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Digital Media Design Admission Essay Course Application
INSTRUCTIONS:
Write a 1 page personal statement for a digital media design course in University (Masters Degree). This personal statement is more like an admission essay, max 500 words
Digital-Media Design combines aspects of art, communications, business, and digital media. Students study with a variety of instructors with expertise in graphic design, photography, publishing, video, audio, animation, web design, marketing, and business information systems. Students develop a broad range of communication skills in visualization, communication, presentation, writing, and technology.
These skills provide an excellent foundation for careers in publishing, graphic design, web design, multimedia, arts administration, copywriting, and specialist careers in the art, design, and digital media industries. Many classes will be held in the new Media Arts Center. Students will experience lectures, workshops, tutorials, and project work. Opportunities for independent learning and internships will be readily available.
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Football Business Academy Admission Essay in Switzerland
INSTRUCTIONS:
Letter of Motivation, admissions for the Football Business Academy in Switzerland
The FBA is an ambitious educational institution dedicated to the football industry. Our programs have been developed in a collaborative way with football industry experts around one foremost objective: to provide Candidates with all the necessary tools and an optimal learning environment in order to succeed in this passionate and dynamic industry.
Key points:
– Talk about your path in the Football Business
– Why should you join the Football Business Academy in March 2021.
-Adding value
-Broadening horizon
– Your Goal
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ECJ and ICJ Roles Compared
Introduction
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the legal structure of the United Nations (UN) and the leading international court with jurisdiction over global legal differences. On the other hand, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) is the legal establishment of the European Union (EU)[1]. The ECJ is mandated with resolving member states differences. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the European court of justice (ECJ) were set up by interstate treaties to perform various roles[2]. The will evaluates the different roles of ICJ and ECJ.
Settlement of Disputes
Both ECJ and ICJ play a significant function of settling disputes. To start with the ICJ’s role is two-fold; resolve disputes based on the international law and legal conflicts submitted to the court and provide advisory guidance on legal issues provided by duly international legal agencies. All UN member countries are ipso facto parties to the ICJ Statute, an aspect that is relevant to the UN Charter, and currently, almost all countries are UN member states. Every disputing nation has recognized the court’s jurisdiction as mandatory.
On advisory, UN specialized agencies and organs have the power to request the views of ICJ. The consultative process highlights on contentious proceedings and the basis of applicable law. Particular rules can, nevertheless, stipulate that advisory law is binding. This means that such laws cannot be invoked after the states have consented while the court has made a ruling.Nonetheless, a country’s failure to adhere to the tribunal’s decision breaches Article 94(2) of the UN Charter.
Noncompliance may be invoked to UN Security Council that can either make suggestions or authorize the use other strategies to enforce the ruling. The UN Security Council’s decision to implement compliance based on the court’s ruling is subjected to veto power and therefore mainly relies on the willingness of the members to resort to enforcement strategies while supporting the preliminary ruling.
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Article 36 (2) of the ICJ statute or Optional Clause, gives states the authority to make a unilateral declaration, whereby they recognize “a mandatory ipso acto and with no particular agreement, based on any country accepting similar obligations, the prerogative of ICJ in settling legal conflicts. Under the Optional Clause, some states have accepted ICJ’s jurisdiction with particular restrictions, for example, the US has appealed the Connally Reservation.
Such a reservation allows nations to avert ICJ’s prerogative initially recognized under the Optional Clause if they choose not to respond to a given suit. In most instances, it is practiced if a nation confirms that a conflict is domestic in nature and not international, and, therefore, domestic jurisdiction is applicable. If a government appeals the Connally Reservation, another one can also appeal to that nation, and hence a suit against the second country will be revoked.
This is commonly known as the rule of reciprocity and demonstrates that a nation has the responsibility of responding to the suit filed against it before the ICJ provided that the country is submitting the suit also recognizes the court’s jurisdiction. Much as ICJ has the mandate to hear any given case suitably provided, access laws evidently require that many conflicts will encompass enforcement or challenges to the actions.[3]
Settlements of Disputes in such agencies are minimized to contract conflicts with international bodies. For that reason, what may be viewed as a paradigmatic function of ICJ? Also, in the mandatory jurisdiction, ICJ’s role of settling disputes can be the foundation of enforcing the agreement and hence it can morph into enforcement function.
Moreover, ICJ is in charge of excising appellate jurisdiction, for example, this can be a result of provisions in the treaties including 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation that envisages appeals to ICJ from rulings of ICAOCouncil.
Like ICJ, ECJ has the power of resolving interstate conflicts regarding the interpretation and use of agreements. Besides jurisdiction of inter-member states conflicts based on Article 344 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), the ECJ interpret treaties through original judgments regarding the legitimacy and construal of agencies of EU and, institutions’ act.
As such, ECJ has the power of ensuring that law is not only observed but also interpreted and used in EU treaties[4]. To settle legal disputes, ECJ has a broad jurisdiction to hearing some actions. Additionally, it has the ability besides other things to regulate the applications of actions due to failure to act submitted by member states or against members as a result of failing to meet the obligations of the original judgments and appeals.[5]
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ECJ dispute resolution
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) is the legal establishment of the European Union. The court’s primary obligation is to resolve disputes between member states. Moreover, the ECJ has an important duty of ensuring that European law is understood and employed the same way across the board. While based in Luxembourg, the court consists of 28 judges, taken from each member state.
For instance, to preclude disparities of interpretation of the European Union (EU) law by national courts, the initial verdict processes enhances the co-operation between national courts and the ECJ[6]. Furthermore, if a case is presented before a domestic jurisdiction that entails a clarification of the EU bylaws, if faced with ambiguity, the national courts will indeed refer the issue to the ECJ for interpretation. The ECJ will then pronounce a decision with regards to how the law should be interpreted.
The ECJ has the mandate to enhance proceedings, particularly if initiated by The Commission for purposes of compelling a member state to abide by the EU statute. In cases where the member state is in the wrong, it has to rectify the anomaly promptly. Whenever there is a dispute emanating from laws enacted by EU institutions at the expense of EU Agreements, the ECJ may request for the cancelation of such laws.
However, the ECJ has to determine that such laws are in conflict with the EU treaties before obliterating them. In addition, invalidation proceedings can also be advanced by private individuals provided they can substantiate that the statute in question has a direct effective on them individually.[7]
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In Nold v. Commission case of 1974, the ECJ made a pronouncement guided by the legal practices common to the member states, and that it was not in any way ready to support measures that are not in tandem with fundamental rights accepted and protected by the components of member states. The pronouncement led to an understanding between member states and the ECJ.
This permitted state courts to make recommendations when the ECJ law and member states are in conflict. By and large, ICJ an ECJ resolves disagreements based on the interpretation and use of terms in trials that are created between two or more nations. Other cases may include the presence of the military in a foreign country, water boundary conflicts among others.
Court of Appeal and Compliance
ICJ serves as the court of appeal while ECJ is the foundation of ensuring that European laws are adhered to. ICJ can serve as the court of appeal of International Labor Organization (ILO) Administrative Tribunal. After 1955, the decisions of United Nations Administrative Tribunal can be appealed to ICJ; however the association was severed by United Nations General Assembly.[8]
On the other hand, the ECJ acts as a platform for making sure that European law is adhered to uniformly when it comes to interpretation of legal actions. While European laws are statutes stipulated by legislative organs, they regularly amend them based on the case law of ECJ. For that reason, the ECJ plays the function of EU integration through clarification of ambiguous legal stipulations, implemented regarding fulfilling the agreement by policy makers with different interests.[9]
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International Law Enforcement
ECJ and ICJ are in charge of enforcing international law. To start with, the ICJ is mandated to oversee countries compliance with international law. In addition, this entails reviewing countries actions, public agencies and in some instances individuals to determine if they adhere to the provisions of international rules. ICJ can consider the practices of a nation in international law as either lawful or unlawful while secondarily authorizing measures to reward victims and create expenses related to criminal actions. According to International Court of Justice Statute,
ICJ decides cases with regards to international law. This is to say, that the court should apply; a) international conventions and agreements; b) international customs; c) general codes accepted as law; and d) judicial decisions.[10] With the goal that nations can enforce legal rulings, there is an assumption of forcing legitimate national decisions. Apparently, such an assumption is not recognized globally.
The inadequate international administrative tool to enforce ICJ judgments against nations, however, some have alleged that the case of ICJ is similar to public law as well as constitutional functions of local courts.
The International Court is also tasked with the obligation to formulate the private international law. While the international court has played a comparatively modest and significant role in the creation of the international law, looking ahead, this obligation is expected to increase.
The porousness of national boundaries as an outcome of globalization, leads horizontally, to the snowballing interaction between domestic legal structures, culminating in more private global legal issues happening. However, it equally shrinks, vertically, the conventional distance between the spheres of public and private universal law. At some point, the ordering of the diversity of private law orders and arrangements the central obligation of the private international law- is slowly but surely also an issue of interest for public international law[11].
For instance, this has been made probable through the concession and wider acceptance of The Hague Conventions and other international, regional and two-pronged instruments on the transnational private law. However, standards of transnational public law are gradually cooperating with, influencing and reporting to norms of private international law, especially where they are exemplified in transnational instruments.
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With international law enforcement, the ECJ makes ruling on the actions submitted by 1) member nations, institution or legal individual; 2) making preliminary judgments upon requests of tribunals of members, on the interpretation of Union Laws; and 3) make decisions in other cases as stipulated in treaties. In addition, the ECJ reviews the legitimacy of legislative acts and the Council of Commission.
In this case, the ECJ provides uniform and precise interpretation of law while ensuring that all members adhere to it. Besides the predisposition of governments interpreting the law based on their interests, it a new regulation as such not widely recognized.
Review international administration and legitimacy
Both courts are involved in the reviews, on one hand; ICJ considers foreign policy, and on the other ECJ reviews the legitimacy of European acts. ICJ listens to challenges to the judgment of administrators in cases submitted by individuals affected by such decision.[12] Based on the standard of assessment, the court checks to ensure that administrative decision complies with the law, and the administrators have a valid basis for their understanding.
In addition, the ICJ has the power to assess the rulings of national managers responsible for enforcing international regulations. In developing and developed nations, the ICJ authorizes a local action as lawful. On the other hand, ECJ regularly reviews widespread applications for common regulatory laws. Nevertheless, in cases where nations creatively deduce international law for fostering national agenda, foreign administrators can act as a type of global enforcement structure for decision formulation.
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These administrative reviews allow nations to construe uniformly transactional, regulatory laws, providing a platform for domestic courts and administrators concerning new and complex legal problems. They also offer legal preparation especially for private individuals that do not succeed, therefore, help states protect their actions from criminal allegations. On the contrary, ECJ reviews the legitimacy of European acts, and agencies to provide legal impacts. Annulment proceedings can be submitted to decision formulation institutions, members or under certain conditions by a person.
The objective of such actions is annulling acts of institutions that are not related to stipulations of treaties, exceeding their rights or fail to adhere to the laid down procedure. If the action turns out to be adequately funded, ECJ pronounces the issue as void. Thus, annulment proceedings are the basis for evaluating compliance of European legislator acts to treaties and legitimacy of Commission judgments and resolving inter-institutional conflicts influencing power decentralizingon every institution from treaties. The controlling legitimacy of the institutions’ actions connects ECJ to constitutional jurisdiction.[13]
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Reinforcing legal process
The ECJ plays the role of strengthening legal structure by developing various institutional frameworks, amending inter-institutional as well as member states uniformly. The court solely is dedicated on these provisions while widening the catalog to protect the rule of law and supporting the prevailing conditions of the institutional uniformity. ECJ’s fundamental rights jurisprudencepresents a recognized role in the constitutional process.
Also, though the treaties did not contain anything on legal structure, the court progressively fleshed out a bill of rights in various cases including Staunder (1969) and Omega (2004) that is waiting to be integrated into law. Apart from reinforcing constitutional framework, the ECJ mandated to ensure there is a legal basis for the European law as well application duty of loyal cohesion.[14]
The universal values of European law have for several years been replacing due to EU lack of fundamental rights process. Without a doubt, the general values are important in guaranteeing that constitutional courts at national level recognize the influence of European law. The duty of loyal co-operation is vital in the creation of legal rules. However, its significance is fundamental in the legal process like EU, where laws are used in similar institutions.
Similarly, ICJ is in charge of strengthening the constitutional process by enforcing international laws and nullifies unlawful international actions.[15] Also, ICJ is regarded as a constitutional organ since it has the capability to make laws of constitutional significance.
Basically, in reinforcing legal process, the ICJ promotes the culture of constitutional compliance when the acts of a nation are regarded as ipso facto invalid. To effective foster legal agreement, the ICJ depends on the public views to pressure political leaders to respect rulings.
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Promote integration and global community
While ECJ promotes integration, ICJ fosters global community. According to Article 7 European Court has empowered ECJ to perform duties entrustedto Community, demonstrating that without a doubt it has a remitto not only protect but also promote the rule of law. The European legal principles foster this step proving that ECJ is lawfully in charge of developing pro-integration process and required to provide rulings to reinforce and enhance the Community or Union legal structure. In the global community, the ICJ hears cases regarding maritime boundary, trade law, human rights, international criminal law and different tribunals formed to listen to a given case.
Interface and judicial dialogue
ICJ and ECJ are in charge of ensuring there is an interface in the trends of legal discussion. For instance, the ever-growing jurisprudence demonstrates that ECJ uses ICJ case-law as a tool for interpreting international practices relevant to its duties[16].
In the recent past, ECJ used the North Sea Continental Shelf ruling to show that member states have independent rights regarding the nearby continental shelf, hence acts done on the continental shelf be considered as attempts of applying the European Union law. In the continental shelf, the ICJ made a ruling that coastal nations have the rights to extend their territory under the sea to exploit water resources.
In a bid to promote judicial discussion, both ICJ and ECJ are involved treaty of law. It is significant to note that treaty of law is important to EU because it is not a party to the law of treaties of Vienna Conventions[17]. Moreover, in the 2015 Evans Case, both courts used case law as the basis for guaranteeing that the rule depicts customary law.
By and large, in ensuring an interface in the judicial dialogue, ECJ, and ICJ when making a ruling involving public international law, in particular, ECJ instead of using on its interpretation of international law, it refers to ICJ decisions. Therefore, ECJ has comprehensively used ICJ as a platform for interpreting international law necessary in performing its roles.[18]
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Conclusion
In this paper, it became clear that the ECJ plays a critical role in resolving disputes between member states. The ECJ is also mandated with interpreting the European law and ensuring it is followed to the latter. On the other hand, the ICJ ensures the order is observed among the UN member states. Still the court has jurisdiction within the EU members. The ICJ offers checks on the exercise of transnational authority in their administrative and constitutional review functions.
The managerial analysis is a safeguard mechanism against prejudice or political interference in the application of the law. The ECJ, for instance, is dubbed as the court of justice in the EU. In the event of a conflict of interest, the ECJ institutes annulment proceedings. Indeed, both the ICJ and ECJ play a critical function[19].
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References
Klabbers, J. The validity of EU norms conflicting with international obligations. International law as law of the European Union. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden and Boston, 2012.
Eckes, C. The Court of Justice’s Participation in the Judicial Discourse: Theory and Practice. The European Court of Justice and External Relations-Constitutional Challenges Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2014.
Rachovitsa, A, ‘Fragmentation or unity of public international law’revisited: analyzing the European Convention on Human Rights when the European Court takes cognizance of public international law norms (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham), 2013.
Dolzer, R. and Schreuer, C. Principles of international investment law. Oxford University Press, 2008.
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De Búrca, G. The European court of Justice and the International Legal order after Kadi’(2010). Harvard International Law Journal, 51, p.1.
Rosas, ‘The European Court of Justice and Public International Law’, in J. Wouters, A. Nollkaemper and E. de Wet (Eds.), The Europeanization of International Law – The Status of International Law in the EU and its Member States, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2008, pp. 71 2011.
Mendez, M. ‘The Legal Effect of Community Agreements: Maximalist Treaty Enforcement and Judicial Avoidance Techniques’, European Journal of International Law, 2010, pp. 83-104
Bickerton, C. European Union Foreign Policy: From Effectiveness to Functionality, Palgrave, 2011 (forthcoming), Chapter 4.
Martin Shapiro, „The European Court of Justice‟, in Paul Craig & Gráinne de Búrca (eds.), The Evolution of EU Law, Oxford: OUP, pp. 321-347, at 332.
Neville Brown L, Tom Kennedy, Brown & Jacobs. The Court of Justice of the European Communities, London: Sweet & Maxwell 2000, p. 344
David Anderson & Marie Demetriou, References to the European Court (Second Edition), London: Sweet & Maxwell 2002, pp. 177-180.
Damian Chalmers, Christos Hadjiemannuil, Giorgio Monti, Adam Tomkins, EU Law: Text and Materials, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2006, p. 301.
Kokott & Cheryl Saunders (eds.), The Future of the European Judicial System in a Comparative Perspective, Baden-Baden: Nomos 2006, pp. 83-90.
Buergenthal, T “Proliferation of International Courts and Tribunals: Is It Good or Bad?” Leiden Journal of International Law (2001), 14: 267-275.
Hafner, G. “Pros and Cons Ensuing from Fragmentation of International Law”, Michigan Journal of International Law Vol. 25(2004), pp. 849- 863.
Martinez, S “Towards an International Judicial System”, Stan.L Rev. Vol. 56(2) (2003), pp. 429-529.
Stephens, T. “Multiple International Courts and the ‘Fragmentation’ of International Environmental law”, Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No.07/14 (2007), pp. 227-271, at 23
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[1] C Eckes, The Court of Justice’s Participation in the Judicial Discourse: Theory and Practice. The European Court of Justice and External Relations-Constitutional Challenges Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2014.
[2] S. Cheryl (eds). The Future of the European Judicial System in a Comparative Perspective,
Baden-Baden: Nomos 2006, pp. 83-90.
[3] S Martinez, “Towards an International Judicial System”, Stan.L Rev. Vol. 56(2) (2003), pp. 429-529.
[4] T Stephens, “Multiple International Courts and the ‘Fragmentation’ of International Environmental law”, Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No.07/14 (2007), pp. 227-271.
[5] A. Rosas, ‘The European Court of Justice and Public International Law’, in J. Wouters, A. Nollkaemper and E. de Wet (Eds.), The Europeanisation of International Law – The Status of International Law in the EU and its Member States, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2008, pp. 71 2011.
[6] J Klabbers, The validity of EU norms conflicting with international obligations. International law as law of the European Union. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden and Boston, 2012, pp.111-132.
[7] G. Hafner, “Pros and Cons Ensuing from Fragmentation of International Law”, Michigan Journal of International Law Vol. 25(2004), pp. 849- 863.
[8] T. Buergenthal “Proliferation of International Courts and Tribunals: Is It Good or Bad?”, Leiden Journal of International Law (2001), 14: 267-275.
[9]F.G Jacobs, Judicial dialogue and the cross-fertilization of legal systems: The European Court of Justice. Tex. Int’l LJ, 38, 2003, p.547.
[10] L. Neville Brown, Tom Kennedy, Brown & Jacobs. The Court of Justice of the European Communities, London: Sweet & Maxwell 2000, p. 344
[11]A Rachovitsa, Fragmentation or unity of public international law’revisited: analysing the European Convention on Human Rights when the European Court takes cognisance of public international law norms (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham), 2013.
[12]G De Burca, The European court of Justice and the International Legal order after Kadi’. Harvard International Law Journal, 2010.
[13] M. Mendez, ‘The Legal Effect of Community Agreements: Maximalist Treaty Enforcement and Judicial Avoidance Techniques’, European Journal of International Law, 2010, pp. 83-104
[14] S. Martin, The European Court of Justice‟, in Paul Craig & Gráinne de Búrca (eds.), The Evolution of EU Law, Oxford: OUP, pp. 321-347.
[15]R, Dolzer and C, Schreuer. Principles of international investment law. Oxford University Press, 2008
[16] P. Schiff Berman, ‘A Pluralist Approach to International Law’, The Yale Journal of International Law2007, pp. 301-329.
[17] S Fathan, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations. Indonesian Journal of International Law, 3 (1), 2005.
[18] D. Chalmers, C. Hadjiemannuil, G. Monti, and A. Tomkins, EU Law: Text and Materials, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2006, p. 301
[19] C. Bickerton, European Union Foreign Policy: From Effectiveness to Functionality, Palgrave,2011 (forthcoming), Chapter 4.
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Computer Hardware
What has been the impact of faster and cheaper computers for personal and company use?
Faster and cheaper computers have altered not just how people communicate but also how companies conduct business globally. The technological revolution has been advancing at a rate beyond the scale of human comprehension. In our modern age, cheap and faster computers and computer hardware have made it possible for companies to setup online stores where customer with computers or smart phones can buy goods and services (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).
These computers must be connected to the internet to enable this level of interaction. Companies like eBay, Yahoo, Apple and Amazon among others are the perfect example of what super-fast technology can do. With online shops, people can now buy anything online, from houses, to cars to music, through to services. Institutions of higher learning for instance, can now conduct their lessons online. While technology has also been destructive: destroying traditional businesses and obliterating jobs on the labor market, it has also made it easy for people to work from anywhere provided they have the required infrastructure.
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Computer Hardware
Computers have also made a security possible for companies and peoples. With CCTV cameras installed in companies and homes, it has become easier to deter robbery and identity theft among other things. The mobile phone has been touted as the critical most transformational technology in terms global economic development (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). Poor farmers for instance, can verify not just the price for their perishable crops before harvest but also identify potential buyers.
This enhances profit margin because they have access to the best information. The mobile phone and the internet have altered the banking industry. With mobile and online banking, money can flow to people in remote places an aspect that fuels economic growth. With the mobile phone, people can now make informed decision about medical services beforehand (Laudon & Laudon, 2012). Modern technology has made it possible for hi-tech companies to maximize profits times when brick and mortar companies remain closed. A case in point is iTunes which often sells millions of songs during Christmas day, a moment when brick and mortar stores are closed for the holiday.
What technological advances and benefits are driving the expansion in the use of personal computers?
There are a number of technological advancements and benefits driving the expansion in use of personal computers. Some of these developments include, increased speed of computer processors for the past 15 years, for instance, in 1998 IBM introduced experimental chips, which operate at about 1b cycles/second. Such chips are permitting higher processing ability of personal computers, and significant capacity to make non-personal computers with circuit applications.
Again, increased network speed in the recent development presents a platform of reduced transmission cost, enhanced bandwidth accessibility and greater ability of transmitting high-band width devices like video. The development of digital tools, which leads to the advances of other telecommunication technologies (Gallaugher, 2012). Moreover, advancements of wide area networks (WANs) and local area networks (LANs) in addition to routing and bridging abilities (Laudon & Laudon, 2012).
Computer Hardware
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The continuous development of routing abilities and similar protocols are increasing convergence of data and mobility. The convergence of data and mobility is increasing the internet capabilities and uses.
Development of data and internet technology: Recent technologies like ATM and frame relay have the ability to reduce per-unit price while permitting economic access to many users. Furthermore, internet devices like video streaming, e-commerce ability, sophisticated browsers are contributing to not only significant but also transforming the importance of the internet. Such varied uses strengthen technological advances by increasing the availability funding new ventures, thus provide increasing demands of users.
The discovery of mobile applications that involves switching as well as transport abilities are enhancing internet connectivity at any place and time. For instance, the mobility of internet tools allow users to communicate in anyplace around the world. Also, in collaboration with Low Earth Orbit (LEO) devices prevent users from developing costly fixed-line networks (Gallaugher, 2012). The introduction of worldwide end-user-services has contributed to considerable interoperability from users, providers and global system integrators.
Computer Hardware
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What are the limitations of faster and cheaper computers?
Traditional integrated circuits (ICs) are processed in high tech companies whose solemn obligation is to produce ICs. What makes those gadgets cheaper is the specialization in fabrication. Pundits allude that the price of one transistor is equivalent to the price of single character in a newspaper. The most powerful and efficient computer systems are those powered by miniature ICs. However, there is no technology and specialty to produce optical PC systems that are compatible to contemporary IC firms.
Current modern IC processors are developed in what is known as the very-large-scale-integration (VLSI) or ultra-large-scale-integration (ULSI) (Simon and Cavette, 1996). A square millimeter of a computer circuit for instance, has millions of transistors in a given square millimeter. On the contrary, optical components can be developed small and compact. The current technology does not support the development of micro-optic integrated circuits for assembling a CPU or motherboard. New developments will be needed in the future.
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Currently, traditional CPUs and computer parts are processes with extreme precision and in huge charges by way of composite processes. A change from the current assembly approach when it comes to the size of the chip platform to another size can generate problems. Tiny optical components have to be developed rather exactly to function appropriately (Simon and Cavette, 1996).
While this precision is not realized, slight deviations may lead to massive issues diverting light beams. Personal Computers in our modern era have been assembled based on the Von Neumann design. The interface, which is an operating system, is programmed to correspond this platform. Optical PC systems use a completely different architecture concerning the parallelism of the system. These two different architectures have application programs that are incompatible.
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Abstract
This report therefore seeks to examine the role of the civil society in ensuring a qualitative EITI report. This can be seen in the manner in which revenues generated from the minerals and oil is in this case utilized in the transformation of different economies with the aim of reducing poverty and raising the standards of living for different population in resource-rich nations.
The Role of Civil Society in Ensuring a Qualitative EITI Report
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to establish the involvement of the civil society in determining an EITI qualitative reporting. The paper will critically establish the functions of the civil society the process of EITI qualitative reporting. It is vital to consider that states that incorporate the element of EITI make a commitment to strengthen the aspect of transparency in the revenues generated from its natural resource revenues. The citizens of these states are also accorded the responsibility of holding the state and the government accountable on how these resources are dispensed (Disclosure as Governance 2010). This aids in the building of prosperous and stable societies that function in an effective manner in the global economy.
On the other hand, much of ETI’s development is owed to the civil society. This clearly depicts the fact that without the existence of the civil society, ETI would not be functional. This is attributed to the fact that the civil society makes concerted advocacy approaches that sees the extractive companies publish their payments to the host governments. Consequently, close to 400 civil society organizations have been committed to the participation of governance through the implementation of ETI in resource rich states around the globe (Sovacool, & Andrews, 2015).
ETI in this case incorporates and approach of governance that advances the element of revenue transparency within the mining, gas, and oil sector through an approach that stresses the need of multi-stakeholder approach with integrated roles of the civil society, the governments and extractive companies (Topal, & Toledano, 2013). Thus the key elements of the success of this approach lies in the ability of developing dialogue that fosters the collaboration between different players in the development, monitoring and evaluation of EITI process. The engagement and functions of the civil society occurs in its approach aimed at overseeing the implementation of EITI in countries and within the international EITI board (Lehrer, & Delaunay, 2009).
EITI Background
In 2002, at the World Summit for Sustainable Development, United Kingdom’s Prime Minister Tony Blair launched the EITI process as the future global transparency standard. As a coalition of different stakeholders came together, expectations were heightened towards believing that through governance and accountability, nations, companies and other players in the economy would improve their share of revenues being spent on economic growth and poverty reduction.
In this case, the process of EITI has been promoted in international development agendas as an instrument that will finitely establish and develop the resource-rich countries to reap the benefits of their resource endowments, a factor that has exhibited excessive expectations about the impact it could have. The G8 has critically emphasised its support for the EITI process, by initiating effective approaches aimed at improving its transparency, accountability, and good governance and thereby leading to sustainable economic growth in the extractive sector.
The EITI Principles
According to Aaronson (2011), the EITI principles were first initiated in conferences that were held in London in 2003. During these conferences, several states, investors and civil society organizations reaches a consensus on the principles that were required in order to establish transparency over the payments of revenues in the extractive sector (Murphy, 2012).
The EITI aspect holds on the belief that prudence should be a key aspect in the use of natural resources for the development of a sustainable economy and development that would in turn impact poverty reduction approaches (Aaronson, 2011). If the proponents of EITI are not fairly management, this would result in a negative economic and social impact.
EITI on the other hand acknowledge the initiatives directed towards managing wealth that is gained from natural resources with the aim of benefiting the citizens of a state within the domains of sovereign governments, a factor that needs to be initiated within the interests of a national state (Sovacool & Andrews, 2015). EITI also takes into consideration the benefit accrued from the extraction of mineral resources, occurring over a revenue stream for a period of time, a factor that depicts the high dependency on the prices (Aaronson, 2011).
Benefits for Local Communities and Civil Society Organisations
The local community is considered to be the single most beneficiary of the benefits that arise from the increases in revenues. This can be viewed in the efforts that have been developed to ensure resource accountability through good governance, and justice, with the aim of mitigating the element of corruption are promoted and reinforced (Aaronson, 2011). The civil society organizations are also considered as part of the beneficiaries of these efforts as seen in the improved relations developed to influence governments and companies in the process. This can be viewed in their efforts directed towards:
Increasing the opportunities aimed at building and strengthening different networks with the international organizations and investors.
Strengthening public institutions.
Enhancing governance and citizens who are aware of the empowerment.
The climate of transparency is one that ensures the civil society groups are empowered. An instance of this can be viewed in the implementation of EITI that facilitates the public participation in governance and improves the access to information for civil societies. The local community is aimed at profiting from the increases in revenues. The element of justice, accountability, good governance are promoted and reinforced with the aim of mitigating corrupt practices during the process (Aaronson, 2011).
The Role of Civil Society in EITI Reporting
As argued, the solid involvement and participation of the civil society is considered as essential since it has the capacity to better implement and a reinforce the initiation of a high quality EITI reporting approach. Participation of the civil society needs to be observed in the delivery of EITI results that go beyond the principles of dialogue and the dissemination of reports (PR, 2013). Engagement of the civil society’s in ensuring a qualitative EITI report occurs at different levels that include: the international EITI Boards and the states that implement the EITI process as part of the multi-stakeholder groups that have the capacity to oversee the EITI (Holden, & Jacobson, 2007).
The civil society as attributed in the process has the powers and initiative to discuss and establish the genuineness of the aspects of revenue transparency and increasingly contribute their experiences and expertise in fostering dialogues with different stakeholders. In some states, the civil society groups are considered to be in the forefront in popularizing EITI. In other regions, the civil society works in supporting legislative processes that are directed towards the strengthening and advancing of the states the agendas on resource and revenue transparency (Holden, & Jacobson, 2007).
This clearly depicts that the role of the civil society has the capacity to monitor and engage in the implementation of national dialogue in addressing some of the issues that are not covered directly by EITI such as the use of revenues that are accrued from the extractive sector.
Experiences that emerge from the implementation of EITI clearly shows that the civil society groups are bound to face several challenges within a state’s level that include the lack of capacity constraints, the lack of resources and other security issues (Pal, & Pantaleo, 2008). EITI Board has a functionally developed range of policy responses that are determined in the strengthening of the EITI requirements aimed at ensuring the civil society groups are fully interdependent and are provided with the opportunity to get engaged within the stages of EITI process.
Within the context of governance and development, the civil society is considered as a third sector that is distinct from the business and government that are functioning as an intermediary institution in ensuring that the issues that deal with the interests of the public within the public domain are coordinated through advocacy (Pal, & Pantaleo, 2008). The goal of this is to ensure these issues are addressed and effectively implemented in order to serve the common interest and good of the society
The non-governmental organizations through their involvement and activities, strong beliefs and principled positions voice out their views and positions to the sectors of the society through an approach that promotes discussions, debates, and constructive engagements. These roles are developed to enrich the public’s participation in the decision-making process thus strengthening good governance, accountability and democratic principles (Frynas, 2010).
These reasons therefore determine the manner in which the concepts of EITI are developed and built through an approach that engages a multi-stakeholder approach. This approach involves several key players such as the government, the civil society and other companies who play different roles in the EITI process. The civil society plays an integral role in reforming the EITI process even in situations where these roles are unclear in several implementing countries. The roles of the civil society would also include:
Identification
The civil society organizations beside the aspect of dialogue also share the view that it is their responsibility to identify the key issues that are within the interest of the public and that relate to the mandate of the EITI process that are directed towards extractive revenue transparency, the process of governance and ensure that the identified issues are addressed and brought within the public domain for debate and dialogue (Calland, & Bentley, 2013). Some of the issues that the civil society organizations clearly focus on include the process of leasing, oil block allocations, bidding rounds, the issuance of mining licenses, physical, financial and process management, the environmental standards and so on.
Agenda Setting
The civil society is different states consider the aspect of agenda setting as their traditional responsibility and a primary tool of their engagement (Calland, & Bentley, 2013). Under these roles, the civil society organizations identify some of the issues that are related to the EITI mandate and use these issues to set national and international agendas for the publics discourse, debate and engagement with the governments and the extractive revenue companies with the aim of improving the aspect of governance through a transparent process and accountability that is done through the use of EITI frameworks.
Public Education and Enlightenment
The element of public education and enlightenment in this case is another role of the civil society even though individuals tend to think these needs to be left for the media alone (Shenton, & Hay-Gibson, 2009).
Agents of Social Mobilization and Change
The civil society organizations also makes use of the fact that for the process of EITI to secure the public’s interests required within the sector, there is a need of providing a supporting role-that of acting as the agents of social mobilization and change (Mejía Acosta, 2013). In this case, it is essential to consider that these roles include the sustained mobilization of the opinions of the public with the aim of advancing the course of the EITI process within the areas of legislative processes and policy formulations. These are known and have been considered to come in the form of peaceful protests, resource mechanization and petitions.
Monitoring and Oversight
It is additionally essential to consider that the civil society organizations are also tasked with the responsibility of monitoring the processes and programs of EITI including the policies and the unfolding events within the extractive sector and ensure that accurate reports and facts are provided with the view of directing the appropriate course of action that can improve the process of governance (Mejía Acosta, 2014). The monitoring and oversight in this case needs to be community based and people driven, In order to carry out these functions in an effective manner (Caspary, 2012).
Advisory
Advisory in this case gives the position of the civil society organizations as some of the professionals within this field that offer fair, profound, qualitative and constructive advice to the EITI processes and in the implementation of an effective EITI process (Mejía Acosta, 2014). The EITI Board in this case needs to be open to advices within the areas of their operations and publicly acknowledge the contribution of the civil society within the EITI process.
Whistle Blowing
The civil society remains in a better position to blow the whistle in the event that extractive revenue transparency functions of the EITI process are not clearly following their mandates. This would therefore see the civil society active is in the exposition of fraudulent practices, process lapses, bribery, corruption, and dishonest dealings with individuals at any stage within the EITI process (Magner, 2015). The functions of whistle blowing as conducted by the civil society may also be used to attract and draw the attention of the areas that have achieved poor performance and that have been neglected and the failures in the rise of statutory responsibilities (Mejía Acosta, 2014).
Observation
The civil society has the mandate of taking up the roles of being the observers within certain activities in the EITI process in consultation with the Board and the secretariat. These roles also include the formulation of procurement processes for some of the projects, budget preparations, the development of annual work-plans, and meetings held with the public in situations that are advisable (Eigen, 2013). In performing these roles, civil society organizations are considered to have the right to engage in independent reporting of these events and give EITI Board the opportunity to make their final comments on these reports before they are disseminated.
Feedback
The role of the civil society in providing feedback in this case is considered as essential and desirable within the processes of EITI (Mouan, 2010). Many of the civil society organizations in this case draw from professional groupings, coalitions, and clusters and take up the full charge and role of providing adequate feedback to their states through a process that extends to the larger publics interests with the aim of addressing the issues of interests.
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Examples of Restricted Civil Society Group Cases
It is essential to establish that there are a number of examples that depict the restrictions of the civil society in the process of EITI. In one of the illustrations, the government of Congo can be viewed in the detention and trial of two Publishers Brice Mackosso and Christian Mounzeo who tried to publish the state of the nation as opposed to the governments view.
In other countries such as Equatorial Guinea that believe in the authoritarian style of leadership, the situation is conceived to be worse. In Guinea, the President then-Teodoro Obiang Nguema and his government have overtime been criticised by NGOs and other civil society organizations for placing restrictions on the basic civil and political rights, such as freedom of expression.
This therefore determines the fact that the space civil society involvement through activism on issues corruption and transparency remains non-existent as viewed in this states (PWYP, 2006). However, it is essential to determine that a government only has the capacity and power to restrict supporters who contend for transparency in a more discreet way.
For instance, this can be seen in the case of Nigeria where Nuhu Ribadu, who was considered as the head of t Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) then was forced to resign and requested to attend a one year course in policy studies in consideration of the fact that the EFCC had come too close to top policy layers and had arrested several governors for corrupt practices (The Economist, 5 January 2008).
Civil Society is not Strong and Independent enough to take on the Responsibility that EITI Implies
In as much as the formal structure of the EITI process suggestively gives that governments responsibility for the implementation of the EITI process, much responsibility is put on civil society. Civil society in this case is given the power and autonomy to pressure the governments to join their initiatives. Civil society has the power to scrutinise and request for clear information of the figures presented in the EITI reports (in spite of the fact that most reports reveal very limited information), and to determine the manner in which the finances are utilized by the organisations extractive sector works, the payment types utilized, the relevant government receiving the payments and the accountability of these payments.
The list of the expectations from the civil society organizations remain long and for the countries in need of the EITI. In considering that the extractive sectors are, legally, technically and financially complex makes this approach difficult to achieve. In general, the EITI process requires an environment of justice and accountability in order to be implemented.
This therefore requires an environment where the civil society is empowered in knowledge and is considered as independent with the leaders within these organizations elected through a transparent approach that inclusively engages the democratic powers of the system. There is a need of ensuring that there are no conflict of interest that arises between the government, citizens, and the extractive industries.
The voices of the civil society organisations as viewed in this process can be alleged to affirm these organizations limitations within the EITI framework. Aaronson (2008) notes in several countries, the multi-stakeholder approach are an essential element that inhibits these organizations in the departure from the prevailing institutional and political norms. As a result of this, the civil society is incapacitated to effectively participate in the EITI process. In some states, the nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) are considered as autonomous since government officials are given the tasks of appointing the stakeholder groups rather than giving the citizens and NGOs opportunities to choose their representatives.
Discussion of Results
It is arguable that the civil society besides engaging in dialogue within the EITI process is also engaged in several other processes. An instance of this can be viewed in the implementation of EITI that facilitates the public participation in governance and improves the access to information for civil societies (Mouan, 2010). The local community in this case benefits from the increases in collected revenues that are channeled in projects, while of justice, accountability, and good governance on the part of the civil society are promoted and reinforced. The engagement of the civil society occurs in overseeing the implementation of EITI in countries and within the international EITI board (Walden, Jerome, & Miller, 2007).
Recommendation
Beside the aspect of dialogue, the civil society also shares the view that it is their responsibility to identify the key issues that are within the interest of the public and that relate to the mandate of the EITI process that are directed towards extractive revenue transparency, the process of governance and ensure that the identified issues are addressed and brought within the public domain for debate and dialogue (Frynas, 2010).
Within the context of governance and development, the civil society is considered as a third sector that is distinct from the business and government that are functioning as an intermediary institution in ensuring that the issues that deal with the interests of the public within the public domain are coordinated through advocacy.
Conclusion
In this reports, it is established that in 2002, at the World Summit for Sustainable Development, United Kingdom’s Prime Minister Tony Blair launched the EITI process as the future global transparency standard. As a coalition of different stakeholders came together, expectations were heightened towards believing that through governance and accountability, nations, companies and other players in the economy would improve their share of revenues being spent on economic growth and poverty reduction.
As determined in this report, the EITI in this case provides a governance approach that advances revenue transparency within the gas, mining, and oil sector through an approach that stresses the need of multi-stakeholder approach with integrated roles of the civil society, the governments and extractive companies.
The solid involvement and participation of the civil society leads the way in the implementation and a reinforcement of high quality EITI reports. This can be achieved when the civil society in this case has the capacity to discuss the aspects of revenue transparency and increasingly contribute their experiences and expertise in fostering dialogues with different stakeholders.
References
Aaronson, S. A. (2011). Limited partnership: Business, government, civil society, and the public in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). Public Administration & Development, 31(1), 50-63. doi:10.1002/pad.588
Calland, R., & Bentley, K. (2013). The Impact and Effectiveness of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives: Freedom of Information. Development Policy Review, 31s69-s87. doi:10.1111/dpr.12020
Carbonnier, G., Brugger, F., & Krause, J. (2011). Global and Local Policy Responses to the Resource Trap. Global Governance, 17(2), 247-264.
Caspary, G. (2012). Practical Steps to Help Countries Overcome the Resource Curse: The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. Global Governance, 18(2), 171-184.
Disclosure as Governance: The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative and Resource Management in the Developing World. (2010). Global Environmental Politics, 10(3), 53-73.
Eigen, P. (2013). International Corruption: Organized Civil Society for Better Global Governance. Social Research, 80(4), 1287-1308.
Frynas, J. (2010). Corporate Social Responsibility and Societal Governance: Lessons from Transparency in the Oil and Gas SeWhat is Globalization? Journal of Business Ethics, 93163-179. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0559-1
Holden, W. N., & Jacobson, R. D. (2007). Mining amid armed conflict: nonferrous metals mining in the Philippines. Canadian Geographer, 51(4), 475-500. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2007.00193.x
Koch, L. C., Niesz, T., & McCarthy, H. (2014). Understanding and Reporting Qualitative Research: An Analytical Review and Recommendations for Submitting Authors. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 57(3), 131-143.
Lehrer, M., & Delaunay, C. (2009). Multinational Enterprises and the Promotion of Civil Society: The Challenge for 21st Century Capitalism. California Management Review, 51(4), 126-147.
Magner, A. L. (2015). Drilling for Disclosure: Resource Extraction Issuer Disclosure and American Petroleum Institute v. SEC. Journal of Corporation Law, 40(2), 521-537.
Mejía Acosta, A. (2013). The Impact and Effectiveness of Accountability and Transparency Initiatives: The Governance of Natural Resources. Development Policy Review, 31s89-s105. doi:10.1111/dpr.12021
Mouan, L. C. (2010). Exploring the potential benefits of Asian participation in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative: The case of China. Business Strategy & the Environment (John Wiley & Sons, Inc), 19(6), 367-376. doi:10.1002/bse.687
Murphy, E. M. (2012). Disclosure of Payments by Resource Extraction Issuers. Federal Register, 77(177), 56365-56419.
Nurse, C. (2007). Transparency in resource extraction. Accountancy, 139(1366), 38-39.
Pal, N., & Pantaleo, D. C. (2008). From Strategy to Execution: Turning Accelerated Global Change into Opportunity. Berlin: Springer.
PR, N. (2013, August 29). Caracal Energy Inc. – Caracal Listed as a Supporting Company of the EITI. PR Newswire UK Disclose.
Salazar, K. (2012). Establishment of the U.S. Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative Advisory Committee and Request for Nominees. Federal Register, 77(145), 44263-44264.
Schuler, D. A. (2012). A club theory approach to voluntary social programs: Multinational companies and the extractive industries transparency initiative. Business & Politics, 14(3), 1-24. doi:10.1515/bap-2012-0024
Shenton, A. K., & Hay-Gibson, N. V. (2009). Dilemmas and further debates in qualitative method. Education for Information, 27(1), 21-37.
Sovacool, B. K., & Andrews, N. (2015). Does transparency matter? Evaluating the governance impacts of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in Azerbaijan and Liberia. Resources Policy, 45183-192. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2015.04.003
Topal, J., & Toledano, P. (2013). Why the Extractive Industry Should Support Mandatory Transparency: A Shared Value Approach. Business & Society Review (00453609), 118(3), 271-298. doi:10.1111/basr.12011
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An Overview of Mayo Clinic’s Facility Utilization Management Program
Mayo clinic is a sophisticated health care organization, which runs a variety of health care facilities, medical schools, and health science schools in the United States (Kashyap et al, 2016). This organization has developed an elaborate healthcare facility management program, which is aimed at enhancing the functionality of its facilities and personnel by integrating the most qualified health specialists and staff with a well-designed and equipped environment. Mayo clinic provides health care services to millions of patients from within the country and outside at a reduced cost (Miller et al., 2014).
The health care provider has facilities that are located in some of the following areas; Rochester, Jacksonville, Minnesota, Phoenix, Arizona, Scottsdale and Florida. In fact, its clinical campuses in Rochester are regarded as the world’s most integrated clinical facilities (Kashyap et al, 2016). In Mayo clinic, facility utilization and management program is based on empirical and evidence based strategies, which are aimed at providing the clinicians and other health care service providers with a conducive work environment, and the clients with high quality services, depending on urgency, and in the most appropriate and efficient manner (Kashyap et al, 2016).
Facility utilization management is also regarded as a venture that assists the management to reduce the overall costs of running the facility. It is therefore implemented in a prospective, concurrent, and retrospective approach (Kashyap et al, 2016). The health care provider has also developed the ‘at-risk care delivery program’, which is meant to increase the effectiveness of health care provision to its clients, as well as an enabling environment for the physicians and other staff members.
For instance, the at-risk care delivery program is designed to provide clients with; a well-planned discharge schedule for inpatients; provision of services with minimum variation for all clients; and a continuum of high quality care services to both inpatients and outpatients in the clinic, and all these being designed to result in minimization of any unnecessary care that could be provided to patients, and as such, an overall reduction of costs incurred in service delivery to patients is achieved (Kashyap et al, 2016).
Critique of the Facility’s Utilization Program In Light Of the Standard Utilization Management Programs
Facility Utilization Management (FUM) in this organization is evident in the systems and procedures that it has adopted as an effort to achieve health care savings. In particular, FUM is achieved through effective management of patients’ care as well as minimizing unnecessary care that is given to the patients (Kashyap et al, 2016). Physicians and other medical staff in Mayo clinic have been sensitized to the need to adhere to FUM guidelines as health service providers, as an effort to increase the accountability of medical service provision to patients who are regarded as payers in the system.
As such, they are required to provide health care services in accordance with the patient’s needs and the medical necessity that arises from the need, which in this case should be provided to the patient in the most efficient and appropriate manner at all times (Massimino et al., 2015). To achieve this, Mayo clinic has adopted the necessary technology to oversee efficient and economical service provision to patients including hospital admission programs, length of stay management, and precertification programs (Julianna et al., 2013).
All these programs are designed to provide patients with services in the most economical manner, where costs are aligned with the type of service provided. These programs have been adopted in all areas within Mayo clinic’s health facilities including medical, substance abuse, laboratory, and surgical sectors.
FUM within Mayo clinic is performed retrospectively and concurrently as deemed necessary. The specific objectives include maintaining the average number of patients who receive services, but at a reduced cost; establishing a DRG-guided inpatient health care facility; and to effect free for service outpatient services as a containment strategy to cut down on costs (Kashyap et al, 2016).
In its prospective review programs, Mayo clinic evaluates patients’ perceived medical or care need before admission, and assesses its appropriateness in terms of the proposed service requirement against any available medical information about the patient’s condition. This is followed by conducting an extensive consultation to determine the necessity for the required services or procedure (Julianna et al., 2013). If positive outcomes are obtained, then the patient is admitted for services or provided with outpatient services, if negative, alternative treatment options are discussed with the patient (Kashyap et al, 2016).
The prospective review program may be seen as a cost effective measure since it prevents the patient from being given unnecessary treatment services, and the health facility from incurring costs from the services provided, medicine and consultancy fees for physicians. The likely disadvantage in the program is that prospective reviews are bound to take lots of time if they are to be effective and meaningful (Massimino et al., 2015). In addition, the type of review may not be effective in cases where patients require emergency services, and this is because unnecessary costs would still be incurred during the diagnosis.
In its retrospective review programs, Mayo clinic conducts a detailed analysis of the duration of stay among other metrics in all its institutions and health facilities, including an analysis of the length of stay at the physician(s) level. Retrospective review is aimed at identifying any gaps in care provision, and whether there exist anomalous utilization patterns in the system (Kashyap et al, 2016). The information provided is used to make updates on clinical guidelines and registries according to care outcomes, after which necessary adjustments are made.
The retrospective review may be seen as an important venture because it helps management to optimize the health service outcomes, and at the same time achieve a reduction in the overall costs of operating the clinics. In addition, gaps in the utilization of medical staff and facilities may also be identified through the review, which would allow the appropriate adjustments to be effected. If effectively done, this would be reflected as reduced operation costs.
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In its concurrent review programs, Mayo clinic emphasizes that its physicians and the medical staff screen patient’s conditions or health service requirements before admission, which is a means of determining the medical necessity of the patient’s need requirements (Kashyap et al, 2016). Information from the screening procedure is also used to determine the appropriateness of the patients’ perceived requirement. As an effective care management program, the screening procedure helps determine the appropriate duration required in giving the patient the required service care, and this information is used to schedule the period of stay from admission to when the patient is discharged.
The concurrent review program may be seen as an effective venture in as far as cost reduction in care provision is concerned. This is so because; information obtained from the screening procedure may be used by physicians to prescribe the correct treatment. Specifically, it allows the nurses and medical staff to provide health care services in an efficient manner while focusing on the anticipated outcomes (Kashyap et al, 2016). In this case, wastage of time and medication is minimized; the clinic is also able to anticipate the appropriate bed days for scheduling.
On the other hand, the clinic is able to cut down on costs incurred through bed stays and admission services, which is because the applicability of the provision of home support services may be evaluated during the screening procedures. In addition, the patients are also able to receive high quality services and the needed attention, since the nurses and physicians would need to monitor the patient’s progress in an effort to adhere to the schedule and discharge plans.
Massimino, P. M., Joseph, M. L., & Kopelman, R. E. (2015). Hospital Performance and Customer-, Employee-and Enterprise-Directed Practices: Is the Mayo Clinic Reputation Deserved?. Journal of Management Cases, 28.
Merten, Julianna A., et al. “Utilization of collaborative practice agreements between physicians and pharmacists as a mechanism to increase capacity to care for hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.” Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 19.4 (2013): 509-518.
Miller, R. C., de los Santos, L. E. F., Schild, S. E., & Foote, R. L. (2014). Organizational Culture and Proton Therapy Facility Design at the Mayo Clinic. International Journal of Particle Therapy, 1(3), 671-681.
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Promoting Awareness on Heart Disease through Evidence-Based Practice
In investigating the impact of promotion awareness on preventing heart disease in women, the following PICOT question will be used to guide the research:
In women with cardiovascular diseases (P), does health promotions using evidence-based strategies to achieve optimal health of the heart (I), as compared to women receiving standard cardiovascular care (C) show better improvement in the cardiovascular disease (O) within six months? (T).
Using terms in the PICOT statement was not effective in finding useful studies. Most of the studies found by using such terms addressed broader concepts or did not relate all the ideas that the PICOT question needed to address. Some of them talked about one aspect of cardiovascular diseases alone without giving any hint about women, outcomes or interventions made towards controlling the condition.
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MESH terms such as cardiovascular, women, health promotion and others limited the number of studies that were listed on the databases compared to when those terms were not used. Therefore, this is an implication that the utilization of the MESH terms delimited the search as it filtered out some of the search results that did not have most components of the PICOT question.
Most of the research findings were not relevant to the study. To improve the relevance of the of the materials obtained, I applied limiters such as age, studies, EBP, women, years so as to only have articles that had a direct link to the various components of the Picot statement. The use of limiters was helpful because most of the items obtained in this case gave relevant information about aspects of the study. Reviewing this articles provided adequate information on the association between evidence-based practice in health promotion and improvement of cardiovascular diseases in women.
The study used for the study on preventing heart disease in women the following databases: AHRQ, guidelines.gov, joannabriggslibrary.org, EBCO, PubMed, and Ovid to gather evidence. All of them provided valid pieces of evidence. The study provided level I evidence as most of the articles were systematic reviews of randomized control trials.
Vandvik, P. O., Lincoff, A. M., Gore, J. M., Gutterman, D. D., Sonnenberg, F. A., Alonso-Coello, P., … & Spencer, F. A. (2012). Primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. CHEST Journal, 141(2_suppl), e637S-e668S. Retrieved from https://www.guideline.gov/summaries/summary/35273?.
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Personal and professional development
Professional development entails a person developing himself or herself in his or her role to completely understand the job that he/she does and the way in which that person can improve. It is notable that professional development entails enhancing the necessary skills in order to perform one’s role as effectively as possible and as Armstrong (2010) pointed out, it is something that would continue all through a person’s working life.
When thinking about personal development, one thinks about the skills needed to achieve the required results, both in the person’s role and for life in general. Ordinarily, personal development is about improving one’s talents as well as potential, both in the place of work and outside the place of work (Cook &Hunsaker, 2011). This learning portfolio entailed filling out a total of five Activity Reflection sheets for Lecture Topics 1 through 6. Entries 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 provide a summary of the activity reflection sheets.
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In essence, each entry highlights the things that I learned from the activity and includes relevant examples which prove my learning and how I am intending to use the skills that I developed all through the activity in the future at my place of work. On the whole, this learning portfolio provides evidence of my progress as well as ongoing performance and is therefore of major importance to me.
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National Security Intelligence: Homeland Security
Discussion Replies
Reply to peer 1
It is true as the author says that the organization of the security intelligence systems in the USA has not made the security situation perfect. However, the writer is also quick to acknowledge that the streamlining of the flow of information is a good step that the government took to better the collection and administration of intelligence. For instance, the creation of the Director of Intelligence as the author points out has improved sharing of information among the agencies and therefore better use and access to information (Bullock, Haddow & Coppola, 2016).
Reply to peer 2
The sentiments of the second peer are also correct. The reason is that the establishment of the fusion centers, the giving of grants as well as the Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting Initiative are important recommendations that ease not only the collection of information from grass root levels but also preparedness of the security agencies and states. For example, the fusion centers enable the interaction among the different federal agencies with regards to technical support and access to security clearance, therefore increasing corporation among the agencies (Bullock, Haddow, & Coppola, 2016). The unifying of the agencies that have resulted from the recommendations has undoubtedly improved effectiveness within the intelligence community.
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Reply to peer 3
The Director of National Intelligence is indeed an addition to the system that is meant to unify the intelligence community. It is also agreeable that in the initial times, it was hard for anyone accepts the directorial role as it bears responsibilities that most people feared. However, the author echoes the improved efficiency ad flow of information using the example involving how the CIA plays the lead role in the collection of data and training, therefore streamlining the dissemination of the intelligence to other agencies (Bullock, Haddow, & Coppola, 2016).
References
Bullock, J. A., Haddow, G. D., & Coppola, D. P. (2016). Introduction to Homeland security: Principles of all-hazards risk management (5th ed.).Waltham, MA: Elsevier.
