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Management Individual Reflection

Management Individual Reflection

Introduction

Throughout this module, I have been able to experience learning in different dimensions and acquired new knowledge on research writing, management, and academic analysis. Reflection helps in the development of structured thoughts, which are essential in facilitating developments in studies and one’s profession in the future. The experiences have taught me the importance of setting objectives and ensuring that they are constantly reviewed to ensure no loss of focus.

Furthermore, I have realized that learning is achieved best through experience. The Management Individual Reflection project done in this module enabled me to learn more skills in project management in media and communication system. The project enabled me to discover my strengths, weaknesses, opportunities for future development that surfaced and threats (Husebø, Regan and Nestel 2015).

My self-awareness was significantly developed. I was able to understand my core values, desires, beliefs, unique talents, emotions, and attitudes. The success of my project in this module started from my personal growth (Duval, Silvia and Lalwani 2012). The transformation of my perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes enabled me to work on the work more objectively.

My cognitive- behavioral processes such as self-regulation, self-esteem, self-evaluation, emotions, sense of agency and the theory of mind helped me to analyse of my observation findings. The experience was accompanied by frustrations from which some were totally unpredictable (Demetriou and Kazi 2013). However, my emotional intelligence helps me stay motivated and remain persistent so that the distress would not distract me from thinking.

The mentality assisted me in holding up the zeal to keep on learning and grasping new ideas. Through the application of all these skills, my expectation in achieving the objectives was met (Voss, Holzmann, Hobson, Paulus, Gossel, Klimke and Nitsche 2014).

Management Individual Reflection Experiential Learning Theory

There are different theories, which helped me to analyze my project experience and to carry out a comprehensive reflection of the same. The Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory consists of a cycle of four consecutive phases, which are associated with comprehensive reflection. These include concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation. The experience acquired immediately acts as the basis on which observations can be made. After the observations are recorded the student will then need to reflect on them.

Assimilating the reflections and ensuring that proper clarifications are done to come up with the proper actions, which are in line with the objectives and set goals of the project, achieve the abstract conceptualization. This theory also indicates that learning is a continuous process. That once the learner reaches the active experimental phase, another topic of study within the same orientation emerges (Kolb and Kolb 2012)

The theory applied to my project such that, the experiences gained during the process of deciding on my objectives, collecting data and analyzing was used in my reflection. On reflecting on the information, I was able to conceptualize it into the suitable areas of research. For example, the research of how museums were used as sites for activism promotion, I was able to search for all museums in the UK then narrowed down to those created for specific purposes and finally those used for activism.

This way I was able to retain the concept without losing focus. Finally, on active experimentation, I included the activities that happen on the ground by the activists to ensure that their goals are achieved (Timmins and Neill 2013).

Gibb’s Reflective Cycle

The other model of reflection used is Gibb’s Reflective Cycle, which consists of 6 stages. These stages include; description, feelings, evaluation, conclusion and action plan. Description involves precise explanation on the topic of the project and ensuring that the main point is not lost between many words. Here the background information on the issue, which the student is to reflect on, is needed to get the scope.

The information should remain relevant. Feelings are essential because they are used to bring out the expression of how the experience was like. The writer needs to discuss their emotions honestly but stick to academic writing and avoid informality. During the evaluation, the writer needs to discuss how things happened and what reactions were expressed in response to the specific incidences.

This should include both positive and negative incidences, and in case any of them were resolved in the future. The conclusion includes a review of the mistakes done and what would have been done instead. Also, the writer should consider some different ways of responding to a situation better than they have done in the current project. They should also identify the positive responses, which they should consider being repeated in the future.

The action plan includes the knowledge acquired out of the whole experience and how to improve on it in the future. The specific actions needed to achieve the improvement should be considered such as attending training or reading widely on a topic (Husebø, Regan and Nestel 2015).

Reflection of Positive Experiences

During my research, I was able to encounter several positive experiences. On researching about the low-wage workers and intern deployment, I found out that the two categories of workers comprise of the main workforce in the media and creative industry. This helped me therefore to read more about the specific duties entitled to them. I was able two also learn more about the two types of capitalism. Initially, when I chose the topic, I did not know which databases to use and went blank for a few hours before starting the project.

Another positive experience was that I was able to understand how to analyze a piece of media by separately identifying the representation used to pass information to the audience (Csikszentmihalyi 2014). This was so exciting because on studying the pieces of media, I found out that a lot could be traced out such as the culture of the people, their race, language, and age.

Additionally, I had initially assumed that museums are only meant for recreational activities. This project enabled me to discover that most of the currently constructed museums have themes defining their purposes. In fact, most of them speak a lot on behalf of organizations and activists. Furthermore, many of them are not eco-friendly (Paterson and Chapman 2013).

This knowledge enabled me to learn on areas of study with more emphasis on the activists’ actions concerning the pollution of the environment. My receiver objectives outweighed those that were not achieved, and this gave me a feeling of satisfaction. 97% of the total objectives were achieved whereby only 3% were not and which were marked for future improvement (Wald, Borkan, Taylor, Anthony and Reis 2012).

Reflection on Negative Experiences

The experiences I encountered on this module were not all smooth because I also had to face some frustrations. The study was fascinating but I felt it would be more inductive of I got to visit the studied sites personally for visual learning. This was not possible because of the tight program and inadequate funds (Bourke 2014). The budget of this project was quite expensive hence this could not be achieved.

Nevertheless, some of the academic sources available in the library were so outdated and not resent version could be found. This caused my project partially not to match with the current situations in the world (Cowan 2014). I felt disappointed and incompetent because I had not met the objective of using all the relevant sources. The time frame for the project was short, and I felt that much would have been researched on if the period had extended. In fact, the rest of the work done during the last days was not done with much keenness because I was working against time, which seemed to move so fast (Hartley 2012).

Conclusion

The application of reflection was essential because by marking all the incidences in my experience, I was able to find out what I need to involve for my projects to be successful. I understood that my motivation contributes a significant portion towards my competence. On identifying the positive outcomes, I was enabled to emphasize on them in my future projects.

The negative outcomes were discouraging, but I chose not to be discouraged but to remain focused and find a way of avoiding any activities resulting in similar outcomes in the future. Moreover, reflection helped me to retrospectively think out on how things would have been better if some activities were done differently. This also served as a good lesson for my future improvement.

References

Bourke, B., 2014. Positionality: Reflecting on the research process. The Qualitative Report, 19(33), pp.1-9.

Cowan, J., 2014. Noteworthy matters for attention in reflective journal writing. Active Learning in Higher Education, 15(1), pp.53-64.

Csikszentmihalyi, M., 2014. Toward a psychology of optimal experience. In Flow and the foundations of positive psychology (pp. 209-226). Springer Netherlands.

Demetriou, A. and Kazi, S., 2013. Unity and modularity in the mind and self: Studies on the relationships between self-awareness, personality, and intellectual development from childhood to adolescence. Routledge.

Duval, T.S., Silvia, P.J. and Lalwani, N., 2012. Self-awareness & causal attribution: A dual systems theory. Springer Science & Business Media.

Hartley, J., 2012. Communication, cultural and media studies: The key concepts. Routledge.

Husebø, S.E., O’Regan, S. and Nestel, D., 2015. Reflective practice and its role in simulation. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 11(8), pp.368-375.

Kolb, A.Y. and Kolb, D.A., 2012. Experiential learning theory. In Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning (pp. 1215-1219). Springer US.

Paterson, C. and Chapman, J., 2013. Enhancing skills of critical reflection to evidence learning in professional practice. Physical Therapy in Sport, 14(3), pp.133-138.

Timmins, F. and Neill, M.F., 2013. Reflections on Reflection: An Audit of Students’ use of Structured Models within Specific Assessments. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, pp.1368-1370.

Voss, U., Holzmann, R., Hobson, A., Paulus, W., Koppehele-Gossel, J., Klimke, A. and Nitsche, M.A., 2014. Induction of self awareness in dreams through frontal low current stimulation of gamma activity. Nature neuroscience, 17(6), pp.810-812.

Wald, H.S., Borkan, J.M., Taylor, J.S., Anthony, D. and Reis, S.P., 2012. Fostering and evaluating reflective capacity in medical education: developing the REFLECT rubric for assessing reflective writing. Academic Medicine, 87(1), pp.41-50.

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Environmental Pollution: Case Study of Lagos Nigeria

Participatory Approach to Monitoring Air Quality

Environmental Pollution: Case Study of Lagos Nigeria

As it is evident today, the increased exposure to harmful environmental pollution resulted from irresponsible human activity. Environmental pollution can be categorized into diverse forms. This includes water, air and soil pollution. Other forms of industrial pollution encompass heavy metal and chemical pollution as well as occupational pollutants. There is no doubt that air pollution is the primary accelerating factor behind global climate change in both developed and developing nations.

The air pollution menace is apparently emerging as a complex phenomenon driven by persistent failure of the global environmental management initiatives that have been created to stem the runaway trend currently witnesses in major cities worldwide. The Lagos state metropolis is currently facing myriad air pollution related problems most notably due to rapid urbanization and road traffic emission.

The devastating effects of this observable fact are more prominent in the metropolitan cities of the developing than developed nations. Lagos, a rapidly growing megacity in Nigeria hasn’t been spared the brunt of air pollution. As an emerging metropolis, and its phenomenal rise as an epitome of industrialization and commercialization on the African continent, many predictions indicate a looming danger due to the adverse effects of climate change that is emanating from persistent industrialization related pollution.

Although significant effort has been directed towards stemming the runway global pollution levels, challenges have continued to constraint this effort largely due to insufficient program funding. Subsequently, there is sufficient evidence that warrants a thorough review of the literature on the adverse environmental impactsof air pollution, its principle role as an agent of climate change and its adverse effects on the health and wellbeing of the crowded inhabitants of Lagos.

This research will specifically focus on air pollution. Current literature suggeststhat pollution is the world’s largest environmental cause of poor health responsible for an estimated 9 million premature deaths in 2015-2016 and large burden of non-communicable disease, including respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological impairment. Air pollution, combining both ambient and household air pollution (HAP) is responsible for 6.5 million deaths per year with another 7 million from tobacco smoke and this number will increase is urgent measures are not taken.

Monitoring and management of air pollution remains ineffective and poorly enforced due to a number of factors.Monitoring equipment can be expensive and requires regular checking and maintenance, while enforcement in a growing megacity of 16 million people and unknown numbers of businesses is a major challenge. An alternative approach to the ‘top down’ processes of monitoring and enforcement would be to encourage a more community-led approach and local action.

However, there are many questions as to how such a ‘grassroots’ approach would work in practice, and there are many knowledge gaps as to their applicability for measuring air pollution in the megacities of the developing world. The research seeks to address some of these gaps in knowledge by first exploring how local communities can assess the level of air pollution and its environmental impacts. Subsequently, there is need to identify indicators of air quality that are used by communities, even if they may tend to be more qualitative than quantitative.

An example could be the frequency at which clothes and indeed furniture, windows etc., in household buildings become dirty. Indicators of the effects could be related to health and may include breathlessness. Communities will be asked to identify indicators of relevance to them, and these will be ranked. It is possible that the choice and ranking of these indicators will be influenced by social factors such as gender and age. Currently, the exposure to harmful environmental pollution is created through human activities. Mobile Air measurement System: This advanced equipment employs geospatial technology thus it is referred to as Geospatial Measurement of Air and Pollution (GMAP).

Air pollution is one of the major environmental challenges that Nigeria faces today. This phenomenon is threatening the socio-economic development gains that have been made since independence. The number of power plants has grown to unprecedented levels whereas mortality rates resulting from low quality air have continued to rise. Reports indicate that environmental pollution can be linked to the recent upsurge in cardiovascular diseases as well as other respiratory complications.

Nevertheless, the primary causes of environmental pollution are activities linked to industrialization such as extraction, transportation and the export of oil at the Gulf of Guinea. Similarly, traffic, rapid industrialization and gas flaring are the most common causes of air pollution in Nigeria. Thus pollution is adversely affecting different sectors such as health and environment, and has been linked to the destruction of ecosystems and climate change among other socio-economic ills.

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Adjusted Gross Income Assessment

Inclusions, Exclusions, and Adjusted Gross Income Assessment

Introduction

Determining a taxpayer’s taxable income is a complex process. A tax paper is required to deduct specific deductions from their gross income to determine the adjusted gross income (AGI). The adjusted gross income thus determined is then deducted allowances for personal exemptions and deductions that have been itemized to arrive at the taxable income for the period (Salisbury, 2016).

A person’s gross income includes one, some or all income earned from business, rental properties, interest, dividends, wages and alimony payments received from a former spouse, capital gains from assets owned and income earned from self-employment among others . Tax payers are permitted by the United States of America Congress to make certain deductions from their gross income to determine their adjusted gross income (AGI). The specific deductions have been identified in Form 1040 issued by the Internal Revenue Service (IRA) (Klemens, 2006).

Adjusted gross Income (AGI) Legislation

The US Congress has permitted various deductions from a taxpayer’s gross income to determine the adjusted gross income (AGI) in a bid to make taxation fair and equitable throughout the country. These deductions are referred to as “adjustments to income” or “above-the –line deductions” and are subject to change every year by the US Congress.

If trade or business carried out by a company does not constitute performance by a taxpayer as an employee, the Internal Revenue Service allows above-the-line-deductions for related expenses that are ordinary and necessary(Salisbury, 2016). These include allowance for salaries for personal services rendered to the company, travelling expenses while looking for new business and rental payments made by a taxpayer for a property for which he has not taken a title or has no equity and is done for purposes of ensuring that the business continued operating (Klemens, 2006).

One of the deductions that have been allowed is educator expenses. Educator expenses is one of the adjustments to income also known as “above-the-line deduction” allowable by the Internal Revenue Service for purposes of computing a taxpayer’s adjustable gross income (AGI) for tax purposes (Salisbury, 2016).

Educational expenses are expenses incurred by eligible educators for participation in professional development courses and materials used in a class room such as computer equipment both hardware and software, books, supplies and other supplemental materials for use in a class room setting. Grade 12 teachers, instructors, counsellors, principals and their aides are some of the professionals classified as educators for tax purposes.

The next above –the –line deductions for determining a taxpayer’s AGI is contributions made to a traditional individual retirement account (IRA). Tax payers do not have to pay tax on IRA accounts because they are tax-deferred. Interest or any other gain made from such accounts is exempt from tax purposes (Salisbury, 2016).

The next item allowable for above-the –line deduction is interest paid on loans taken by students. The next above-the – line deduction are costs incurred by a tax payer to move to take a new job in a different location. This is allowable only if the move from the previous job is more than 50 miles away.

The next above-the-line deduction is alimony payments to a former spouse. Alimony payments are only allowable when they are made under a divorce or separation instructed pursuant to a court judgement (Chodorow, 2011). The recipient of the alimony payment is required to include the amount in their income for tax purposes. Other above-the-line deductions include business expenses incurred by teachers, fee-basis government officials, performing artists and reservists, deductions made on health savings accounts, one half of tax on self-employment, domestic production activities deductions and jury duty pay that is paid to the employer of the juror among others (Ruff, 2007). Adjusted Gross Income.

Justification for the exemptions to taxpayers by the US Congress

There are various reasons which could have informed the decision by the US Congress to grant these exemptions to taxpayers. The first reason is that the US Congress ensured that there is equity and fairness in tax payments to the Internal Revenue Service. Exemption on alimony payment protects the recipient from having to pay taxes twice on the same income (Salisbury, 2016).

This is because the recipient is taxed on the amount received as alimony income and so if the payer is also taxed then that would be tantamount to double taxation on the same income. The US Congress by granting the exemptions ensured taxes are broad based as to include as many people as possible. This was aimed at ensuring the government generates adequate revenues to meet its financial obligations. The exemptions were also aimed at minimising tax burden on the individual tax payer (Reichert, 2016).

By exempting one half of tax on self-employment, the US Congress ensured that self-employed people are not overtaxed sine their employed counterparts get part of their tax revenues met by their employers. By granting the exemptions, the Congress ensured taxes are enforced in a manner that facilitates voluntary compliance by a wide range of taxpayers.

The exemptions are meant to communicate the message that the government is fair in its tax collection and that no one is unfairly treated in tax payment (Koch, 2011). This encourages tax payers to pay taxes willingly without compulsion or coercion from the tax authorities. The exemptions were also made to ensure tax collection was efficient and hence achieved its overall objectives.

The exemptions was aimed at minimizing the cost of tax collection as the exemptions are easy to understand and apply in determining the adjustable gross income. The exemptions were also aimed at ensuring equity in tax application such that no particular citizen or group of citizens could perceive themselves as bearing an unequal burden of paying taxes as compared to other groups of citizens in the USA (Chodorow, 2011).

The US Congress was also motivated by the desire to ensure taxes were administered in a neutral manner. The exemptions were meant to ensure that no race, group or sector was favoured by taxes over another and that no group, sector or race could use taxes as the basis for collective or individual decision making in either investment, social life or any other matter.

The exemptions were also aimed at ensuring taxes were predictable and inevitable to ensure tax payers have information before hand to enable they pay taxes on time and without coercion from the Internal Revenue Service (Klemens, 2006). The Exemptions could also have been undertaken with the aim of achieving certain objectives. For instances, exempting interest on student loans could have been motivated by the aim of encouraging young people to pursue higher education without the fear of incurring huge debts by the time they finish their studies.

Educational expenses exemption on eligible educators for participation in professional development courses and purchase of materials used in class rooms such as computer equipment both hardware and software, books, supplies and other supplemental materials could have been motivated by the desire to grow investment in education. By giving exemptions for educator expenses, the congress encouraged investment in schools and colleges to improve accessibility and quality of education in the sector (Klemens, 2006).

The exemptions could have been motivated by a desire to ensure tax administration was simple foe every tax payer to understand. Adjusted gross income to be considered. This encouraged compliance and improved willingness of taxpayers to pay taxes on time and reduce tax evasion. The exemptions were also aimed at fostering fair and equitable distribution of wealth in the country. By ensuring no tax payer was billed for more than their fair share of taxes, the congress ensured that people retained their fair share of gross income. This ensured income will be distributed equitably with the country (Klemens, 2006).

Additional exemptions that can be challenged easily

Even though the US Congress has granted various exemptions, there are various exemptions that can easily be challenged. One of the exemptions that can be challenged is exemptions on educator expenses. Educator expenses that can be challenged include participation in professional development courses, books, supplies and supplemental materials. Schools, colleges and universities charge students fees at market rates and even where they are given grants and donations, they are given on budgets which have been prepared beforehand.

By granting exemptions, the congress is favoring one sector over others. This is because these expenses are factored in the financial statements of the schools they work for. Most educational institutions that employ educators are also for profit making and hence giving exemptions will only increase their revenues (Chodorow, 2011).

On the other hand, costs that educators incur on attending personal development courses are ideally aimed at enhancing their knowledge, skills and competencies. The educators henceforth are able to assume bigger responsibilities and earn higher incomes. By exempting educator fees, the revenue service is ideally granting educators in one profession better terms that their counterparts in other sectors.

Exemptions in alimony payment to a former spouse is another exemptions that can be challenged (KATZEFF, 2011). This is mainly because alimony payments occur as a consequence of breakup of the family unit. This exemption encourages couples to break up to earn alimony income from a former spouse. It common in the country to find one spouse earning alimony income from multiple former spouses. This is likely to lead to laziness as many people will opt for his revenue source instead of working hard to generate their own income. This exemption encourages families to break up and take their marriages to court to have the divorces registered for alimony payment (KATZEFF, 2011).

Exemptions on interest on student loans is also another ill-advised exemption. Exempting interest on student loans ignores the effect of passage of time on the value of money. Money lend to students loses value due to passage of time due to inflation and other factors. The interest is supposed to compensate for the effects of inflation on the time value of money. Giving exemptions to performing artists is unfair as what they earn inform of income is similar to what other professional also earn from their professions (Koch, 2011).

Additional exemptions that are agreeable

There are various additional exemptions that US Congress has granted that are agreeable. One of the more agreeable exemptions is deductions on medical and dental expenses more than 7.5% of a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income. This expenditure is agreeable because it promotes the health of tax payers and it is classified as below-the –line deduction.

Health saving account deductions are agreeable because the funds saved will improve accessibility of healthcare services to all Americans and especially the most vulnerable members. Moving expenses are agreeable because they reduce the living standard of the tax payer at the time of moving without increasing their disposable income. This exemption is therefore agreeable (KATZEFF, 2011).

Deductible part of self-employment income is agreeable because this exemption goes a long way in promoting entrepreneurship in the country. With the rising numbers of unemployed people who are employable, any efforts to promote self-employment would assist in reversing unemployment in the country. The exemption on penalty for early withdrawal of savings is also an agreeable deduction. This is mainly because the penalty levied is punitive to the taxpayer and taxing him again would be being unfair on the part of the internal revenue service (Chodorow, 2011).

References

Chodorow, A. (2011). Charitable FSAs: A proposal to combine healthcare and charitable giving tax

provisions. Brigham Young University Law Review, 2011(4), 1041-1089. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/906182592?accountid=45049

KATZEFF, P. (2011, Mar 07). Refresher on tax-prep strategy some tips for savings getting the most from your

above-the-line deductions this season. Investor’s Business Daily Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1001273701?accountid=45049

Klemens, A. D. (2006). Applying the above-the-line deduction for certain legal fees.The Tax Adviser, 37(11), 644-645. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/194951649?accountid=45049

Koch, R. (2011, Jul 06). New tax brackets necessitate payroll system upgrade.McClatchy – Tribune Business

News Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/874968215?accountid=45049

Reichert, C. J., C.P.A. (2016). Judge’s above-the-line employee expense deduction is disallowed. Journal of

Accountancy, 221(5), 68-70. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1787796362?accountid=45049

Ruff, J. (2007, Jan 22). Tax forms get harder to find. McClatchy – Tribune Business News Retrieved from

https://search.proquest.com/docview/463313973?accountid=45049

Salisbury, S. (2016, Apr 05). Tax tips: 10 deductions not to overlook. TCA Regional News Retrieved from

https://search.proquest.com/docview/1778175469?accountid=45049

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Fragile states – Causes & Impact

Fragile states – Causes & Impact

Fragile states can be characterized by an ineffective government which places its citizens in danger due to lack of security, services, and sound decision-making capabilities. In addition, these fragile, or “failed” states experience economic disparity, corruption, and impending violence which threatens the safety of nationals within their borders, forcing many to flee as refugees to other parts of the world.

Examples of fragile states include South Sudan, Somalia, and the Central African Republic, all countries where governmental upheaval, economic uncertainty, and acts of violence endanger lives and global interests.

Weak Governments in Fragile States

Weak national government institutions contribute to the perpetuation of fragile states. In countries where governances provide structure and guidance for their citizens, in the form of balanced legal guidelines and stable leadership, fragility is not a major concern. However, in nations where national leadership is weak, transitional, or corrupt, fragile states can emerge.

Another major causes of fragile states is political fragmentation. This division between factions undermines the stability of the country, with national identity withered and governances dissolved. In a politically fragmented state, power most often rest with small insurgent groups which use violence and corruption to control nationals. Also, the desire to control natural resources in a particular area can fuel fragile states.

These resources, such as oil and water, are not in themselves the impetus for the creation of a failed state, but serve as an incentive for those in control to gain wealth, status, and power over others in the fragile state and surrounding areas.

The impact of fragile states can be felt within the country of interest, as well as regionally and globally. From the perspective of the fragile state itself, governmental instability can result in corrupt courts, biased property rights, lack of trust in national institutions, and decreased legitimacy with respect to other nations. Of particular concern among fragile states is the impact this scenario has on poverty. The instability and ineffectiveness of failed state leadership falls short in terms of aid and social reform for their citizens, compounding the problem of poverty and malnutrition in these countries.

Regionally, the problems associated with fragile or failed states can seep over borders, causing unrest in neighboring countries. These negatives impacts to neighboring nations can include armed conflicts, limited resource accessibility, and impending governmental or political instability. In addition, neighboring countries may be inundated with refugees fleeing a fragile state, placing economic and social stability in the balance. The displacement of refugees from fragile or failed states is also a global concern.

The recent global dispersion of Syrian refugees is a prime example of the international impact of fragile states. In addition, fragile and failed states are associated with the harboring of extremist and terrorist groups which threaten the global community. Fragile states can also endanger global health by exacerbating the spread of disease through ineffective governmental control of social and economic conditions.

Given the impact fragile states have on the global community as a whole, the rise of these states is of utmost importance to domestic and international governmental and military leadership. As such, it is necessary to recognize specific changes in at-risk countries which may point to development of a fragile or failed state. Warning signs may include an authoritative crisis, in which a country is unable to exert power or engage existing lawful structures to control their country, resulting in coups or civil wars which signal instability and national fragility.

In addition, a nation may fall short in its ability to adapt to changing social, economic, or political challenges, emerging through ineffective or nonexistent policies which fail to meet demand. Fragile states may also arise from national legitimacy issues, in which citizens distrust the government and organize an insurgency to control state affairs. These warning signs can exist in isolation, however, they most often work in concert to create a fragile or failed state.

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Social security Field Work

1. • Any legal considerations on social security during your field education experience that you may have had to address or that you might address

2.• An explanation of potential challenges in adhering to legal considerations during your field education experience

I concur with my colleague’s sentiments with regards to social security legal considerations. It’s true that all social security laws must be adhered to avoid possible legal implications of violation. It is even more complicated when serving a client who is legally mandated to have a representative payee. More importantly, many clients do not understand their rights and responsibilities under the social security law (Laureate Education, 2013).

This is challenging when clients pose legal questions since we have to refer them back to social security legal experts. In fact, I should think that the role of helping clients find adequate housing can be a challenging one considering the logistical, financial and legal issues involved. Considering the high attachment that people attach to homes, it can be a daunting task to try to help a client in deciding with regards to a choice of where to live. Notwithstanding the financial aspects, people have other factors for preferring to live in certain neighborhoods and not others.

Therefore my view is that besides the information and the advisory part, it is a challenging endeavor given the emotional aspects involved in choosing a home. It’s even worse when you have to help a family due to multiple conflicting preferences and interests of individual family members. Another legal challenge could arise when assisting a client who has a representative or interpreter given the legal implications involved particularly when information provided turns out to be inaccurate (ASS, 2013).

In my experience, I have learned that most people do not understand the legal requirement on full disclosure of all medical treatment sources and especially for people with disability. Thus there is a need for clients to be allowed to have a legal expert to guide them through the social security application process.

Social Security Retirement Benefits

In addition to Social Security’s retirement benefits, workers earn life insurance and SSDI protection by making payroll tax contributions:

About 96 percent of people aged 20-49 who worked in jobs covered in 2019 have earned life insurance protection .
For a young worker with average earnings, a spouse, and two children, that’s equivalent to a life insurance policy with a face value of over $725,000 in 2018, according to actuaries.
About 89 percent of people aged 21-64 who worked in covered employment in 2019 are insured in case of severe disability.

References

Administration, S. S. (2013). Social Security programs in the United States. Social Security Bulletin, 56(13), 3–82.

Laureate Education. (Producer). (2013). Legal considerations [Audio file]. Retrieved from https://class.waldenu.edu.

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Milgram Experiment and Lord of the Flies

Milgram’s Experiment — Milgram Experiment

Milgram Experiment reveals that the majority of people are willing to obey an authority figure by following instructions to perform acts that conflict with their coincidence. Besides , the Lord of Flies is a real example of obeying authority. This is because the Lord of Flies shows that boys are willing to follow any chain of command. The connections show that there are less evil people than good. However, society acts as the foundation of a person’s wrongdoing or evil.

Milgram Experiment assessed people’s reaction told to give a painful electric shock, while in the Lord of Flies by William Golding readers are introduced to actors of evil and good. The study shows that despite many individuals being useful in the world, only a few are great.

The purpose of this study is to show how William Golding in the Lord of Flies connects with Milgram Experiment themes to demonstrate how people are willing to obey orders from an authority figure. The paper provides a clear analysis of the link between the Lord of Flies and Milgram Experiment and the implications it has on the modern day leadership style and how people are willing to obey a chain of command from an authority figure.

Milgram’s Experimet Theoretical Framework

Milgram Experiment was carried out to show how people obey authorities under all circumstances, especially people who instructed them to perform acts that conflict the coincidence of purposes. The purpose of Milgram Experiment was to give students electric shocks by separating them from the subject and establishing a tape recorder, which was integrated with electronic shocks. Therefore, if the answers were inaccurate, the teacher would administer a shock to the learner by an increasing voltage for each wrong answer, while for the correct answer, the teacher would go to the next word pair.

Milgram Experiment was in a controlled setting such that the learner could not attempt to quit the experiment, which led to the establishment of status and authority (Batson and Daniel, 2016,10). Milgram Experiment showed factors that affect obedience. For instance, the status of location showed that prestige of location increase obedience, while less personal responsibility increases obedience. Besides, individuals tend to obey others if they acknowledge their authority as legally based or/and morally right.

Thus, the uniformity of the authority figure can provide people with status as well as peer support or presence of others disobeying the authority figure decreases the obedience level. Milgram Experiment showed that proximity to authority plays a significant role in obedience as people can easily resist orders from authority if they are not nearby (Haslam and Stephen, 2017, 63).

In Milgram Experiment, the teacher does not know that the shocks are not real, and the student behind the participation is in the experiment working with Milgram. Besides, the learner is getting words pairs incorrect on purpose, making the experiment fake despite showing the importance of obeying authority. Therefore, the actual experiment is on the teacher.

Despite the increased yelling by participants, they continue to finish the experiment. As much as many participants wished to stop, Milgram used four phrases to entice them to finish the exercise. The motivating phrases were, “please continue, the experiment requires you to continue, it is necessary for you to continue and you have no other choice, you must go on (Haslam, Nick, Loughnan, and Perry, 2014).”

The Lord of Flies by William Golding introduced characters of evil and good. The study shows that despite many individuals being useful in the world, only a few are great. This is because people control how their environment influences their actions and behaviors. During the feast, Jack sat like a leader and idol as he issued commands such as who was going to join his tribe. [ (pg #?). ] Through his command and leadership authority, most of the boys accepted because they wanted meat and protection from Jack.

Besides, despite Jack punishing Wilfred for no particular or apparent reason, Roger and the rest of the boys of the tribe felt nothing wrong about it. This is because none of the boys had the courage or confidence to stand up for Wilfred. Therefore, the Lord of Flies by William Golding showed that people have a fear of authority and quickly give up justice. Moreover, Jack and Roger tortured Eric and Sam, forcing them to submit to Jack’s command and join his tribe. This shows that authority forces the weak people to follow them using violent action and false use of authority.

The failure of Jack to admit that he took too much power and authority shows that influential leaders are not willing and lack the courage to admit mistakes such as enslaving others. The analysis of the Lord of Flies shows that civilized officers are part of an adult world in which violence and war are associated with social order and civilization. People are expected to obey authority as influential leaders do things to destroy the peaceful world, similar to what Jack did to the boys and vice versa.

Connections

The comparison of Milgram Experiment and the novel of the Lord of Flies show that the boys feared the beast referred as the electronic shocks, while they allowed Jack to gain power and authority through obedience to his command. The review shows that it is easier to control people and persuade them to be savagery by obeying the experiments. This is because the boys followed the authority or command to get protection or avoid the electric shock.

The connection between Milgram Experiment and the novel of the Lord of Flies is evident in that both boys follow the order to obtain protection or avoid electronic shocks. For instance, the boys are stranded and end up following the commands from Jack without comprehending the reasons for doing it. Besides, from both sets of experiments, it is evident that people follow orders without questioning the consequences or impacts on the other party.

William Golding in the Lord of Flies presents the obedience idea in Milgram Experiment through the connections of actors take as a leader, Jack, and Ralph, and the other actors who ideally obey the leader’s command or orders without questioning. This connection shows how people or kids are ready and willing to obey the authority figure that has leadership skills. Besides, both Lord of Flies and Milgram Experiment present the obedience idea through leaders and the ones who unthinkingly follow commands and believe that they should be led.

People who want to be led wait for commands and orders to follow and they believe they need to be directed by a leader as Jack demonstrated by allowing characters to follow him without question. This undeniably connects with Milgram Experiment on obedience. This is because according to the Milgram Experiment, persons are possibly to obey commands by authority figures. Therefore, the robust scenarios of obedience on the Lord of Flies are indicators of Milgram Experiment.

The novel on the Lord of Flies presents the obedience theme, which is accurately connected, to Milgram Experiment on obedience. This is because many instances demonstrate the obedience theme. For instance, Jack is the leader of a group of hunters in a jungle who target to kill a pig, and the group follows him to the jungle without questioning and obediently. The boys have drifted away with the words of command such as “kill the pig,” “cut her throat. Spill her blood”(Laurent et al., 2015, 300).

It is evident that the kids are carried away with the obedience feeling as hunters and Jack manipulate the boys’ fear of the beast, making them obey him even further for protection and safety. The boys not only see Jack as a powerful leader but also obey him without question. Besides, there are other particular moments during the hunting game where Jack uses is authority and command to instill fear in the boys as they obey him unquestioningly. These instances in the novel of the Lord of Flies present how far the obedience feeling can take people.

The kids lose their morality and rational thinking by following commands. Despite the increased use of command, which instills fear and obedience to the boys, the sense of obedience goes off-limits, which signals that things can easily go out of control. Jack who is their leader for the sake of security and food because the boys do everything tells this. Thus, the novel by William Golding in the Lord of Flies presents the idea obedience in Milgram Experiment as it shows that without no doubt individuals will obey commands from others if they perceive them as leaders or authorities (Branson and Buckroyd, 2017, 20).

William Golding presents the obedience idea in Milgram Experiment in the final chapter of the Lord of Flies. In the last chapter of the Lord of Flies, there are clear instances where the boys obey authority figure as well as carrying them to higher levels. It is evident when Jack acts as a leader and as an idol giving commands during the feast where the boys obey the orders without question. Jack commands the boys to join his tribe, and all except Ralph agree to the idea. However, the reason behind Ralph objection is because he is supposedly the chief.

The sense of obedience manifested in Milgram Experiment is present in this scenario as all hunters obey Jack and fail to either object or to question the idea of being a tribe. Despite Wilfred getting punished for no apparent reasons, Roger and the rest of the boys of the tribe do not feel it or question for a reason for the punishment. This shows that they lacked courage and confidence to stand up for Wilfred because their submission and loyalty to their authority blocks them.

Even though Ralph wants to call for an assembly to question Jack, the boys once again prove their obedience and loyalty to their authority figure. Instances of obedience in the novel of the Lord of Flies stem from the idea of obedience from Milgram Experiment. In both groups of boys, they accept the command or authority figure by carrying out the orders issued to them by the leader or teacher.

For instance, if the boys are told to eat, they eat, and if told to fetch something for the leader, they do so. Also, they sit down when told to do so and even if the leader says they should be punished, they accept it without question. This result significantly connects with obedience from Milgram Experiment (Gridley and Jenkins, 2017, 25).

Milgran experiment Critical and Relevance

William Golding successfully puts the obedience idea in the Lord of the Flies novel by installing Jack as the leader. Jack is obeyed, and his subjects follow his commands or orders without questioning. The connections of two scenarios show that philosophic and legal aspects of obedience are of enormous importance. The excessive willingness of people to go to any level in the order of authorities constitutes the main findings of research and the idea that most directly demands full justification.

The study shows that people with authority tend to control the outcome and actions of others. The experiments reveal that a more significant part of people are just willing to comply with authority figures who directs merely them to execute acts that may vary or conflict with their individual coincidence, while the Lord of Flies by William Golding is a real example of obedience to authorities because the people are willing to obey any chain of authority (Hollander, 2017, 430). \

We live in a world where people demand obedience from the authority for them to function well for a society. However, obedience can have significant impacts on a society because authority figures have little to justify actions. Thus, conformity is an impact that influences people to do things they may not have otherwise done. Evidence shows that both obedience and conformity lead to atrocious actions. Therefore, horrendous crimes against humanity have happened and yet people fail to question the actions of authority figures.

The experiment shows that discipline and obedience are learned through social conventions. Thus, individuals are able of substantial evil and great good according to the circumstances they are positioned in. in addition, acts of both resistance and obedience have the power to motivate and inspire people to obey commands of an authority figure.

Conclusion

From the connection between Milgram’s Experiment and Lord of Flies, several factors force people to carry obedience to the extreme, even without questioning the command. People justify their behavior be assigning responsibility to authorities rather than themselves, and they define their behavior which is expected of them as a routine. Besides, evidence from the experiment shows that people do not want to offend or be rude to authority and they obey orders. Therefore, it is essential for people to question orders and reasons behind their issue.

This will ensure that obedience is acknowledged and is not adhered out of fear. The results show how people follow orders and obey leaders without question. This is a disappointing aspect of leadership style as the leaders directly threatened people in order to guarantee the protection and security.

References

Batson, Charles Daniel. What’s wrong with morality?: A social-psychological perspective . Oxford University Press, 2016: 2-25

Bègue, Laurent, et al. “Personality Predicts Obedience in a Milgram Paradigm.” Journal of Personality 83.3 (2015): 299-306.

Branson, Jane, and Peter Buckroyd. Lord of the Flies, William Golding: Workbook. Oxford University Press, 2017: 10-30

Gridley, Mark, and William J. Jenkins. Obedience to Authority. Macat Library, 2017: 20-27

Haslam, Nick, Steve Loughnan, and Gina Perry. “Meta-Milgram: An empirical synthesis of the obedience experiments .” PloS one 9.4 (2014): e93927.

Haslam, S. Alexander, and Stephen D. Reicher. “50 Years of “Obedience to Authority”: From Blind Conformity to Engaged Followership.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 13 (2017): 59-78.

Hollander, Matthew M. “The repertoire of resistance: Non‐compliance with directives in Milgram’s ‘obedience’experiments.” British Journal of Social Psychology54.3 (2015): 425-444.

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Operation Anaconda Command Structure

Thesis: In the eyes of the public Operation Anaconda was a success but some challenges in the aspects of joint command structure, the unity of command, and joint operations.

Supporting Topic 1: Joint Command Structure on Operation Anaconda

Supporting Idea 1: The command structure is made up of a team which execute orders based on the instruction from the authority. The forward support structure in the Anaconda operation was essential to ensure proper allocation of the resources and the tactical conductivity of the process. Being a military operation, it comprises of several troops which create multiple levels of complexity. Interactions between the troops are highly complicated creating a challenge in the organization flow of information.

Supporting Idea 2: The need for forwarding command structure is essential especially when the scope of the operation is expanding. However, the command structure experienced some communication breakdown between commanders and the component units. Thus, conflicting the proper integration of upholding the directives according to the plan. In a join operation, all the commandants must coordinate closely in a joint decision-making process. The operation provided an opportunity to eliminate the enemy in a large group. However, in an operation point of view, the command structure on the ground squared the activity, and hence the operation was never executed according to the plan.

Supporting Idea 3: Having overthrown the Taliban government, the command structure felt that it had achieved success. As a consequence, they felt no need to focus on the operation as much of their emphasis was on the Iraq operation. On that account, there was an inadequate allocation of the resources to the operation. The commanding generals assumed a minimal number of the enemies existed. However, that was an assumption as there were many Al-Qaeda fighters in the valley. The assumption led to an inadequate allocation of troops for the operation contrary to what the commandants on the ground required.

Supporting Topic 2: Unity of Command in Operation Anaconda

Supporting Idea 1: A distinguished Unity of command requires placing of all the troops in a unique theatre to achieve the objective under one brain. Unity of command was essential in the success of the Anaconda Operation. It required unification of the local forces, the Special Forces and the airpower. Unity of command facilitated communication between the ground commanders and the Central command unit. The hierarchy facilitates efficient allocation of resources and mobilization of troops to the operation.

Supporting Idea 2: Conflict of unity of command was also evident from the operation. For example, as the troops carried on with the operation, a contingent of navy seals was brought into the process. The decision was in contrast to what the Army special operators thought. They did not understand the basics of inclusion of the Navy seals by the Central Command unit. The scenario depicts a breakdown in the structure of unity of command which requires the involvement of critical parties in a decision-making process. The structure of unity of authority requires that before an issue gets to the top executives, it should follow all the steps depicted by the structure.

Supporting Idea 3: Failure to adhere to the operational protocol lead to a series of mistakes by the team. The theory is enhanced by the fact that the fighting theatres came from different troops which had a separate command structure. During the early phases of the operation, instruction protocols were clear as per the plan. However, as the operation proceeded, different communication issues erupted. For instance, the splitting of the air support theatre led to confusions in the action as there were different requests from the controllers.

Supporting Topic 3: Joint Operations

Supporting Idea 1: Joint operations brings together wars troops to a broader national scale in which forces from the Army, Navy and Air are brought together in a joint operation. Operation Anaconda included the Navy, Air force and the military working together. The operation was different as it did not conform to the information battles. At the time of its occurrence, the joint military presence was not mature for the service. It also coupled up with the harsh terrain of the valley which contributed to lapse of operation at the initial stages. Coordinating the logistics in a large force increases the chances of friction within the operation.

Supporting Idea 2: Communication barrier was another challenge experienced during the Operation Anaconda. The troops were inclusive of local soldiers who were not very conversant with the communication language of the United States troops. Therefore, it was challenging for the army commanders to give instructions during the course. More importantly, the lack of similar political culture between the U.S and the Afghanistan soldiers manifested itself as a practical barrier which hindered operational efficiency.

The critical lesson from the joint operation includes regular pieces of training at the lower levels. It will enhance the level of corporation as well as the adhesiveness of the troops. Having a joint operation was beneficial to the procedure as it brought together different knowledge and experience required to fight a common enemy.

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Safety Standards in Product Design Goals of Ethical Companies

Safety Standards in Product Design Goals of Ethical Companies

Safety regulatory measures and policies are often considered basic tenets and requirements in product design that ethical organizations put into place to ensure that their products comply with the stated standards. As consumers increasingly turn out to be dependent on engineered products, the element of product safety and liability has turned out to be of global significance. As imbued in several companies, the ethicality of product safety and accountability is addressed by considering global trade standards and practices. The scope of product design as highlighted in design research and practice has successively changed – from a focus on material aspects to a focus on the intangible, from functions to pleasure, from goods to services and values

In this regard, organizations need to ensure that they prioritize the adherence to these measures and requirements by ensuring that their products meet the enshrined safety standards (Langerman, 2015). Meeting the established safety precautions or standards remains an essential aspect of product design; however, it is insufficient. Familiarity with the foundations and principles of the utilitarian model of ethics reveals that to underscore an action as ethical requires one to determine whether an action maximizes the highest level of positive outcomes for several people while on the other hand minimizing all the adverse outcomes to the least number.

As provided in this case, ensuring that an organization’s product meets the established safety standards may yield the highest favorable outcomes for consumers and minimize the negative repercussions that may pose a threat to the lives of the consumers. According to Langerman (2015), ethical organizations before engaging in launching their products often ensure that pilot tests are conducted several to ensure that they meet the prescribed safety and precautionary measures. However, it is essential to establish that it is often challenging for firms to conduct a 360-degree inquiry or research on their products.

Therefore, this creates the rationale behind faulty products, posing a need for an organization to ensure that products meet and satisfy the needs of the customers (Langerman, 2015).Arguably, meeting safety measures may not be sufficient in product design. Product safety professionals in light of this hold on to more profound convictions regarding the importance of ensuring that the consumers and their companies are provided with the best efforts that support the design, manufacturing, and distribution of products considered safe for consumption.

Specific Stories that would make Doug’s Presentation Interesting: Doug, as provided in this case, may consider including the case of Ford in ensuring that his presentation is appealing or attractive. As provided in Ford’s current operations and planning, it is established that the organization sort after measures driven towards launching their lightweight automobile that was incredibly affordable in price for the consumers. The company president provided specifications that the designers were required to adhere to in the unit’s production.

In other words, the production unit needed to have ensured that the Pinto weighed 2000 pounds and would cost consumers close to $2000 and other related expenses such as advertisements. However, this unit’s production was met with a flaw following the lack of compliance with the federal safety standards established for the production of such a model (Tidwell, 2000). One of the significant problems that were sighted was in regards to the fuel tank that was prone to rapturing when the car was at maximum speed. This occurred following an investigation that occurred after a dreadful accident that left six occupants in the vehicle dead after the rapturing and explosion of the fuel tank.

Doug would resort to the application of the principle of universalism. According to this principle, the authority of an ethical standard is mainly determined by the level in which a concern or an act treats people, supporting the claim that moral principles often hold for all people and not merely for a section of individuals (Tidwell, 2000). From the tests conducted on this automobile, it was later evident that Ford was in full awareness that its vehicle’s gasoline tank was faulty and prone to explode when the cars were at top speed or its rear collided.

Given this, the company failed to recall these units to correct the situation and was unable to warn the consumers on the effects of the car. Therefore, it reveals that safety measures and standards are ethically vital in organizations, establishing the essence of compliance.

Product Design Goals of Ethical Companies: Likely Possibilities from the Case

As provided in the case above, there are several likelihoods regarding the safety standards of ethical companies’ product design goals. Firstly, ethical organizations may resort to ensuring that their ethical practices are connected to their corporate social responsibilities. Therefore, this establishes that ethical organizations owe their customers, employees, the community, and their shareholders’ safety. These remain fundamental in the fulfillment of their corporate obligations and sustainability.

Utilitarianism provides a straightforward approach that organizations may use to arrive at moral decisions that weigh the cause of their actions in specific situations (Tidwell, 2000). To determine what organizations need to do in cases, such as that of Ford, there is a need first to underpin the courses of their actions. Secondly, organizations may need to determine the foreseeable benefits and consequences of each of their actions for the highest number of people affected.

Lastly, firms may resort to the choice of actions that may provide the greatest of all benefits after taking consideration of the involved costs. In a nutshell, the ethicality of product safety and accountability is addressed by considering global trade standards and practices that guide and provide frameworks that organizations need to follow.

References

Eryılmaz, E. (2016). Applied Ethics: The Secular and Utilitarian Approach. Turkish Journal of Business Ethics, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.12711/tjbe.2016.9.0011r

Langerman, N. (2015). Safety and ethics. Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, 22(3), 44–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchas.2015.04.005

Tidwell, A. (2000). Ethics, Safety, and Managers. Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 19(3), 161–180. https://doi.org/10.5840/bpej2000193/43

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Marketing Strategies

In today’s business environment, obtaining well-planned and flawlessly executed marketing strategies is vital for prosperity, attracting, and retaining more customers.

Marketing Strategies

In today’s business environment, obtaining well-planned and flawlessly executed marketing strategies is vital for prosperity, attracting, and retaining more customers. Although marketers have, in the recent past, shifted to one-to-one strategies, Nunes & Merrihue (2007) argue that such approaches may be insufficient. Their insufficiency is based on the fact that they require a considerable upfront investment, including implementing software applications for managing customer relations. Additionally, Nunes & Merrihue (2007) indicated that such marketing approaches are time-consuming and necessitate coordination of multiple parts of the organization.

These requirements can be daunting for companies that seek to remain highly reactive to a rapidly changing environment and have been associated with disappointing results due to improper integration of their use with the corporate strategy (Nunes & Merrihue, 2007). Nonetheless, several alternative solutions exist that may boost company sales, feature product value, and facilitate a brand’s growth. Among these solutions are mass marketing strategies that companies should use to grab the attention of the customers.

The first mass marketing strategy that companies should use in grabbing the consumers’ attention entails leveraging social media and other online platforms. Using social media and online marketing platforms, companies would have an environment in which they share pictures and videos regarding their products and further engage their customers through comments and feedback. This engagement with customers would foster building brand loyalty and further elevate customer service (Indeed Career Guide, 2020). For instance, by posting videos of the production process and images of the finished product, companies would grab the consumers’ attention and urge them to check out other varieties available in their outlets in distinct locations

Close to social media marketing, blogging would serve as a second strategy suitable for organically attracting customers online and delivering high-quality and educational content. Companies should provide relevant content/details to help their customers make appropriate buying decisions or learn about other services offered.

Similarly, guest blog writers may be featured to authenticate and confirm the value of the products offered within a specific company (Indeed Career Guide, 2020). Alternatively, companies can write posts that address questions from the most technical to the most fundamental issues and showcase practical answers for their readers. For instance, when introducing a new product/solution to the market, a company may write a blog, including pictures and videos, on how it works and the problems it is intended to address.

SEO Marketing Strategies

The third option that may be appropriate for mass marketing in today’s business environment entails applying and maximizing Search Engine Optimization (SEO). When consumers search online for a specific product, keywords and phrases facilitate locating the item, availability, price, and other relevant information. Therefore, companies should ensure that their websites or product pages feature keywords and phrases that place them in the first few pages of search engines such as Google.

The effective use of keywords in their website or product page would suffice to answer the consumers’ inquiries, provide test titles that pique user’s interests, offer comprehensive material, and further inform the audience about more products or details (Indeed Career Guide, 2020). For instance, a company selling a unique beauty product online should use specific keywords in creating content about the item, which allows consumers to learn about its availability, uses, price, and other relevant details.

Even though other unique and equally effective mass marketing strategies exist, these three approaches would play a fundamental role in reaching a large population of potential consumers and retaining them based on their customer service contentment.

References

Indeed Career Guide. (2020, December 22). 10 marketing strategies to attract and retain customers. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/marketing-strategies-attract-retain-customers Nunes, P. F., & Merrihue, J. (2007). The Continuing Power of Mass Advertising. MIT Sloan Management Review, 48(2), 62-72. https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/the-continuing-power-of-mass-advertising/

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