ensured that interrelated strategies were included in the team working to attain the managing innovation process working. Various efforts were laid aside to attain the desired working of the group (Akhavan, Reza Zahedi & Hosein Hosein, 2014). Also, efforts were laid aside for the members to feel protected in the group to increase collaborations between boundaries.    

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The group work worked to have efforts in shared identity where all members could feel as part and parcel of the group. Having a typical objective was an exertion that the group needed to be encouraged in ensuring that they accomplish the achievement. The team worked to ensure that they had interdependence whereby; all the team members were active, and none of them was dormant.

Teamwork should always encourage personal interaction where people can share different ideas and views required in attaining their goal set aside. The group had endeavours to guarantee that there was a common impact among its individuals, and working was better and smoother. All the activities that are needed were listed down, and a grant chart of all activities that are bound to take place was included.

There were various efforts that had to be employed for use in making the team function as required to attain the set goal. The group had high efforts of advocating for the right person to lead the team in the desired direction (Akhavan & Zahedi, 2014). The act of choosing the right leader proved to be an effective one; since, he made those capable of any bad act to be accountable for their evil actions.

The group was saved from the danger that could have taken over and disorientate its functioning. The group had efforts of ensuring that the team leader attained more training session to improve his leadership skills and learn how to manage the group work to achieve its desired goals. Having the right team leaders was an effort from the team proving any person who know what is expected of his team members, will guide them in the right manner.   

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Lesson about team working

Novel insight can be generated from knowledge creation, and where there is a limitation of social capital, teamwork is bound to face a lot of challenges. There are many knowledge boundaries that interfere with knowledge sharing in a team and have to be avoided at any cost. Generation of the idea in teamwork can interfere with pressure from a very powerful leader. Any teamwork requires a lot of trusts to encourage knowledge sharing among each person in the group (Jafari, Rezaeenour, Mohammad & Hooshmandi, 2011).

It was prudent to learn that any successful teamwork does not require confrontation to one another, rather it requires an understanding of one another and listening to each other’s views. There is need of integrating which involves the synthesizing to create new possibilities of brainstorming where one can reason on their own. All the conflicts of the group and its failure have to be checked and worked upon accordingly to avoid any conflict that might disorganise the teamwork (Patton, 2007).

The team is required to think and understand different methods of reacting on the organisational roles that will contribute to their achievement in the innovation process. There was a need to capture, and access softer lessons for the team members to make learning smoother and facilitation of innovation process as reguired. Every one of the distinctions in a group must be settled in ensuring that working is better and more viable.

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            During group work, one could easily learn that choosing the right members to work with was the only way out to ensure that innovation management process was facilitated. Each of the group members has to be allocated responsibilities for them to know what is required and do it with the aim to attain the right goal. Team working will work better under good and reputable allocations of duties where each person knows what is expected of him and does it accordingly. Innovation processes are well managed by a team working where duties are well allocated to each and every group member on his capability.  

One could learn that there existed different knowledge in different individuals and embracing it could help facilitate a smooth working environment. Knowledge generation is very important in any team work, and this helps the team to think on management innovation matters of the organisation. Anyone in the team will learn that working under one goal is very crucial because; this will help all members to understand the aim of attaining an innovation.

One could learn that sacrifice was very prudent where each and every member was required to sacrifice all his personal views that could be of high help to the group towards achieving its goal (Strohmaier & Lindstaedt, 2007). Through doing this, the team working could be a more effective activity and managing innovation processes could be made better. 

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Another lesson learnt from the teamwork was that commitment to a team is very crucial in achieving its success which is the ultimate goal. Any member who proves not to be committed to achieving success in managing innovation process, will be a great stumbling block to the team. Commitment encourages any team member to be devoted to attaining the set goal as well as make contributions that will help the team move ahead in its operations (Yun, Shin, Kim, & Lee, 2011).

From the new organisational forms that supported knowledge work in the group, one could learn that knowledge work in innovation matters is supported by different forms of organisation in existence. All the knowledge workers who manage innovation process were very distinctive and forms of control as well as the required rewards.

The knowledge work is very useful in managing innovation process; hence, rewards are necessary to be given to the leaders for developing useful competencies required for use in the future. Whenever organisation grow in large size, it becomes hard to sustain adhocracies and also hard to manage the innovation process taking place within their premises.

Conclusion

This paper gives an explanation of the analysis of innovation processes and how they were experienced under different activities. All the group efforts that were evident are also elaborated as well as the lessons learnt about teamwork.

Appendix

(Group leaders) – He was determined in achieving a specific leadership, goal that was managing the innovation process of the team. The group leader was entitled to plan and control all the activities that were required by the team in making sure that all its activities towards managing the innovation process were attained accordingly.

Evans (group organiser) –    Evans was entitled to the role of organising the group meetings and time as well as venues where they could be taking place. He was additionally the one to start another task for the gathering to handle and also guaranteeing that every one of the ventures met the required due date. Evans was in charge of making sure that every group member knew his role and played it effectively.  

Mary (specialist) – Mary was in charge of ensuring that the product of the project was done in a more professional manner as required.

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Joseph (Peace Keeper) – Joseph was entitled to the role of keeping peace and making sure that all activities were taking place as required. Joseph ensured that once a conflict occurred, it was solved with an immediate effect to avoid disorientating the functionality of the group.

John (Editor) – All the work of the group members was edited by John and he ensured that there was no repetition that could make working slow and adamant. Everyone’s writing was made sufficient and in a more professional way under the guidance of John

Other members – The rest of the group members were entitled with the task of participating in the project, communicating, and submitting their assigned work upon deadlines. Group members are entitled with the role of ensuring that they do their duties as required to avoid failure of the groups.       

References

Akhavan, P. & Zahedi, M.R. 2014, “Critical Success Factors in Knowledge Management Among Project-Based Organizations: A Multi-Case Analysis”, IUP Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 20-38.

Akhavan, P., Reza Zahedi, M. & Hosein Hosein, S. 2014, “A conceptual framework to address barriers to knowledge management in project-based organizations”, Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 98.

Andreeva, T. & Kianto, A. 2011, “Knowledge processes, knowledge-intensity and innovation: a moderated mediation analysis“, Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 1016-1034.

Ciabuschi, F., Forsgren, M. & Martín, O.M. 2011, “Rationality vs ignorance: The role of MNE headquarters in subsidiaries’ innovation processes”, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 958-970.

Corniani, M. 2012, “Innovation, Imitation and Competitive Value Analysis”, Symphonya, , no. 2, pp. 37-52.

Day, S. G. 2006. Aligning the Organization with the Market. MITSloan Management Review. VOL .48 NO.1

Edmondson, A. (2011). How to master the new art of teaming. Teamwork On the Fly. ARTWORK Andy Gilmore, Hemicube digital drawing

Ernst, C. and Chrobot-Mason, C. (2011). Flat world, hard boundaries: How to lead across them MITSloan Management Review.

Ernst, C., Chrobot-Mason, D. 2011. Flat World, Hard Boundaries-How To Lead Across Them. MITSloan Management Review.

Giedraityte, V. & Raipa, A. 2012, “Risk Management in the Public Sector Innovation Processes”, Viesoji Politika ir Administravimas, vol. 11, no. 4.

Hennala, L., Parjanen, S. & Uotila, T. 2011, “Challenges of multi-actor involvement in the public sector front-end innovation processes”, European Journal of Innovation Management, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 364-387.

Hoehl, M., & Parboteeah, P. 2006.Autonomy and Teamwork in Innovative Project. Human Resource Management, Vol. 45, No. 1, Pp. 67–79

Jafari, M., Rezaeenour, J., Mohammad, M.M. & Hooshmandi, A. 2011, “Development and evaluation of a knowledge risk management model for project-based organizations”, Management Decision, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 309-329.

Kong, E. 2010, “Innovation processes in social enterprises: an IC perspective”, Journal of Intellectual Capital, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 158-178.

Kosala, M. 2015, “Innovation Processes as a Stimulant of Internationalisation Process of Firms”, Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 65-84.

Nonaka, I. 2007.The Knowledge-Creating Company. Harvard Business Review

Patton, J.R. 2007, “Metrics for Knowledge-Based Project Organizations”, S.A.M.Advanced Management Journal, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 33-43,2.

Schuurman, D., De Marez, L. & Ballon, P. 2013, “Open Innovation Processes in Living Lab Innovation Systems: Insights from the LeYLab”, Technology Innovation Management Review, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 28-36.

Strohmaier, M. & Lindstaedt, S. 2007, “Rapid knowledge work visualization for organizations”, Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 97-111.

Worley, C., & Lawler, E. 2006. Designing Organizations That Are Built to Change. Mit Sloan Management Review

Yun, G., Shin, D., Kim, H. & Lee, S. 2011, “Knowledge-mapping model for construction project organizations”, Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 528-548.

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Determinants of health and ways they impact persons health

Determinants of health
Determinants of health

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Determinants of health and ways they impact persons health

Introduction

  To improve the health status of the community, there is need to reduce the health inequalities. This is only achieved by understanding factors that promote as well as protect health of the community, which are commonly referred to as determinants of health (Fane & Ward, 2014). These determinants are categorised into social, cultural and economic factors.

This is important because despite the fact that the USA government is spending fortune in medical care, the health outcomes still remains low than most of the developed countries. In fact, the USA IS ranked the 34th in infant mortality in the world (Potter, Trussell, & Moreau, 2009).

 However, it is possible to envision the more promising end of this medical story if number of strategies are employed to understand as well as promoting the health of the community. This is achieved through analysis of health determinants as outlined by logic models (Blanchard  et al., 2013).

These models are important because they are oversimplified and approximate, thus helping  the identification of complex interplay, which would be important in taking action  to improve the health  of the population, which are developed by the new framework of health goals  for USA, commonly referred to as “ Healthy People 2020 (Fane & Ward, 2014).”

 This paper summarizes the main sociocultural and economic determinants of health and ways they impact the health of a person, leading to inequalities. Understanding these determinants is important because it helps improve the health of the community, thereby reducing healthcare inequalities. This aid in the identification of the specific areas for actions, which also facilitates the identification of the most feasible interventions that could aid promote quality care.

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 Determinants of health

Evidence based study indicates that certain healthcare behaviours affects   personal and community health. These includes behaviours such as smoking, poor nutrition, physical inactiveness, and excessive alcohol consumptions. Similarly, the amount of household income, educational achievement, ethnic background, employment and neighbourhoods also associated with profound effects of health (Perrin, 2013).

 To start with, income and wealth determinants impact the health of a person. Research indicates that increased income improves the health outcomes.  However, the relationship between health and income is not linear (Potter, Trussell, & Moreau, 2009). This is because money itself does not translate into good health. Instead, wealth is generally considered to give someone position within the society, which makes them, have better access to better economic opportunities (Salt, 2014).

This makes them live in healthy and safe communities, with better equipped facilities. Additionally, they are able to afford health insurance, and thus can access health more easily. Most have great amount of wealth and assets such as savings, low debt and high amount of savings that can be disposed to meet the health demands of the person where necessary (Blanchard  et al., 2013).

 Conversely, poor people are restricted to these amenities and are often exposed to environments that are health damaging. They lack sufficient amenities such as recreational facilities, grocery stores or even health care facilities (Fane & Ward, 2014).  These people will lack social supports or relationships, have poor self-esteem, lack sense of control and are more likely to suffer from chronic diseases and acute stress. This impact is particularly vital in children and infants.  Low income is associated with increased infant and childhood mortality.

It is also suggested that the hardship and economic deprivation in childhood significantly affect the adult health (Fane & Ward, 2014).  Thus, children in low income households are more likely to suffer from poor nutrition, which results to health complications in their adult life including obesity, cancer, mental health, and cardiovascular diseases. This forms a vicious cycle of poverty and health (Potter, Trussell, & Moreau, 2009).

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 The link between socioeconomic factors and health is clearer. However, the communities in which people live also influences their health. Literature indicates that people living in poor neighbourhoods report higher mortality rates, high incidences of chronic diseases and poorer health standards as compared with people living in safer neighbourhoods (Potter, Trussell, & Moreau, 2009).  One study conducted in Wake County, North Carolina indicated that people living in poorer neighbourhoods reported higher incidences of pre-term birth, greater levels of depression, high level of teen pregnancy and increased resistance and disorders among the adolescents (Fane & Ward, 2014).  

Additionally, different neighbourhoods makes it difficult to access healthy food, availability of parks and sidewalks and open spaces where people can exercise. The proximity of the people to environmental hazards also influences the quality of care (Diaz de León-Castañeda, Ramírez-Fernández, & Pinzon Florez, 2013).

Housing also influences the health being of an individual. Living in houses that are poorly ventilated, damp, overcrowded or with poor waste disposal strategies are associated with increased diseases, communicable infections and other preventive diseases (Salt, 2014). Housing structures are very important as people spend approximately 90% of their time within  their home, and thus  poor housing  can put people at risk of developing  health complications due  exposure to environmental hazards (Fane & Ward, 2014).

Additionally, overcrowding increases the risks of transmitting infectious diseases such as tuberculosis as well as other respiratory diseases (Blanchard  et al., 2013). It could lead to more healthcare complication in events of pandemics such as virulent influenza. Research estimated that low income households live in overcrowded conditions, where more than 70,000 housing units in USA are overcrowded (Potter, Trussell, & Moreau, 2009). The issue is more complicated with most people facing foreclosures which is associated with the downturn of the economy. This accelerates the risk of sharing housing, and doubling up of people with their families and friends (Cai & McAdam-Marx, 2013).

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 Academic achievement is strongly correlated with increased lifespan. Generally, people with less education are associated with more chronic complications and their life expectancies are shorter as compared with people with higher level of education (Blanchard et al., 2013).  This is indicated by the healthcare study, where adults who have finished high school are more likely to have better health outcomes as compared with dropouts (Salt, 2014). In the USA, the ager adjusted mortality of people who dropped out of high school is two folds higher than those who completed their education.

These people are more likely to suffer from chronic and acute healthcare complications such as hypertension, stroke, diabetes, asthma, ulcers and emphysema. On average, it is estimated that the college graduates live five years longer as compared to those who failed to complete high school education (Diaz de León-Castañeda, Ramírez-Fernández, & Pinzon Florez, 2013).

 Research indicates that education achievement and health are not only correlated at personal level but also in their future generation. For example, maternal education is associated with better health for the children. Similarly, children born by high school dropout’s parents are two folds likely to suffer from premature death. Educated mothers’ infant mortality rates are considerably lower than uneducated parents. This is because educational achievements, wealth and health are interrelated, and have significant impacts on person’s health.

 Another important health determinant is social exclusion, which is often associated with poverty. Social exclusion is associated with huge impacts in health such as premature deaths. Absolute poverty results to lack of basic materials, and is still rampant in developed countries (Salt, 2014).  Most of the unemployed people, ethnic groups, refugees, homeless and the disabled are often socially excluded. This denies them the opportunity to access decent living opportunities such as education, housing, transport or even the ability to participate in various activities of the lives that makes them participate fully. This exclusion and being treated as lesser beings leads to health complications (Cai & McAdam-Marx, 2013).

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The social exclusions occurs inform of racism, discrimination, hostility, stigmatization as well as unemployment. These denies people their ability to participate in educative training, prevention programs or even accessing potential beneficial healthcare capacities. These issues are socially as well as psychologically damaging, and can have detrimental effects to these discriminated people (Pegram & Bloomfield, 2013). 

The longer these people live in prisons, psychiatric facilities and children’s homes, and the more likelihood of them to suffer from a wide range of disorders. These incidences are also associated with increased risk of divorce, addictions and disabilities. Research indicates that people with strong family relations have better health outcomes. For instance, the highest incidences of mental illness are from single parent families (Pegram & Bloomfield, 2013).

Addiction is a public health issue of concern as it is associated with social breakdown, which worsens the issue of healthcare disparities. Addiction in this context refers to overreliance of drug use such as alcohol and cigarrette smoking. This is associated with increased mortality associated with suicides, injuries and poisoning. Although unclear, cultural values and beliefs tend to influence the quality of care (Salt, 2014).

This includes activities such as religious values that prohibits people from seeking medical assistance. Other determinants includes population based healthcare facilities as well as services. These includes activities such as sewerage and water to ensure that people’s health is maintained. The extent of funding of these activities dictates the level of the maintenance of this infrastructure, their developments and also usages.

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Ways the determinants of health impact people’s health

 Most of the social factors mentioned above are described to have both interactive and independent effects. For instance, people with high level of incomes are more likely to have achieved higher education. They are also more likely to have more opportunities to live in safe, standard and healthy environments. Their neighbourhoods are more likely to be secure, thus promoting physical activeness. They are also able to purchase organic food as compared to those with low income households. These people are also more likely to have medical cover, which facilitates access to quality care (Cai & McAdam-Marx, 2013).

 Conversely, people living with poverty are more likely to have lower education achievement, indicating that they are most likely unemployed. They will often live in substandard housing, putting them at risk of communicable diseases due to overcrowding effects and poor sanitation (Cai & McAdam-Marx, 2013). These people lack enough resources to purchase quality foods, hence depends mainly with fast food, increasing the risk of obesity. These people are more likely to engage in risky behaviours such as drug abuse and prostitutions, putting them at greater risk.  This makes them experience higher levels of stress as compared with their counterparts (Pegram & Bloomfield, 2013).

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 Whereas most of these factors are interconnected as described above, there is growing evidence that these factors independently determine the health of the people. For instance, in the USA, the health status of all ethnic communities decreases as income level decreases. It is reported that people with 100% federal poverty guidelines (FPG) reports the worse health as compared to people in other income level (Pegram & Bloomfield, 2013). However, within each income levels, specific communities have worse health outcome as compared with others.

For instance, the African American normally reports poor healthcare outcomes as compares to the Hispanics and non-Hispanics white (Cai & McAdam-Marx, 2013). These marked differences across the ethnic communities are observed in other determinants of health. Therefore, to effectively reduce the increased   healthcare disparities, issues such as accessibility of educations, standard housing, safe living as well as working environments, healthcare facilities and all other opportunities that facilitate the healthy living of the community must be addressed (Diaz de León-Castañeda, Ramírez-Fernández, & Pinzon Florez, 2013).

Conclusion

 As indicated, it is evident that there is strong correlation between the health and people’s incomes and way of life including community environment, educational achievement, and ethnicity and housing conditions. It is indicated that those people with higher incomes, higher education achievement and those living in a health as well as safe environments have been associated with longer life expectancies and are associated with better health outcomes. Conversely, people with lower education levels, living below poverty line, substandard housing and those in poor neighbourhoods have poor health outcomes. This is attributable to the fact that these lack sufficient resources to treat   even the preventable diseases. This translates to increased health disparities among the various ethnic groups.

References

Blanchard, C., Gibbs, M., Narle, G., & Brookes, C. (2013). Learning from communities in the USA and England to promote equity and address the social determinants of health. Global Health Promotion, 20(4 Suppl), 104-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975913501006

Cai, B., & McAdam-Marx, C. (2013). The determinants of antihypertensive use and expenditure in patients with hypertension in the USA. Journal Of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, 5(1), 11-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jphs.12041

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Dating and the Single Parent by Ron Deal

Dating and the Single Parent by Ron Deal
Dating and the Single Parent by Ron Deal

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Dating and the Single Parent by Ron Deal

Summary

Ron Deal composed the book “Dating and the Single Parent”. His book begins with a foreword that, not at all like numerous different books, demonstrates to have the most intense impact on the reader. Single folks who are dating or need to start a dating relationship consider how dating will influence their youngsters and child rearing. They most likely have made sense of that dating in a group is confounded. Ron Deal, who has directed single folks and remarried couples for a long time, singles folks together with the individuals who date them, explore the potential pitfalls included.

He gives a point of view on when a relationship may be destructive to the youngsters and additionally, how it can be a gift to all. Continuously at the front line, is the objective of fortifying families. He expresses that the populace including the congregation is not managing the issue of the single folks’ predominance. He likewise takes note that single folks are not intrigued by joining mixed relational unions. A great many people likewise when entering the establishment of marriage are not doing it in a proficient way.

Ron’sDeal takes note of that around forty-two percent of folks are in some step relationship. Thirty percent of relational unions are of a mixed nature. He likewise noticed that 66% of relational unions that bring kids into the relationship typically end with divorce or separation (Deal, 2012). He keeps on clarifying forthright that large portions of the issues understand the distinction between being a couple and framing a family, and that the recent is the thing that will make a legacy. Thoughts that Dr. Deal will express in his book, Dating and the Single Parent are based around mixed families.

Dating and the Single Parent by Ron Deal

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Dr. Deal is a backer for first marriage compromise yet accepts mixed families require more offer assistance. Adjusting your craving for adoration with children requirement for security and passionate wellbeing is intense (Deal, 2012). In Dr. Deal’s book he communicated that dating is hard on the off chance that you are recently single, however considerably harder if recently single with children.

The normal course that Dr. Deal clarifies is to a greater extent a non-aggressive crew. Marriage with youngsters can be focused on kids and new mates unless took care of appropriately. Kids do not require another mother or father to make a family entirety. The thought Dr. Deal communicates is not a justifiable reason motivation to search for a mate.

Dr. Deal (2012) gives the books reader a summation of how single folks with youngsters take a gander at dating. Numerous single folks have ended up single. What of their kids? At the point when single folks search for future mates, they tend to search for the children’s story finishing and their perfect partner.

Single folks who are dating or need to start a dating relationship wonder, How will dating influence my kids and my child rearing? They most likely have made sense of that “dating in a group” is convoluted. Presently they are searching for help. Ron Deal, who has advised single folks and remarried couples for a long time, singles folks – and also the individuals who date them- – explore the potential pitfalls included. He gives a point of view on when a relationship may be hurtful to the youngsters and how it can be a gift to all. Continuously at the bleeding edge is the objective of fortifying families (Deal, 2012).

Dating and the Single Parent by Ron Deal

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Potential use for Christian Couples

Words cannot express how supportive this book has been to numerous Christian family readers. This book offers Christians some assistance with parenting to see past the tingly sentiments to figure out whether a dating accomplice will offer them some assistance with forming a sound crew. Ron Deal focuses out the regular pitfalls and gives insightful advice in how to explore the waters. As indicated by Deal, (2012), entering the dating stadium as a solitary guardian is alarming.

In the crackling power of a dating relationship, it is simple for single folks to ignore gigantic issues that cause profound individual agony and additionally lasting harm to their kids. Ron Deal demonstrates to them industry standards to stay away from the huge oversights and assemble fruitful, enduring connections. He additionally offers awesome direction on guarding the hearts of your children.

For one, the writer has dissipated the greater part of the readers’ reasons for the alarm that were going about as colossal weight. The apprehension that when on does not remarry the youngsters will endure most and will be inadequate in a few angles is depleted. The writer sets aside time to clarify in this book; a mixed family is not an in-place family, and acquiring a stage guardian is entirely muddled and, for the most part, more prone to effects affect constructive outcomes for the kids.

As the writer of this book so magnificently illustrates, kids brought up in a solitary guardian family unit are liable to show improvement over kids raised with a stage guardian, accentuating the way that if remarriage is to be done, it completely must be done right. Readers will promptly concede that the thought of their children frantically require a decent male good example in their lives has been one of the essential driving elements behind their yearning to begin dating once more. At that point, there are the youngsters.

They may feel prepared, yet would they say they are? Deal powerfully and deftly calls attention to that if the kids are not sincerely prepared to handle another guardian the possibilities of conjugal achievement are thin. In the wake of assessing themselves and their youngsters, Deal(2012) gives priceless methodologies to get ready yourself and your youngsters for the dating enclosure. The book portrays the reasons for alarm that kids (youthful and grown-up) have when their guardian begins to date. Once more, overlooking these quite undeniable difficulties are enormous strikes against an enduring relationship or marriage with a second mate.

Dating and the Single Parent by Ron Deal

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“Dating and the Single Parent” composed by Ron  Deal is an essential book and one that ought to have a place in the library of each separated individual who has considered remarrying or if nothing else returning into the superb universe of dating. In the event that theyare separated with children still at home, they are in an ideal situation not dating or remarrying. they ought to give their opportunity to bringing up your youngsters. The chances of remarrying as of now and not turning into a twice-separated measurement are not to support you.

The book part’s endeavors to manage both the single guardian and the individual intrigued by dating the guardian exhortation and direction all the while. The book goes about as an update that when one dates a solitary guardian, he/she is dating the grown-up, as well as the youngsters too. He then talks about or cautions the reader to be cautious of those daters who need their needs all me by the other individual. The book additionally has a reflective take a gander at the individual to ask themselves past the hurt and agony, understand the misfortune has greatly affected the individual and be willing to take after God’s lead in dating and remarriage.

Deal (2012) precisely portrays separation in the same terms as encountering demise. The recuperation of both can take years. They may think you need somebody in their life. They may trust that they are in a solid temper to acknowledge that individual into their life.

 Deal (2012) sensibly watches numerous single folks would prefer not to hold up particularly on the off chance that they trust they have met somebody they need to spend whatever is left of their lives. In this manner, the rest of the book is dedicated to itemizing what steps a solitary parent needs to take to set themselves up as well as their kids for what is in question and what they have in store for themselves. The Deal gives a lot of genuine case situations and, in addition, an agenda to offer the single parent some assistance with evaluating exactly that they are so prepared to add someone else to their family mathematical statement.

Dating and the Single Parent by Ron Deal

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Critique

The book likewise gives thoughts in the right places that people can discover affection. He gives an agenda for each. What signs does the potential accomplice give that is a notice you ought to consider important? What are major issues? At the point, when is it clear that you can proceed? His last area has valuable counsel on marriage responsibility and stepfamily readiness.

His most significant point, as I would see it, is that stepfamilies ought not to be considered as mixed as if you could toss two distinct gatherings of individuals in an allegorical blender and they will rapidly blend. It is ideal to think about the procedure as a stewing pot, where individuals stew together, and taking years to get used to each other.

On the off chance that you were considering remarrying, this would be a decent book to peruse before leaving on that experience. Dr. Deal is a supporter of first marriage compromise, however, accepts mixed families require more offer assistance. Adjusting your longing for affection with children requirement for strength and enthusiastic security is intense (Deal, 2012). His thought on accommodating first families is one that most couples ought to consider before going into mixed families(Gaiman& McKean, 2008). 

The book additionally gives the readers certainty in regards to the destiny of their youngsters. Single folks are exhorted that their youngsters may improve in a solitary guardian setting that that of a stepparent. Deal sets aside his opportunity to profoundly inspect the way of mixed families. He clarifies that mixed families are not by any means stable families. He takes note of that such mixed families may have a moderately higher likelihood of negative consequences for the kids included than a solitary parent gang.

The thought Mr. Deal puts crosswise over is for single folks not to freeze on how well their kids will be raised. He expresses that folks ought to take as much time as necessary and evaluate the impacts if connections they create to the improvement of their children(Reagan, R. (2014). Ron Deal gives a positive understanding of single families who are considering dating once more. He puts accentuations on Christian folks who may be widowed or separated with managing new connections.

His thought on first taking care of the enthusiasm of the youngsters is one that is enormously upheld to most folks why should considering begin mixed families. He goes ahead to give the weaknesses of mixed families to the improvement of youngsters who likewise come into the relationship(Deal, Thompson, & Olson, 2015). 

Dating and the Single Parent by Ron Deal

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Conclusion

Single folks who are dating or need to start a dating relationship think about how dating will influence their kids and child rearing. They most likely have made sense of that dating in a group is muddled. Ron Deal, who has directed single folks and remarried couples for a long time, singles folks together with the individuals who date them, explore the potential pitfalls included.

He gives the point of view on when a relationship may be destructive to the youngsters and in addition how it can be a gift to all. Continuously at the cutting edge is the objective of fortifying families. This book assists Christian with parenting see past the tingly sentiments to figure out whether a dating accomplice will offer them some assistance with forming a sound gang. Ron Deal focuses on the normal pitfalls and gives well-informed counsel in how to explore the waters.

As indicated by Deal, (2012), entering the dating stadium as a solitary guardian is frightening. In the crackling power of a dating relationship, it is simple for single folks to disregard gigantic issues that cause profound individual torment and additionally perpetual harm to their youngsters. Ron Deal demonstrates to them proper methodologies to keep away from the enormous errors and construct effective enduring connections. He likewise offers awesome advice on guarding the hearts of your children.

The book likewise gives the readers certainty in regards to the destiny of their youngsters. Single folks are exhorted that their youngsters may improve in a solitary guardian setting that that of a stepparent. He is of the feeling that those mixed families are not by any stretch of the imagination stable families. He takes note of that such mixed families may have a moderately higher likelihood for negative impacts on the youngsters included than a solitary parent family.

Dating and the Single Parent by Ron Deal

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References

Deal, R. L. (2011). Smart Stepdad, The: Steps to Help You Succeed. Grand Rapids: Baker Pub. Group

Deal, R. L. (2012). Dating and the Single Parent. Bloomington MN: Bethany House Publishing.

Deal, R. L., & Chapman, G. (2014). The smart stepfamily: Seven steps to a healthy family. Minneapolis, Minn: Bethany House

Deal, R. L., &Petherbridge, L. (2009). The smart stepmom: Practical Steps to Help You Thrive. Grand Rapids: Baker Pub.Group.

Deal, R. L., Thompson, E., & Olson, D. H. (2015). The smart stepfamily marriage: Keys to success in the blended family. Minneapolis, Minn: Bethany House.

Gaiman, N., & McKean, D. (2008). The graveyard book.New York, New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

Reagan, R. (2014). The Reagan diaries.S.l.: HarperCollins e-Books.

Dating and the Single Parent by Ron Deal

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