Primary services that a FES organization should focus on
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Primary services that a FES organization should focus on
Instructions:
Based on the background information, you will use your skills as a fire and emergency services (FES) administrator to develop a cooperative relationship with those attending the town hall meeting. You will need to emphasize the primary services that a FES organization should focus on when planning customer service efforts.
In addition, you will discuss the importance of criteria-based dispatching while, at the same time, demonstrating the importance of a good working relationship with public officials and the community by being attentive to their concerns of responding to noncritical, non-emergency medical incidents.
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You will use your skills as a fire and emergency services (FES) administrator to respond to the allegations made by the watchdog. As a part of your preparation for this response, you requested an Incident Action Plan (IAP) ICS Form 202 to review. Click here to review the ICS Form 202. The allegations made to the news media include the items listed below.
The fire department is not adhering to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1710 standard of a minimum of four firefighters on the first due engine.
The Washington Fire Department (WFD) did not comply with training requirements for hazardous materials response, which are mandated by law.
Fire department personnel entered the hot zone without hazardous waste operations and emergency response (HAZWOPER) training.
Fire and Emergency Services Administrator
Elected officials and the public are not apprised of what is going on in the fire department.
You will need to demonstrate best practices for dealing with the media as you make your presentation. You will need to discuss the decision your firefighters made to protect the residents of the nursing home by supporting their actions even though many believe it was unethical to cause the massive fish kill. You will need to discuss the legal aspect of HAZWOPER and firefighters just beginning the training. You will need to discuss keeping elected officials and the public aware of fire department goals for training.
If you do not have a way to record a video, you may create an eight-slide PowerPoint presentation instead. For the presentation, you must follow the same prompt as described above, but you must also include any image(s) that you would use in the town hall meeting. The presentation needs a title slide, which should include your name, the date, and the title of your presentation, and a reference slide. The title slide and reference slide do not count toward meeting the eight-slide minimum. You will do a voiceover narration for every slide—except for the reference slide. Ensure you follow APA guidelines.
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First responder Case study
Scenario: You are a first responder who is responding to an incident that is a mass casualty event where a school bus carrying middle school children collided with two trucks, one carrying benzene and the other carrying ammonium nitrate. Both trucks have released their cargo via spill, and now the school students are in danger of breathing in the vapors. The incident happened on Highway 182 in Orange Beach, Alabama. It is the middle of July and the temperature is 89oF with sunny skies, and the winds are calm for now. Because it is summer, there are clouds building to the west with thunderstorms predicted in the next 90 minutes.
What form would you expect to find the chemicals (liquid, gas, solid, etc.)? Will this form change based on the weather?
Which Department of Transportation (DOT) placards would be used to identify the different hazardous materials cargo?
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How would the children on the school bus be best protected from the chemicals (e.g. evacuated, shelter in the bus, etc.)?
Describe the chemical reactions that may take place.
Recommend the risk-based response steps you would take to control the hazardous materials event.
Determine the impact of the weather conditions on the accident site.
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Chemical substances or the weapons of mass destruction
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Chemical substances or the weapons of mass destruction
Identify the chemical substances or the weapons of mass destruction that you are most concerned about in your community. In other words, what is your fear that involves a WMD event in your community? How would you try to prevent the event from happening in the first place?
I. What are chemical weapons?
A chemical weapon is any toxic chemical that can cause death, injury, incapacitation, and sensory irritation, deployed via a delivery system, such as an artillery shell, rocket, or ballistic missile. Chemical weapons are considered weapons of mass destruction and their use in armed conflict is a violation of international law.
Primary forms of chemical weapons include nerve agents, blister agents, choking agents, and blood agents. These agents are categorized based on how they affect the human body.
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Exposure to the WMD agents
You are asked to perform a briefing to the mayor and her staff on the following situation below
At approximately 9:15 pm, on the 11th of September in Orange Beach, Alabama (Temp 71oF, cloudy with calm winds), there is a 9-1-1 report that the movie theater in town that is packed to capacity to see the new adventure movie has had three explosions. The first explosion involved an explosion with a flash and loud bang resulting in a fine mist being released on the movie goers. As the movie goers were frantically leaving through the exits, two more explosions went off at each exit with another flash and loud bang but no physical shrapnel or other reports of physical damage to the theater.
Several days ago, it was reported by the news that the mayor’s office received a threat of a terrorist organization planning on releasing a biological agent in the town. According to reports at the movie theater, four used canisters marked Yersinia pestis were found in the location of the secondary bombs.
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As you are traveling to the scene you hear reports of patrons convulsing in the parking lot of the theater; they are unable to control their muscles and other bodily functions and are twitching uncontrollably.
Based on the cryptic details, what category of WMD weapon(s) was released on the crowd?
What is the potential outcome of being exposed to these WMD agents?
In what capacity will your organization of first responders be able to help (e.g. decontamination, weapon identification, first aid, etc.)?
What risk-based response procedures need to be taken to stabilize the scene and prevent further exposure to the WMD agents?
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A first responder
Order Instructions:
You are a first responder who is responding to an incident that is a mass casualty event where a school bus carrying middle school children collided with two trucks. One track is carrying benzene, and the other truck is carrying ammonium nitrate. Both trucks have released their cargo via spill, and now the school students are in danger of breathing in the vapors.
Complete an outline of how you will write the paper. In your outline, make sure you have components that meet the following requirements:
Distinguish between organic and inorganic chemicals.
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Apply chemical reaction basic precautions at the accident scene.
Describe potential reactions that may be present with the chemicals.
Describe the families of hydrocarbons in terms of hazard.
Explain the chemical characteristics of each chemical family.
Outline the potential chemical reactions of hydrocarbons.
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In this paper, the main emergency management theories which act as the backbone for the proposed research proposal are described comprehensively. The paper also provides an analysis of how the research topic actually expands the selected theories and a justification is provided of why the selected theories were selected for the research topic of this proposal.
Lastly this paper provides an assessment of why the identified emergency management theory are suitable for the selected methodology of this research.
Emergency management theory
For this research proposal, the main emergency management theories which serve as the backbone of the research proposal include the Emergency Response Theory and the Disaster Preparedness Theory. Environmental emergencies refer to events or incidents which threaten public welfare, health, and safety, and they include such things as acts of terrorism, industrial plant explosions, hurricanes, chemical spills, wild fires, and even floods.
Emergency Response Theory pertains to organizing available resources, coordinating and directing them so as to respond effectively and properly to an incident and bring the emergency situation under control (Medlin, 2011). In essence, this coordinated response is aimed at protecting the health of members of the public by reducing the impact of the incident on the environment and the community.
The Disaster Preparedness Theory gives emphasis to educating people about hazards which might impact their area and the importance of training people in essential disaster skills for instance disaster medical operations, light search and rescue, fire safety as well as team organization (Mitzel, 2014).
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How research topic expands theory
In this project, the research topic is Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT) in the Northeast Region of the United States. This research topic clearly expands theory by incorporating something new regarding processes of disaster management and preparedness and emergency response. Community Emergency Response Teams are voluntary programmes that entail doing the most good for the most number of people in the community through people assisting people as well as through preparedness.
This is a constructive approach and the members could help other people within their place of work or community after an incident when professional responders are not instantly available to assist (Bobko & Kamin, 2015). On the whole, the topic expands theory by highlighting that community emergency response teams are about encouraging individuals to take active roles in alleviating the effects of a disaster event by having preparedness projects within their communities.
Empowering communities through safer practices serves to encourage a culture of safety in the area as communities would be better prepared in a situation of emergency to do the most good for the most people.
In essence, the CERT program assists in training individuals in the community to be prepared well to respond to situations of emergency within their communities. Whenever emergency situations take place, members of Community Emergency Response Team could provide crucial support to first responders, give immediate help to the affected victims, and arrange spontaneous volunteers at the location of the disaster or emergency (Medlin, 2011). In addition, members of the CERT team could assist with non-emergency projects which help in improving the community’s safety.
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Justification for the selected theory for the chosen research topic
The selected theories – Emergency Response Theory and Disaster Preparedness Theory – are appropriate for the project’s research topic considering that Community Emergency Response Teams are usually involved in educating individuals as regards disaster preparedness for the hazards which might impact their area. In addition, CERTs provide training to people in basic response skills like disaster medical operations and fire safety, which is emphasized by the Emergency Response Theory.
It is notable that CERT volunteers use training which they learned during exercises and in the classroom to help other people within their community after a disaster has occurred when professional responders are not immediately available to provide assistance: this is something that is underscored by the selected emergency management theories. Moreover, Community Emergency Response Team volunteers are encouraged to support emergency response organizations by assuming active roles in disaster preparedness projects (Fithen & Fraser, 2012).
Why the chosen emergency management theories are appropriate for the methodology
The chosen emergency management theories are suitable for the selected methodology considering that these two theories behind community emergency response team are rooted in a simple observation: in major emergency situations, professional emergency services are often overloaded. All parts of the globe have tornadoes and/or earthquakes, and severe storms and floods are the most common disasters.
The common mass disasters include earthquake, floods, tsunami and hurricanes. All these could create mass emergencies hence community emergency response teams have a mission everywhere. The main aim of the CERT program is disaster preparedness. In general, the belief according to the selected emergency management theories is that civilians who receive community emergency response team training are more likely to prepare beforehand for a major emergency situation and are aware of the proper steps to be taken following an emergency.
This helps to reduce the probability that they would require help from emergency responders hence eases pressures on limited resources for instance rescuers and their equipment (Fithen & Fraser, 2012). The other objective of the community emergency response team program as per the selected theories is providing an auxiliary force of trained emergency personnel who are able to respond to events which are really not life-threatening and includes things like light search and rescue operations, shelter management, dispatch and paperwork.
These time-consuming or non-urgent tasks would otherwise belong to emergency professionals, which divert them from rescue operations. As such, the theories are suitable for the methodology.
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Conclusion
In conclusion, the main emergency management theories which act as the backbone of the proposed research study are the Emergency Response Theory and the Disaster Preparedness Theory. The research topic expands theory by incorporating something new regarding processes of disaster management and preparedness as well as emergency response.
The selected theories are appropriate for the research topic because Community Emergency Response Teams are often involved in educating individuals on the subject of disaster preparedness for the hazards which could impact their area, and this is something underscored by the two theories.
References
Bobko, J. P., & Kamin, R. (2015). Changing the paradigm of emergency response: The need for first-care providers. Journal Of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 9(1), 18-24.
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Research topic: Obstacles and Barriers Utilizing Community Emergency Response Teams for emergency incidents in the northeast region of the United States.
Emergency Management is an imperative aspect in reducing the impact of disasters and which should be given significant priority (Sylves, 2014). Unfortunately, utilization of community emergency response teams presents considerable barriers and obstacles.
The significance of this research to psychology lies in the need to identify how emergency incidents are handled at the community level and the prevailing obstacles and challenges that affect this approach. These may be explained through psychology theories that affect behavior and possible challenges in community emergency management (Ejeta, Ardalan & Paton, 2015). Community emergency response involves the use of community members to respond to incidences within the community (Medina, 2016). The target population constitutes of community members and emergency department officials from the northeast region of the United States.
References
Ejeta, L.T., Ardalan, A. & Paton, D. (2015). Application of Behavioral Theories to Disaster and Emergency Health Preparedness: A Systematic Review. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4494855/
Medina, A. (2016). Promoting a culture of disaster preparedness. Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 9(3), 281-290. Retrieved from eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a6330788-437d-4f4a-9f00-8c2f795dcb63%40sessionmgr4005&vid=1&hid=4105
Sylves, R. (2014). Disaster Policy and Politics: Emergency Management and Homeland Security: Emergency Management and Homeland Security. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Research Topic
Research on emergency management indicates that engagement of communities in emergency management can have significant benefits due to their valuable input before the arrival of first responders (Miehl, 2012; Orkin et al, 2012). We know that other parts of the United States have utilized Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT).
However we do not know whether this has been successfully implemented whether these teams have been an asset or obstacle in emergency management before arrival of first responders. Obstacles and challenges involved in community emergency management have not been exclusively studied.
References
Miehl, G. F. (2011). Community Emergency Response. Professional Safety, 56(12), 35-41. Retrieved from eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=b654225c-2694-4a93-beab-fe9e76ea952d%40sessionmgr4001&vid=1&hid=4105
Orkin, A., VanderBurgh, D., Born, K., Webster, M., Strickland, S., & Beardy, J. (2012). Where There Is No Paramedic: The Sachigo Lake Wilderness Emergency Response Education Initiative. Plos Medicine, 9(10), 1-5. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001322
2.1. Research Problem Background
Plough et al (2013) and Wells et al (2013) describe CERTs as a connection between citizens and homeland security. Chandra, et al (2013) and Orkin (et al, 2012) establish that community engagement is important in promoting disaster preparedness and management.
CERTs however face challenges that must be addressed to ensure they deliver (Mayunga, 2013). These include inadequate skills, equipment, poor organization and collaboration and lack of knowledge required in the management of disasters (Kapucu, 2008).
In addressing challenges of CERT management, Medina (2016) describes the need for improved infrastructure, communication, networking and increased awareness on disaster management. Connolly (2012); Citizen Corps (2016) and E P A. (2016) emphasize the importance of knowledge and education on emergency response for CERTs. Miehl (2012) notes the importance of proper area awareness in successful use of CERTs.
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References
Chandra, A., Williams, M., Plough, A., Stayton, A., Wells, K. B., Horta, M., & Tang, J. (2013). Getting Actionable About Community Resilience: The Los Angeles County Community Disaster Resilience Project. American Journal of Public Health, 103(7), 1181-1189. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301270
Citizen Corps website. (2016). Benefits of continued training. Retrieved from http://www.citizencorps.gov/cert/start-2-3a.shtm
Connolly, M. (2012). Creating a Campus Based Community Emergency Response Team (CERT). Community College Journal of Research & Practice, 36(6), 448-452.
E P A. (2016). Emergency planning and community right to know act. Washington, DC.
Kapucu, N. (2008). Collaborative emergency management: better community organising, better public preparedness and response. Disasters, 32(2), 239-262. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01037.x Retrieved from eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=16&sid=7e8d6c65-1efc-4387-9209-ada9122748df%40sessionmgr4004&hid=4105
Mayunga J. S. (2013). Understanding and applying the concept of community disaster resilience: a capital-based approach. Working paper for the Summer Academy for Social Vulnerability and Resilience Building. Retrieved from http://www.ehs.unu.edu/file/get/3761.
Medina, A. (2016). Promoting a culture of disaster preparedness. Journal Of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 9(3), 281-290.. Retrieved from eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a6330788-437d-4f4a-9f00-8c2f795dcb63%40sessionmgr4005&vid=1&hid=4105
Miehl, G. F. (2011). Community Emergency Response. Professional Safety, 56(12), 35-41. Retrieved from eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=b654225c-2694-4a93-beab-fe9e76ea952d%40sessionmgr4001&vid=1&hid=4105
Orkin, A., VanderBurgh, D., Born, K., Webster, M., Strickland, S., & Beardy, J. (2012). Where There Is No Paramedic: The Sachigo Lake Wilderness Emergency Response Education Initiative. Plos Medicine, 9(10), 1-5. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001322
Plough, A., Fielding, J. E., Chandra, A., Williams, M., Eisenman, D., Wells, K. B., & … Magaña, A. (2013). Building Community Disaster Resilience: Perspectives from a Large Urban County Department of Public Health. American Journal of Public Health, 103(7), 1190-1197. Retrieved from eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=62250a9a-93d3-4285-af03-c902e525baa7%40sessionmgr4004&vid=1&hid=4105
Wells, K. B., Tang, J., Lizaola, E., Jones, F., Brown, A., Stayton, A., & … Plough, A. (2013). Applying Community Engagement to Disaster Planning: Developing the Vision and Design for the Los Angeles County Community Disaster Resilience Initiative. American Journal of Public Health, 103(7), 1172-1180. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301407.
3.1. Advancing scientific knowledge
Community Emergency Response Teams have been used in other parts of the United States as a reinforcement to county emergency response teams. Their participation in emergency management is however influenced by various obstacles and challenges. While a considerable number of studies have studied the importance of CERTs in emergency management, the challenges and obstacles faced in their utilization has not been exploited.
Wells, et al (2013) establish that the use of CERT promotes emergency management by ensuring that immediate emergencies can be managed before first responders arrive. Challenges and obstacles ranging from lack of proper knowledge, equipment and lack of adequate commitment and availability of the teams, given that they are not employed to ensure that they concentrate on this role only (Miehl, 2011; Mayunga, 2013). Through this research, factors affecting CERTs are studied to determine how these can be managed to enhance the effectiveness of CERTs.
References
Mayunga J. S. (2013). Understanding and applying the concept of community disaster resilience: a capital-based approach. Working paper for the Summer Academy for Social Vulnerability and Resilience Building. Retrieved from http://www.ehs.unu.edu/file/get/3761.
Miehl, G. F. (2011). Community Emergency Response. Professional Safety, 56(12), 35-41. Retrieved from eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=b654225c-2694-4a93-beab-fe9e76ea952d%40sessionmgr4001&vid=1&hid=4105
Wells, K. B., Tang, J., Lizaola, E., Jones, F., Brown, A., Stayton, A., & … Plough, A. (2013). Applying Community Engagement to Disaster Planning: Developing the Vision and Design for the Los Angeles County Community Disaster Resilience Initiative. American Journal of Public Health, 103(7), 1172-1180. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301407.
3.2. Theoretical Implications
This research will create a better understanding of the fundamentals of emergency management including the need for immediate response, importance of emergency management tools, communication and relevance of community involvement in emergency response. The research will demonstrate challenges that exist in emergency management, particularly where CERTs are involved and thereby significantly inform theory.
3.3. Practical implications
The usefulness of CERTs in emergency management cannot be underestimated because their vicinity to the emergency location ensures they can take action before first responders arrive (Medina, 2016). This research will be of great relevance to emergency management authorities including emergency managers, emergency planners, FEMA representatives and the stakeholders in the northeast region of the United States by providing valuable insights on the obstacles and challenges associated with CERTs. This will ensure that they are fully aware on whether CERTs should be utilized in enhancing emergency management and how obstacles and challenges can be overcome to ensure CERTs are effective.
References
Medina, A. (2016). Promoting a culture of disaster preparedness. Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 9(3), 281-290. Retrieved from eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a6330788-437d-4f4a-9f00-8c2f795dcb63%40sessionmgr4005&vid=1&hid=4105
4.3. Ethical considerations
This research involves human beings as research subjects and will therefore ensure that high ethical standards are maintained (Glaser and Strauss, 2009). This will include promoting privacy of respondents throughout the research period, requiring voluntary participation in the research and avoiding bias in data collection and analysis (Berg, 2009). The researcher intends to discuss the study with the institutional review board to ascertain whether they can proceed with the research and that these ethical considerations will be actioned.
References
Berg, B. L. (2009). Qualitative Research Methods. Boston, MA, United States: Allyn & Bacon.
Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. (2009). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Piscataway, NJ, United States: Aldine Transaction.
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