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Ecology World Crisis
Introduction
Ecologists agree to the fact that ecology world crisis that is facing the world today is attributed to the element of capitalism with the only real solution to this found in socialism. It is essential to note that many people have given explanations about the world with no formidable solutions and tasks in changing the factors that affect it (Boehlert, Strzepek, Chapra, Fant, Gebretsadik, Lickley, &. Martinich, 2015).
The environmental issues that exist in the imperialists states can be mitigated in the event that sufficient resources specifically time, labor and energy are directed towards these actions. This would therefore require some change in the manner in which consumption patterns are made. This paper consequently seeks to conduct a study on the ecological issues that the world is facing that include environmental problems such as greenhouse effect that is done through the emission of gasses over the expanse and that originate from the fossil fuels.
Ecological Crisis
Ecological crisis is one of the factors that have turned out to be of interest in this current dispensation. According to Negi, & Maikhuri (2013), ecological crisis can be termed as the occurrence of problematic changes within the physical, biological, chemical and environmental composition of the earth’s ecosystems as a result of human made and natural reasons (pp.452).
Through the development of human capacity, the environment has been viewed as changing, a factor that has seen the ecological balance loose its originality, with this damaging the ecosystems within the local and global level. It is for this reason vital to note that there is a need of establishing an ecological balance in this world which remains the final goal of this focus.
Ecology World Crisis
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The cause of the greenhouse effect is attributed to the rise of activities that have taken a central role win a capitalist economy which as seen the inclusion of fossils as an approach of generating energy for use in transport(Tauringana, & Chithambo, 2015). These are thus determined as the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions since every tone of fossil fuel that is burned produces close to 3.7 tons of carbon dioxide. This gas is considered as chemically unreactive and may not be gotten rid of easily since it is emitted from the exhausts.
The greenhouse effect has then been established as a serious problem since the earth warms is warmed by the atmosphere which acts like a protective layer since without this, the temperatures within the earth’s surface would escalate to -18 degrees centigrade(Tauringana, & Chithambo, 2015).
Heat from the sun is consequently known to pass through an atmosphere, an element that warms it up as this emits heat in the form of infra-red radiations. Some of this heat is trapped on the atmosphere with the rest escaping into the earth’s space. The greenhouse gases aid the atmosphere in trapping more radiations, with this gradually warming more than expected.
Ecology World Crisis
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Problems of the Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is responsible in the raising of temperatures of the planet, a factor that affects the earth’s ecosystems since they remain fragile and serious heat changes may affect the systems. According to a panel on the changes in climate, it has been predicted that the rise of the degrees in temperature will be experienced by the year 2025, with this having the capacity to cripple the Corn Belts in North America which centrally provides the worlds grains.
According to Harris (2012), these effects will definitely see the rise in food prices and the limitation of food to the Third World nations (pp.572). This means that some nations which lie further north would be in a position to grow crops that they have in the past growth.
On the other hand, the rising sea levels have also been an area that is threatening many ecologists. This event is known to result from the melting of the polar ice caps that leads to severe flooding in many regions(Harris, 2012). Most of the nations that are likely to suffer from this issue are considered to be the states that are considered as poor especially the Southern Pacific, the Islands of Caribbean, Indian Ocean and Mediterranean that are formulated as an alliance of other small states.
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Solution of this Ecological Crisis
It is easier enough for individuals to mention some of the elements that are required to rectify these situations than in engaging in the act. The reduction of energy conservation approaches and including alternative sources of energy such as the nuclear power is one of the fundamental ways of managing this crisis (Alberti, Primavera, Vecchio, Lepreti, & Carbone, 2015).
Additionally, the inclusion of free public transport within different nations would be another aspect in managing thins crisis since cars would be turned for recreational purposes. There is also a need to ensure that the destruction of forests is stopped and to incorporate reforestation programs in nations.
The reduction in the use of fossil fuels is another factor that would considerably reduce the levels of carbon dioxide that is produced which will in turn see the reduction of the pollutants that result in acidic rain. This may only be achieved through the use of less energy systems or through the incorporation of alternative sources of energy (Remais, Hess, Ebi, Markandya, Balbus, Wilkinson, & .Chalabi, 2014).
Household on this note also need to consider that there is essence in reducing their consumer behaviors. In this case, there is a need to educate households on the value of turning off their lights when not in use, and avoiding the usage of cars for short distances. Households also need to make use of different inventions that make use of less energy.
Ecology World Crisis
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Conclusion
Ecological crisis that are currently facing the world today are attributed to the element of capitalism with the only real solution to this found in socialism. It is essential to note that many people have given explanations about the world with no formidable solutions and tasks in changing the factors that affect it.
An ecological crisis can be termed as the occurrence of problematic changes within the physical, biological, chemical and environmental composition of the earth’s ecosystems as a result of human made and natural reasons (Remais, et.al.2014).
As determined in this study, cause of the greenhouse effect is attributed to the rise of activities that have taken a central role win a capitalist economy which as seen the inclusion of fossils as an approach of generating energy for use in transport.
In solving this ecological crisis, it is essential to ensure that appropriate approaches are directed towards the reduction of energy conservation approaches including alternative sources of energy such as the nuclear power is one of the fundamental ways of managing this crisis. Additionally, the inclusion of free public transport within different nations would be another aspect in managing thins crisis since cars would be turned for recreational purposes.
References
Alberti, T., Primavera, L., Vecchio, A., Lepreti, F., & Carbone, V. (2015). Spatial interactions in a modified Daisy world model: Heat diffusivity and greenhouse effects. Physical Review E: Statistical, Nonlinear & Soft Matter Physics, 92(5-B), 052717-1-052717-11. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.92.052717
Harris, G. P. (2012). Introduction to the special issue: ‘Achieving ecological outcomes’. Why is translational ecology so difficult?. Freshwater Biology, 571-6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02773.x
Negi, V., & Maikhuri, R. (2013). Socio-Ecological and Religious Perspective of Agrobiodiversity Conservation: Issues, Concern and Priority for Sustainable Agriculture, Central Himalaya. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 26(2), 491-512. doi: 10.1007/s10806-012-9386-y
Remais, J. V., Hess, J. J., Ebi, K. L., Markandya, A., Balbus, J. M., Wilkinson, P., & … Chalabi, Z. (2014). Estimating the Health Effects of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Strategies: Addressing Parametric, Model, and Valuation Challenges. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(5), 447-455. doi:10.1289/ehp.1306744
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The Moral Status Case Study
In the process of scrutinising the consigned object which is based on Fetal Abnormality with Marco, Wilson, Jessica, Dr. Wilson and Maria, it is evident that more than one woman decided to revenue all the perspective linked to Christians. Such a case is better recognized when a close relative left to ask that she expected to allow what “God proposed”. Morals of Christian endeavor are contained in the Christian theory whereby, they purpose to agree to all the standards of a person’s behaviour clearly announced by God as well as recorded in the Bible for each Christian to view them.
Marco, Wilson, Jessica, Dr. Wilson and Maria suggest that they respect the humanism stated in the book of sacred writings (Peterson, 2010). The book states that “for you made my most profound being; I praise you, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made; your precious eyes saw my unformed body and made me whole; in your hand back all men were made before any person came to be”.
However, the men wanted to take the very natural common part of the circumstance of “honest to goodness” or even theoretically talking about being materialistic, whereby, such an act ought to be demolished at adolescents and put plainly as the hatchling departure.
The Moral Status Case Study
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Action Imposed
Higher trust in the spirit that Maria and Jessica had, spearheaded them in making a decision towards doing what was expected by divinity and deciding to keep the toddler. Their spirit of a developing life was like as a social thing, and ending it would be like butchering the spirit. Executing the spirit is a transgression, which was supported by Marco and Dr Wilson as the best actions to be taken to do away with the new-born child.
The actions would best be done in such a way to stop the materialistic world point of view, and things that pertained individuals who are the most corporeal beings (Rossi, 2010). Most of the racial effects summarized in this report are only important to the type of society which will respond to them. However, it is a bad thing to allow racial summarization to persist and also be sharpened in Ontario as it might lead to huge damage due to the high cost incurred.
In this case, the commission has laid a lot of recommendations and actions, which addressed summarizing of ethnic groups. Such an act is not an extensive summary of the best performance of the commission in fighting racial summarizing as it is not the main objective of commission exertion. Purpose geared towards solicitation is all that is required to raise more concerns on racial summarizing and put an end to it (Peterson, 2010).
The Moral Status Case Study
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Community Teaching Work Plan Proposal
PowerPoint slides and information from the World Health Organisation (WHO) portal were employed in this presentation. The nursing diagnosis is a willingness to learn. Learning includes the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains (Nies & McEwen, 2011). It is, however, paramount to evaluate the enthusiasm to learn about the target audience. Apart from the disposition to learn, it is critical to assess the age group of audience, academic level, intervention structure, reading and writing capability, mental level and developmental level.
Any physical restrictions such as audibility, graphical and coordination should equally be considered. Variables that include readiness to learn are culture, emotional attributes, support structures and so forth. Family structure, monetary and social status are other variables. Nonetheless, it is critical to evaluate language barrier before drafting the teaching plan. When it comes to the learning model, bandura’s social learning theory was employed.
Learning can transpire through direct observation or instruction presented in a social backdrop. The presentation’s target audiences were policy makers and security personnel. The simple language was used for easier comprehension of the audience.
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Community Teaching Work Plan
Summary of Teaching Plan
While the aspect of teaching the community on potential attacks is a serious issue in our nation, demonstrating to them the importance of security interventions, was a significant cause. The probability that a nation can experience bioterrorism/disaster is somewhat factual. In the recent past, for instance, Americans experienced the effects of September 11, wars and animosity (Harkness & DeMarco, 2012).
These are indicators that present people the fundamental basis to learn safety strategies. The presentation was the toughest of issues I had to conduct. Public speaking is not my strong point; nevertheless, I considered it my responsibility as a nurse to educate the community on tactics that could help them solve emerging problems. In most cases, PowerPoint presentations are useful tools when it comes to disseminating knowledge to individuals that do not understand complex issues. So, during the presentation, the audience would appear instinctive and interested.
The same applies to me. When a presentation touches not just on my safety but others as well, I would be more than keen to pay attention. The presentation took approximately 20 minutes, which involved explaining and discussion. In general, I was confident regarding teaching and giving detailed examples on this particular issue. This group also was keen and considered this information relevant.
Community Teaching Work Plan
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Epidemiological Rational
Epidemiology is the study of the occurrence of diseases in different individuals. In addition, epidemiology involves the importance of having the plan to prevent such diseases. It is not exceptional for ordinary individuals to be unaware of epidemiology. Nevertheless, it is our duty to study not only the causes but also the impacts of detrimental as well as the sickening field of health.
Some fields of the study are not natural, and as such, easier to learn and prevent. While it is significantly incredible to control dangerous pathogens, what becomes apparent is that the cure for some physical illness has not been discovered. As such, the ability to take out a whole community has considerable impacts. This is not a thought; rather it is an endemic and probabilities are certain. Besides the 9/11 terrorist attacks, one month later there was anthrax outbreak (Markowitz & Rosner, 2004).
Also, there are also cases of smallpox, among other contagious diseases. For that reason, it is of great importance for the community to be educated about these diseases and ways of preventing them. Much as one may wonder the way of teaching or fathom the results, the solution revolves around trying. For me, nursing is not just a profession but a way of life. In short, teaching the community about epidemiology was rewarding because I executed my duties and saved lives of others.
Community Teaching Work Plan
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Evaluation of Teaching Experience
By and large, the teaching experience was a rewarding and positive experience. Throughout my nursing career, I have never been compassionate teaching the community, and the skills acquired from this experience helped me throughout my career. While the subject was challenging regarding teaching, understanding information was considerably tough. In reality, it was hard to believe that this was not imaginary; this scenario can occur later on in life.
Personally, I detest and greed people have against others is inconceivable. When I completed the task, I was compelled to share what I learned with others to assist them in preventing these attacks. The majority of people who participated in my presentation were ignorant regarding the occurrence of these events or were even aware that they have already occurred. My response was simple.
I was not aware that this was a genuine issue or took place in the past. Before beginning this project, teaching the community was not my interest as such I cannot believe that some other people would like this subject and consider as a component of their lives unless they have no other choice. The reaction I obtained from this group was a mixture of various positive and inquisitive. Nonetheless, there some reactions that contributed to other useful information.
Community Teaching Work Plan
Community Response to Teaching
In the beginning, individuals who attended my presentation on bioterrorism awareness appeared reluctant. But when I began my assessment about the issue they were at ease and ready to get along. It was intricate to get these people to recognize the relevance of the issue. The community had been threatened with destructive attacks, however; it was certainly possible. As I wrapped up the presentations, various issues were raised including the time, the manner and the reason such attacks can happen.
For sure, I tried my best to respond to these questions, although I could not explain that area in the discussion. I merely intended to explain to the community the knowledge regarding these deadly communicable illnesses rather than the reasons they occur or the time they could happen. This demonstrates that teaching this group stimulated them to think out of the box (Harkness & DeMarco, 2012).
A few people, who offered insights on this issue, covered some of the disputed issues since they were former and currently they retired veterans. The queries addressed by these individuals just stated that human beings do not understand and cannot know until an event takes place. In the case of an occurrence, the country has to be prepared, not just for the deadly disease but also terrorist attacks. The group that attended learning was rather compelled following the views of the retired veterans who shared some of the things he did during the war.
Maybe this group will carry on with daily lives, I do not find it strange, but some gained understanding regarding bioterrorism as well as a different perspective. A remarkable lifestyle change is necessary because it help the group to be ready for any possible event. Of course, this was not my objective; rather my intention was informing the public to protect themselves and others.
Community Teaching Work Plan
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Areas of Strength and Improvement
This was more than just another task that I wanted to accomplish but rather a challenge. I will always attempt to do my very best in any condition; this was an issue I never imagined I would have to deal with. I must admit that any PowerPoint presentation would be to realize this assignment with positive results and benefit to those around. Owing to the number of persons that were in attendance, I believe I was able to realize most of those objectives. While my group speaking capabilities were not that perfect, I had the confidence to put my point across in a coherent manner.
My PowerPoint was simple to comprehend with just the right data to justify every aspect in the presentation. Again, my competence to present before strangers on a subject that I was not conversant with previously caught me surprised. Certainly, I had some doubts about my capability, and the real battle to overcome was in the mind. At the outset, for instance, I was never audible enough, implicitly people seated in the back could not hear me.
Community Teaching Work Plan
This is to say, I would have started the presentation with vigor to be heard by almost everyone in attendance. I would understand being told to speak up loud. I guess the tension stemmed from self-consciousness or the usual timid disposition that presented. Nonetheless, as the presentation went on, I gained the self-confidence and was even willing to do better.
The answers section is another area that I needed to have done thorough preparation. Some questions took a tall order for me, and I, therefore, relied on other individuals. Towards the end, I recognized that meticulous preparation would have equipped me entirely. Honestly speaking the experience was one of a lifetime and it was obvious for a few probing minds to question my competence. Generally speaking, I have the confidence the whole presentation was a hit. While I set out wobbling and terrified, I gained the confidence in the long-run. As I wrapped up, I recognized that preparation should become a way of life.
Community Teaching Work Plan
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Legal, ethical and social point of IT Security
Summary
Given that private and professional internet users have rapidly become concerned with privacy and data protection the privacy that is accorded famous synchronization services of cloud files for instance Google drive, Drop box and one drive, this matter has gained lots of scrutiny by the press. Some of these services have been reported in the recent past to be sharing their information with government intelligence agencies without warrants.
BitTorrent has been observed to be an alternative by numerous people and by 2014 it already had 3 million users. This service is totally decentralized and provides most of the same functionality and synchronization that is a replica of cloud computing services. It employs encryption in the transmission of data and alternatively for storage remotely. (Chung, 2015)
The significance of comprehending BitTorrent Sync and its consequent digital investigative implications to law enforcers and forensic investigators is critical to future evaluations. Given the rise in developments in professional technologies the volumes that are being created by computer machines are now increasing. For users of mobile machines accessing this data has been a tall order.
With rapid connectivity and increased availability and internet access the notion of resilient storage, high availability and off site back up has been moved from the domain that was mainly a preserve of large corporations and has become rapidly popular with users of computers as well as daily data consumers (Cohen, 2003).
Legal, ethical and social point of IT Security
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Applications like Drop Box and Ever note control the reducing cost of hard disk storage witnessed in Storage as a Service (SaaS) providers for instance Amazon S 3. The key advantage stemming from services like Apple iCloud, DropBox, Microsoft OneDrive, and Google Drive is the fact that their data tends to be a center model that is totally out of the financial reach of the ordinary consumer.
This data can be accessed on various devices without necessarily reformatting partitions or wasting space through a creation of multiple copies of one file for all devices. DropBox and a number of other services have offline applications that permeate the synchronization of data to local folders to be accessed offline. Each of these services and most of this data can be freely accessed by government intelligence without a warrant. Consequently, BitTorrent Sync offers this functionality without cloud storage and is thus believed to be the best option (Quick, 2013).
Given its advantages BTSync application is now popular with those who want to replicate and synchronize their files. By the end of 2013 it had attracted 2 million users. This work’s contribution entails a forensic evaluation of BTSync applications for clients left remnants upon installation, its behavior, and artifacts. An evaluation of the network traffic sequence and file interactions employed as part of the process of interaction are also included.
This information can be of use to digital forensic investigators if BTSync is installed on machines that have been subjected to investigation. It can be employed in the recovery of lost data, modifying this data or locating where it has been synchronized to (Chung, 2015).
Legal, ethical and social point of IT Security
By knowing the operational nature of BTSync this could assist to get the right direction during digital investigations to extra remote machines where more relevant data could be replicated. This technology is applicable in several crime investigations including, industrial espionage, malicious software distribution and sharing of child exploitation material. The crime that is being investigated is what determines if the remote machines could be owned and put under operation by one suspect or by a cohort that has a mutual goal.
The protocol is powerful because of the nature of file parts usage where each file is capable of being manipulated and controlled separately. Given that BTSync at times tends to use a DHT in data transfers there is no leading authority that can be used to manage data authentication. Suspect files located on a system could be downloaded from several sources and uploaded to several recipients (Cohen, 2003).
Legal, ethical and social point of IT Security
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Analysis
There are three unique settings that establish the resources employed in peer discovery as well as the available path for transmission of traffic. BTSync employs such peer discovery techniques to ordinary BitTorrentprotocol. The localized peer discovery packet contains a BSYNC and a ping message type which includes the 20 byte mutual ID of the advertised share, IP address of the sender host as well as the port.
The LAN hosts that receive the packet will drop it if they have no interest in the shared ID. Hosts that show some interest show it through a UDP packet response to the advertised port. This response lacks a BSYNC header and the field of data has only the responding peer’s ID (Quick, 2013).
The three IP addresses are hosted on the EC2 cloud service of Amazon. A get peers request is send to the tracker server by the client. Upon reception of this request the IP address of the client is added onto a list of available peers that are active for the specific tracker shared ID. Given that the client requests this list because of the secret possessed by it, the server’s response always has one active peer which is employed in requesting the client’s information.
Peer discovery can be done by clients through the use of a Distributed Hash Table (DHT). In this alternative peers can register their details by use of the secret word and the port. By employing this alternative users could avoid using any kind of tracking server but they could find peer discovery as being slow in nature (Chung, 2015).
Legal, ethical and social point of IT Security
The option of using predefined hosts is the last and undetectable technique of peer discovery. The user is capable of adding a list of IP addresses and port combinations to shared preferences. This peer’s list is likely to be directly contacted without necessarily having to look into a BSYNC packet that has a ping type of message. Just like peer discovery methods BTSync permeates the user to put together several alternatives that impact the manner in which data can be transferred between peers. If no options are set the seeding host makes attempts to directly communicate with the replicating target (Cohen, 2003).
The forensic analyses of these utilities are problematic in nature. Unless there is a complete up to date local synchronization the data’s entire picture could reside in temporary files. Multiple data centers and volatile storage for instance the RAM of the system. Any forensic evaluation done digitally on these systems should have particular attention on the access method. This is mainly the internet browser that connects to the access page of the service provider. This temporary access highlights the significance of real forensic methods while carrying out investigations on a suspected machine (Quick, 2013).
Legal, ethical and social point of IT Security
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If power is disconnected from the suspect’s machine investigators will lose more than access to the clients open documents and this includes authentication documents stored in the RAM such as passwords. There is an extra approach to forensics during cloud storage investigations. This entails access by use of complete client application regardless of whether it has been interfered with by the user.
Anti-forensic attempts could be applied through a deletion of synchronized folders and uninstallation of the application. If Dropbox is employed with the application of the client it creates a localized folder which synchronizes contents that are stored in it through an online duplication of the folder. Dropbox usually provides a storage space of 2GB for free but one has the alternative of buying more space (Chung, 2015).
OneDrive is meant to be an absolute online storage facility with the alternative of synchronizing copies of files to the folder of a client. Most cloud storage facilities offer a method of synchronization that involve a kind of periodic checking to establish if there are changes made to versions that are viewed at a local level. They can also be used to make a comparison of online and offline copies upon re-establishing communication (Cohen, 2003).
Legal, ethical and social point of IT Security
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Just like peer discovery methods, BTSync enables users to configure several options that impact the manner in which data gets transferred from one peer to another. The seeding host makes attempts of directly communicating with the replication target. The traffic tends to be encrypted through default in case it travels out of the local LAN. There is an alternative in application preferences to enhance LAN encryption if it is preferred by the user (Quick, 2013).
If there is a blocked communication between hosts in case they are on different networks safeguarded by firewalls or in LAN segments which are locked by inbound access managed links. When a seeder creates a share it leads to the generation of a master key. It is essentially the all access key that permeates the share owner to modify, add or remove the share contents. The only case in which the key can be distributed to another one is when it becomes a trusted collaborator. The read only key permeates the receiving user to read the synchronized data but not to modify the source contents whatsoever (Chung, 2015).
When trying to recover lost data it is possible to find that BTSync has been installed on a machine. As a result of anti-forensic measures a number of files may not be recovered from the localized hard disk. If the secret is recovered for some share it is likely that the suspect’s secret synchronization will help forensic investigators to recover the information that is lost from all nodes in the share that are still active. Ordinary forensic analysis of file systems tends to identify synchronized artifacts that are left behind from a certain share combined with successive data synchronization.
The collected data should be stored in a digital evidence bag. Given the metadata BTSync value that is employed in recovering files that are remotely stored a good P2P based bag should be used. There are no intentions to replace BTSync with BitTorrent to make it a file dissemination utility though it still serves this purpose. This is now being enhanced by websites that offer shared secrets (Cohen, 2003).
Cohen B. (2003), Incentives build robustness in bittorrent. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Economics of Peer-to-Peer systems, Vol. 6. pp. 68–72.
Quick D, Choo KKR. (2013) Forensic collection of cloud storage data: does the act of collection result in changes to the data or its metadata? Digital Investigation;10(3):266–77.
Legal, ethical and social point of IT Security
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Multinationals Greatly Diminish The Bargaining Power of Labour Unions
It is true that Multinational diminish the bargaining power of labour unions; since, the vertical integration has led to an increased exposure of the multinational towards lowering the bargaining power in most labour unions. Multinational firms have taken the responsibility of weakening the labour union power due to the perception that the more power the labour union has, the larger the incentives that will rise towards outsourcing the capital intensity of the firms (McIlroy, 2000).
The multinational firms have readily available resources, which they can use to absorb any losses in any of their branches located in a country in conflict with a national union. Through doing this, the multinational will be diminishing the power to bargain with most labour unions as the multinational will feel lesser impact due to its continued recording of profits in various worldwide operations. A form of explicit policy can be taken by various multinational firms across the globe towards reducing the company’s vulnerability to any strike that might be initiated by a given national trade.
In such a case, the bargaining power of the labour union will be diminished (Van Offeren, 2011). Multinational firms mostly use the branch closure strategy in diminishing the bargaining power of labour unions whereby; the multinational firms can temporarily move its production through the use of production facilities from other countries and if need be, the firms can cause closure of installation in a given country. Through doing that, the bargaining power of labour unions will be diminished.
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In addition, multinational firms can make decisions from their remote headquarters without involving the labour unions and the inability of the trade unions to influence the decision made their bargaining powers are bound to get diminished. The multinational firms can exert pressure on the government to adopt laws in their favour to imply that they highly voice the government as compared to the labour unions (Van Offeren, 2011).
Decisions made by the government in favour of multinational firms give them enough capability to diminish the bargaining power of labour unions. Multinational firms use many strategies in determining any syndicate to any competitive negotiation to imply that they are above the labour union and can easily diminish its bargaining powers.
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State of New Jersey Health Report Cards
New Jersey States key health indicators
According to the census population data estimates, the state of New Jersey has a population estimate of 8,938,175 with the poverty rate of this state standing at 11.4%. According to the health indicators, some of the chronic diseases that are prevalent among this population include cancer, asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney diseases, HIV/AIDS, Heart diseases and stroke, and tuberculosis (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013).
The reports also indicates that access to health care services is more that the lack of health insurance with the understanding of public health care systems and having care providers remaining some of the key elements that determine the manner in which access to these services are employed. However, there is a need to increase the proportion of adults with the health care providers with the aim of improving healthcare outcomes.
An increase in children’s lives expectancy has been impacted immensely by the reduction in mortality by infectious ailments that have been achieved through the administration of vaccines. Early childhood immunization is considered as safe with the employment of cost-efficient approaches of controlling preventable diseases through the use of vaccines. Vaccinations have on the other hand let to a 95%reduction in vaccine-preventable ailments among this populations.
According to the National Immunization Survey (NIS) 2012, New Jersey’s immunization rates of coverage for children are considered as above the national average for children aged between 19-35 months (The National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties, 2012). Low birth weights and defects are determined as the leading causes of deaths among the infants in New Jersey with many factors attributed to the quality of prenatal care, nutrition, infections, medical problems, alcohol and drug substances use, stress, obesity, poverty, violence and the mothers ages.
State of New Jersey Health Report Cards
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A dramatic increase in children and adults including teens who are overweight in New Jersey is also one of the alarming factors about the well-fare of this population. The occupational injuries that are either fatal or non-fatal in nature are also serous public health issues that affect this population. Additionally, the use of tobacco is also another factor that is considered that cause of deaths and diseases among these people (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2013).
Smoking is considered as the cause of chronic lung diseases, heart diseases, and strokes of the lungs, mouth, larynx and the esophagus. Exposure of the secondhand smoke contributes to the increase in heart diseases and cancers among the nonsmokers.
How these Indicators Influence Health Status
These indicators influence the health status of New Jersey considering the fact that the state has experienced a growing population of individuals who suffer from cancer, asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney diseases, HIV/AIDS, Heart diseases and stroke, and tuberculosis. Additionally, it has also been upon the state to address these issues through the development of appropriate care approaches for the patients who present these ailments(Green, Tones, Cross & Woodall, 2015).
On the other hand, the low birth weights and defects have also constituted deaths among the infants in New Jersey with many factors attributed to the quality of prenatal care, nutrition, infections, medical problems, alcohol and drug substances use, stress, obesity, poverty, violence and the mother’s ages. The increases in child and adults having obesity also influence the health status of the state including injuries and the use of tobacco.
State of New Jersey Health Report Cards
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What is and what are Not Covered under Medicare and Medicaid
In line with the health status of this population, Medicare covers services that include the lab tests; the visits that are made by the physiciansthe provision of wheelchairs and walkers for those of face fetal injuries, hospital care for the patients, home health care services and nursing home care including a skilled facility with effective nurses(Green, et.al.2015).
On the other hand, Medicaid is fully developed to serve most of the poor people within this population and it covers the clinical treatments, midwifery services, screening, diagnosis and treatment of the people aged between 21, doctor’s services, x-rays and medical and surgical services (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, n.d.).
Direct and Indirect Burdens Of Health Risk Behaviors
The chronic diseases and conditions among this population that includes the contraction of cancer, asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney diseases, HIV/AIDS, Heart diseases and stroke, and tuberculosis remains some of the costly and preventable health issues in New Jersey (Green, et.al.2015). These diseases are considered some of the top causes of deaths among the population of this country.
As a result of this, families are forced to put up with the costs of these illnesses that is dependent on their experiences (Green, et.al.2015). Families are therefore forced to select treatment approaches based on the severity and nature of these ailments with the choices of these options dependent on their ability to access resources and other barriers to accessing health care systems.
State of New Jersey Health Report Cards
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Policy and Its Impacts on Key Health Indicators
Policy plays an essential role in impacting the health indicators considering the fact that this incorporates the public and governmental interventions in changing the environment as well as promoting the behaviors of individuals with the aim of enlightening on how to prevent chronic diseases within the society(Green, et.al.2015). Through policies, the state and the general public are in a position to reduce the contraction of chronic diseases, a factor that promotes the health of the society.
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (n.d.). Retrieved June 11, 2013, from http://www.cms.gov/
Green, J., Tones, K., Cross R., & Woodall, J. (2015). Health promotion: Planning and strategies (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
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Motivation and Performance
Motivation and performance are two vital concepts of productivity irrespective of the underlying factors that instigate them, whether in a service providing or a manufacturing environment. According to Robertson, Birch & Cooper (2012), motivation of any extent among employees or students in working or education settings respectively is undeniably the most imperative determinant of satisfaction and subsequently performance due to effective and efficient utilization of resources with minimal wastage and optimal efforts towards achieving the set outcomes.
As a result, considering the challenge of limited resources balancing between motivation and task satisfaction has become very essential (Robbins & Judge, 2013).
Motivation and Performance
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Cooper (2013) noted that motivation is the desire to not only do but also actualize things, making it the most crucial element in setting and achieving goals which is to a greater extent influenced by self-control. Thus, motivation is usually what stimulates us to act and it involves the process of initiating, guiding, and maintaining behaviors that are goal-oriented (Brief & Weiss, 2012).
This is without any doubt the main reason why talent and ambition are not the sole predictors of whether someone will push until a certain goal is achieved or quit along the way. Hence, this validates the suggestion by Wade and Tavris that the source of someone’s motivation is a crucial factor to determine whether the set goal is achieved including the need to perform excellently in front of others or the satisfaction achieved from learning a task (Brief & Weiss, 2012).
Motivation and Performance
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Schultz & Schultz (2014) emphasize that performance goals are vital in determining someone’s motivation as well as satisfaction irrespective of whether a task is performed personally or in front of others or assigned by someone else. A focus on this assertion makes it clear that anyone who has ever set a goal to achieve, has through motivation and envisaged satisfaction to urgently realize that by simply having the interest of accomplishing it is not enough (Brief & Weiss, 2012).
Cooper (2013) notes that achieving such performance goals require persistence through obstacles as well as endurance to keep pushing on irrespective of the difficulties which are faced along the process since the satisfaction expected from actualizing such a task is enough to motivate sustained action. Thus, with regards to performance goals, motivation is usually determined by three main components such as activation of the desire, persistence and intensity.
Mastery goals are undoubtedly the most important link between motivation and satisfaction (Cooper, 2013). This is attributable to the fact that, the motivation of performing well in front of others as well as learning a task due to satisfaction attained from it requires not only commitment, but also mastery of the task for satisfactory performance.
As a result, in order to ensure mastery goals with regards to a particular task are achieved someone should always endeavor to increase satisfaction in learning the task for improved motivation, subsequently leading to better performance and increased efficiency (Robbins & Judge, 2013).
Motivation and Performance
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The effect of praise is also crucial in influencing the motivation to perform better in front of others and achieve satisfaction in learning a particular task. Hence, in order to sustain praise from others concentration must be focused on contentment, optimism, enthusiasm, and teamwork among colleagues in order to help the task flourish (Robertson, Birch & Cooper, 2012). Schultz & Schultz (2014) noted that the effect of praise is also strongly associated with the feelings of worth whereby someone’s motivation and satisfaction is driven by his/her mental outlook in believing that he/she is valuable or appreciated, which results to continued effort to maintain the praise.
Expectations and self-efficacy are also naturally linked to motivation and satisfaction because optimism enables someone to hope for the best outcome, especially in challenging or difficult circumstances (Cooper, 2013). Furthermore, self-efficacy with regards to a task’s motivation and satisfaction refer to someone’s emotional condition and the driving force in pursuing and satisfying one’s needs in order to achieve contentment according to Maslow’s theory of needs (Brief & Weiss, 2012).
Robertson, I. T., Birch, A. J., & Cooper, C. L. (2012). Job and work attitudes, engagement and employee performance: Where does psychological well-being fit in? Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 33(3), 224–232.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2014). Psychology and work today: An introduction to industrial and organizational psychology, (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
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Influence of Culture on Accounting Procedures
Introduction
Culture can be defined in relation to accounting procedures as the communal encoding of mind which differentiates a group of people from another. Culture puts into consideration factors such as the groups beliefs, morals, their background knowledge, the groups laws and customs, and any other abilities and habits that individuals from that particular society posses. Some of these cultural elements have been known to have a great influence on the labor circumstances of many organizations and business institutions.
Accounting procedures are structured set of handbook and programmed accounting techniques, systems and control methods that are introduced to collect, record, analyze, and present financial information to guide in decision making processes. Several theories have been used to illustrate the relationship and interconnections between cultural values and accounting procedures.
The theories can be categorized into two large groups which are economical and sociological approaches. Economical theories includes; principle agent theory, transaction cost theory and managerial accounting system design approach. Accounting systems may include; internal and external tax accounting and expense accounting procedures. Cultural behaviors have influenced the operations of businesses globally.
Influence of Culture on Accounting Procedures
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Problem Statement
Cultural values have not been completely embraced by many organizations in their financial and accounting systems. Business organizations need to incorporate important cultural values that will influence accounting procedures positively. Professionalism of individuals needs to be given priority when it comes to making decisions. Organizations have to create room for independent expert judgments by individuals with enough knowledge on the subject matter.
Their decision must be respected as long as they adhere to the set legislations that govern accounting procedures and at the same time the judgments they make should promote fairness to all workers ( Gregg, 2005). Cultural knowledge need to be used more in businesses since it provides valuable cultural information that can influence the making and implementation of more informed decisions.
Businesses will need to employ accounting secrecy and transparency to limit the disclosure of valuable financial information to competitors. Professional individuals must therefore create assurance for the security of any important financial information that may be used by competitors to their advantage. At the same time, transparency and accountability need to be practiced in the accounting and financing systems to avoid cases of a business losing money for individual gains.
Certain cultural beliefs and some set code of ethics promote transparency since they prohibit individuals from certain societal backgrounds from activities that may discredit them in providing financial results that lack accountability (Rand, 2006). Therefore, organizations need to employ workers with cultural values that promote accountability and transparency in the financial systems.
There is need for all businesses to ensure transparency and accountability in all its departments which can be achieved more efficiently by embracing set societal beliefs and morals. Both the managers and stakeholder should be in the forefront to in making sure that transparency and accountability is observed among all workers. They should be the role models to all other employees.
Influence of Culture on Accounting Procedures
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Organizations also need to employ conservatism which is one of the most ancient ways of valuing accounting procedures. The concept can be associated with uncertainty- avoidance aspect which tries to avoid the uncertain outcomes in the future. Conservative measures need to be taken that will help in the adapting of careful measures that will deal with uncertain results happening in the future.
A company that values its cultural conservatism highly is in most cases able to predict future outcomes thus avoiding occurrence of uncertain events in the future. An organization may opt for a lesser conservative theory to achieve consistency with short- term goals since the expected results are attained within their estimated time. Furthermore, this approach is more optimistic when adopted where the organization is trying to conserve its resources and investing these resources to achieve their long- term goals (Newing, 1995).
This is clearly shown when determining the total value of the business. In addition, the approach has tried to outline how various cultural values such as good behavior and customs can be used within an organization to facilitate good accounting and financial systems.
Influence of Culture on Accounting Procedures
Effect of cultural values and societal rule on accounting procedures
Written laws which can include societal rules need to be incorporated in the structural working of organizations to achieve uniformity in accounting and financial systems. Individualism is an aspect where culture has influenced both accounting and financial systems greatly, since it motivates individual performance towards realization of goals of an organization.
Further, this aspect has increased individual contribution towards the teams that runs various departments (Khan, 2002). Furthermore, an organization that chooses a more uniform financial and accounting theory, it is associated greatly with avoiding incidences of uncertainty. This has resulted to a lot of concern in matters pertaining laws and regulations which have forced these bodies to come up with strict code of ethics that monitors accounting and financial systems in any business organization.
These codes of ethics should go hand in hand with cultural morals that must be adhered to by all individuals. The organization also has role of ensuring that all set regulations of the firm must be followed to the letter without favors. For any business to be successful in the future consideration of individualism must be given more weight and priority since personnel’s with high cultural values will be more committed towards working with the sets regulations (Becker, 1991).
Influence of Culture on Accounting Procedures
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Economic theories of organizations control, makes the assumption that the firm is a lawful body that is composed of the manufacturing procedures whose information is accessible by other organizations. Executives are responsible for choosing a certain manufacturing process and provide a suitable environment for maximization of the present and the future revenues. In addition, it is also the responsibility of the managers and stakeholders to offer all required material and financial resources and also equip employees with required skills by offering training courses (Anthony, 2001).
Economic theories that have been discussed to help managers in business operations include; the principle agent theory, the transaction cost theory and the management accounting system design. The three theories all focuses on profit maximization where executives, workers, stakeholders and accounting controllers works together to achieve the organizations common goal of increasing the firms total output.
Economic theories should always try to adapt to mechanisms that describes the organization. On the other hand, non- economic approaches need to work towards filling the existing gap and expound on the firms’ knowledge behavior (Mullins, 2002).
Influence of Culture on Accounting Procedures
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There has been concern on whether principal agent theory helps in understanding the concept of profit maximization by the management. The approach refers to a point where the owners of the business are interested in capitalizing on profit or are concerned in functions that add value to their enterprise. The theory is also referred to as principle agent problem, since senior staffs may exploit subordinate staffs by for instance, installing financial programs that these junior staffs do not have skills to operate.
On the other hand, managers, concentrates on exploiting the available resources that include their salary and money to maximize on profit which is the main functions of their business (Warren, 2005). As managers tries to maximize on profits, it results to an argument of concern on how managers should be controlled in the way they should run their commerce and at the same time do their best to capitalize on the state of ownership.
For example, managers must consult investors on a certain decision before implementing so as to get the approval of the stakeholders. This facilitates effective decision making and implementation, since there thorough research on matters of concern and enough consultation is conducted before making a conclusive and final decision ( Harrison, 2004).
Influence of Culture on Accounting Procedures
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Despite managerial power system in relation to organizational activities not encouraging executives to express their open behavior, stakeholder do not have much information on managers day to day activities and the available information on profits. Ownership can therefore not force the management to work towards achieving the companies’ objectives by just highlighting the objective purpose. The solution to this is to design an efficient scheme that aligns the objectives of the stakeholder and those of the management (Whiting, 1986).
The scheme will tend to carry more weight on the objectives of the managers in comparison to those of the stakeholders. On the contrary, despite the approach trying to close on the gap within organizations, it faces a problem in that executive tend to utilize their power to enforce rules that may oppress the subordinates. For instance, the manager may authorize the purchase of an expensive machine for production to favor the seller while on the other hand; the manager is oppressing the subordinates who do not understand how to operate the machines.
It can be seen that the theory helps managers to maximize on profits as the management is given freedom to exploit resources at their disposal without stakeholders’ interruption. Further, the manager is given the mandate to set the rules and goals of an organization in order to maximize on profits (Bryan, 1999).
Influence of Culture on Accounting Procedures
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Effect of social cultural factors on profit maximization
Social cultural factors also influence the extent to which are managers able to maximize on profits from signing the right contracts which are cheaper compared to their market price. According to the transaction cost theory, a firms’ existence is validated by the ability of the entrepreneur to agree on contracts at lower price than the market price which can be negotiated.
The number of contracts that can be negotiated within the firm is always less than the number outside. The contract should only state the power limits of the entrepreneurs and the details of the contract should only be defined after the two parties have agreed on all matters. Due to this, there is a possibility of the firm emerging in cases where short term agreements are not satisfactory.
Further, the approach would be seen as the expense incurred while trying to cater for goods by purchasing from the market instead of the organization providing from within. In addition, many organization tend to provide for their needs from within which allows the organization to save more on production cost, thus maximizing on the total income generated (Laffont, 2002).
Influence of Culture on Accounting Procedures
According to this theory, the control of an organization is related to the control that the firm has over the marketing expenses. In addition, the theory claims that issues relating to organizations details play a vital role in defining the firms’ nature which is determined by the optimal production of available workers which is most likely promoted by the already existing inputs within the firm (Gebert, 2014).
In fact, resources with lesser value are priced at a lower cost since they can only generate products with lesser value, whereas, resources of high value are priced at a higher cost due to the high profit incomes that they generate. The approach faces a problem where, before managers undertake any transaction in the market, they have to know who are the willing seller/ buyer in order to initiate a bargain to get into contract and to conduct an inspection required to ascertain the validity o the contract.
The long processes involved in acquiring of industrial goods and services delays production by an organization since a lot of time is consumed/ lost between the time of identifying the needed resource and the time of acquiring the good. In addition, time may be also lost as the managers tries to fulfill legal procedures that are required for acquisition and installation of equipment (Flamholtz, 1996).
Influence of Culture on Accounting Procedures
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According to the theory, it can be seen that market prices determines the interactions between organizations. Furthermore, managers are responsible for making and implementing business set rules. For example, when a manager wants to purchase a machine that will be used in production department, he first of all consults an expert, then finds a willing seller, bargains, signs contract and finally makes the purchase (Chandler, 1992).
The approach involves three types of costs which are, “search and information cost “,”bargain and decision costs” and “policing and enforcement cost”. Without taking into consideration the transaction cost, managers will not understand well how the economic system work therefore making it hard to implement economic policies. The theory proves that managers are able to strike the right deals when they agree contracts before going to the market to strike at a market price.
Influence of Culture on Accounting Procedures
Effect of team work and organization culture on profit maximization
In the current business world, most organizations are using accounting and financial data in making critical decisions which in most cases is provided by management agents and controllers. The only question in this is whether the agents and the controllers have different perceptions with the managers on variable designs and the output quality (Chenhall, 2003).
Therefore, there is a need for the integration of the accounting controllers and the management involved in the decision making which would result in a consistent accounting language which benefits both the manager and the controllers.
The controllers do not seem to understand how vital their work relies on business success since they provide intangible and harmonizing information to the management. Therefore there exists a gap between the accounting controllers and the executives concerning on how to put into use the financial information. By providing information that promotes the growth of the organization, they improve their position as business consultants thus gaining highly influential positions within the enterprise.
On the other hand, managers must be transparent on the type of details they require and use while the controllers should not see themselves as specialists but instead be just like any other employee with the aim of realizing the organizations set targets (Sautet, 2000). Further, when both mangers and controllers agree to examine the policy that runs the business together, they tend to understand the matters concerning the social- economic factors m, thus leading to faster goal achievement of the organization within a short time.
In addition, managerial designs have assisted managers in maximizing on profits as decisions made by the two parties, when they work as a team, are implemented as agreed. When both the managers and the accounting controllers work together, it can be seen from the approach that there is quick goal achievement and higher profit maximization.
Influence of Culture on Accounting Procedures
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The above three discussed approaches do interrelate as all are aimed at realizing the long term profit maximization of the firm. First, Principal Agent theory illustrate on a scheme that is aimed at having the management and the stakeholders aligning their objectives so as make and implement efficient decisions that will enhance overall productivity. Though the senior staffs have a higher hand of determining the best course since they understand better the business environment, they still need to consult the investors.
The transaction cost theory explains on how managers need to give priority to contracts that can be implemented at lower costs than the market price. The management there focuses on resources that can be acquired at a cheaper cost but at the end yield more products which can generate more incomes. Lastly, the managerial accounting system design like the other two approaches focuses on making decisions that are aimed at maximizing the firms’ profits (Radebaugh, 2005).
The theory tries to integrate the company’s management with the accounting controllers so as to enhance the making of more informed decisions that would increase the firms’ total revenue. The three theories therefore summarize the role of different firm organs and departments in the realization of the goals of an organization which are to increase the total income revenue.
Influence of Culture on Accounting Procedures
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Sociological theories of organizational control are approaches that try to describe managerial behavior by stressing on main affinity of teams. Sociologists do not concentrate more on understanding individuals’ psychology and how they interact with others but emphasize more on group interactions.
According to the theory, managerial control is executed by set laws, policies and the chain of command (Klewes, 2008). Further, the sociological approach has been described using several other theories that include; functionalism, general system theory approach, contingency theory and theory of bureaucracy.
The theory of functionalism is based on the hypothesis that the social world has a strong, genuine continuation, and an orderly trait oriented to come up with a structured and maintained state affairs. The theory has been applied in social sciences and how they relate to the business world. According to the approach, the organization can be approached in two dimensions; from an internal view and an external perspective.
The internal view distinguishes the managerial, the technical and the institutional level. The managerial section takes part in the administration section of the organization (Chenhall, 1990). The technical level focuses on the activities involving practical work. The institutional part has to make sure that the objectives of the company are at par with the social goals.
The second approach is the General system theory approach studies an organization as a program of parts interconnected to each other but each specialized to perform a specific task towards achieving the goals of the organization. Further, the theory explains the common principles and regulations that an organization operates under. The principles must be in agreement with the cultural norms of the involved communal groups.
In addition to this, environmental laws must also be adhered to regardless of the firms’ laws and regulations. The cultural values of the society will therefore play a bigger role on the organization during its making of financial and accounting decisions (Bryan, 1999).
Another approach that is used by sociologists is the contingency theory which argues that, individuals cannot be expected to just follow set gestures unless they can respond to own worth and interest. The theory therefore recognizes enabling factors that facilitates capacity building within the firm. Capacity building in an organization can be limited by business environmental factors which always need to be addressed so as to enhance business productivity.
Organizations variables have to match with environmental traits so as to ensure an excellent working condition (Klewes, 2008). In addition, the approach also shows that the most successful firms are connected with administrative practices which best matches environmental circumstances with the techniques used for production.
Influence of Culture on Accounting Procedures
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The last approach is the theory of bureaucracy which is based on the official area of jurisdiction, the hierarchy of command, written agreement, training of the office management, the capacity of the employees and lastly the general rules by the management. In addition, the theory emphasizes on the rule of law which focuses on all formal structures of the firm. All employees have equal rights as does the consumers. All customers have to be provided with equal services regardless of their cultural beliefs, morals and the principles that monitor and maintain their behaviors (Radebaugh, 2005).
In conclusion, the impact of cultural values on accounting procedures can be seen clearly in the context. Various theories that include; principle agent theory, transaction cost theory and managerial accounting system design approach have all tried to explain the success of organizations based on how managers makes and implements decisions.
Further, sociological theories, such as, functionalism, general system theory approach, contingency theory and theory of bureaucracy have also been used by scholars to explain how cultural values influences financial systems in a business. Cultural values that influences these accounting procedures includes; cultural beliefs, morals, individual habits and the customs of the groups.
The above approaches have successfully been able to solve the gap that exists in many business organizations. Further, the study explains more on cultural behaviors which includes; professionalism, secrecy and transparency, conservatism and individualism. These concepts illustrates how cultural values affects the accounting systems and designs.
Influence of Culture on Accounting Procedures
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References
Gregg, G. S (2005). The Middle East. A cultural psychology. Oxford; Oxford University Press
Radebaugh, L. H., & Gray, S. J. (1997). International accounting and multinationalenterprises. New York; John Wiley & sons.
Khan, A., & Hildreth, W. B. (2002). Burdget theory in the public sector. Westport, Conn: Quuorum Books.
Becker, R., & burmeister, E. (1991). Growth theory. Aldershot, Hants, England; E. Elgar.
McChail, K (2013). Accounting ethics
Rand, S, Kouris, H, & Apex Art ( Galley) (2006). On cultural influence Collection papersfro Apexart international conferences 1999-2006. New York Apexart
Laffont, J-J, & Martimort, D. (2002). The theory of incentives: The principal- agent model. Princenton, N. J: Princenton University Press
Chandler AD Jr (1992). Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of the American industrial enterprise. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Anthony, R. N., & Govindarajan, V. (2001). Management control systems. Boston
Marchant, K. A., (2012). Management control systems; Performance measurement,evaluationand incentives. Harlow, England
Chenhall R. (1990). Financial and accounting systems .Boston, MA; Auerbach
Gebert, K. (2014). Performance control in buyer- supplier- relationship; the design and useof formal management control systems. Wiesbaden; Springer Gabler.
Newing, R, & Ring, T. (1995). Financial and accounting systems. Chorleywood; Prime marketing.
Harrison, W. T, & Horngen, C. T. (2004). Financial accounting. Upper Saddle River, N J; Prentice Hall.
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Discrimination Issues
Introduction
In this contemporary society, people have based the element of religious accommodation in making different decisions especially within work environments that have seen the employers either agreeing with the employees or having a different feeling in consideration of the differences in beliefs and discrimination issues. Today, it is more likely to find a Christian refusing to employ a Muslim because they have different beliefs and faiths.
The law therefore considers religious discrimination in different angles (Burmeister, 2014). These laws therefore address the issues that tend to be different from the other forms of employment discrimination. These laws have been constituted in a complex manner, a factor that has seen the reduction of religious discrimination and accommodation cases within the working environment. This paper therefore seeks to carry a study on discrimination issues as regarded by religion and accommodation.
Issue
Flips burger is a company that has fifteen employees with the company putting emphasis on adhering to its rules and regulations as defined by the EEOC. According to the case study, a plaintiff was fired for legitimately acknowledging her religious beliefs by putting on a Hijab to work during their Ramadhan celebration (Burmeister, 2014). It is however essential to note that the defendant had no valid reasons to prove the Plaintiffs breach of the working conditions.
It is essential to establish the fact that the employers always have the right to develop boundaries and policies in the manner in which employees dress. However, religious and accommodation issues are likely to come in between this aspect (Burmeister, 2014). It is in this case essential to stress that if the dressing code genuinely reflects the employee’s religious belief, there is need for the employer to accommodate these beliefs since failing to do this would create issues for the employers business.
Elements of the Cause of Action
In determining the elements that led to the cause of action, it is vital to understand that the defendant had the capacity and authority to set work place rules in governing the image of the company and in promoting the professional appearance of his employees as would be indicated in a court of law (Massengill, & Petersen, 2008). However, there is a need to grant opportunities with the aim of accommodating the employee’s genuine religious beliefs such as the wearing of Hijab to work. This therefore depicts the manner in which the employer discriminated the employees’ rights within the work environment.
Discrimination Issues
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Applicable Defenses for the Case
Even upon the placement of policies within the workplace, employees need to be on the look in considering and accommodating the religious beliefs of the employees as a way of avoiding litigation. In as much as the employer may have had no reasons of terminating the services of the employee, it is essential to consider that this is an act of discrimination that is also viewed as unethical (Massengill, & Petersen, 2008).
Considering the fact that the Plaintiff provided the employer with adequate notice about the religious even that was underway and the practices that follow these events, the employer still failed to accommodate this fact, a factor that proves that he is guilty of discrimination.
The Basis for the Judge’s Rule
It is essential to consider the fact that this case needs to be determined in different ways. First, the employer who is the defendant having been provided with adequate notice on the employees beliefs failed to accommodate the beliefs of the employee. This therefore denotes that fact that the employee’s religious rights were violated (Rabin-Margalioth, 2003). The judge would therefore consider the fact that the employee’s garments were worn for religious purposes and were not injurious to the public’s welfare.
However, two issues remain that need to be considered. The wearing of Hijab may be acceptable within a work environment. But the other Islamic clothing’s that cover the body and the faces of an individual such as the Niqabs and the burkhas may prove challenging to tolerate especially for the employees who serve within public places (Rabin-Margalioth, 2003). This would hinder the manner in which humans communicate especially when not seeing the face of someone serving you.
These are factors that employers therefore need to deliberate with employees in striking an agreement. It is therefore significant that the employer needed to ensure that the organization incorporated the element of inclusivity in accommodating the employees and their religious beliefs even when the company was concerned about its image in order to avoid the litigation.
Discrimination Issues
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Conclusion
This study confirms that fact that people have based the element of religious accommodation in making different decisions especially within work environments that have seen the employers either agreeing with the employees or having a different feeling in consideration of the differences in beliefs. The employers always have the right to develop boundaries and policies in the manner in which employees dress.
However, religious and accommodation issues are likely to come in between this aspect. It is therefore essential for employers to consider the religious beliefs and practices of their employees in order to protect the rights of the workers and avoid litigation.
References
Burmeister, B. (2014). What you should know about the Employment Equity Amendment Act. Finweek, 18-20
Massengill, D., & Petersen, D. J. (2008). Job Requirements and Religious Practices: Conflict and Accommodation. Labor Law Journal, 39(7), 402-410.
