In the case of Talia, several questions ought to get researched on because of the massive effects a victim of rape undergoes. However, the author has critically analyzed and chose the following two questions as the most appropriate in providing a reliable solution for this persistent and growing menace. The questions include:
Why is it suitable for a victim of rape to open up to someone they trust about the condition?
How has the enacted laws and rules affected the issue of rape cases?
The first question is vital in the sense that it explores the reasons for the victim of abuse to report the case instantly. Talia Johnston failed to report her case to anyone for about three weeks a condition that left her with painful scars she wouldn’t bear. This question, therefore, would help the researcher to seek for new and appropriate reasons for the victim to share the occurrence.
It would lead to the enhancement of new knowledge in the field of art. Through informing a person about the case of rape, then greater and efficient interventions will transpire (Lisak & Miller, 2002). Besides, the process of healing of the victim would become faster, and hence there would be social change. The question will as well open a good way for more research to erupt.
Also, the question “How has the enactment and implementation of rules and laws impacted the issue of rape cases?” is very crucial. In essence, Talia went through a traumatic condition because of sexual abuse by an unfamiliar person. The question would lead to the exploration of the impacts that lack of law application can result in dire effects altogether as detailed by Lisak (2006).
This would add a lot of knowledge for social work. Besides, a critical analysis of how these rules have affected the number of rape cases need to be carried out. There would as well be a positive impact on the social change of the approach taken concerning rape cases. Answering the question would assist greatly in more research to get done about sexual assault.
The author has selected the resources by applicability, the content in the articles and the recentness year of publication of the articles. The content of the two articles would aid in answering the above questions critically.
Implementation of the IOM Future of Nursing Report
Summary of the key messages of the IOM report
Following a comprehensive assessment of the major challenges facing the nursing profession, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) came up with some recommendations that would help to make the nursing profession relevant and efficient in future. Furthermore, it identified four key messages that acted as the cornerstone for recommendations.
The key messages that were designed by the RWJF and that the recommendations were to focus on include; nurses should fully apply the knowledge and skills acquired through training and education as well as nurses should work in collaboration with other healthcare professionals to bring meaningful changes to the health care system of the United States.
Other recommendations were that nurses should seek to obtain higher levels of education that enhance academic progress by attending new academic institutions; and those nursing institutions can formulate the right policies and plan their workforce effectively through the use of improved technology to collect data (Altman, Butler and Shern, 2015).
Discussion of the work of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Committee Initiative
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), in collaboration with the Institute of Medicine, held a meeting in 2008 to examine and take appropriate actions to address some of the pertinent issues facing the nursing profession. This meeting led to the documentation of the IOM report on “Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health” that acts a foundation for today’s nursing practice.
According to the Committee, nurses in the United States are faced with several challenges that prevent them from meeting the health care needs of the nation, and which make them face difficulties as they attempt to fulfill the goals of health care reforms in the country (Altman, Butler and Shern, 2015).
The particular role of the RWJF committee initiative was to produce a report that details key recommendations for improving the nursing profession to make it fit the future needs of the United States citizens. The committee was also charged with the responsibility of highlighting policy changes that should be made by public and private institutions to foster an improvement in the nursing profession.
As a sign of its commitment towards improving the nursing profession in the United States, the RWJF Committee provides recommendations related to eight different areas namely and removal of practice barrier. Other indicators were; expansion of opportunities for nurses, implementation of residency programs for nurses, increasing the percentage of nurses with baccalaureate degrees, doubling the percentage of nurses with doctorate degrees, promoting lifelong learning for nurses, preparing nurses to become change leaders, and in improving nurses’ abilities to collect relevant health care related data (The Institute of Medicine, 2010).
The importance of the IOM “Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health.”
The IOM report entitled, “Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health” is extremely crucial to the field of nursing because it contains information that is relevant to improving nursing practice, nursing education, as well as in the development of the nursing workforce. Firstly, the report is important to nursing practice in the sense that, it defines transformed roles of nurses in the whole workforce in a manner that effectively addresses shortage of nurses, the need to integrate cultural and societal issues into practice, as well as the need to provide care using tools that match the ongoing technological trends.
Additionally, the report examines the innovative solutions that can help to improve care delivery in future (Altman, Butler and Shern, 2015).
Second, the IOM report is critical to nursing education in the sense that, it acts as a guide to the nursing industry by providing information on how the industry can expand nursing faculty in order increase the number of institutions of higher learning. The institute of medicine believes that qualified academic institutions will produce graduate nurses with nursing knowledge and skills that can enable them to meet the health care needs and demands of today’s population (The Institute of Medicine, 2002).
Third, the IOM report is essential to workforce development in the sense that, it details how nursing organizations should attract, train, and retain competent nurses who can provide various levels of care to meet public demand (The Institute of Medicine, 2010).
The intent of the Future of Nursing Campaign for Action
The Future of Nursing Campaign for Action was devised with an intention to help influence States to make health care reforms that are aimed at improving the nursing profession in the United States (AARP, 2011). For instance, the Campaign for Action is intended to push the Congress to push for expansion of programs that will enable nurses to practice to their full potentials as per the education and training that they possess.
Also, the intent of the Campaign for Action is influence both private and public funders to facilitate accomplishment of projects that will increase both training and learning opportunities for nurses (Campaign for Action, 2013).
Moreover, the Nursing Campaign for Action intends to put pressure on the federal government, accrediting bodies as well as state boards of nursing to support the implementation of curricula that allow nurses to complete transition-to-practice or residency programs (AARP, 2011).
Again, the campaign intended to encourage health care organizations, academic nurse leaders, as well as accrediting bodies to develop additional institutions of higher learning for nurses to increase the number of nurses who enroll for baccalaureate degrees. In this manner, the institute of medicine believes that the number of nurses with baccalaureate degrees will increase to 80 percent in the next three years (AnneMarie, 2016; & The Institute of Medicine, 2010).
Additional intentions of the Future of Nursing Campaign for Action include; influencing stakeholders in the nursing education sector to create additional academic institutions that provide doctorate degrees for nurses as this will help to double the number of nurses who graduate with doctoral degrees in the next three years.
Other intentions include; implement nursing education programs that will promote lifelong learning for the nurse, and to take responsibility of training nurses to become change leaders who can successfully implement reforms in the ever-changing health care environment (The Institute of Medicine, 2002).
Most importantly, by creating the campaign for action, the institute of medicine believes that the campaign would influence the National Health Care Workforce Commission to build infrastructure and provide necessary technology that future nurses can use to collect and analyze health care data (Campaign for Action, 2013; & The Institute of Medicine, 2010).
The rationale of state-based action coalitions
The main role of the state-based action coalitions is to ensure that various states in the United States enact laws that will facilitate the realization of the recommendations documented in the IOM report entitled, “Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health”(AARP, 2011). Additionally, these state-based coalitions work hard to ensure that the IOM recommendations are being implemented at regional and local level.
First, these coalitions work hard to make sure that possible barriers to nursing practice are removed in both educational and healthcare organizations (AARP, 2011). Second, action coalitions based in various states of the United States ensure that relevant programs that expand learning and training opportunities for nurses are implemented. Third, state-based action coalitions ensure that various states have programs in place to support nurse residency (Goode and Williams, 2004).
The fourth role of state-based action coalitions is to make sure that their respective states have enough academic institutions that offer baccalaureate and doctorate degrees for nurses. Additional functions of the state-based action coalitions are to ensure that states of the United States implement; programs that promote lifelong learning for nurses, programs that prepare nurses to become change leaders, and infrastructure that allow nurses to collect and analyze health care related data that can be used to improve nursing practice in future (Campaign for Action, 2013; & The Institute of Medicine, 2010).
Action Coalition Initiatives
An example of a state-based action coalition is the Alaska Action Coalition. This coalition comprises of individuals and organizations with a common goal of transforming the health care system of Alaska State. In Alaska, quite some nurse champion organizations work together in the Alaska Action Coalition to place the state forward as one of those regions that are committed to implementing the Future of Nursing recommendations (Alaska Action Coalition).
One of the initiatives spearheaded by Alaska Action Coalition is supporting the full realignment of the Advanced Practice Registered Nurse courses with recommendation documented by the Institute of Medicine. This initiative significantly contributed to the advancement of the nursing profession in the sense that it promotes the production of nurse graduates who are competent enough to deliver care that meets the need of the current population.
The other initiative that is being spearheaded by Alaska Action Coalition is the implementation of programs that educate nurses to lead change in their organizations. This initiative greatly contributes to the advancement of the nursing profession in the sense that it contributed to the preparation of nurses who can effectively lead change (Campaign for Action, 2013).
The main barrier to advancement that is commonly faced by action coalitions in Alaska is limited finances to facilitate all the procedures required to ensure full compliance with existing regulations. Nursing advocates in Alaska can overcome this barrier by asking the state to review and try to reduce the financial expenses incurred by coalitions that are committed to implementing the Future of Nursing recommendations (Alaska Action Coalition).
References
AARP. (2011). Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute
Alaska Action Coalition. Retrieved from https;//campaignforction.org/state/Alaska/
Altman, S., Butler, A. & Shern, L. (2015). Assessing progress on the Institute of Medicine report “The future of nursing.” Washington, DC: The National Academies for Sciences.
AnneMarie, P. (2016). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health…how are we doing? Nursing Critical Care, 11(3):4.
Campaign for Action. (2013). The future of nursing IOM report. Retrieved from https://www,campaignforaction.org
Goode, C. J. & Williams, C. A. (2004). Post-baccalaureate nurse residency program. Journal of Nursing Administration, 34(2): 71-77.
The Institute of Medicine. (2002). The future of the public’s health in the 21st century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press
All over the world, the criminal justice system of any state serves two major objectives; enforcement of the law of the land, and correction of offenders through various reform institutions. In this regard, criminal justice can be construed to mean a system governed by standard practices that aim to uphold social control, detecting and preventing crime, and most importantly sanctioning offenders through the use of various forms of punishments.
Significantly, criminal punishment is applied as a way to encourage proper conduct between individuals in the society and at the same time make one take responsibility for a wrongful act committed against another. In this respect, retaliatory acts are avoided because victims of crime will be satisfied that the wrongdoer has faced equal punishment in comparison with the act done. Notably, Lollar (2014) asserts that punishments can also be used as a compensatory tool towards victims of crime.
Retributive punishment
Foremost, this type of punishment is founded on the belief that the best way to respond to a wrongful act is by using a proportionate punishment. According to Flanders (2014) retributivists are of the opinion that when an offender commits an illegal act, the criminal justice system should make such a person suffer an equal and proportionate punishment.
Amusingly, retributivists attach their justification for proportionate punishment from ancient religious laws such as the ones contained in the Holy Bible, for instance, Exodus 21:23 avers that if any person commits harm, then the resulting punishment should be equal, hence the catchphrase “a life for a life, an eye for an eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.” Notably, similar sentiments are proclaimed in Biblical verses such as 5:38 and Deuteronomy 19:21.
Retributivists argue that as long as the damage has been done, there is nothing that can be done to reverse such damage hence the only way to administer justice is by giving equal punishment (Flanders, 2014). Seemingly, such reasoning can be said to be backward looking such that it does not take into consideration that at times crime may be committed in a unpremeditated way such that punishing an offender for the same would be harsh or excessive.
Another going concern for this form of punishment is that it may encourage revenge and promote retaliation in the society. Also, in some instances, it may be hard to draw the line between punishment that is sufficient and from the punishment that is excessive.
An example of a retributive form of punishment is the death penalty which according to Luliano (2015) is no punishment at all because it only seeks to insert pain as a measure of administering justice but does not address the root causes of crime or even ways of helping individuals refrain from such crime.
Utilitarian Punishment
First, from a wider scope, the utilitarian theory developed by Jeremy Bentham emphasizes that any action within the society should be directed towards achieving maximum satisfaction and catering for the well being of the majority members of the society. The utilitarian form of punishment, threads on the same footing by asserting that the laws that guide the conduct of the people in the society, should be used to maximize the happiness of the society (FERRARO, 2013).
Hence, crime and punishment should be kept to a minimum because they are inconsistent with happiness which the utilitarian theory of punishment asserts. Importantly, proponents of this theory of punishment recognize that having a crime free society may be a fallacy as such recommend that the form of punishment handed down to a wrongdoer should be directed to producing “good” from the person. In this respect, the punishment should not be unlimited.
Unlike the retributive form of punishment, which is said to be backward looking, the utilitarian form of punishment is largely presumed to be proactive on crime. For instance, the laws that direct how punishment should be handed down on crime should be designed to deter future crimes of the same nature.
Accordingly, rehabilitation of criminal offenders can be said to be one of the methods that the utilitarian form of punishment emphasizes as a way of administering justice. Rehabilitation mainly aims at reforming an offender rather than punish so that they may be integrated back into the society. Equally, jailing as a form of incapacitation of an offender also falls under the utilitarian form of punishment because, by removal of the offender’s ability to commit offenses from the society, future crimes of the same nature may be prevented.
Preferred rationale/form of punishment
First, it is important to appreciate the fact that in certain instances, the commission of a criminal act may not be planned such that one will be deemed unswervingly guilty of the act. Offenses such as murder may happen due to provocation such that one may end up taking another one’s life in the heat of passion. Similarly, minors and persons of unsound mind are not spared either when it comes to the commission of a crime. However, such a category of persons may be deemed to a special group because of the underlying issues such as the lack of understanding of the consequence that a particular act may lead to.
From the examples mentioned above, a retributive form of punishment will certainly administer justice in the wrong way because of its backward-looking nature of offering proportionate punishment. Without taking into consideration factors that may have led to a crime, any form of punishment handed down to an individual may be excessive or uncalled for.
By the same token, criminals are presumed to be ordinary persons such that one factor changed that status, for instance, one may seek to steal due to poverty. Alternatively, another person may engage in crime as an act of revenge for a wrongful act done on them. Under such circumstances, the form of punishment handed down should be directed towards enabling such a person reform and be integrated back into the society so as to continue developing.
Notably, even under religious laws, the principle of forgiveness is widely discussed. In this respect, retributive punishment does not give individuals any opportunity to reform or even afford the wrong persons with the chance to deliberate on pardoning the person after serving their sentence as an act of compassion.
Hence, I will argue that the utilitarian form of punishment stands out as the best-placed method for punishing offenders because it not only takes into considerations of the underlying factors that may have led to a crime but it also focuses on handing down the punishment that in the long run will stem out goodness from a person. Goralski (2015) is of the same views by asserting that models of punishment that presume criminals to be bad people who deserve harsh punishments should be relatively be avoided because this leads to vengeance rather than reform.
Philosophy of Imprisonment
Borrowing meaning from the Law Dictionary (2016), imprisonment means restraining or putting an individual in confinement such that his liberty is subjugated. In this respect, imprisonment can be said to be a tool of crime deterrence going by the fact that is limits one’s movement and activities.
Arguably, the rationale for imprisonment as a form of punishment can be said to have stemmed from the belief that by subjecting a person to a place whereby their rights and freedoms were limited to a minimal level, then people would be careful not to commit crime because of the hardships that one would experience while in prison.
However, one can say that imprisonment only acts as a form of banishment of an individual. This is to say, prisons only act as means of putting an individual away from his ordinary life such that he is disassociated with the society. Hence, for imprisonment to reform an individual, an extra effort must be provided a failure to which the individual will only lack his privileges which may not be enough to deter future crimes.
Stuart Greenstreet (2017) argues that imprisonment does not serve its purpose of preventing crime. In his discourse, “Prison Doesn’t work” he asserts that the reason why prisoners even after being released are likely to commit crime is based on the fact that by putting together equal minded people that share similar criminal mindsets, the likelihood of having a worse crime is high because of the perception that jail is used as a way of punishing them.
Also, innocent persons may be subjected to imprisonment such that if they are not helped in having a changed mentality of a criminal justice system, then the likelihood of prisons remodeling such a person by just having them locked up can be equaled to a time bomb.
From a personal point of view, imprisonment only serves to confine people to a place whereby they can no longer commit the crime, but it is not effective in deterring the occurrence of future crimes. Imprisonment should be supported with other special programs that help prisoners have a different perception of prisons and importantly assist them on being integrated back to the society.
Restorative Justice
Restorative Justice largely emphasizes on the usage of alternative measures to solve crimes and social disorders. According to Walgrave (2013) restorative justice embraces the ideology that wrongdoers should be empowered to rehabilitate, reform and be reconciled back to the community. Seemingly, any form of crime causes harmto another as such focusing on repairing the harm in perceived to be vital in assisting the warring parties. United Nation’s office on drug and crime asserts that restorative justice seeks to put things right between conflicting parties while at the same time preventing occurrences of similar misconducts through the use of corrective strategies and programs.
Nevertheless, this concept has been purported as being too ambitious in a bid to restore ties between the victims of crime and the offenders, especially when compared with traditional models which emphasizes on the punishment of offenders for any crimes committed. However, restorative justice must be applauded for promoting values such as forgiveness, dialogue, accountability and fraternity (Arlene Gadreault, 2015). Evidently, the main aim of restorative justice is to give both the offenders and victims of crime a bigger role to play within the criminal justice system so as to yield positive outcomes and at the same time offer the necessary assistance to both parties.
Notably, restorative justice can be regarded as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism, which uses less punitive channels often in the form of diversion programs under various state agencies that are meant to aid the involved parties to resolve the previous conflict. Accordingly, restorative justice affords offenders with the opportunity to take responsibility for the harm or injuries caused to victims and consequently, make adequate compensation.
Bentham project
Foremost, Bentham being a prominent law scholar that developed various law theories such as the utilitarian school of thought theory, it is then important to have a deep understanding of the message that he intended to put across through the use of his works. Thus, the Bentham project can be said to largely focus on Bentham’s writings and how they can be made relevant to the modern world’s activities.
The Bentham Project also can be said to focus on how to formulate basic codes of conduct within the society. For instance, the utilitarian theory of punishment can be said to follow the guidelines of Bentham’s utilitarian theory.
Lastly, this project is of great significance especially for learners to get to know the foundation and originality of various concepts that are applicable in today’s world. Having a deep understanding of the origin of things or events is important in assisting one to comprehend their significance in the society.
References
Arlene Gadreault (2015, January 7th). The Limits of Restorative Justice, School of Criminology,
Terrorism is founded on carefully planned structures. This paper intends to discuss terrorist organizations by developing a case study of Aum Shinrikyo terrorist group.
Origin of Aum Shinrikyo
Aum Shinrikyo refers to a doomsday cult whose origin is in Japan. The cult was formed by Shoko Asahara in the year 1984 (Ingram, 2017). Aum Shinrikyo earned international infamy after carrying out a deadly attack on Tokyo subway in the year 1995. Furthermore, in 1994 Aum Shinrikyo was also involved in a small sarin attack (Ingram, 2017). However, initially, Aum Shinrikyo conducted its activities in secret and never confessed. Shoko Asahara, the founder of Aum Shinkyo, bought a signal in Russia, which he directed to Japan and uses it in broadcasting his singing and persisting on his blamelessness (Ingram, 2017).
In 2007 Aum Shinrikyo was divided into two groups a group known as Aleph and a group called “Hikari no Wa” (Ingram, 2017). Thus, Aum Shinkyo became designated by many countries as a terrorist association. Among the countries is Japan and North Korea. For instance, in Korea, the commission in charge of examining public security made a public announcement in 2015 in the month of January that the group Aleph along with “Hikari no Wa” group is both branches of religion, which is considered as dangerous (Ingram, 2017). The commission also added that it would continue surveillance on the two groups for three subsequent years.
As a logistical set-up, Aum Shinkyo inspired and is still inspiring acts of terrorism globally. Notably, Aleph which is one of the groups of Aum Shinrikyo is a system based on syncretism belief (Kearns, Conlon & Young, 2014). Aleph draws upon an idiosyncratic understanding of elements by Shoko Asahara regarding ancient Indian Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, and Hinduism. The main icon of worship was taken to be Shiva (Kearns, Conlon & Young, 2014). Aleph also incorporates millennialism ideas, which it borrows from the Bible’s Revelation book (Orsini, 2015).
Aleph also borrows from Yoga and Nostradamus writings (Kearns, Conlon & Young, 2014). Aum Shinrikyo’s group Aleph was founded by Chizuo Matsumoto who alleged that he was seeking to reinstate original Buddhism. Thus, in the year 1992, Chizuo Matsumoto started calling himself Shoko Asahara, which became his name (Kearns, Conlon & Young, 2014).
In the same year 1992, Shoko Asahara was able to publish an introductory book where he declared himself to be “Christ.” Furthermore, in the book Shoko Asahara refers to himself as the only master who is fully enlightened and identifies with “God’s Lamb” (Kearns, Conlon & Young, 2014).
Command structure of Aum Shinrikyo
Aum Shinrikyo is known to apply precise methodologies. Furthermore, Aum Shinrikyo has a prearranged study of doctrine which is in harmony with a particular system of learning. For a follower of Aum Shinrikyo to reach another stage, it is expected that the member successfully passes a given exam (Orsini, 2015). The practice of meditation is combined with hypothetical studies.
However, Shoko Asahara emphasized to his followers that hypothetical studies cannot serve any purpose when practical experience is not achieved. Additionally, Shoko Asahara also advised members of Aum Shinrikyo never to try explaining anything if they could not mostly experience it (Orsini, 2015).
Aum Shinrikyo’s followers were grouped into two. The first group was lay practitioners. The lay practitioners are Aum Shin rik yo’s members who live together with their families (Orsini, 2015). A second group is a group of members who lived a lifestyle that is ascetic. In most cases, the second group included individuals who usually live as a group (Orsini, 2015). For any follower to earn the status of an attained member, it was an obligation for the member to meet precise conditions so as to influence senior members to recognize that the member has reached a state of higher spirituality (Orsini, 2015).
For instance, in the stage of Kundalini Yoga a member was required to give a demonstration regarding his or her ability in showing abridged oxygen consumption, modification of electromagnetic activities of the brain, and reduced rate of the heart, which was to be proven by being measured using a corresponding equipment (Richards, 2014). When a member demonstrated all the changes described above, then he or she was considered having entered a higher state referred as Samadhi (Richards, 2014). Thus, a member who has attained Samadhi state was given permission to educate other members.
The purported mission of Shoko Asahara was taking all the sins that people in the world have committed. Shoko Asahara claimed that he had the ability to transfer spiritual power to Aum Shinrikyo’s members (Richards, 2014). Additionally, Shoko Asahara claimed he would ultimately cleanse Aum Shinrikyo’s members’ sins by taking them away. Consequently, scholars view Aum Shinrikyo as an outcome from Japanese Buddhism. The view by scholars influenced how Aum Shinrikyo’s definition and view of itself. Notably, Shoko Asahara made an outline of a prophecy on doomsday that integrated the “World War III” to be prompted by the United States (Richards, 2014).
Leadership of Aum Shinrikyo
Shoko Asahara is known to be the historical leader of Aum Shinrikyo. Furthermore, Shoko Asahara was also the chief of senior operations for Aum Shinrikyo (Sageman, 2014). Shoko Asahara came from a Japanese family that was poor. After realizing a personal enlightenment in religion, Shoko Asahara formed Aum Shinrikyo, a religious cult (Sageman, 2014).
Shoko Asahara had recruited almost 10,000 followers to Aum Shinrikyo during the 1990s. Notably, Shoko Asahara dreamt of being an emperor in Japan. Thus, Shoko Asahara assumed the role of interim commander of Aum Shinrikyo (Sageman, 2014).
Shoko Asahara tried to register Aum Shinrikyo with Japan’s government based on the law of religious corporations known as “Shukyo-hojin-Ho” in 1989 (Shapiro, 2013). The registration was to include benefits such as privileges regarding taxation, rights of owning property as Aum Shinrikyo organization, along with protection from interference by the state and other external bodies (Shapiro, 2013).
Initially, the Japanese government denied permission of registration to Aum Shinrikyo citing a string of complaints raised by families with members practicing the Shukkesha (Shapiro, 2013). Shukkesha refers to a practice where members are demanded to sever all the ties they have with family and ensure they cease communication (Shapiro, 2013).
Aum Shinrikyo gave a response to the Japanese government’s rejection by holding public demonstrations, holding lawsuits, and starting legal appeals to counter the government’s decision. Consequently, in the month of August in the year 1989 Aum Shinrikyo was approved of a legal status (Zúquete, 2015).
Thus, Aum Shinrikyo started a new trend in 1989 of greeting every difficulty that comes their way with vigorous denials accompanied by lawsuits (Zúquete, 2015). Notably, in May of 1989 many parents had hired a lawyer from Yokohama known as Sakamoto Tsutsumi. However, Sakamoto uncovered claims that were faulty arguing that tests had been carried out in Kyoto University revealing that he had a unique DNA in his blood (Zúquete, 2015).
Afterward, Aum Shinrikyo started the practice of blood initiation, which was assumed to increase the spiritual power of an individual though no tests were run (Shapiro, 2013). Later, Sakamoto, his wife along with infant son disappeared. An Aum badge was found indicating that Aum Shinrikyo was involved with the disappearance, but no direct evidence was available to link the group.
Thus, Aum Shinrikyo embraced the accusations as an opportunity of getting publicity. Asahara professed the need for political action in saving the world thus, launching “Shinrito” political party which translates to “Supreme Truth Party” (Shapiro, 2013).
Motivation of Aum Shinrikyo
Aum Shinrikyo is motivated by both general reasons and particular motives. For instance, Tomomitsu Niimi attacked a VX victim at 7 am on the 12th of December in 1994 after Shoko Asahara reported of suspecting the victim of being a spy (Zúquete, 2015). The victim was murdered by being sprinkled on the neck for being a nerve agent. Aum Shinrikyo capitalizes on visions of the millennium along with predictions of the apocalypse in framing its doctrine. Consequently, Aum Shinrikyo is highly prejudiced by Nostradamus work. Notably, Nostradamus work provides a cornerstone to Aum Shinrikyo’s teachings.
Markedly, the followers of Aum Shinrikyo actively recruit students along with professionals working in the medicine field, field of science, field of computers, the engineering field, along with other areas, which are technical. Therefore, the charisma by Shoko Asahara and his messages appeared to have more appeal to a majority of people who felt estranged by the modern society, the secular society and the conformist features of the Society of Japan (Zúquete, 2015).
At the crest of Aum Shinrikyo, it is approximated to be worth over $1.5 billion. Notably, having enormous financial resources, Aum Shinrikyo is motivated to invest its capital in high-technology, laboratories for “state-of-the-art,” and funding Aum’s research. Thus, Aum Shinrikyo can circumvent restrictions, which are associated with large laboratories for corporate research.
Additionally, for Aum Shinrikyo to raise funds, they collect money from donations, followers tithe, and selling of sacred materials. Aum Shinrikyo also conducts seminars along with courses regarding the teachings of the cult where it charges all individuals who are participating in the sessions (Kearns, Conlon & Young, 2014). Furthermore, Aum Shinrikyo diversifies its enterprises through running a string of hotels in Tokyo and a firm for manufacturing computers that assembles and sells computers within Japan using parts traded in from Taiwan.
Aum Shinrikyo is also motivated by the support it gets from a Japanese mafia known as the Yakuza, who provide the group with an agreement for marketing illegal drugs manufactured by Aum Shinrikyo. Aum Shinrikyo is also motivated by cooperation given by community leaders through engaging in greenmail practice, which involves extorting money from community leaders (Kearns, Conlon & Young, 2014).
Aum Shinrikyo extorts money from community leaders through threatening them about establishing Aum Shinrikwo’s branch office or an Aum Shinrikwo’s school in the local community in question. Consequently, Aum Shinrikyo also aims at gaining leverage by engaging in extortion, acts of coercion, engaging in theft along with murder as a way of raising money for the group.
Goals of Aum Shinrikyo
The primary goal of Aum Shinrikyo is to defend the ancient faith by promoting worldwide operations that endorse theologies collected from diverse sources. Furthermore, Aum Shinrikyo also operates on a goal of collapsing dictatorship from western countries and institutions within the Middle East. According to Shoko Asahara, Aum Shinrikyo has the goal of uniting all doctrines and establishing, forcefully a desperate need of the society adhering to rules given by the original Caliphs (Kearns, Conlon & Young, 2014).
For instance, in his religious decree, Shoko Asahara talks of individuals duty globally being leading a holy life through cleaning one’s sins based on the doctrine of Aum Shinrikyo, with Shoko Asahara as the self-proclaimed “Christ”. Furthermore, in the book Shoko Asahara refers to himself as the only master who is fully enlightened and identifies with “God’s Lamb” (Kearns, Conlon & Young, 2014).
The ideology of Aum Shinrikyo is based on an idiosyncratic understanding of elements by Shoko Asahara regarding ancient Indian Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, and Hinduism. The main icon of worship was taken to be Shiva (Kearns, Conlon & Young, 2014). Aleph one of the groups of Aum Shinrikyo also incorporates millennialism ideas, which it borrows from the Bible’s Revelation book (Orsini, 2015).
Furthermore, Aleph also borrows from Yoga and Nostradamus writings (Kearns, Conlon & Young, 2014). The ideology is manifested by Tomomitsu Niimi’s willingness to attack and murder a VX victim at 7 am on the 12th of December in 1994 after Shoko Asahara reported of suspecting the victim of being a spy.
Even though most doctrines disagree with almost all thoughts of Shoko Asahara, Aum Shinrikyo is rooted in earning a status (Kearns, Conlon & Young, 2014). For instance, the doctrine of Aum Shinrikyo dictates that in order for any follower to earn the status of an attained member, it is the obligation that member to meet precise conditions so as to influence senior members to recognize that the member has attained a state of higher spirituality (Orsini, 2015).
In one of the stages known as Kundalini Yoga a member was required to give a demonstration regarding his or her ability in showing abridged oxygen consumption, modification of electromagnetic activities of the brain, and reduced rate of the heart, which was to be proven by being measured using a corresponding equipment (Richards, 2014).
Threat posed by Aum Shinrikyo
Aum Shinrikyo poses a number of threats. According to an annual report by the department of state in the United States regarding global terrorism, Aum Shinrikyo is a great threat as it has evolved. Aum Shinrikyo has evolved leading to its current dispersion in the Middle East. The two groups Aleph and a group known as “Hikari no Wa”, which are operationally self-governing affiliates of Aum Shinrikyo are developing to be increasingly aggressive (Kearns, Conlon & Young, 2014).
Furthermore, the affiliates of Aum Shinrikyo in the Middle East use the instability of their regions to their advantage. Moreover, affiliates of Aum Shinrikyo tend to be financially sovereign from the central leadership of Aum Shinrikyo. Notably, affiliates of Aum Shinrikyo raise funds to run their operations from illegal activities such as extorting money from community leaders, acts of coercion, engaging in theft along with murder-kidnapping people and requesting for ransom or fraud of credit cards.
Aum Shinrikyo is also highly active in Japan according to the department of the state of the United States. Compared to all affiliates Aum Shinrikyo in Aleph is the greatest threat to the United States. The head of Aleph in Japan was appointed in 2013 to be the deputy leader of the entire system of Aum Shinrikyo globally (Finn & Momani, 2017). Furthermore, in 2013, acts of terrorism were influenced by sectarian reasons, which present a major threat.
It was also revealed that there was the resurgence in the activities conducted by Iranian security forces along with Iranian intelligence, as the two institutions were linked to primarily supporting Iran for its Assad administration in Syria. Iran also was revealed to have allies in Japan, known as “Hikari no Wa”. “Hikari no Wa” is a renowned terrorist group known for its high-level illegal activities and affiliation to Aum Shinrikyo.
Policies of combating Aum Shinrikyo
There are various policies of combating Aum Shinrikyo. Notably, Aum Shinrikyo is no longer hiding when performing its operations. At the moment Aum Shinrikyo controls its operations mainly from Japan. Thus, America is faced with a great challenge regarding its lifestyle. Aum Shinrikyo constantly fights against the United States with the aim of creating a global caliphate. Consequently, it has been globally recognized that there is need to acknowledge the terrorism problem intensity, and the magnitude required in terms of effort for combating the problem (Eid, 2014).
One of the policies of combating the problem of terrorism is having coordinated regional counterinsurgency operation. Markedly, this policy involves robust efforts of stabilization and combination of diplomatic efforts, political attempts, security endeavors, and informational attempts. The second policy is to end the brutality that averts regional cohorts from fighting Aum Shinrikyo, thus creating space or energy for Aum Shinrikyo to make recruitments and execute its operations.
The third policy is a unification of the private sector with the government in an effort of fighting Aum Shinrikyo. The fourth policy is creating strong partnerships locally as a way of ensuring the stability of governments (Eid, 2014). Notably, a majority of countries have developed less responsiveness to terrorism while others have been overpowered by terrorism through terrorists acquiring and staying on their land.
The main aim of having partnerships is to ensure that Aum Shinrikyo will not reemerge after it has been defeated. The fifth policy is analyzing the position held by key players who notably are within the majority world of Buddhism, Muslims, and Hinduism (Eid, 2014). For instance, partnering with Russia requires careful diplomatic engagement as its presence of forces within Aum Shinrikwo’s territories develops a challenge.
Conclusion
Terrorism is a global problem. For years the problem of terrorism has been shifting from one continent to another. Consequently, it has been established that terrorism is founded on carefully planned structures. Thus, this paper has discussed terrorism foundations by developing a case study of Aum Shinrikyo terrorist group. Aum Shinrikyo is known for dominating its operations within Japan along with the Middle East.
The paper above has revealed that initially, Aum Shinrikyo was a logistical set-up that aimed at defending the ancient faith by promoting worldwide operations that endorse theologies collected from diverse sources. Furthermore, it has come out clearly through the paper above that there are two separate groups of Aum Shinrikyo terrorist group. A group is known as Aleph and a group known as “Hikari no Wa”.
However, the paper has also revealed that Aum Shinrikyo cannot be termed as an organization rather Aum Shinrikyo refers to a doomsday cult whose origin is in Japan. Furthermore, the paper has revealed that activities of Aum Shinrikyo are motivated by both general reasons and specific motives. Thus, Aum Shinrikyo tends to engage in illegal acts as a way of gaining leverage. The illegal acts include engaging in extortion, acts of coercion, engaging in theft along with murder, as a way of raising money for the group.
Finn, M., & Momani, B. (2017). Building foundations for the comparative study of state and non-state terrorism. Critical Studies On Terrorism, 1-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2017.1287753.
Ingram, H. (2017). The Strategic Logic of the “Linkage-Based” Approach to Combating Militant Islamist Propaganda: Conceptual and Empirical Foundations. Terrorism And Counter-Terrorism Studies. http://dx.doi.org/10.19165/2017.1.06
Orsini, A. (2015). Are Terrorists Courageous? Micro-Sociology of Extreme Left Terrorism. Studies In Conflict & Terrorism, 38(3), 179-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2014.987593
Shapiro, S. (2013). The Intellectual Foundations of Jewish National Terrorism: Avraham Stern and the Lehi. Terrorism And Political Violence, 25(4), 606-620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2013.814502
Zúquete, J. (2015). Martin A. Miller.The Foundations of Modern Terrorism: State, Society and the Dynamics of Political Violence. Terrorism And Political Violence, 27(4), 786-788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2015.1068094
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I have had the opportunity to experience two sets of learning that have been pertinent in enhancing not only my academic but also my personal growth. They are distance accessible and face to face courses. The distance accessible courses provided me with the chance to interact with other students via virtual means who are taking similar courses. This widened my circle of academic knowledge as I managed to share my knowledge with students from different countries.
Secondly, it is more affordable an aspect that enabled me to save a lot of money. Lastly, I was a working student and distance accessible courses introduced flexibility as I could easily fit the courses within my schedule. On the other hand, the face to face courses are important as they enhanced my socialization skills as I got to interact with my fellow students and teachers. I admired the way the teachers could motivate each of us in our way to make sure we were able to achieve our full potential.
According to Bain (2004), “They do not teach a class. They teach a student” (p.143). In my case, the instructors presented the lectures in an interactive way where we as the students were actively involved in class discussions. Also, the instructors were cordial and had an open door policy. They allowed students to approach them with any challenges that they faced in their academics.
Benner et al. (2010), “focus on covering decontextualized knowledge to an emphasis on teaching for sense” (p.89). Based on this my instructors approached content analysis by dividing the class into groups of five people based on our strengths and weaknesses. This was done at the beginning of the semester to enable us to help each other in tackling difficult topics. Also, the instructors offered private tuition to weak students who were ready to seek help.
According to Boyer (1990), “Teaching is also a dynamic endeavor involving all analogies, metaphors, and images that build bridges between the teachers’ understanding and the student’s learning” (p. 23). The techniques used by my instructors include group discussions, imagery, virtual learning, engaging class interactions, question and answer session that sparked creativity.
I have learned as can be seen in this personal reflection from Benner, Bain, and Boyer that teaching is an inclusive process that requires the use of creative methods to foster student learning. For me to be present for my students, I plan to incorporate imagery in my presentations to encourage learning, make the class more interactive, focus on sharing life advice that does complement the content I am teaching. This personal reflection highlights just but a few of the learning outcomes that I have received and will use in my career growth.
REFERENCES
Bain, K. (2004). What the best college professors do. Harvard University.
Benner, P. Sutphen, M., Leonard, V., & Day, L. (2010). Educating nurses: A call for radical transformation. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
According to Date, et al., (2015) organizing function plays a vital role in ensuring the interpretation of the plans for the employees. The organizing function does dictate the form of leadership that the organization will employ to ensure that the employees are motivated to work towards the achievement of the goals. Finally, the controlling function comes into play to ensure that the plans are implemented and in the case of deviation corrective measures are employed as indicated in the plan. The paper will focus on the implementation of the organizing, leadership and be controlling aspects of the P-O-L-C model in the evaluation of the Galaxy Toys Inc. production of MMTJE1 toys.
Galaxy Toys Inc Goals
The first goal that Yu should focus on is putting in place measures that will make sure that the prototype toy trials are completed and approved by the quality control by 31st October 2017 (Galaxy Toys Inc., 2017). The first goal will set the baseline for the implementation of the other goals. The first task to be carried out is the advertisement, interviewing, employment and the training of the new employees. The employees that are needed by Galaxy Toys incorporation are a computer expert and an IT person who will play a major role in utilizing the 3D machine operator in the prototype toy trials.
The second goal deals with commencing the production of MMJTEI toys by January 2018 (Galaxy Toys Inc., 2017). The first task that will be carried out is ensuring that the organizational structure is created and shared by all the members. The second tasks deal with identifying the people who will be in charge of the production process to ensure the production process will meet the set completion deadline.
The third goal involves ensuring that each plant does produce a total of 375,000 toys (Galaxy Toys Inc., 2017). The first task deals with setting the daily production targets. The second task deals with introducing multiple shifts to make sure the employees have the energy to continue production. The third task deals with ensuring that there is constant supervision of the employees.
The fourth task deals with ensuring that the infrastructure required to facilitate the production is set in place. For example, there should be a backup generator to power up the plant in case electricity is not present. Lastly, the management should introduce incentives to motivate the employees to work toward achieving the 31st May 2018 production date.
The last goal deals with ensuring that the shipment of the toys to the customers starts in June 2018 (Galaxy Toys Inc., 2017). The first task is making sure that the toys are properly packaged and labeled. The second task deals with tallying the orders with their suppliers to ensure that the correct amount of toys are delivered to their retailers and wholesalers. The third task deals with making sure that they have the infrastructure to deliver the toys to their distributors. The fourth task deals with carrying out intensive marketing to ensure that the customers are not only aware of the availability of the products but also the set prices. The last task deals with documenting the products that are leaving the warehouse and labeling the destination point on the boxes.
The last goal deals with ensuring that the shipment of the toys to the customers starts in June 2018 (Galaxy Toys Inc., 2017). The first task is making sure that the toys are properly packaged and labeled. The second task deals with tallying the orders with their suppliers to ensure that the correct amount of toys are delivered to their retailers and wholesalers. The third task deals with making sure that they have the infrastructure to deliver the toys to their distributors. The fourth task deals with carrying out intensive marketing to ensure that the customers are not only aware of the availability of the products but also the set prices. The last task deals with documenting the products that are leaving the warehouse and labeling the destination point on the boxes.
The moral decline at Galaxy Toys incorporation can be attributed to the introduction of the 3D machine printer that did increase the speed of toy production. The printer is accurate and has reduced the time taken in the toy production process. The aspect has instilled fear among the workers that they will end up losing their jobs to the technology that was being introduced (Galaxy Toys Inc., 2017).
The decrease in employee motivation is as a result of the change introduced in the organization can lead to the delay in the production dates which will affect the achievement of the set objectives and goals. Also, it can give rise to an increase in employee turnover or absenteeism, which will impact the success of Galaxy Toys inc in the industry (Beckmann, 2012) negatively.
The management needs to hire more employees to deal with the employee shortage in various areas of the plant. Hiring new personnel does increase efficiency and the injection of new skills that are essential in improving the production process at Galaxy Toys Inc. Secondly, the company needs to invest in the training of the employees. Equipping employees with new skills increases their confidence in operating the 3D machinery which goes a long way to increase the production process.
Disparities in Health Outcomes Between India and China
Disparities in Health Outcomes Between India and China
Disparities in Health Outcomes Between India and China
Introduction
There are significant health disparities between India and China as well as within their populations. At the end of World War I, health outcomes of both China and India were almost comparable. However, the health system of China improved more tremendously than that of India roughly thirty years after the war. The health progress in India thirty years ago is surprisingly better than that of China despite the fact that India is still one of the countries of the world whose economy is highly impacted by the problem of food insecurity (Yip and Mahal, 2008). Ideally, India and China have had varied experiences in health outcomes in the last 50 years
Variations in Health Outcomes between China and India
In the last 50 years, China and India have experienced significant differences in life expectancy rates as well as in rates of parasitic and infectious diseases. The most important measure of life expectancy is infant mortality, while the measure of infectious disease burden is adjustments in life years among the population (Bardhan, 2008). Since the early 1970s, India has been experiencing lower life expectancy, as evidenced by higher infant mortality rates, than China (Kanjilal, Mazumdar, Mukherjee and Rahman, 2010).
By the year 2000, the rate of deaths among children aged five years and below was 46 percent in India and only 8 percent in China. These are deaths that resulted from children who are born if they are underweight (Bardhan, 2008). According to Yip and Mahal (2008), the burden of infectious diseases in India is higher than that of China. Considering these variations, the health care systems of both India and China can only perform effectively if appropriate actions are taken to improve health outcomes about life expectancy and burden of parasitic and infectious diseases.
Reasons Behind the Health Outcome Disparities Between India and China
The two leading causes of health outcome disparities between India and China are variations in health literacy and implementation of public health policies. According to Yip and Mahal (2008), India has been experiencing low life expectancy over the years because of limited health literacy among its population. Yip and Mahal (2008) further assert that the health literacy level in India at the moment is far much lower than it was in China more than ten years ago.
Due to limited health literacy among Indian population, families cannot implement basic health promotion strategies such as proper nutrition and home hygiene practices. The overall impact is an increased burden of infectious diseases coupled with high infant mortality rates in the country (Ma and Neeraj, 2008).
Furthermore, the Chinese government is more committed than the Indian government at funding public health projects that are aimed at improving health outcomes of its population. Over the past fifty years, life expectancy in China has been increasing rapidly from approximately 39 percent to about 68 percent (Tang, Meng, Chen, Bekedam, Evana, and Whitehead, 2008). This has occurred due to the effort made by the Chinese government to support the implementation of public health policies.
The most recognizable initiative that was widely supported by the government is the Health China 2020, which was meant to address the problem of social inequality in health care and to improve the Chinese health care (Tang et al., 2008). Conversely, India is suffering from inadequate public health support accompanied by significant disparities in the country’s health care system.
Consequently, poor implementation of public health policies in India is attributed to the higher mortality rates and burden of infectious diseases in India than in China (Mukherjee, Haddad and Narayana, 2011). Despite these differences, health outcomes of both India and China are greatly impacted by social and health care disparities in the two countries (Balarajan, Selvaraj, and Subramanian, 2011; & World Health Organization, 2005).
Comparison of Health Outcomes in Kerala and India
Kerala state is located in India towards the southern regions of the country. Surprisingly, the health outcomes of Kerala state are better than those of other parts of India, and this is evidenced by variations in both health and social indicators. As Mukherjee, Haddad and Narayana, (2011) explain, Kerala has experienced high life expectancy rates as well as reduced burden of infectious diseases in the last half century. Kerala became a “model India State” because of exhibiting a demographic health pattern that matches those of developed countries like the United States.
The main reasons for improved health outcomes in Kerala are educational equality, increased access to primary health care, and effective implementation of public health policies (Mukherjee, Haddad and Narayana, 2011). Educational equality in Kerala state contributes to an increase in health care literacy among the state’s population.
Furthermore, effective implementation of public health policies in the region has greatly improved the quality of care offered by health care organizations, and this translates into high life expectancy rates and reduced burden of infectious diseases (Mukherjee, Haddad and Narayana, 2011).
Conclusion
India and China are among countries of the world that are currently experiencing almost similar rates of economic growth. However, the two nations have experienced different health outcomes in the last fifty years. The main reasons behind variations in health outcomes between China and India are differences in health literacy levels and implementation of health care policy between the two countries. Although Kerala is a state in India, its health outcomes differ considerably from the rest of India.
References
Balarajan, Y., Selvaraj, S. & Subramanian, S. V. (2011). Health care and equity in India. Lancet, 377(9764): 505-515.
Kanjilal, B., Mazumdar, P., Mukherjee, M. & Rahman, M. (2010). Nutritional status of children in India: Household socio-economic condition as the contextual determinant. International Journal for Equity in Health, 9(1): 19-31.
Ma, S. & Neeraj, S. (2008). A comparison of the health systems in China and India. Santa Monice, CA: RAND Corporation.
Mukherjee, S., Haddad, S. & Narayana, D. (2011). Social class related inequalities in household health expenditure and economic burden: Evidence from Kerala, South India. International Journal for Equity in Health, 10(1):1-13.
Tang, S., Meng, Q., Chen, L., Bekedam, H., Evana, T. & Whitehead, M. (2008). Tackling the challenges to health equity in China. Lancet, 372(9648): 1493-1501.
Gerontological Nursing: Identification and Description of the Interviewed Individual
The interviewee is a male individual aged 80 years, and who currently stays with his wife and their son in the city. This client is a retired accountant who has been out of work for the past five years. Also, he is married with three children; two sons aged 25 and 36, and one daughter aged 40. Furthermore, the patient participates in three major health promotion activities including walking regularly, limiting consumption of salt and sugary foods, and participation in community’s social support groups.
The interviewee believes that increased consumption of fruits and foods rich in sorghum and millet help people to live long. Being 80 years old, the interviewee is considered to be the oldest family member who has ever reached such age. Furthermore, the interviewee is on insulin medication to help with management of diabetes clinical problem. He visits the doctor at least twice a week for a general medical check-up and to obtain clinical guidance on how to effectively manage diabetes symptoms.
Gerontological Nursing: Identification and Description of the Cultural Implications for the Individual
Personal values and beliefs about old age and health have a great implication to the care of the interviewee. For instance, the interviewee’s philosophy on living a long life may make it difficult for him to appreciate the fact that aging is a normal process. He believes that living long is God’s blessings while deaths that occur when people are still young are associated with curses.
Also, the interviewee has unique thoughts about people who are considered to be of old age. He feels that for a person to qualify to be of old age, lack the capacity to perform daily physical activities, be unable to maintain an upright posture, and must put on glasses to assist with vision. These cultural beliefs may impact negatively on the care of this client because the clinician will find it difficult to change the interviewee’s perceptions and replace them with new ones that can promote positive health outcomes (Shrack et al., 2016).
Additional cultural implication related to the interviewed person include; his or her beliefs regarding health and illness and his values about health status and treatment of older adults. The most appropriate way of eliminating the impact of the person’s cultural values and beliefs is through maintenance of cultural competence throughout the interview and when giving interventions.
To establish what the interviewee can accomplish as well as those that he cannot do properly at his age, a comprehensive functional assessment has been performed using four tools namely; Tinetti Balance and Gait Evaluation, Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living, Assessment of Home Safety, and The Barthel Index. The person’s movement ability has been assessed using the Tinetti Balance and Gait Evaluation.
The client’s ability to perform various activities independently has been evaluated using the Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living. The most appropriate tool that has been used to measure the safety of the patient’s environment is the Assessment of Home Safety, while that which has been used to examine whether the identified individual can accomplish some daily tasks independently is The Barthel Index.
A duly filled Tinetti Balance and Gait Evaluation, Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living, Assessment of Home Safety, and The Barthel Index tools used during the interview have been provided in the Appendix section of this paper.
Gerontological Nursing: Comparison of Age-Related Changes
There are similarities and differences between the expected age-related changes and those observed in the interviewee. Older adults are expected to present with some physiological, physical, pathological, sensory, and motor changes, which significantly affect their ability to perform their activities of daily living and to make various physiological controls. According to Shrack et al. (2016), older adults aged 65 years and above have problems with maintaining gait and balance.
Similarly, the interviewee experiences problems with maintaining gait and balance, both while he is seated and whenever he is standing. Also, Tkatch, Musich, MacLeod, Alsgaard, Hawkins, and Yeh, (2016) point out that older adults often need assistance with various activities of daily living such as dressing, cooking, washing, and toileting. Although the interviewee is 80 years old, he needs assistance only in certain activities of daily living such as rising from a chair.
However, he is still strong enough to feed alone once the food is made available for him. Older adults are at high risk of falls, and there is therefore great need to keep their home environment free from objects that may increase the possibility of falling (Phelan, Mahoney, Voit, and Stevens, 2015). Similarly, the interviewee is at a high risk of falling considering the fact he has a problem controlling balance and gait.
For this reason, his home environment is often kept free from equipment that may increase the risk of falling. Again, as it happens in older adults, the interviewee occasionally finds it difficult to control his bladder and bowel and therefore may always want people to stay around to assist.
Gerontological Nursing: Preliminary Issues Assessed from the Interview
Four major preliminary issues have been assessed from the interview. The four issues include; age-related changes that are taking place or that have taken place in the interviewee, health promotion activities that the interviewee is currently involved, the interviewee’s cultural values over old age and living longer, as well as actions that have been taken to promote safety at the interviewee’s home environment.
As Tkatch et al. (2016) explain, nurses who are providing care to older adults must be able to understand the impacts that their age-related changes have on their abilities to perform daily activities. Using this information, these nurses must recommend relevant health promotion activities for their clients, including how they can keep their home environment safe for living. The nature of care given as well as the nature of health promotion strategies recommended will depend on the client’s cultural values and beliefs over old age and long life (Tkatch et al., 2016).
From the current assessment, the interviewer has discovered that the interviewee has undergone various physiological, physical, pathological, sensory and motor-related changes as a result of old age that greatly affect his ability to perform daily activities. Furthermore, the interviewer has found that the client engages in a few health promotion activities such as frequently walking to keep fit and consuming fruits.
Through current assessment, it has also been established that some actions have been taken to keep the interviewee’s home environment safe by eliminating objects that may increase the risk of falls. Most importantly, the interviewer has found out that the interviewee believes that God helps people to survive through old age, that the society is less concerned about assisting the aging population, and that God promotes healing and recovery.
Based on results obtained from this assessment, the interviewer understands health problems that majorly occur in older adult as well as factors that must be taken into consideration when establishing the most appropriate health promotion strategies of the elderly (Shrack et al., 2016).
Gerontological Nursing: Alterations in Health
The interviewee has alterations in health in three major functional areas namely; physiological functions, motor functions, and physical functions. Concerning physiological functions, the interviewee is struggling to manage diabetes, which is a common chronic health problem among older adults. Due to old age, the interviewer’s body cannot control blood sugar levels as required, and hence the observed onset of diabetes (Kezerle, Shaley, and Barski, 2014).
As far as motor functions are concerned, the interviewee has a problem with bladder and bowel control, which makes him have short call accidentally and long call at any time. This problem occurs mainly because of reduced motor function, which is greatly influenced by old age (Westra, Savik, Oancea, Choromanski, Holmes, and Bliss, 2011).
Furthermore, the interviewee experiences physical problems related to balance and gait maintenance, which put him at high risk of falls. He has reported that he needs support when rising from a chair and when moving upstairs. This means that his physical movement has been limited by old age. Therefore, the nature of intervention that would be recommended for the interviewee must target physical, physiological, and motor functional areas described in this section (Tkatch et al., 2016).
Gerontological Nursing: Interventions for Identified Problems
Interventions should be implemented based on individual health problems that the interviewee is currently suffering from. The most appropriate interventions for diabetes include nutrition counseling, exercise training, and drug adherence training. The interviewee should be guided on those foods that he should avoid keeping his blood glucose level low. Also, he should be trained on the importance of exercise in managing weight, and his family members should be guided on how to offer the right support.
Again, the interviewee should be reminded of the importance of drug adherence in reducing diabetes symptoms (Kezerle, Shaley, and Barski, 2014; & Tkatch et. al., 2016). Three different interventions can be implemented to help the interviewee to reduce risks of falls. First, the interviewee should be guided on how to perform simple exercises that will help him to improve balance and gait.
Second, his family members should be taught on strategies for reducing hazards in the interviewee’s environment to maximize safety. Third, risks of falls can be eliminated if the patient is trained in safety-related behaviors and skills (Phelan et al., 2015). The best interventions for bowel and urinary incontinence include training the interviewee on how to perform pelvic floor muscle exercise, offering nutritional counseling, and educating him on usage and side effects of anticholinergic for the bladder that is overactive.
Frequent pelvic muscle exercise will help to avoid incontinence actions of the urinary bladder and the bowel. Again, the interviewee should be taught to limit fluid intake and to avoid foods that cause bladder irritation. Furthermore, correct use and adherence to anticholinergic can help the interviewee to effectively manage bladder and bowel incontinences (Westra et al., 2011).
References
Kezerle, L., Shaley, L. & Barski, L. (2014). Treating the elderly diabetic patient: Special considerations. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 7: 391-400. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S48898
Phelan, E. A., Mahoney, J., Voit, J. C. & Stevens, J. A. (2015). Assessment and management of fall risk in primary care settings. Medical Clinics of North America, 99(2): 281-293. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2014.11.004
Tkatch, R., Musich, S., MacLeod, S., Alsgaard, K., Hawkins, K. & Yeh, C. S. (2016). Population health management for older adults: Review of interventions for promoting successful aging across the health continuum. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 2 (1): DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721416667877
Westra, B. L., Savik, K., Oancea, C., Choromanski, L., Holmes, J. H. & Bliss, D. (2011). Predicting improvement in urinary and bowel incontinence for home health patients using electronic health record data. Journal of Wound Ostomy & Continence Nursing, 38(1): 77-87.
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Explain the five factors that influence the adoption and diffusion of an innovation
According to Karakaya, Hidalgo, & Nuur, (2014), the adoption and diffusion of innovation is impacted by the cultural, socioeconomic, legal and technological factors. Individual variables also come into play like the demographics, and psychological. The term diffusion from a marketers’ perspective refers to the possibility that the identified customer segment will be able to accept a new or modified product and service that is being delivered to them.
Contrariwise, the term adoption focuses on the rate that the customers will accept the product and service. The process of diffusion and adoption of innovation is dynamic as it alters from one product and service to another (p. 393).
There are five factors that influence the process of adoption and diffusion of innovation; they are relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability and observability. Relative advantage refers to the degree to which an innovation is perceived to be better than a similar existing product or service by the users. The greater the level of perceived value, the higher the rate of adoption.
The relative advantage of a product can result from a lower price, accessibility and enhancement of the features of the product or services. The 4P’s of marketing play an important part in the relative advantage when it comes to innovation adoption price, place, promotion, but most customers concentrate on the productive-based advantages (Oldenburg & Glanz, 2008, p. 314).
An example of relative advantage that has managed to penetrate different parts of the globe is the ATM teller machines that are slowly replacing the bank teller counters. The introduction of the ATM teller machines reduced the long queues in the banking halls in different places of the globe.
Compatibility of the innovation
The second aspect is the compatibility that focuses on how closely the product and service does relate to the past experiences, values, culture and the needs of the potential adopters. The greater the compatibility to factors that the customer can relate to the higher the rate of adoption and vice versa. Incessant and dynamic innovations have a higher compatibility level than the discontinuous innovations when it comes to the diffusion and adoption as more customers can relate with them (Robinson, 2009, p. 2).
A good example is the introduction of fast food restaurants in Asia and Africa took a longer period to record higher returns when compared to the Europeans. The reason being that most of the people grew up eating traditional foods and the culture in the two continents encouraged home cooked meals shared by the entire family.
The third factor is a complexity that focuses on the ease of comprehension, purchase and use of the product and service. When customers understand the importance of the innovation and ways to use it, the level of adoption increases than in areas where they need to acquire new skills and knowledge to operate it. In the adoption of innovation, the complexity of technology often does act as a hurdle to its diffusion.
The notion of complexity when it comes to technology is based on the age group, the youths are more tech savvy when compared to the older generations, hence have a higher adoption rate (Ballard, 2015). A good example is the mobile phone industry, there are two models the complex one and the simpler one for texting, calling and sending SMS.
The fourth factor is trialability, which focuses on the rate at which the innovation is experimented with on a limited basis, increases its rate of diffusion. The notion of tried and tested in various products does appeal to the end customer and endear the innovation to them. Providing the customers with free samples, test-runs, and demos increases their confidence in the product, hence increasing the adoption rate. When it comes to electronic products the introduction of warranty and guaranty does increase the diffusion rate of the customers. An innovation that is trialable has minimal risk and has a high rate of diffusion among the customers (Karakaya et al., 2014, p. 395).
The final aspect is observability, the easier it is for people to see the result of the innovation the greater the likelihood for them to adopt it. Individuals are more attuned to accept things that they can see. It does reduce their rate of uncertainty instilling confidence in the innovation. New innovations that are likely to be diffused at a greater rate have the following properties in them they are tangible, social visible; benefits can easily be viewed within a short period of time. Observability does stimulate peer discussion, which in the end does propagate the diffusion of the innovation to target market (Robinson, 2009, p.2).
Question 4
What are the differences between organizational climate and culture?
Based on Schneider, Ehrhart, & Macey, (2013), organizational climate refers to the perceptions that are shared by the employees with respect to the practices, procedures and policies that guide their daily routines. On the other hand, organizational culture does refer to the shared orientations that glue the organization together based on beliefs, norms, values, and assumptions. They tend to shape the behaviour of the employees when they are working within their operations (p.381).
Secondly, organizational climate is centred on the micro image of the organization while organizational culture concerned with the macro vision of the organization. The macro aspect of culture is centred on the fact that the behaviour is ingrained in employees and is quite difficult to alter unlike organizational climate. Culture refers to the personality of the organization and does unite the members. The micro organizational aspect is centred on the way that the individuals within experience the culture of the organization and it does change quite frequently (Agafonovas & Alonderiene, 2013).
Thirdly, there are four types of organizational culture and climate. In organizational culture we have clan, market oriented, adhocracy and hierarchical culture while in the organizational climate, we have rule, goal, innovation, and people oriented. Fourthly, the management and external forces on the other hand the organizational culture is rarely altered can easily alter organizational climate and it is influenced by all the employees within the organization (Differencebetween.com, 2014).
Organizational culture is more static as it takes a longer time for it to be altered while organizational climate is dynamic and changes more rapidly. Lastly, organizational climate can easily be measured unlike the organization culture that is more based on peoples’ behaviour and perceptions making it difficult to quantify. Organizational culture has its roots in the fields of sociology and anthropology while organizational climate focuses on the psychology sector. On the culture perspective, it does focus on stories, rituals, and physical artefacts while climate focuses on the factors that influence behaviour (Differencebetween.com, 2014).
Discuss five climate factors that influence innovation.
The five climate factors that influence innovations are risk-taking, freedom and autonomy, ideal time and support, challenge and involvement and trust and openness. Risk taking refers to engaging in activities that have a lot of uncertainties with respect to the expected outcome. Innovation and risk are synonymous in the organizational climate. Organizations that are risk takers have a higher chance of investing in progressive unlike risk averse organizations. Risk averse climate often does stall innovation and turns organizations into followers of organizations that have adopted the climate of risk (Bolton, Mehran, & Shapiro, 2011, p.456).
Risk is influenced by a number of factors that are conscious, affective and subconscious. The conscious factors are based on manageability, proximity, severity of the impact to the organization and the society. On the other hand, subconscious factors are heuristics in nature and involve availability, representatives, lure of choice et cetera. Lastly, affective factors focus on the intelligence, fatalism and optimism bias (Crenshaw & Yoder-Wise, 2013, p. 26).
The second aspect is freedom and autonomy, which does focus on the creating a climate that gives the employees in the organization the independence to come up with innovations. The employees have the creative freedom to exploit the resources that are within the organization to come up with new driven products and services. In the spirit of freedom, the management often does create policies that make the innovative process flexible as long as it is in line with the goals and objectives of the organization (Acemoglu, Akcigit, & Celik, 2014).
The third factor focuses on ideal time and support from the organization. An innovative climate often does begin from top management where the employees are given full control of the resources that they need to come up with creative products and services. The organizational structure is often decentralized, hence creating a seamless flow of communication, policies and procedures (Acemoglu et al., 2014).
On the time perspective, most of the procedures are integrated to ensure that there is an easy coordination within the organization that is channelled to facilitate the research and development department. The support also does come from external partners like suppliers, investors, and higher institutions of learning among others. The entrance of partners does provide the organization with financial and academic knowledge that plays an integral role in shaping the innovations that will lead to the creation of new products and services (Zennouche, Zhang, & Wang, 2014).
The fourth factor focuses on challenge and involvement, innovation process does face a large number of hurdles that arise from both the internal and external climate. The internal challenges often deal with limited finances that often do incapacitate the progress of innovation. Innovative climate does require a continuous flow of innovation to ensure that the employees in an organization can formulate products and services.
The second challenge is constant failures in the innovative process that does demoralize the employees in the creation of innovative products and services. Another perspective is that the challenges that individuals face can easily create an innovative climate. Challenges trigger human beings to think analytically in ways they can resolve them resulting in the creation of creative and innovative products (Zennouche et al., 2014). The laptops for example were created to enable human beings to deal with the portability challenges posed by the computers.
On the other hand, the involvement factor does focus on the interpersonal exchange between the employees in the organization. The employees work together to foster an amicable and creative climate that does foster innovation. The employees are willing to share their knowledge and skills in different departments to foster the creation of innovative products that will enhance the competitive advantage of the organization (Axelsson & Sardari, 2011, p. 31).
A good example is the Apple Incorporation; the company has created a climate that enables the employees to willingly share their ideas, hence the increase in the number of innovative technological products coming from the organization.
The last aspect deals with trust and openness that refers to the environment where the employees know each other and have developed a deep relationship. A trust environment goes further to inspire the employees to willingly share their intellectual property with their fellow employees. Additionally, the environment enables the employees to formulate clear, distinctive strategies that are vital in chartering the innovative process (Henry, 2001, p. 35).
Moreover, it does enable the formulation of a common long-term goal that inspires the creation of innovative products and services within the organization. An open climate enables the members in the organization, especially top management to accept the failures that arise in the creation of innovative products and services. The acceptance encourages the employees to overcome their failures and create progressive products (Henry, 2001, p.35).
REFERENCE
Acemoglu, D., Akcigit, U. and Celik, M.A. (2014). Young, restles and creative: Openness to disruption and creative innovations (No. w19894). National Bureau of Economic Research
Agafonovas, A. and Alonderiene, R., 2013. Value creation in innovations crowdsourcing: example of creative agencies.
Axelsson, P., and Sardari, N. (2011). A framework to assess organizational creative climate. Division of management of organizational Renewal and entrepreneurship.
Ballard, J. A. 2015. Decoding the workplace: 50 keys to understanding people in organizations. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
Bolton, P., Mehran, H., and Shapiro, J. 2011. Executive compensation and risk taking. FRB of New York Staff Report, (456).
Crenshaw, J. T., and Yoder-Wise, P.S. 2013. Creating an Environment for innovation: <i> The Risk- Taking Leadership Competency<i>. Nurse Leader, 11(1), pp. 24-27.
Henry, J., 2001. Creativity and perception in management. Sage.
Karakaya, E., Hidalago A. and Nuur, C., 2014. Diffusion of eco-innovations: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 33, pp. 392-399
Oldenburg, B., and Glanz, K. 2008. Diffusion of innovation. Health behaviour and health education, 4, pp. 313-333.
Robinson, L., (2009). Changeology. A summary of Diffusion of Innovations. Creative Commons Attrribution- Noncommercial. Australia.
Scheider, B., Erhart, M.G., and Macey, W. H. 2013. Organizational climate and culture. Annual review of psychology, 64, pp. 361-388.
Zennouche, M., Zhang, J., and Wang, B. (2014). Factors influencing innovation at individual, group and organisational levels: a content analysis. International Journal of Information System and Change Management, 7(1), pp.23-42.
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