• Spend at least 2 uninterrupted hours navigating through the virtual exhibition. There are 12 sections, each with several images, labels, and videos. Spend time getting oriented to the virtual space and engaging with the material. Take notes on what you notice. What stands out to you? What draws your attention? • As you navigate, ask yourself:
1. What is the main message of this exhibition? What do I see that makes me say that? What narratives about the world, groups of people, democracy, progress, oppression, etc. is the exhibit putting forth? What message do the creators want me to take away from this experience? Are those the messages that I am taking away? Why or why not? Are there images that support the intended message by relying on problematic representations or naturalized ideologies? Which ones? HINT: this set of questions will help you develop your thesis statement.
2. Does the exhibition acknowledge or address National Geographic’s apology? If so, how?
3. In what ways does the exhibition reproduce the tropes of National Geographic discussed in Week 7?
HINT: Choose specific photographs and conduct a visual analysis like the ones we have been practicing in lectures. The guided viewing questions we used with the Migrant Mother photograph in Week 5’s lecture will be helpful). Are there ways in which this exhibition challenges the tropes discussed?
Exhibition Review: Communications & Media
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4. In what ways does the exhibition reproduce Orientalism? In what ways does it challenge Orientalism?
HINT: Choose specific photographs to analyze to support your answer. Do not write in generalities.
5. Did you notice any elements of institutional critique in the exhibition? Explain your answer.
6. What ideologies are promoted or embedded in this exhibition?
7. If Fred Wilson was asked to “mine” this museum exhibition (refer to Week 8), what do you think he would say/think/do? Imagine you have had the great fortune to be awarded an internship with the artist Fred Wilson. He has asked you to insert an object into the exhibition that uses juxtaposition to make a comment about the ideas presented.
What object or image would you insert? Write an exhibition label that explains what your juxtaposition exposes. What is your message?Structure and write your paper according to the following guidelines:
• Intro: Describe what you see as the main message of the exhibition and support your assertion with evidence from the exhibition’s images, design, texts, etc. Develop a thesis statement based on your answers to prompt #1 in the directions.
o HINT: a good thesis statement must be able to be supported with evidence from the exhibition and must be debatable. Being debatable means that it is non-obvious and you could reasonably argue against it. For instance, a bad thesis example would be “The TV show Kim’s Convenience tells the story of an immigrant family’s experiences in Canada” because it’s an obvious point that you cannot reasonably argue against.
A good thesis example would be: “Although the Royal BC Museum has attempted to return artifacts to Indigenous communities, its exhibitions continue to reinforce the idea that Indigenous culture is stuck in the past.” This sentence sets you up to support your argument with evidence and to make an interesting and non-obvious point about an exhibition.
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• Supporting paragraphs: Support your thesis statement with specific image examples from the exhibition. You should have at least three supporting paragraphs.
One paragraph must address at least one trope (see prompt #3 above).
One paragraph must address Orientalism (see prompt #4 above).
You may wish to include additional paragraphs that address the prompts above about apology and institutional critique or you may wish to spend multiple paragraphs identifying how additional tropes were used or avoided.
• Conclusion: Close your review by telling your reader what you would have included (one specific image or object that you find) and why. Make sure you tell your reader you are working in the tradition of Fred Wilson and include the text of your actual exhibition label as a separate appendix at the end of the review.
• Paper should be 3 full pages, not including exhibition label. Must be in 12pt Times New Roman Font, 1-inch margins, no extra spaces between paragraphs or elaborate schemes to space your words out.
Marking Rubric
Total points possible: 22
Please note: point amounts are the maximum you can earn for each component, which means getting the max points for any component requires a stellar job addressing it. Just doing something related to the component will not yield the max points. For instance, if you say, “the main message is about women,” that will be 0 points for the “main message” component because it is not specific and is obvious.
o Main message identified and supported – max 2 pts
o Thesis is appropriate to instructions and able to be debated and defended with evidence from the exhibition – max 3 pts
o Supporting paragraphs #1 and #2 (must follow instructions, choose specific images, analyze them appropriately using visual analysis methods from lectures, to get the max points examples must be convincing to the reader) – max 4pts per paragraph (8 total pts)
o Additional supporting paragraphs (relevant, well-argued and follows instructions) – max 2 pts total
o Conclusion – max 3 pts
o Exhibition label attachment – max 1 pt
o Follows formatting – max 1 pt o Overall impression, quality of paper and writing (good transitions, spelling, word choice, technical aspects of writing, components come together to form a coherent whole, thesis is supported) – max 2pts
Exhibition Review: Communications & Media
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Overhearing Conversations: Communication Ethics
According to research, overhearing a one-sided conversation is more annoying than eavesdropping (Bianca 2011). It’s even more annoying because you cannot avoid overhearing the conversation. The loud talks about one’s private life or how they behaved in a party are annoying. While I was in a restaurant taking a quiet lunch, a woman across the table made a call that was quite inappropriate.
She seemed to have been talking to her husband about their vacation and talked to him as if she was alone in the restaurant. She was loud and as she gave details about the requirements for the vacation one couldn’t help but overhear. She talked the entire time I was in the restaurant and the fact that everyone else was quite made it impossible to overhear her.
Overhearing one side of a conversation becomes uncertain and unpredictable making one’s brain get drawn to it to fill the other parts even when someone was not eavesdropping. According to Bianca (2011), though cell phones are making people rude, it doesn’t have to be that way. Top three phone etiquettes include lowering the voice while making calls in public, not being personal when there are other people present, and not taking calls while a person is already engaged in a face to face conversation.
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Cell phones can be so distracting if not used in a proper manner. With everyone now owning a cell phone, one becomes a party to unwanted conversations often. Otherwise, cell phones don’t have to be a bridging gap between people.
To avoid distractions and annoying others, it is advisable to lower one’s voice while in public, avoiding private discussions if there are other people near, and asking for permission from people close if you have to take a call when having a face to face conversation with others.
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Overhearing and Eavesdropping
According to research, overhearing a one-sided conversation is more annoying than eavesdropping (Bianca 2011). It’s even more annoying because you cannot avoid overhearing the conversation. The loud talks about one’s private life or how they behaved in a party are annoying. While I was in a restaurant taking a quiet lunch, a woman across the table made a call that was quite inappropriate.
She seemed to have been talking to her husband about their vacation and talked to him as if she was alone in the restaurant. She was loud and as she gave details about the requirements for the vacation one couldn’t help but overhear. She talked the entire time I was in the restaurant and the fact that everyone else was quite made it impossible to overhear her.
Overhearing one side of a conversation becomes uncertain and unpredictable making one’s brain get drawn to it to fill the other parts even when someone was not eavesdropping. According to Bianca (2011), though cell phones are making people rude, it doesn’t have to be that way. Top three phone etiquettes include lowering the voice while making calls in public, not being personal when there are other people present, and not taking calls while a person is already engaged in a face to face conversation.
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Cell phones can be so distracting if not used in a proper manner. With everyone now owning a cell phone, one becomes a party to unwanted conversations often. Otherwise, cell phones don’t have to be a bridging gap between people.
To avoid distractions and annoying others, it is advisable to lower one’s voice while in public, avoiding private discussions if there are other people near, and asking for permission from people close if you have to take a call when having a face to face conversation with others.
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Dissemination Strategy
Disseminating Evidence
The ultimate desired impact of any project, campaign or process change squarely rests in the dissemination strategy effectiveness and presentation (Mitton, Adair & McKenzie, 2007). According to Lomas (2013), the term dissemination is used to describe a set of actions that are properly and purposefully organized and designed towards promotion and empowering incorporation as well as applications of strategies which are already validated.
Thus, dissemination is the actual process through which availability of a project outcomes and deliverables is made achievable and presented to stakeholders as well as the wider audience or community (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2012). This implies that the dissemination of results is imperative in to maintain the practice as well as the outcome for appropriate practices.
The dissemination of the project results will be carried out to the key stakeholders within a 3-month time frame. This dissemination will have a key purpose of presenting the project results to key stakeholders in order to inform project development, strategy of receiving feedback as well as assuring that the practice and outcome are going to be maintained upon the project implementation (Mitton, Adair & McKenzie, 2007).
The key stakeholders for the project and to who the project strategy will be disseminate to include: the hospital CEO, Director of Pediatrics, NICU staff, Director of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, NICU Nurse Manager, Nurse Educators, EBP committee, Director of Physical Therapy, and Director of Research and Development. The presentation of the project together with its obtained results will be done through staff meetings, news bulletins as well as e-mails.
Conferences or workshops will also be arranged concerning the project planning and development in order to ensure a high-profile implementation of the project, through which the participants, stakeholders and the community will learn from its achievements. In addition, through this strategy the project outputs and deliverables will be embedded and taken up or incorporated (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012).
There is also another strategy which is offered by workshops or conferences as an appropriate strategy of dissemination because it helps in enabling a communication process with a feedback loop meaning it is two directions i.e. between the NICU community and the project implementers whereby stakeholders and the community can be invited for brainstorming and contribution of ideas on how the project results can be utilized (Lomas, 2013).
Furthermore, expanding the invitation of the workshops and conferences to the wider community will be vital in allowing the dissemination significance of the project outcomes or results to the greater nursing community. Evaluation of the project progress through a retrospective evaluation of project reports will ensure proper monitoring.
In conclusion, dissemination of significant importance in uplifting nursing practice, and uplifting of nursing is fundamental outcome and critical to healthcare delivery (National Institutes of Health, 2007). In addition, regular evaluation of the project implementation will play an essential role in monitoring its progress.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2012). Health.gov. Washington, DC: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Office of the Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at www.health.gov/communication/resources/Default.asp. Accessed July 5, 2016.
Lomas, J. (2013). Diffusion, dissemination, and implementation: who should do what? Ann N Y Acad Science, 703:226-35; discussion 35-7. PMID: 8192299.
Mitton, C., Adair, C.E., & McKenzie, E. (2007). Knowledge transfer and exchange: review and synthesis of the literature. Milbank Q 85(4):729-68. PMID: 18070335.
National Institutes of Health. (2007). NIH Conference. Building the Science of Dissemination and Implementation in the Service of Public Health. 2007 Sep 10-11. Available at www.obssr.od.nih.gov/di2007/about.html. Accessed July 5, 2016.
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Organizational Communication System
Introduction
It is important to note that the organizational change is one of the most crucial aspects of an organization that should be taken seriously. This is due to the fact that many different issues, which may hinder the development of an organization, may appear or continue being manifested in a different department within an organization (Hunter, & Perkins, 2012). As a result, it has become extremely important coming up with significant strategies that can try to improve the overall process of service delivery within the organizational setup.
One of the sectors that have continued being marred by different levels of organizational challenges is the health sector. As a result, it has to keep on devising important strategies that can help to improve not only the general image but also the level of service delivery. Therefore, this paper is set to determine some of the important strategies that can be applied in order to improve the level of organizational communication within any heath sector’s settings.
The Communication System and its Challenges within the Health Care Sector
The health care sector is one of the most important areas as when it comes to the process of defining the process of communication. This is due to the fact that communication process is considered done of the most important factor when it comes to enhancing the level of service delivery within the3 sector. The nurses are supposed to have powerful interpersonal communication skills within themselves in order to strengthen their level of taking care of their patients. This is considered highly important, especially when it comes to the process of defining the safety of the patients.
In short, the nurses are supposed to keep a proper communication system not only between themselves but also with their patients (Hunter, & Perkins, 2012). The move will help to ensure they are able to take care of the needs of their patents. They should be in constant improvement of the knowledge they can use to handle the challenges their patients experience throughout the whole health care process.
At this juncture, they should make sure they have established a solid system that can enhance the process of service delivery (Press et al., 2015). In short, the communication process within the health care system has provided the appropriate guidelines for the health care practitioners, as well as the rest of the nurses to devise the appropriate ways that can improve the planning, as well as the implementation of the appropriate changes while at the same time improving the coordination process. In the long run, the implementation of the appropriate changes, in the nursing and the health care facilities’ communication system, will help to bring out the positive changes that are required to improve the level of service delivery.
How the appropriate implementation of the communication system can help to improve the level of service delivery within the nursing system
First, it is imperative understanding that the implementation of the effective communication system within the health care set up can help to improve it in multifaceted ways. For instance, it can help to improve the achievement of the health care’s organizational goals such as having the appropriate way that can be used to improve the process of achieving the mission, vision, and the overall objectives set by the health care. In short, the interpersonal nursing communication can be deemed one of the most effective methods that can help the team of nurses to devise some of the most appropriate strategies that can help to improve their coordination process.
Briefly, it makes them feel not only energized, but also organizes the process of communication by making sure that they have come up with a proper of effective paper work system that can be followed to the latter. Having a proper communication system not only makes the nurses to be responsible professions, but also more cautious when they are dealing with their patients and also with other relevant parties they might interact with when they are delivering their mandated health care roles.
However, one of the important things worth noting is that the nursing system has lacked a proper system that defines the overall process that can be used to improve the communication system (Lyngstad, & HellesØ, 2014). It is beyond reasonable doubt that the nursing system is one of the most important sectors that requires the adequate application of the appropriate approaches that can help to improve the level of the communication system among the parties involved (Press et al., 2015). The appropriate steps that can be used to improve the overall communication in any health care facility is discussed in the section below.
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The appropriate mechanisms that can be used to improve the health care communication system
The communication system within the healthcare set up can be improved using multifaceted ways. First, the professional body should come up with appropriate plans that can bring positive organizational changes within the health care set up (Lukasiewicz, 2015). For instance, they should make sure the complex system that patients are supposed to follow is properly explained or expounded in order to reduce the level of ambiguity that might be involved (Weigand, 2012).
This is due to the fact that the nurses and other health care practitioners might be compelled to make regular changes in the manner they deliver their services to the patients. For examples, the school nurses will need to evaluate the manner in which they communicate with the students in order to avoid or minimize any information delivery mismatch.
The nurses are also supposed to create an effective rapport of communication with the professions with the public health sector (Lyngstad, & HellesØ, 2014). In fact, the proper implementation of such important changes will not only improve the level of their awareness of the sources of deadly illnesses, but also helps them improve the way they can handle different health cases (Hunter, & Perkins, 2012).
The nurses are also supposed to create a good communication system with the physicians. This is due to the fact that the move can help to improve the overall process of delivering quality health care services to the target patients’ ones they are discharged from the hospital (Lukasiewicz, 2015). Furthermore, they can be able to carry out proper monitoring and measurement of the long run outcomes of such patients.
The nurses are also supposed to have a proper interpersonal communication within their working environment (Rowe, & Hogarth, 2005). As a result, they are able to detect most of the changes as they occur, thus, enabling them to devices some of the most appropriate and suitable changes they should apply in order to keep on improving the level of health care service delivery.
References
Hunter, D., & Perkins, N. (2012). Partnership working in public health: the implications for governance of a systems approach. Journal Of Health Services Research & Policy, 17(s2), 45-52 8p. doi:10.1258/jhsrp.2012.011127
Lyngstad, M., & HellesØ, R. (2014). Electronic Communication Experiences of Home Health Care Nurses and General Practitioners: a Cross-sectional Study. Studies In Health Technology & Informatics, 201388-394 7p. doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-415-2-388
Press, M. J., Gerber, L. M., Peng, T. R., Pesko, M. F., Feldman, P. H., Ouchida, K., & … Casalino, L. P. (2015). Postdischarge Communication Between Home Health Nurses and Physicians: Measurement, Quality, and Outcomes. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society, 63(7), 1299-1305 7p. doi:10.1111/jgs.13491
Rowe, A., & Hogarth, A. (2005). Use of complex adaptive systems metaphor to achieve professional and organizational change. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 51(4), 396-405 10p. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03510.x
Weigand, M. L. (2012). Nurse-to-Nurse Communication in Home Health. Pennsylvania Nurse, 67(3), 19-22 4p.
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Improper Communication System in the Nursing System
The Problem Identification
The use and implementation of proper and effective communication channels is one of the major issues that have been presenting a lot of headache to the nursing community in the US. In fact, this is considered to be one of the major issues that has ended up affecting the level and efficiency of the health services delivery (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014).
The lack of proper communication system between the nurses, between nurses and other health care professionals, and between the nurses and the patients is one of the major issues that has affected the quality of the healthcare services offered in various United States hospitals. As such, the identification of this gap is one of the most important aspect that requires the adequate application of the necessary interventions remedies in order to improve the level of service delivery.
Detailed Description of the Proper Lack of Communication within the Nursing System
The enactment of effective policies that can be used to improve the communication system within the nursing communication is one of the most important issues, which is lacking. This is a very important issue as it has culminated to the ineffectiveness in depiction of the patient-centered delivery of the health care services. In short, the nursing community lacks a proper mechanism that can be used to promote the effectiveness on the delivery of the health care services.
Both the pre-services, as well as in-service training of the nurses do not put more emphasis on the need to develop a proper communication system. Furthermore, the nursing community does not also give a lot of emphasis when it comes to the portrayal of the importance of the developing proper communication system during their on-going trainings. Despite the United States devising some necessary measures that can be used to improve the provider-patient communication system, more improvements have to be carried out.
For instance, the nursing body in charge of taking care of the patients and those in charge of providing necessary training to the students should come up with a more harmonized way of communication (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014). The majority of the “sentinel events” have occurred as a result of the lack of enactment of the proper communication.
Some of the inefficiencies that have occurred in the health care set up include issues such as the development of the medical errors, lack of adequate or effective treatments, and the arising of some unnecessary costs. Therefore, the development of such inefficiencies is enough reason to call for the initiation of the necessary intervention measures in order to correct them.
The Impact of the Lack of Proper Communication to the Nursing Working Environment and Patients
The lack of proper and effective communication in then nursing system can considered to the main reason there has been disparity in the delivery of the target and improved health care services to the patients. First, the issue has led to the creation of inefficiencies when it comes to the development of proper services in taking care of the bio-psychological needs of the patients. This is due to the fact that different nursing bodies are not able to coordinate in the right or proper manner.
Secondly, the lack of proper communication has led to the ineffectiveness in the passing of important information from the nurses to the patients. It is imperative noting that the proper use of the oral communication is considered one of the most important aspects as it may led to the general well-being of the patients (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014). As a result, the move may serve to exacerbate the health condition of the patients. The nurses are not able to expression an understanding to their needs, express their sincerity towards serving the patients, and kindness, among other important nursing elements.
In short, the lack of proper and effective communication between the patients and the team of nurses may improve fear and uncertainty among the patients. Furthermore, the strained interpersonal communication between the nurses is also considered another important issues that can affect the level of service delivery. When the team of nurses lack proper ways of communicating between themselves, they end up not delivering quality service to the latter (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014). For instance, they may pass contradicting information of the patients, a condition that may undermine their overall safety.
The Significance of the Development of Improper Communication to the Nursing Profession
The nursing profession is one of the most delicate sector in the health care system. Therefore, any slight mismatch in the relaying of the necessary information has been identified to have adverse effects towards the delivery of effective health care services. For instance, the use of ineffective ways of communication has affected the passing of information has affected the relaying of important information to the different peoples and health professionals workers considered important during the delivery of the health care services (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014).
Apart from that, there is lack of proper coordination between the superior health workers and the co-workers in the nursing sector. It is also highly difficult devising a proper procedure that the families, as well as the friends of the patients can make up the necessary follow ups of the health conditions (Unluturk et al., 2015). In short, the lack of proper communication has been thought to be the major causative agents of major ailing issues such as the endangering of the lives of the patients while at the same time not being able to being able to meet their needs (Liu, Manias & Gerdtz 2012).
It is imperative noting that the patients may grow impatient whenever nurses do not develop efficient concerning over their nature (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014). This a condition that is only worsened by the presence of the improper communication. As a result the issue may lead to the development of improper healing curve, which make the patients to have a prolonged stay at any health care facility.
On other hand, the lack of proper communication channel between the co-workers is considered to be highly detrimental towards improving the nursing services. When the team of nurses are not able to keep a proper communication channels, they may end up bringing confusion in different health care matters (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014).
For instance, the nurses on duty may end up administering the wrong type of medicine to the patients, important files may end up being displaced, thus, losing important information, and there may be wrong scheduling of important health care matters (Liu, Manias & Gerdtz 2012). Therefore, the development of such matters acts as an important factor that should be used to devise the manner in which the different issues should be managed.
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The Enactment of the Appropriate Solution That Can Be Used To Mitigate the Above Mentioned Problem
The nursing community can set appropriate strategies that can be used to improve the overall communication process within the health care system. First, the nurses should not only strive to improve their interpersonal communication but also the communication between their communication with the patients, as well as other physicians (Lombardo, 2013). Here, the move will help to ease the pressure that might be existing between the three bodies.
The patients’ emotions will be taken into consideration as there would be more improved state of reduced stress (Liu, Manias & Gerdtz 2012). Apart from that, improved communication system will also mitigate the cases of depiction of flawed assumptions while at the same time improving the satisfactory level of the patients (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014). Moreover, the move will also improve the coordination process during the delivery of quality health care services.
Secondly, the nurses should also ensure there is prompt and timely delivery of necessary information to the patients. Such information may related to issues such as the necessary surgical procedures that should be used, as well as other necessary changes made within the medical or nursing filed (Chard, & Makary 2015). As a result, the proper implementation of such changes is considered highly imperative in trying to make sure that the patients feel confident and appreciate by the hospital’s management body (Bramhall, 2014).
Apart from that, the move will help to improve the nurse-patient interpersonal relationship, thus, facilitating the faster and proper identification of the major problems that might be affecting the patients. This will help the nurse to monitor and diagnose any occurrence of ill health.
The nurses should also make sure they have developed a proper communication channel with the doctors and other important physicians. In fact, this is considered one of the most important procedure that can help to open up proper communication procedures while at the same time making sure the health care services provided are of high quality.
It is worth noting that for the doctors and other important health care practitioners to intervene, the nurses must develop a proper communication channel that will help them gather sufficient information about the health condition of the patients (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014). In most cases, the team of doctors depends on the information relayed to them by the nurses of duty in order to give the appropriate medication procedures (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014).
Apart from that, the nurses must also develop a proper communication procedure with the friends and families of the patients. In fact, the proper implementation of such an important move not only helps to identify the necessary history of the patients but also facilitates immensely in the development of a positive relationship with the patients (Chard, & Makary 2015). The showing of concerns to the relatives and friends of the affected families will not only give rise to the development of immense trust between the patients and the nurses but also make the patients feel comfortable and at home.
The Development of a PICO Question/Statement concerning the Matter
Does the development of a positive communication in the health care system between the nursing community, physicians, relatives, and the patients lead to the improvement of the health care services delivery compared to the situation where the nurses and other health care practitioners operates with limitation communication?
Therefore, the use of such PICO questions is highly important as it acts as a mind provoking facet that can lead to the identification of the problems and the development of the necessary intervention measures.
Rapid Appraisal of the Main Journal Article Used
(Kourkouta, and Papathaniasiou 2014)
The article states that the lack of the proper interpersonal communication between the nurses and other important parties has led to the strained relationship in the delivery of quality health care services. The articles has also pointed out how strained communication system can incorrect passing of information between the nurses and the patients, thus, affecting the quality of health care services. As a result, it proposes for the application of the appropriate changes such as the development of a good interpersonal communication between the nurses, physicians, friends and families, and the patients.
Chard, R., & Makary, M. A. (2015). Transfer-of-Care Communication: Nursing Best Practices. AORN Journal, 102(4), 329-342.
Kourkouta, L., and Papathaniasiou, I. (2014). Communication in Nursing Practice, Journal of the Academy of Medical Science, 26(1), 65-67.
Liu, W., Manias, E., & Gerdtz, M. (2012). Medication communication between nurses and patients during nursing handovers on medical wards: A critical ethnographic study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49(8), 941-952.
Lombardo, C. A. (2013). Nursing’s Role in Achieving Excellence in Care Delivery Across the Continuum of Health for New Mothers With Hypertension. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 42, S47.
Unluturk, M. S., Ozcanhan, M. H., & Dalkilic, G. (2015). Improving communication among nurses and patients. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 120(2), 102-112.
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Role of Media in Influencing Decision-Making in P-20 Education
The Role of Media in Influencing Decision-Making in P-20 Education
Research Question
What is the role of media in influencing decision-Making in P-20 Education?
Rationale
The media, especially television, video, and social media, are often viewed negatively in the education sector. In early childhood and K-12 models of education and in more conservative environments, children are even discouraged from exposure to media such as video and social media, which are considered bad influence over learners. In such surroundings and circumstances, it is perceived that media can only affect education in a negative way.
However, this negative perception about the influence of media on education is fast changing in many settings, institutions, and jurisdictions as more studies unearth the real nature of the correlations between media and learning or education (Jabbar et al., 2014). In recent times, it has become more apparent that media not only affect learners but also decision makers and policymakers in educational institutions.
Decision-making is core to the success of all educational concepts, models, systems and institutions. Given the fundamental influence and role of media in modern educational systems, the media, most likely, influence the people and processes in learning institutions in several ways (Galway & Sheppard, 2015). Thus, the proposed study is justifiable in several ways. First, the study may enable P-20 education stakeholders to establish whether media is a core external force that affects their decision making, thus influencing P-20 education’s relevance and competitiveness in the education sector and in economic circles.
Second, from the study’s findings and recommendations, it may be possible for P-20 education leaders and learners to appreciate the potential role of media as an incentive to decision-making and education improvement. Third, the study may be of help to P-20 education’s stakeholders by highlighting how media can be used to influence federal, state, or local educational policy to favor the pursuit of skilled, knowledgeable, and productive learners and workforce.
Background Information
The P-20 is a model of education that builds on the principle that educational programs, financial and human resources, strategies, performances, expectations, and outcomes should be focused on the early years of learners’ growth and development. Unlike the early childhood and development concept, the P-20 model covers the kindergarten or early childhood years, the K-12 years, and the post-secondary school years.
The main purpose of P-20 education is to ensure that pre-school, K-12, and college years are formative years during which self-discovery ought to be emphasized. Instead of the public education system mandating everything that students learn, educators should be more concerned with preparing learners for their future life’s challenges. The years following the P-12 should be characterized by academic performances and outcomes that would imply quality adult life.
P-20 education also covers learners’ lives during their workforce years. That is, an education should prepare an individual to survive and perform in the workforce long after graduation with post-secondary education. The skills acquired during learning must translate into expertise in the workforce.
Essentially, P-20 education is based on the realization that the knowledge and skills that learners acquire in their early childhood or K-12 education should prepare them for college education and their lives in the workforce. Thus, all the stages of academic development are weighted equally and allocated the deserved financial and human resources and effort.
Numerous studies have been conducted to establish the connection among communication, communication technology, communication media, the learning process, and education. While studies have been done on the influence of media on education in general, no studies have been done to link media and decision-making in the concept of P-20 education. Most studies have just plainly established the relationship between media and education.
In one such study, Cuc (2014) sought to establish the influence of media on both formal and informal education. In the study, Cuc (2014) not only studied the influence of media on learning but also rephrased the research question and hypothesis to help the research establish how media affects the process of learning and the actual and potential relationships between media and learning. The commonest media found to greatly influence education are books, television, radio, video, and social media (Cuc, 2014).
Malin and Lubienski (2014) established that the practical dimensions by which media influences education are the development or inculcation of new interests in learners, adoption of novel leisure-time skills, availability of fresh entertainment options and expanded areas of learner preoccupation.
Malin’s and Lubienski’s (2014) findings concurred with Lubienski, Scott and DeBray (2014) who established that while media has positive influences on education, most learners pick up media messages and turn them into behaviours and cultures, which interfere with learning processes, habits, and activities. Clearly, media influences education in various ways and may possibly greatly influence decision-making in emergent concepts such as P-20 education in the technologically advanced 21st century.
Data Sources and Collection Methods
The proposed study will combine qualitative and quantitative research approaches to collect and process exhaustive data on the variables and constructs of the study. The study will specifically target P-20 stakeholders as the source of its data and information, targeting a population of 1500 and a sample size of 300. The sample size will be representative of P-20 education officials, educational programme managers, school and college administrators, teachers, local education leaders, education system’s beneficiaries and the public. Selective methods of sampling such as purposive sampling, expert sampling, snowball sampling, modal instance sampling and diversity sampling will be used in the study.
The main reason purposive sampling techniques are preferred for this study is that these techniques enable the researcher to access the targeted sample rather fast (Shields & Rangarjan, 2013). Second, purposive sampling techniques make the identification of the potential respondents with the desired characteristics. Purposive sampling also enables the use of a variety of qualitative research approaches (Mannay, 2010).
Data will be collected using questionnaires, interviews, observations and focus group discussions while data analysis will be done using Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) software and Microsoft Excel. The questionnaires will contain structured and unstructured items to capture qualitative and quantitative data. However, the study’s independent and the dependent variables will be identified prior to the development of the data collection tools.
The analysis and presentation of the findings will be done using inferential and descriptive statistics. The study will use Spearman’s Rho, regression and ANOVA to establish correlation between the dependent and independent variables of the study and establish the role or influence of media on decision making in P-20 education.
Possible Impact on the Field
The proposed study is likely to impact educational policy and advocacy once the role of media in decision-making in P-20 education is established. From the findings of the proposed study, P-20 educationists may be able to design and realign their advocacy efforts champion the preferred educational policies notwithstanding the findings of earlier studies on the role of the media on education. The study may also erase any doubts on the role of media on education that may have been reported without much evidence, particularly on the effects and effectiveness of media on education.
In particular, P-20 educationists and other stakeholders may be able to associate media with educational decision making for the first time. From the proposed study’s findings, educational policy advocates may read implications of media on education that have elided research experts in their interpretation of study findings. Hence, the study may be of great help to the policymaking processes in P-20 education.
The other likely impact of the study is the elimination of the disconnect that exists between high school and college on one hand and adult life on the other. From the study’s findings, educationists may be better placed to give the most appropriate and effective classroom support and guidance to learners that would prepare learners for the challenges of adult life. The study may also help in the better use of media to make educational decisions that would create a seamless kindergarten-to-college education system.
References
Cuc, M. C. (2014).The Influence of Media on Formal and Informal Education.Social and Behavioral Sciences, 143(1); 72.
Galway, G., and Sheppard, B. (2015). Research and Evidence in Education Decision-Making: A Comparison of Results from Two Pan-Canadian Studies. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 23(1); 10.
Jabbar, H., Goldie, D., Linick, M., and Lubienski, C. (2014). Using Bibliometric and Social Media Analyses to Explore the “Echo Chamber” Hypothesis. Educational Policy, 28(2), 281-305. Retrieved on November 2, 2016 from http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904813515330
Lubienski, C., Scott, J., and DeBray, E. (2014). The Politics of Research Use in Education Policymaking. Educational Policy, 28(2), 131-144. Retrieved on November 2, 2016 from http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904813515329
Malin, J. R., and Lubienski, C. (2014). Educational Expertise, Advocacy, and Media Influence. Retrieved on November 2, 2016 from http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/1706
Mannay, D. (2010). Making the Familiar Strange: Can Visual Research Methods Render the Familiar Setting More Perceptible? Qualitative Research, 10(1): 91.
Shields, P., and Rangarjan, N. (2013). A playbook for research methods: integrating conceptual frameworks and project management. Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press.
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Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases in the world. The disease is associated with societal and economic burden particularly among patients from low and middle income countries. Particularly, Diabetes is an important public health concern in the USA as it affects about 29.2 million people (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014).
The burden of morbidity and mortality caused by diabetes mellitus is evident among the Americans as more than 4% of people diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes mellitus are diagnosed with diabetes related health complications. The management strategies are complex processes as they entail controlling multiple risk factors that cause complications. There is emerging evidence on effective socio- behavioral interventions that are effective in diabetes management and prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes but most effective strategy is self management practices (Ramadas et al., 2015).
Web based media have improved patient knowledge, lifestyle modifications and clinical outcomes for a range of health conditions. Web-based interventions have the potential to close the gaps in diabetes self care and self management intervention on the clinical (glycemic control, blood pressure and weight) and psychological (self care and quality of life) outcomes (Kalsen et al., 2016). However, previous web- based interventions have focused on the principles of effective education behavioral modification in diabetic patients and very few have emphasized on diet.
The proposed study is unique as it puts into consideration the ethnic and cultural background of diabetic patients to tailor the dietary change based on individual needs and preferences. Therefore, the proposed study will explore a web-based dietary intervention program (myDIDeA) for people diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus to evaluate the interventions feasibility and acceptability by the population.
Proposed PICOT
Despite the extensive actions to educate the diabetic population on effective management strategies for diabetes mellitus, there are still several issues that hinder this goal. One of the obstacles that have not been explored adequately is educating the patients about the most effective dietary changes.
Health care providers use the strategy of ‘one size fits all’ strategy, ignoring the fact that dietary needs and preferences are unique for each patient. Consequently, most of the patients diagnosed with diabetes report poor control associated with inappropriate diabetes management and preventive measures (Plaete et al., 2016).
There is need to narrow the gap between nursing knowledge regarding diabetes management and preventive processes (Kalsen et al., 2016). The purpose of this evidence based project is to develop a web- based intervention that incorporates diabetic dietary management practices in patient’s diagnosed with diabetes mellitus with the aim of reducing HbA1c levels within a period of nine weeks.
In this context, the PICOT statement is: In patients diagnosed with diabetes Mellitus (P), web-based dietary intervention program (myDIDeA) (I) is more effective than the standard care (C) in maintaining the Hb1Ac within normal range, (O) within a period of nine weeks (T).
The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of web based diet intervention on patient’s knowledge, attitude and behavior in patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The study aims to determine the impact of the intervention on blood biomarkers and nutrient intake. The eligible participants will be randomly allocated to the control group and the web based diet intervention.
The control group will receive standard treatment to patients with diabetes mellitus. The web-based dietary intervention program (myDIDeA) is borrowed from Ramadas and colleagues. The dietary plans developed based on the Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for diabetic patients by American Diabetes Association (Kalsen et al., 2016).
The content of each lesson plan will be studied for its relevance to local community and fine tuned to suit each patient. Each lesson plan will have five Likert scale items that start from strongly agree =5 to strongly disagree =1). The participants will be assigned to the dietary recommendations will be based on scores generated. The recommendations aims at addressing the dietary barriers in order to motivate the participants based in the lesson plans.
The participants will be briefed on web-based dietary intervention program (myDIDeA) and will be given unique username and password through e-mail and SMS after randomization. Login reminders will be emailed each time the website is updated with new lesson plan. Participants will be also encouraged to send their questions to nutritionist through the email.
Reflection
Given the fact that diabetic patient control their health, self management training is an important strategy to improve the quality of care. Patient self management interventions have been indicated to be beneficial in both glycemic control and quality of life, but its participation is low and its effectiveness wanes over time. In addition, accessing professional support for self management is limited. This calls for strategic interventions that are promising and those that offer ease of access for patients who are computer literate or illiterate as they can be scaled up at a little cost (Kalsen et al., 2016).
Health care limited to clinic visit is not meeting the demands of the patients diagnosed with diabetes. Healthcare systems that use Web-based communication offer a great opportunity to shift focus from office based healthcare towards daily lives at home. This health information technology is important because it improves the interaction between the service user and the healthcare providers which enhance effectiveness of chronic illness (Yu et al., 2014).
However, there is little research on the impact of web based interventions and shared electronic records in primary care for patients diagnosed with diabetes. The internet has emerged as an effective medium for exchange of information. The healthcare industry has recognized the internet’s potential and web- based education programs and is slowly being integrated in nursing prevention and management of chronic care in diabetes management. They have demonstrated some favorable outcomes thereby bridging gaps in diabetes self care and management (Pal et al., 2013).
Conclusion
Diabetes has become a very important health issue in the world. There is urgent need to improve the overall self management education on best strategies for diabetes self management. Increasing use of web based interventions by consumer for promoting health information is an ongoing revolution in the health information technology, and it implies that the service users are accepting the new era of health information technology.
However, the full potential of this technology is yet to be achieved due to high attrition rates as well as limited uptake. This study aims to shed light in these limitations by identifying the characteristics related to web base interventions and attrition and in suggesting effective strategies that will help optimize these clinical outcomes.
Karlsen, B., Oftedal, B., Lie, S. S., Rokne, B., Peyrot, M., Zoffmann, V., & Graue, M. (2016). Assessment of a web-based Guided Self-Determination intervention for adults with type 2 diabetes in general practice: a study protocol. BMJ open, 6(12), e013026.
Ramadas, A., Chan, C. K. Y., Oldenburg, B., Hussien, Z., & Quek, K. F. (2015). A Web-Based Dietary Intervention for People with Type 2 Diabetes: Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22(3), 365–373. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-014-9445-z
Pal, K., Eastwood, S. V., Michie, S., Farmer, A. J., Barnard, M. L., Peacock, R., … & Murray, E. (2013). Computer‐based diabetes self‐management interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Cochrane Library.
Plaete, J., Crombez, G., Van der Mispel, C., Verloigne, M., Van Stappen, V., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2016). Effect of the Web-Based Intervention MyPlan 1.0 on Self-Reported Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Adults Who Visit General Practice: A Quasi-Experimental Trial. Journal of medical Internet research, 18(2).
Yu, C. H., Parsons, J. A., Mamdani, M., Lebovic, G., Hall, S., Newton, D., … Straus, S. E. (2014). A web-based intervention to support self-management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: effect on self-efficacy, self-care and diabetes distress. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 14, 117. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-014-0117-3
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Use of social media platform to affect the perceived norms of Sexually Transmitted Diseases by college students
Introduction
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among the American youth remains are a social problem and persistent health issue of concern. According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the adolescents and young adults between the ages of 15-24 years are at risk of acquiring STDs (Tyler & Melander, 2012).
The prevalence rate of unprotected sex and sexually transmitted diseases among the college students is an increasing concern for the public health. Young people are sexually adventurous and often tend to engage in unsafe sexual practices which are often associated with sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies (Bull et al., 2012).
Despite the fact that sexually transmitted diseases are preventable, there are more than 15 million sexually transmitted infections incidences in the USA. Individuals infected with STDs are two times are likely to acquire STI that have no cure such as Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and HIV.
The most effective approaches to control sexually transmitted diseases among the college students include use of condoms and abstinence. Previous intervention have focused on educational programs to reduce sexually transmitted and negative consequences associated with risky sexually behavior. However, these programs are less effective (Young & Jordan, 2013).
The youth’s risks are influenced in part by their perception about risky sexual behaviors and the peer’s perceptions. Therefore, if their peers engage in risky behaviors, they are likely to engage in risky behaviors and if they believe that the peers engage in healthy behavior, then they are likely to engage in healthy behavior too.
This behavior is best described by the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior (TRA/TPB). According to these theories, if a person believes that the other reasons like him or her, they will endorse a particular behavior or will behave in a specific way and is more likely to enact the behavior regardless of their internal knowledge (Young & Jordan, 2013). This study aimed at evaluating if the use of social norms media strategies affects the perceived norms of risky sexual behavior among youths (Aged 17-24 years) (Guse et al., 2012).
Description of the evidence based topic
Social norms media campaigns have been found successful at lowering unhealthy lifestyles such as alcohol and tobacco campaigns. The research was a youth driven social media based campaign that aimed at increasing knowledge about risky sexual behaviors among the youth 18-24 years. Social media technology is constantly used by the youths making it a strategic outlet to provide interventions to risky sexual behaviors to the adolescents.
The campaign used combined the traditional media (print materials) and the modern approaches (Facebook, twitter). The primary objective of this project was to evaluate the preliminary influence of using social media to increase health awareness and knowledge about risky sexual behaviors (Black, Schmiege, & Bull, 2013).
In order to reduce the high risk behaviors, it is important to close the gap between the actual norm and perceived norm. To determine the actual and perceived norms of sexual behaviors among the college students, a thorough literature review was conducted from the National Health Statistics 2011 Reports. The data collected was then used design the print materials for poster and Facebook campaign for Southeast University Campus.
The posters were distributed among the college students. After eight weeks, an electronic short multiple choice survey was conducted among the college students in the campus to evaluate the impact of the social media poster captains on believability, retention of messages, recall of the poster signs, and their perception of risky sexual behaviors.
Presentation of evidence analysis
According to National Health Statistics 2011 Reports reported that 11% women aged 15-25 have never had sexual encounter, 69% had one partner and nearly 8% of the youths had multiple partners in the past 12 months (Chandra, Copen, & Mosher, 2013). Data analysis was done to evaluate if the perceptions of peer risky sexual behavior have a narrow normative gap as compared to the previous analyzed data.
From the 124 participants, 46% of the participants did not believe the message and had higher perceived norm of multiple sexual partners had in the past 12 months, whereas 24% believed the message had one number of sexual partners. Approximately 30% of the participants recalled the posters and social media content and had lower perceived number of sex partners as compared to those who did not see the media content.
However, the extent of risky sexual behavior obtained from the regional data was significantly different from the post intervention data. There was less number of perceived partners and sexual activity for students in this college than the post-intervention than the data.
From this study, it is evident that youths have poor knowledge on the dangers of risky sexual behavior. Unfortunately, it was difficult to determine the extent of interaction had with the campaign media prior to the completion of the survey. Therefore, it was difficult to interpret if the campaign was effective in changing their perception and believes about risky sexual behavior.
However, it is evident that peer behaviors are an important factor when predicting the actual risk behavior among the youth (Dowshen et al., 2015). The understanding of peer influence through social media is still limited. There is need to research the relationship between the perceived norm and actual norm. The widespread use of social networking sites by the youths is an ideal venue to reach the youth with tailored strategic health awareness knowledge.
It has been demonstrated that internet based interventions will improve sexual behavior and health outcomes. This study indicates that technology based initiatives can be superior as compared to the traditional methods, especially in changing youths attitudes towards the reproductive health information (Tyler & Melander, 2012).
Conclusion
This study highlights the need to the need to adopt new strategies to educate the youths regarding risky sexual behavior. The interventions should engage the youth while respecting their privacy. The new interventions should include mobile optimization because most of the new media information is best consumed this way by the youths. Ultimately, the campaign indicated some feasibility in informing the young adults with optimal social media strategies and it provided a platform that can be used to shape the future social media based campaigns.
References
Black, S. R., Schmiege, S., & Bull, S. (2013). Actual versus perceived peer sexual risk behavior in online youth social networks. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 3(3), 312–319. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-013-0227-y
Bull, S. S., Levine, D. K., Black, S. R., Schmiege, S. J., & Santelli, J. (2012). Social media–delivered sexual health intervention: a cluster randomized controlled trial. American journal of preventive medicine, 43(5), 467-474.
Chandra, A., Copen, C. E., & Mosher, W. D. (2013). Sexual behavior, sexual attraction, and sexual identity in the United States: Data from the 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth. In International handbook on the demography of sexuality (pp. 45-66). Springer Netherlands.
Dowshen, N., Lee, S., Lehman, B. M., Castillo, M., & Mollen, C. (2015). IknowUshould2: Feasibility of a Youth-Driven Social Media Campaign to Promote STI and HIV Testing Among Adolescents in Philadelphia. AIDS and Behavior, 19(0 2), 106–111. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0991-9
Guse, K., Levine, D., Martins, S., Lira, A., Gaarde, J., Westmorland, W., & Gilliam, M. (2012). Interventions using new digital media to improve adolescent sexual health: a systematic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(6), 535-543.
Tyler, K. A., & Melander, L. A. (2012). Individual and Social Network Sexual Behavior Norms of Homeless Youth at High Risk for HIV Infection. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(12), 2481–2486. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.09.012
Young, S. D., & Jordan, A. H. (2013). The Influence of Social Networking Photos on Social Norms and Sexual Health Behaviors. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 16(4), 243–247. http://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0080
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