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Graduate Admission Letter of Intent
I graduated in 2015 and decided on specializing in being a nurse midwife. I have the chance to form long-term connections with the women I work with. The unique skill sets I’ve acquired have helped to enhance the quality of delivery and lower the costs connected with it, making it simpler for the moms I’m assisting.
I’m also a great patient advocate, which is especially essential as more and more women want to be more involved in their health care and birth choices. It was always my goal to become a specialized nurse, and the Nurse Anesthetists with whom I’ve worked while delivering essential patient care have been the ones who have most impressed me since I became a nurse.
Graduate Admission Letter of Intent
CRNA programs, rigorous and competitive, need nurse anesthetists who tend to be detailed-oriented leaders with a drive to excel as independent decision-makers. It is a role that cannot be filled by just any person, one which calls for a unique blend of knowledge and skills many of which are highly technical and intellectually demanding and that it calls for a very high level of communication skills.
I’m certainly aware that such professionals have a great deal of autonomy while functioning as a valuable member of a multidisciplinary team. I realize that a Nurse Anaesthetist must be self-assured and assertive in order to use their knowledge and abilities to their full potential. I’ve carefully examined if I possess the required aptitudes, passions, personal qualities, and potential, and I’m certain that I do.
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Graduate Admission Letter of Intent
My dream of being a nurse started with watching my mother as she was also a nurse. I admired the satisfaction she felt everyday by helping people in the hospital. Furthermore, I wanted to do something hard and fascinating in my profession that makes a daily impact in people’s lives. I applied to the John Hopkins university nursing school due to its high ranking in both the Doctor of Nursing practice and master’s level. Both my hard work and dedication were rewarded with several Dean’s List appearances and a decent 3.3 GPA.
After graduation I was immediately accepted to work in the ICU as a newly qualified nurse and then later in the maternal ward as a nurse midwife, in the John Hopkin’s hospital. This exposed me to the use of ventilators, vasoactive infusions, Swan Ganz catheters, paralytics, and sedatives at a young age. I learned and practiced abilities in identifying and reacting to changes in patient status quickly and flexibly.
Moreover, through working in the ICU I have learnt to work with all kinds of people, considering cultural awareness as well as sensitivity. In my admittedly little career, I’ve been exposed to an incredibly diverse range of diseases and patient types. I am confident in my intellectual ability to succeed in the program and in my future job. But, most significantly, I am really committed to be an experienced specialist and providing great and compassionate care to patients and especially those having limited access to local medical care.
Graduate Admission Letter of Intent
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Genetic Counseling
With the increase in knowledge around genetic issues, it is important that all healthcare providers are prepared to have thorough genetic-based discussions now with their patients. In this assignment, you will synthesize your knowledge into a client case with a real or potential genetic health-related illness. • Use the Surgeon General’s Family History Tool at http://www.hhs.gov/familyhistory/portrait/index.html to complete this assignment.
Directions:
Write a 1,000 word paper addressing a client case that might benefit from the process of genetic counseling.
-Describe the reason for the genetic counseling based on the findings from your completion of the history tool.
-Discuss the possible reactions the patient may have to your counseling and how to avoid negative reactions.
Imagine this assignment as if you are giving this counseling to a patient. Discuss the following:
Health.
Prevention
Scr: eening
Diagnostics
Prognostics
Selection of treatment
Monitoring of treatment effectiveness
Genetic Counseling
Genetic Counseling: Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is considered a lifetime condition which inhibits the body’s capability to regulate metabolic glucose levels. Basically, it is divided into two categories that are; diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2. Symptoms of type 1 occur after the destruction and damage of cells found within the pancreas leading to a deficit in the production of insulin. In diabetes mellitus type 2, insulin is produced, but it is either not enough or not effective at all (Hivert, Vassy, & Meigs, 2014). As an integral pillar of managing patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, genetic counseling is an aspect that should not be overlooked.
Reasons for Genetic Counseling
The patient is a 37-year-old African American male. The patient’s father passed away three years ago when he overdosed anti-diabetic medication. The patient’s mother was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus three years ago and has developed a diabetic foot complication. The client weighs 120.0 kilograms and his height is 1.4 meters. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder that has been associated with familial inheritance.
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The genetic factors responsible for causing diabetes mellitus are believed to be located from HLA regions within chromosome 6p21 (Hivert, Vassy, & Meigs, 2014). The protein sequences are inheritable factors. According to the family’s history, the patient is at risk of developing diabetes mellitus. A significant reason for genetic counseling is to create awareness. Through genetic counseling, the patient is expected to appreciate the fact that the condition can run across generations (Kaveeshwar & Cornwall, 2014).
Possible Reactions from the Patient
During the process of counseling, a patient’s reaction is either positive or negative. Positive feedback from the patient acts as a trajectory method to determine the cooperation of the client. The cooperation from the patient is determined by the patient’s mood and response (Anstee, Targher, & Day, 2013). In order to avoid negative reactions, a health worker is expected to first assess the patient’s mental well-being. For example, a depressed patient is most likely to respond negatively during genetic counseling (Anstee et al., 2013).
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The genetic counselor is expected to approach the client in a professional manner to avoid unnecessary predicament. Establishing rapport allays anxiety. In addition, the patient should be given time to present any ideas that might be necessary for the discussion. Appreciating any effort made by the patient to ask questions is also critical in managing negative feedback from the client.
Health
The ability of an individual to manage and adapt to mental, physical, psychological and spiritual well-being constitutes the health aspect of the individual (Anstee et al., 2013). A chronic illness like diabetes mellitus negatively affects the psychological status of any patient. Therefore, while providing counseling, mental, physical, psychological and spiritual well-being of the patient should be continuously assessed.
Prevention
The prevention of the occurrence and diabetes mellitus and the associated complications of diabetes will be undertaken in three stages including; primary, secondary and tertiary preventive measures. During primary prevention, the patient is educated on self-management and administration of insulin (American Diabetes Association, 2014). Secondary prevention is crucial for the patient diagnosed with diabetes mellitus.
Insulin administration and a change of lifestyle are two key pillars in improving the quality of life for diabetic patients. Dietary modification and engaging in physical activity for a specific period of time a day are crucial for prevention of complications arising from diabetes mellitus.
Screening
The process of screening involves coming up with a strategy to identify a condition which might have not manifested with signs and symptoms. The patient will be screened based on the presenting symptoms. The patient will be assessed on the level of blood glucose, the urinary functioning, the amount of water and food taken. The objective of the assessment is to identify the symptoms such as increased thirst, hunger, and the rate of urination.
The level of glycosylated hemoglobin is also part of the screening process in diabetes mellitus case. In the case scenario encountered, screening other family members is significant (American Diabetes Association, 2014). The unrecognized clinical manifestations among the siblings are identified through screening. In order to prepare in advance on dealing with the complications of diabetes mellitus, the process of screening is required.
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Diagnostics
Diagnosis is the process of coming up with the exact condition that the patient presents with. A patient is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus if the random blood glucose is 11.0 mili-moles per liter in cases with hyperglycemia, or oral glucose tolerance test of 11.0 mili-moles per liter or a fasting blood glucose level of 7.0 mill moles per liter. The management approaches for diabetes include self-insulin administration, physical activities, nutritional aspects and a general change in lifestyle (American Diabetes Association, 2014).
Prognostics
Aggressive management of the symptoms of diabetes mellitus includes prevention of complication like diabetes ketoacidosis. Control of the blood sugar results into control of micro-vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Further, research studies have shown that the control of the level of glycosylated hemoglobin is associated with a reduction in the number of cases of mortality among diabetes mellitus patients. In order to prevent uncertainties, the patient needs to be advised to regularly administer insulin and monitor the glucose levels (Scirica, Bhatt, Braunwald, Steg, Davidson, Hirshberg, & Cavender, 2013).
The Selection of Treatment
Selecting the method of treatment will depend on the blood sugar levels of the patient. Other than insulin, other diabetic drugs like glibenclamide and metformin are prescribed based on the severity of presenting symptoms (American Diabetes Association, 2014). Administration of the drugs is preferred only in cases where the recommended lifestyle change fails to correct the blood sugar levels and associated symptoms. Furthermore, the dosage of drugs administered depends on the level of sugars present in circulation.
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Monitoring of Treatment Effectiveness
Monitoring involves making keen and observant follow up on the patient’s adherence to lifestyle modification, medication, participation in physical exercises and nutritional modification. The client will be educated and instructed to measure the glucose level by use of glucometer on a daily basis. The reduction of sugars in the blood will imply that the client positively responds to drugs, and other management approaches.
The medication dosage will be adjusted according to the level of glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2014). For example, an increase in the blood glucose level above 7.9 mili-moles per liter requires the use of high potency anti-diabetic medications.
In conclusion, diabetes mellitus is a lifelong condition which needs proper and well-structured management. A collaborative approach among the health workers, the patient and family members is necessary. As part of management on counseling, effective familial history is necessary.
The patient’s reaction expected during counseling is either of positive or negative feedback. The condition requires the combination of genetically oriented measures. The level of blood sugar in diabetes mellitus determines the screening, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment selection and measurement of treatment effectiveness.
Anstee, Q. M., Targher, G., & Day, C. P. (2013). Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 10(6), 330.
Hivert, M. F., Vassy, J. L., & Meigs, J. B. (2014). Susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus—from genes to prevention. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 10(4), 198.
Kaveeshwar, S. A., & Cornwall, J. (2014). The current state of diabetes mellitus in India. The Australasian medical journal, 7(1), 45.
Scirica, B. M., Bhatt, D. L., Braunwald, E., Steg, P. G., Davidson, J., Hirshberg, B., & Cavender, M. A. (2013). Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(14), 1317-1326.
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Investment Decisions in Economics and Finance
Background
Investment decisions in economics and finance are the decisions made by the investors through investment analysis which is supported by decision tools. Investors use technical and fundamental analysis of the market to achieve satisfactory return against the risk taken. There have been several theories, models and ideas by the scholars and researchers to analyze the market condition and maximize the portfolio expected return while minimizing the risk level.
One of the most common and used theory is the Modern Portfolio Theory or MPT which help to determine lower risks for an investment. In this theory, there are several mathematical models to analysis different factors in an investment like risk and expected return, diversification, efficient frontier with no risk free asset, two mutual fund theorem, capital allocation line and risk free asset. MPT can also help for asset pricing through systematic risk (market risk or portfolio risk), specific risk measurement and capital asset pricing model etc.
In this paper, we are going to calculate expected return, risk premium, standard deviation, covariance, portfolio return and sharp ration for different fractions through case analysis.
Investment Decisions in Economics and Finance
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Case: Pioneer Gypsum
To understand the theories and approaches for investment decisions, we are going to consider the facts of Pioneer Gypsum.
Expected return
Standard deviation
Beta
Stock price
Pioneer Gypsum
10.0%
30%
0.3
$87.50
Table 1: Pioneer Gypsum market status
From these facts, we are going to calculate expected outcome in the market for the company.
Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT)
In investment analysis, MPT is a concept of diversification by using mathematical formula with an aim of finding a set of investment assets that has lower risk all together than any individual asset. The concept behind MPT is that the assets in an investment portfolio should not be selected individually. Instead, it is more significant to consider how each asset changes in price regarding to how every other asset in the portfolio changes in price. Normally, assets with greater expected returns are riskier. For a given amount of risk, MPT shows how to select a portfolio with the maximum promising expected return. Contrary, for a given expected return, MPT describes how to select a portfolio with the lowest possible risk (Elton and Gruber, 1997).
In spite of its theoretical significance, there have been some criticisms on MPT about whether it is a perfect investing strategy, the reason for that is this concept of financial market does not reflect the real world in several ways. Efforts to interpret the theoretical basis into a feasible portfolio structure algorithm have been diseased by technical difficulties from the volatility of the key problems with respect to the data in hand. Recent findings have proven that instabilities disappear when a restriction or penalty is included in the optimization process (Brodie, De Mol, Daubechies, Giannone and Loris, 2009).
Many researchers criticize the Modern Portfolio Theory as: it does not reflect the market in practical sense and it does not take its own effect in account for asset prices.
The Modern Portfolio Theory gives several mathematical models regarding market analysis and calculates risk and return.
Investment Decisions in Economics and Finance
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Expected Return
According to the Modern Portfolio Theory, the mathematical equation of expected return is:
Where Return on the profit
= Return on assed i
wi = Weightingof component asset i
Portfolio return variance:
Here, ρij = the correlation coefficient between the returns on assets i and j
For two asset portfolio,
The portfolio return:
The portfolio variance:
For Pioneer Gypsum, the expected return would be:
CAPM
CAPM or the Capital Asset Pricing Model was introduced by Jack Treynor in 1961 (French, 2003). The model is used to establish a theoretically approach to determine the required rate of return for an asset, if the asset is to be joined in an well diversified portfolio with the fact that the asset is at non diversifiable risk. The theory takes into account the sensitivity of the asset to non diversifiable risk (i.e. market risk or systematic risk) as well as the expected return of theoretical risk free asset and the expected return of the market. It is often symbolized by the quantity beta (β) in the investment analysis.
Searchers have fount quite a few problems in the theory of CAPM. The most notables among them are:
According to this model, asset returns are normally distributed as random variables and potential shareholders uses a quadratic outline of the utility. However, it is often found that returns in equity and other markets are not circulated in general way. Because of that, large swings (3 to 6 standard deviations from the mean) takes place in the market more than the normal distribution theory would anticipate (Mandelbrot and Hudson, 2004)
This model also employs that the guesses of potential and active shareholders on possibilities go with the true distribution of returns. Another possibility tells that the expectations of potential and active shareholders are prejudiced, which causes market prices to be unproductive. This factors is studied in behavioral finance, which takes account of psychological assumptions to bring new alternatives for CAPM like the overconfidence based asset pricing theory (Daniel, Hirshleifer, and Subrahmanyam, 2001)
In theory, a market portfolio should have all types of assets that are held as an investment (i.e. real estate, art works and human capital etc.). In real, such market portfolio is not possible and individuals usually replace the true market portfolio in the place of a stock index. It has been proven that this replacement is not inoffensive and most likely can guide to miss-inferences as to the legality of CAPM. Also, this theory might not be empirically experiment able because of the lack of its potential outcomes in the real market portfolio (Roll, 1977)
Investment Decisions in Economics and Finance
The mathematical formula of CAPM depends on two facts, the security market line and its relation with systematic risk and expected return. From this relationship, we obtain the Capital Asset Pricing Model with the following equation:
Here:
= the expected return on the capital asset
= the risk free rate of interest
= the sensitivity of the expected excess asset returns
= the expected return of the market
= the difference between the expected market rate of return and the risk free rate of return
Beta
The term Beta (β) refers to a number is that describes the relation of its returns for a portfolio with those of the financial market all together (Levinson, 2006). If the return of an asset changes autonomously according to the changes in the return of the market, it has a Beta of zero. A positive beta means that the return of the asset follows the return of the market. On contrary, a negative beta means that the return of the asset follows the opposite movement of the returns of the market. The beta coefficient is a key parameter in the CAPM.
Seth Klarman criticized Beta by saying that it fails to consider specific economic developments and business fundaments (Klarman & Williams, 1991).
Investment Decisions in Economics and Finance
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The mathematical expression of Beta is
Where = beta coefficient
= the rate of return of the asset
= rate of return of the portfolio
= covariance between the rate of the return
Investment Decisions in Economics and Finance
Risk Premium
The term Risk Premium refers to the minimum amount of money which must exceed the confirmed return from a risk free asset comparing to the expected return on a risky asset. This is accounted when an individual is holding a risky asset instead of a risk free asset. The premium is the minimum compensation for the risk that the individual is willing to accept.
Investment Decisions in Economics and Finance
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The mathematical expression for calculating the risk premium is
Where u = concave von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function
= return on the risk free asset
r = random return on the risky asset
x = zero-mean risky component
= hypothetical expected return
Standard Deviation
The standard deviation is used to determine the variation from the average or expected value. A low standard deviation means that the date points are close to the average and a high standard deviation means spread out data points over large array.
Investment Decisions in Economics and Finance
Sharpe Ratio
Sharp ratio is used to measure the risk premium per unit of deviation in an investment asset. Mathematically, it is expressed by the equation:
Here, R = asset return
= return on a benchmark asset
= expected value of the excess of the asset return over the benchmark return
= standard deviation
Covariance Matrix
The covariance matrix is the type of matrix where the elements in the i, j position are the covariance between the ith and jth elements of a random vector. Each element of the covariance vector is a random scalar variable, each with a finite number of experiential empirical values or with an infinite or finite number of possible values précised by a theoretical combined probability distribution of all the random variables.
Investment Decisions in Economics and Finance
Conclusion
Investment decisions as decisions made by the investors assist investors to achieve satisfactory return against the risk taken. One of the most common and used theory is the Modern Portfolio Theory or MPT which help to determine lower risks for an investment MPT can also help for asset pricing through systematic risk (market risk or portfolio risk), specific risk measurement and capital asset pricing model. Through calculating the expected return, risk premium, standard deviation, covariance, portfolio return and sharp ration for different fractions it becomes possible for an investor manage the investment in a professional manner.
References
Edwin J. Elton and Martin J. Gruber (1997) Modern portfolio theory, 1950 to date. Journal of Banking & Finance 21
Brodie, De Mol, Daubechies, Giannone and Loris (2009). Sparse and stable Markowitz portfolios Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 106 (30)
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European Union Social Charter
The Importance of the European Union Social Charter to the US
As a companion to the European Convention on Human Rights, which deals with civil and political rights, the European Union Social Charter is a treaty of the Council of Europe that protects fundamental social and economic rights (Verhaeghe, 2016). The protection of vulnerable individuals, such as the elderly, children, people with disabilities, and migrants, is emphasized throughout the Charter.
It stipulates that the above-mentioned rights be enjoyed without prejudice (Verhaeghe, 2016). It protects a wide variety of human rights, including those pertaining to employment and working circumstances, housing, education, health, medical aid, social protection, freedom of movement, and poverty alleviation. It emphasizes the protection of vulnerable individuals such as the elderly, children, people with disabilities, and migrants (Verhaeghe, 2016).
Within the Council of Europe, the Charter treaty system is one of the most commonly acknowledged human rights sets of norms. The fact that 43 of the Council of Europe’s 47 member states are parties to either the 1961 Charter or the Revised Charter demonstrates widespread support for social rights (the council of europe, 2018). The Charter is based on a ratification mechanism that allows States to pick which sections they are ready to embrace as enforceable international legal requirements under specified conditions (the council of europe, 2018). They are urged to adopt all of the Charter’s contents gradually.
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It is critical for any US companies doing business with the European Union to be well aware of the European Social Charter. The European Union is directed by the charter’s guiding regulations, which must be followed by all enterprises operating within the EU to avoid further complications (Wright, n.d.).
The success of the United States corporation in this region is primarily reliant on the region’s many resources. Employees for their firms are an example. When hiring, they must ensure that the charter’s work norms are followed, such as fair pay for equal work, labour rights, non-discrimination against particular groups in society, parental leave, and working hours (Wright, n.d.).
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For decades, the European Union has been the United States’ top economic partner in terms of overall bilateral trade. In 2016, the United States purchased $592 billion in goods and services from the EU and exported $501 billion, accounting for around 19 percent of total US trade and 19 percent of GDP (Wright, n.d.). One of the most striking aspects of this industry is that about a third of it takes place within individual businesses.
It reflects multinational corporations sending items to themselves in order to service their domestic markets or as inputs for domestic manufacturing (Wright, n.d.). This form of commerce is vital because it supports hundreds of thousands of people on both sides of the Atlantic by acting as the backbone of a broad network of corporate ventures. It’s also a network that drives the global economy: practically every nation on the planet uses the EU or the US as its principal trading partner (Wright, n.d.).
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Furthermore, through two separate innovations, new shipping technology and new global institutions, the U.S.-Europe trade connection set the framework for the present system of international commerce (Wright, n.d.). On the technological front, the standard shipping container’s debut in the 1960s ushered in the so-called “second wave” of globalization.
The US Army developed this underappreciated technology in the 1950s and honed it across Atlantic maritime routes. Massive economies of scale in shipping were gained simply by standardizing the size and form of shipping containers and creating port facilities and ships to transport them (Wright, n.d.). As a result, container ships the size of major towns are now sent to massive deep-water ports all over the world via smart logistics.
In conclusion, the importance of United States firms dealing with European unions to be aware of the European Social Charter is critical to ensure the success of the company as well as of the nation as a whole. Following all the guiding rules set by the charter during the company operations will help the nation to remain operational in the region as well as
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Structure of academic writing
Writing an academic essay can be an uphill battle particularly when you are not sure where to begin. Thankfully, once you learn the structure of academic writing it might make it easier to write your paper. Also, a good structure can be applied to almost any kind of academic writing, including advanced thesis writing.
It is worth noting that a successful academic paper requires a lot more than just structure. For instance, a good essay topic is important. Also, how you organize your content and the research you put in is equally important. Finally, do not hesitate to rewrite and edit your draft until your essay is perfect.
Now, we will explain the basic structure of academic writing and how you can apply it to your essay.
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Understanding the structure of academic writing
Regardless of the nature of your academic paper, there is a basic structure of academic writing. The accepted way to structure your paper means that it should have the following:
an introduction,
a body, and
a conclusion
Now, this structure is relevant whether you are writing a simple admission application essay or a postgraduate thesis.
Tips for Writing Your Essay Introduction
Your introduction is an essential part of your essay because it sets the tone for the rest of the paper. It also tells the reader what to expect from the academic paper as a whole. Therefore, you need to place careful thought into the crafting of your essay. Below are a few tips to help with writing your essay introduction.
Build context for your essay
Firstly, build context. One of the most common and successful ways of building context for your essay is through storytelling. Basically, you want to give the reader a brief background about the subject matter. This helps the reader to understand the context of the essay.
Include some facts and figures
Secondly, include facts and figures. Facts are a great way to get attention because they give your subject matter a more solid form. Without facts, your proposition may remain vague in the mind of the readers.
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Define key concepts
Thirdly, define key terms. The introductory section is where you can offer key definitions of terms used in your paper. This helps the reader to better understand the context in which you use certain words and terms.
State the aim of the essay
Fourthly, describe the purpose of the essay. You can do this by talking about the structure of the essay and stating what it is about. Your essay could be to prove, analyze, describe or compare. Explaining the purpose to readers helps them to know what to expect.
State the thesis statement
Finally, it is very important to firmly state the thesis statement in the introductory section. This serves as an introduction to the paper.
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Tips for Writing the Body of your Essay
Think of the body of your essay as the meat of the academic paper. This is an important part of the structure of academic writing. Here are a few tips to guide you.
Understand the type of essay
It is important to note that there are different types of essays. An essay could be argumentative, analytical, critical, descriptive, or a blend of all four types. Once you understand the type of academic paper you are working on, it will help you to structure your paragraphs.
Write in paragraphs
Subsequently, the body of the essay will be in the form of paragraphs. It is important to remember to break up your writing into paragraphs. This makes for easier reading.
Again, it is worth mentioning that each paragraph should contain a single idea. It is not good form to mix several ideas in a single paragraph and could lead to confusion.
Use topic sentences
Topic sentences are a great way to help you organize your thoughts as well as the idea for the paragraph. Thus, you are advised to begin your paragraphs with a topic sentence.
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The Conclusion
This is the final part of your paper and is used to present a powerful argument for your thesis statement. Write your conclusion by:
– Stating the thesis statement again
– Reviewing the main topics
– Summarizing the main points
– Concluding your argument
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Standard Academic Essay Format
Is there a standard academic essay format? Depending on who you ask, you will get different answers. This can be confusing, so we have decided to answer the question once and for all here. This article will examine if there is indeed a standard format for academic essays and what form they take.
Yes, there is a standard academic essay format, but most institutions have a preferred format. Whilst there is no uniform style across all institutions for formatting your essays, there are some common denominators. So, one institution might prescribe a certain font or justification style, while another might use a different one. However, when it comes to certain areas like spacing, heading and pagination amongst others, the rules are somewhat similar.
Therefore, if you are writing an essay and use the specific essay format that has been given to you. But, if none has been specified, then you can format your essay using the standard below.
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Formatting Your Academic Essay
First, your essay must be clear and easy to read. Second, it should be set out in clearly distinguished paragraphs. And third, your essay needs to look professional. The standard academic essay format used here will help you achieve all the above mentioned.
Headings
If you are writing a long essay, like a PhD dissertation, for instance, you might need several levels of headings. Generally, most essays need about three levels with the first being the essay title. Here’s how to format your essay headings:
Heading 1 (or Essay Title) is usually bold, size 14 and centered.
Heading 2 is aligned left, size 12 and bold
Heading 3 is also aligned left, size 12, bold and italicized.
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Spacing
It is generally a good idea to space your essays for several reasons. One, it makes it easier on the eye when reading. And two, the grader can easily write on the paper if it is in hard copy. Some academic institutions insist on double spacing, however, if there is no specification then use a 1.5 spacing.
Paragraphs
In general, there are two rules of thumb when paragraphing in standard academic essay format. You can either indent the first line of the paragraph or leave a line between paragraphs. It is important to choose one style and be consistent. In other words, do not make use of both paragraphing styles when writing your essay.
Page Margins
There is no real set standard for page margins when writing your academic essay. If you are using Microsoft Word to write your essay, you could probably stick with the default. If not, then a margin of about 1 inch on both sides is good enough.
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Fonts
So, we’ve already touched on fonts a little in the headings section. However, for the body of your essay you need to bear a few things in mind:
– Be consistent in your use of fonts. This means that you should not use multiple fonts across a single essay. Stick to one.
– Use straightforward fonts like New Times Roman or Arial. Do not even go near fonts like Comic Sans.
– Use 12 point fonts for your essay.
Alignments
It used to be that the alignment in a standard academic essay format was justified. But, that has changed. Now it is best to make the body of your essay left-aligned for easy reading.
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Finally, most academic essays require that you number your pages. For academic essays, it is best to place the page numbers are the right-hand corner of the page. Again, if you are using Microsoft Word, you can easily insert the page numbers. If you are writing a thesis or an essay with several pages, then you need a title page. This is the page that has the essay title and your name. Note that the title page should not have a page number.
So, is there a standard academic essay format? We believe that there is, to some extent. However, this depends on the institution in question. If you need more help with formatting your academic essay, reach out to us.
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Academic Essay Structure
Writing an academic essay requires skill and some knowledge. Having a good understanding of the subject matter is important. Equally important, however, is how you arrange the subject matter so that it is logical and coherent. The key is to understand that the right academic essay structure is important.
While there is no particular structure for an essay, having some sort of structure is important. Fact is, the type of essay and what it is focused on will affect the structure. So, an academic essay structure for a thesis might be different from an admission application essay for instance. That said, there is a generally accepted structure for most essays and that’s what we’ll share in this article.
The General Academic Essay Structure
The general structure for academic essays is usually broken into five parts. These include the introduction, three paragraphs, which make up the body of your essay and a concluding paragraph. Of course, it is important to note that the body of your essay might need more than three paragraphs. This largely depends on the subject matter as well as the scope of your essay. The larger the scope, the more paragraphs you would need.
However, for this article, we will work with three paragraphs for the body of your essay. We will take you through how to write an engaging introduction to your essay. Afterwards, we will go through the construction of your paragraphs and finally, the conclusion.
This is a guide to help you get a working academic essay structure to enable you to put your essay together. If you have already written your essay, you can go through the steps below to ensure synthesis in your work.
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How to Write an Engaging Introduction
The introductory paragraph to your essay is a very important one. This is because it is what will determine if your reader keeps reading the essay or not. Therefore, your introductory paragraph must align with your essay title. Also, it should shed some light on what the rest of the essay is about.
Here are some tips for writing an introductory paragraph that grabs the attention of the reader:
– It requires stating again that the introduction should align with the essay title.
– Take a firm stance and let your readers know what it is. This is not the place to sit on the fence, figuratively speaking.
– Start with a hook that gets your reader’s attention. This can be a controversial statement or a question.
– If there are certain key terms that you use in the essay, explain them.
– Finally, state your thesis statement, if you have one.
Once you have crafted a gripping introduction, the next step is to write the body of your essay.
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Again, writing the body of your essay requires care and deliberateness. This is the meat of your essay so to speak and is an essential part of your academic essay structure. When writing your paragraphs, note that each paragraph should contain a single idea. Paragraphs are used to build your argument so each thought should follow logically.
Tip: Use the what, how, and why of your essay to build your paragraphs. What is your essay about? Why not use the first paragraph of the body of your essay to state your claims? Then how you justify those claims could come in the next paragraph. Finally, explain why your position or claims are important. This is the time to show if your subject matter has any greater significance.
Once you have the body of your essay written, the final step is the concluding paragraph.
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Concluding with a Summary
Finally, end your essay by giving your reader a sense that the essay has come to a logical end. Therefore, you should once again state your thesis statement, if there is one. Then, give a summary of your main points and finish up on a positive note.
In conclusion, writing a great essay does not have to be difficult once you get the academic essay structure. But if you need help from a professional essay writer, get in touch with us.
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Making sense of organizations
To what extent is our understanding of organisations and management over the last 100 years applicable to the 21st century?
MAKING SENSE OF ORGANIZATIONS THROUGH THE YEARS
The complexity of interconnections is at the heart of our knowledge economy. In a developing economic ecosystem, all individuals, teams, communities, systems, and other corporate assets are highly interrelated. Each network player in the linked economy is part of a bigger economic web that influences and is impacted by each other (Pettinger, 2017). We can no longer focus on individual actor performance in such a linked system; instead, we must focus on system results.
The performance of the integrated whole is the key. Attempts to make sense of this new environment are revealing certain fundamental principles at work in the complex adaptive systems we call organizations. (Shapiro & Varian, 1999) said that, “There is a central difference between the old and new economies: the old industrial economy was driven by economies of scale; the new information economy is driven by the economics of networks…”.
Recent study on knowledge economy productivity and effectiveness sheds light on what works in the linked workplace (Pettinger, 2017). When undertaking knowledge work, certain patterns of relationships arise around both effective people and successful teams.
An Organization is a group of people working together to create a surplus (Koontz & Weihrich, 2006). This surplus is profit in business organizations; however, it may represent fulfilment of needs in non-profit organizations such as philanthropic organizations. Management is the act of creating and maintaining an environment in which people work together in groups to achieve specific goals (Koontz & Weihrich, 2006). The basic definition of management implies that managing is concerned with productivity which implies effectiveness and efficiency.
Business success necessitates the development of a smart strategy into a well-executed plan. The process of directing a corporation and efficiently employing or controlling its assets and resources is known as organizational management. It goes beyond a corporate structure; it necessitates that executives have systems in place to resolve challenges and produce solutions that assist the company get closer to its goals (Leonard, 2018).
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Managers frequently perceive their work as task or supervisory in nature, however this is a fallacy. Management is a discipline that consists of five broad functions: planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling at its most fundamental level (indeed, 2021).Planning entails deciding on acceptable goals and activities to pursue, as well as selecting what tactics to employ, what actions to take, and what resources are required to attain the objectives (indeed, 2021).
Organizing is the process of putting things together. Workers can work together to achieve organizational goals through this process of creating worker connections. Leading involves articulating a vision, energizing employees, inspiring and motivating people using vision, influence, persuasion, and effective communication skills (indeed, 2021). Staffing involves Recruiting and selecting employees for positions within the organization. Controlling is Evaluate how well the organization is achieving their goals, improving performance, taking actions to ensure events conform to plans (indeed, 2021).
The number of levels in management grows in full agreement with the growth of the organization and employees, and vice versa. The various levels of management can impact the chain of command within an organization, as well as the degree of authority and, in most cases, decision-making power that all managerial roles have (Juneja, 2015). The board of directors of an organization, as well as the chief executive or managing director, make up the top level of management.
Because it monitors a company’s goals, regulations, and processes, it is the ultimate source of power and authority. The strategic planning and execution of the entire business performance is their top focus (Juneja, 2015). This intermediate management level is made up of branch and departmental managers.
These individuals are directly responsible to top management for the smooth operation of their departments, allowing them to devote more time to organizational and strategic duties. Lower-level managers are primarily concerned with the execution and coordination of day-to-day workflow in order to guarantee project completion and delivery of deliverables (Juneja, 2015).
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Traditional organizational structure is a strategy for organizing a business or other entity in what is known as a hierarchy or a top-down structure (Henry, 2016). With this approach, the processes of task allocation and management focus on a vertical structure that strictly defines a chain of command. A bureaucracy of this type allows relatively little open communication between different levels of employees, with those who are assigned to work within departments normally being assigned jobs and told what to do, without much of an ability to have input into policies and procedures (Henry, 2016).
Hierarchical structures of this type have been common in a number of different organizations, ranging from companies and non-profit organizations to religious organizations (Henry, 2016). While a traditional organizational structure can often be effective when highly competent individuals are placed in positions of authority, there are also potential pitfalls with this model that include a lack of checks and balances.
The creativity of the organization may also be somewhat limited in this type of business structure, since the ideas all come from a relatively small number of individuals who are actually involved in the overall operation (Henry, 2016).
There are four basic models or types of organizational structure. One is known as Structure of a Functional Organization. People who do comparable jobs are grouped together by speciality in a functional organization structure(Alton, n.d.). As a result, all accountants are assigned to the finance department, followed by marketing, operations, senior management, and human resources. Because the group members can readily communicate, this arrangement has the benefit of allowing for speedy decision-making.
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They can also learn from one other because their skill sets and interests are comparable (Alton, n.d.). Another type is the divisional structure on Items, in which your organization divides employees into teams based on the products or projects that best satisfy the demands of a certain client (indeed, 2021). A bakery with a catering operation, for example, may divide its staff into departments based on their primary customers, such as a wedding department and a wholesale-retail department (indeed, 2021).
The matrix structure, on the other hand, is more complicated since it incorporates components from both the functional and divisional models. It organizes employees into functional specialized departments, which are subsequently divided into divisional projects and products (Sullivan, 2019). Team members are given more autonomy and are expected to take on more responsibility for their work in a matrix structure. This boosts team productivity, encourages more invention and creativity, and helps managers to tackle decision-making issues collaboratively through group engagement (Sullivan, 2019).
This organizational structure takes a great deal of preparation and effort, thus it’s best suited to large corporations with the resources to spend maintaining a complicated business framework (Sullivan, 2019). Lastly, most firms’ traditional top-down management method is disrupted by a flat organizational structure (Sullivan, 2019). There is no daily “boss” since management is dispersed.
Each employee is their own boss, which reduces bureaucracy and red tape while increasing direct contact (Sullivan, 2019). This structure eliminates needless layers and distributes authority across many positions. When everyone doesn’t agree, this contributes to improved decision-making, but it may also be confusing and inconvenient. In other words, it has advantages and disadvantages similar to other structures (Sullivan, 2019).
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Although traditional structures excel in industries where procedural uniformity equates to quality, they tend to have some drawbacks in meeting the varied demands of 21st-century businesses. One of the main problems face by the hierarchical method is that it has a complicated chain of command which can slow down decision-making (Anon., n.d.). this type of structure can reduce interdepartmental cooperation and communication. Departments can become indifferent to the concerns of other areas and develop tunnel vision (Anon., n.d.). When acute, departments may put their own agendas ahead of company goals (Anon., n.d.).
Senior persons have a significant role in decision-making under the existing hierarchical arrangement. They can either foster discussion or strive to reach an agreement among multiple viewpoints, then they might be lauded as heroes for successfully negotiating a compromise. When parties can’t agree, they’re tasked with making the ultimate decision, and they’re lauded as heroes for coming to the rescue and putting a stop to the squabble (Palmer, 2018). Or they don’t involve others in their decisions and just announce what is going to happen and are hailed as heroes for taking a strong line (Palmer, 2018).
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Another disadvantage of the hierarchical organizational method is that there is less flexibility to adapt and react to environmental market. As companies develop, they tend to add additional procedures and systems to help them manage their different pieces. With additional regulation and control added to the maze of bureaucracy, this collection of rules and processes can get increasingly complicated over time. This eventually grows into its own business, requiring an army to oversee and maintain the rules and procedures (Hayward, 2019).
Traditional management clashes with creative expression in particular. Employees at advertising firms and art and design, for example, occupations are more productive when the framework is flexible and informal (Kokemuller, 2017). Traditional management is centered on a controlled work environment in which workers are held to high professional and performance standards. As a result, traditional management rarely works in these situations (Kokemuller, 2017).
Employee empowerment, or the practice of entrusting important decision-making to firm employees, has grown prevalent in early twenty-first-century workplaces (Kokemuller, 2017). Employees who are actively participating in decision-making have a better feeling of ownership at work, according to companies. Customers also benefit from more quick problem-solving assistance (Kokemuller, 2017). Tall bureaucratic structures limited employee participation in organizational decision-making, and they were also rigid and time-consuming since decisions had to trickle down the hierarchy from the top before reaching the individuals who needed to hear the message (Kubheka, et al., 2013).
Flattening hierarchies is an attempt to empower lower-level employees by giving them decision-making authority. While team-based approaches to operating have been identified in some organizations, most employees still delegate decision-making authority to their former middle managers, whom they regard as more experienced and knowledgeable (Kubheka, et al., 2013).
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Lastly, this organization method is resistant to creativity. Business divisions are unable to respond quickly to competitive challenges due to the top-down decision-making structure. This is one of the reasons why smaller, more agile start-ups with fewer management layers are frequently able to surprise larger competitors and carve out a profitable market niche (Basu, n.d.).
The issue is that the chain of command functions properly when it comes to giving instructions and making judgments. It works so effectively that unless fresh ideas are communicated from the top down, they have a slim chance of being implemented. Ideas that emerge from the middle or lower levels of a hierarchy must pass through a series of managers, each having the capacity to veto but not the capacity to implement them (BURKUS, 2012).
The chance of rejection grows as a concept progresses up the levels, because those managers are removed from the area to which the concept relates and are less likely to see its genuine worth in that area (BURKUS, 2012).
Due to the emergence of factors like globalization, intense competition due to an increase in number of companies, ethics and the green movement as well as a need for increased speed and responsiveness, there has been a growing need to change the traditional organizational structure and hence the modern organizational method emerged in the 21st century. Modern Organization means a boundaryless organization which are networking together and collaborating more than ever before (Quain, 2018).
They are well-suited for rapid innovation and therefore ideal for companies in the growing technology industry. Its main concept is to diversify its activities and connectivity as a result it can accept new challenges and can set a goal frequently. The old top-down organizational structure is replaced by teams that work on projects collaboratively in a modern organizational structure. Rather than depending on senior management to drive the work process, modern organizational design focuses on empowering individuals to make decisions and execute changes without the need for supervisor approval (Quain, 2018).
Employees are given the criteria, milestones, and productivity objectives of significant projects and must find the most effective approach to fulfill those goals under this sort of organization. This style eliminates the typical company’s vertical structure and offers employees ownership of the job they do (Quain, 2018).
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Unlike the hierarchical method, the modern organization structure is more dynamic with its business strategy. This means that it needs multiple progress and constant changes. Regardless of the fact that the hierarchical method was more stable, it was more costly. Managers jumped from job to job quickly, gaining high positions despite a lack of expertise. They not only required constant supervision, but they also struggled to understand what they needed to know (Neilson, et al., 2003).
The corporation appeared to promote its finest and brightest quickly in order to keep them. This caused extra labour at lower levels by adding superfluous layers to the system. All of these activities are really expensive. The company’s general and administrative expenditures were 20 percent more than the average of our benchmark firms due to the managers’ salary and the real cost of their operations (Neilson, et al., 2003).
Traditional organizations are slightly conservative and they try to follow traditional rules and regulation. They always flow a static business strategy and make a workflow model maintaining a traditional marketing policy and employee management system. A modern organization is doing modification, rescheduling, flexible entity management and dynamic business strategy (Neilson, et al., 2003).
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Employees in a modern business have more freedom and flexibility in exchanging their opinions. As a result, staff morale is strong in this form of firm and they is a significant increase in employee morale. Because Traditional is a job-oriented company, you are unsure about employee morale (Jahan, 2016). there is a psychological and rational perspective when it comes to employee morale.
Employee empowerment from a psychological perspective focuses on attempting to characterize the self-perceptions of an employee who feels he or she is empowered. According to proponents of psychological views, empowerment is a subjective state of mind in which an employee believes he or she has effective influence over their work (Kubheka, et al., 2013).
The relational view on empowerment, on the other hand, is concerned with the distribution of power within an organization and how it is influenced by the structure and culture of that organization (Kubheka, et al., 2013). The general theme of the rational perspective is the relocation of power from the upper level of the hierarchy to the lower level workers. Hence the modern organizational prevents people from centralizing authority or embedding power in fixed roles and allows the firm to remain flexible and adaptive (Kubheka, et al., 2013).
With the emergence of factors like globalization and technology, there has been a need for adaptation and change.The modern organization is increasingly technology-driven and devoid of boundaries. As a result, the number of employees or the office compartment are irrelevant. Traditional organizations, on the other hand, are too centralized and backward to embrace sophisticated technologies (Jahan, 2016).
With beurocracy, factors like decision-making, communication and action become slowed down and the company becomes a lumbering entity. However, with modern organisational structure, such factors are easy to adapt to and lead to both profit and growth of the company.
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Regardless of the multiple advantages of the modern organizational structure, there are still a number of negative factors that lead to companies to retain the traditional structure. For instance, A well-designed organization ensures that reporting connections, decision-making, information flows, and work procedures are all clear (Nouri, 2019). Everyone understands precisely what they are accountable for, who they report to, and what other coworkers are accountable for with a well-crafted design.
This can help a company’s operating efficiency, especially if it’s a large one (Nouri, 2019). However, there are certain disadvantages to this level of clarity. Employees in small startups without a defined framework, for example, may be expected to do a variety of unrelated jobs. Employees in highly organized companies, on the other hand, may reject or refuse to complete work that is not part of their job description (Nouri, 2019).
Moreover, if employees fail to hold each other accountable for mistakes, the lack of supervisory power can lead to disorder and inefficiency. Another downside is that, because the organization is no longer top-down or bottom-up, prospects for development or upward mobility are restricted, since the company now operates as a “flatter” structure in which all employees are treated equally (Ingram, n.d.). a typical organizational structure, however, concentrates decision-making and authority in the hands of a few individuals inside a company.
It reduces employee uncertainty about who is in control and sends a clear message about what workers are expected to do in the course of their jobs. A machine can be compared to the top-down structure (Ingram, n.d.).
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Jahan, S., 2016. LinkedIn. [Online] Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/modern-organization-vs-traditional-safinaz-jahan [Accessed 11 June 2021].
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Juneja, P., 2015. Management study guide. [Online] Available at: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/management_levels.htm [Accessed 8 june 2021].
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Koontz, H. & Weihrich, H., 2006. Essentials Of Management. 7th edition ed. New Delhi: Tata Mcgraw-Hill publishing company limited.
Kubheka, I., Kholopane, P. & Mbohwa, C., 2013. The Effects of Flattening Hierarchies on Employee Performance in Organizations: A Study of a South African Retail Group,Johannesburg: south africa.
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Pettinger, T., 2017. econimics help. [Online] Available at: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/27373/concepts/the-knowledge-economy/ [Accessed 8 june 2021].
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Company Acquisitions
Issue and Case Analysis: Company Acquisitions
Question 1: Merge the acquired company into your company. The result of this strategy will be one company containing the elements of both companies.
Since 1990s, there has been an accelerated pace of global mergers and company acquisitions as companies use them as a tool for competitiveness and to expand to global markets. A strategic manager must carefully look into both the pre-acquisition phase and the post-acquisition phase to execute a successful acquisition (Lasserre, 2003).
When the value of operational synergies of the companies operating in similar business contexts is expected, the absorption mode is appropriate. This enables necessary consolidation and rationalization necessary, to occur in the soonest time possible. The company is able to evaluate the best business practices to be adopted and find sources of savings by absorbing the competencies and competitive products of the other company (David, 2012).
The challenge in absorption occurs when there’s rationalization by the company being acquired hindering the process due to resistance to change and difference in culture. A SWOT analysis of the new merger would help to identify the areas to strengthen and areas of potential threats that may hinder successful acquisition (Lasserre, 2003).
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Question 2: Operate the acquired company as a separate business entity. The result of this strategy will be two separate companies under one senior management “umbrella” (the senior management team that is responsible for running both companies).
Where the company is allowed to operate as a separate business entity, Preservation Mode, is when very few operational synergies can be gained. This is important when large autonomy of decision making in the acquired business is required. The existing management is kept in place while the parent company learns the ‘rules of the game’ of the new business. The benefits accrued include enlargement of products and markets and also the transfer of new competencies or resources.
The disadvantage is the acquired company could behave opportunistically by ‘siphoning off’ resources of acquirer if there’s ‘weak’ management (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2011). A balanced scorecard could be used to measure the acquisition in terms of customers’ opinions and views, financial position and advantages, improvement and value creation through growth and learning among others.
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According to David (2012), research shows twenty percent of all mergers and acquisitions are successful, approximately sixty percent produce disappointing results, and the last twenty percent are clear failures. Continuous evaluation and correction after acquisition is a critical factor to avoid the pitfalls that result in failure of acquisition (Lasserre, 2003).
