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RESEARCH PROPOSAL – BA(Hons) Business Administration
Assessment Criteria
Background / Rationale of the project (15%)
Any reasons given for choosing this topic / doing this project?
What are specific issues/problems to be sorted out in this project?
Appropriateness of the project?
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Preliminary review of the literature (30%)
Articles identified for literature review closely related and relevant to the project?
Literature review consists of personal opinions and critical evaluation?
Different opinions or findings from different authors provided?
Specific areas or gaps not covered by previous research identified?
Key articles relating to the topic adequately covered up to most recent studies?
Literature review presented in a systematic and logical flow?
Research Proposal
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Research questions and objectives (15%)
Research questions appropriate and answerable?
Research objectives appropriate?
Research objectives achievable?
Research plan (25%)
Reasons for choosing a particular research methods/strategy clearly stated?
Brief description of the chosen research methods / strategy provided?
Is the chosen research method/strategy appropriate for the research questions and objectives?
Methods of collecting data clearly explained?
Sources of data identified?
Access to those data possible?
Limitations of the chosen research method identified?
Research Proposal
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Ethical considerations and timetable (10%)
Ethical issues adequately dealt with?
Timetable planning appropriate and sensible?
Harvard referencing, spelling and language used (5%)
Harvard referencing accurate?
Spelling and grammar correct?
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CHECKLIST
1 Will this project involve data on individual humans?
( This includes any questionnaire research)
2 Will the study involve any physical or medical testing of any description be involved?
3 Will deception of participants be necessary during the study?
4 Will the study involve any invasion of privacy, or the accessing of confidential information about people/organization without their permission?
5 Does the project involve the collection of material that could be considered of a sensitive, personal, biographical, medical or psychological nature?
6 Will any vulnerable groups be involved? e.g young people under 18 interviewed.
7 Does the project involve controversial literary or artistic works with human or animal participants?
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Week 3: Research Problems, Designs, and Sample
This week’s graded discussion topic relates to the following Course Outcomes (COs). COs Apply research principles to the interpretation of the content of published research studies. (POs 4 and 8)CO4 Evaluate published nursing research for credibility and lab significance related to evidence-based practice. (POs 4 and 8)
This week, we will discuss the research problems, designs and sample for your nursing clinical issue. The research design flows from the research question and outlines the plan for the study that will answer the research question. The design identifies the major components of the study. It is important to remember that there is no one best design for a research study.
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After you review the designs, describe which research design you would expect to find when searching for evidence relevant to your own research question from Week 2. Why? Explain your answer.The most common sampling method is the convenience sample; therefore, many of the studies that you find for evidence use this sampling method. What are the implications for using a convenience sample on the way you interpret and use the findings?
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Cognitive Behavioral Theory Versus Rational Emotive Behavioral Theory
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Cognitive Behavioral Theory Versus Rational Emotive Behavioral Theory
While cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) have many similarities, they are distinctly different therapeutic approaches. When assessing clients and selecting one of these therapies, you must recognize the importance of not only selecting the one that is best for the client but also the approach that most aligns to your own skill set. For this Assignment, as you examine the similarities and differences between CBT and REBT, consider which therapeutic approach you might use with your clients.
Learning Objectives Students will:
• Compare cognitive behavioral therapy and rational emotive behavioral therapy
• Recommend cognitive behavioral therapies for clients
To prepare:
• Review the media in this week’s Learning Resources.
• Reflect on the various forms of cognitive behavioral therapy.
Cognitive Behavioral Theory Versus Rational Emotive Behavioral Theory
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The AssignmentIn a 1- to 2-page paper, address the following:
• Briefly describe how cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) are similar.
• Explain at least three differences between CBT and REBT. Include how these differences might impact your practice as a mental health counselor.
• Explain which version of cognitive behavioral therapy you might use with clients and why. Support your approach with evidence-based literature.
Note: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm).
All papers submitted must use this formatting.
Cognitive Behavioral Theory Versus Rational Emotive Behavioral Theory
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Research Ethics
In Coleman’s article Abortion and mental health: quantitative synthesis and analysis of research published 1995-2009 (2011), the writer of the article intended to carry out a quantitative synthesis which would be vital in providing a clear illustration to clinicians about the connection between abortion and mental well-being. The author sought to use the quantitative method to determine the extent of the connection between abortion and the various pointers of adversarial mental health. The fact that the researcher used sample populations is a clear indication that the quantitative method was used for this research.
Research method
The sample used for the research included 22 studies, 36 measurements of effects and 877, 181 participants. One of the aspects that emerge is that the author made sure that there was the utilization of multiple studies which were relevant and met specific criteria. The writer indicated that studies were acknowledged using the Medline and PsycInfo databases.
Moreover, the studies were to have a sample size of 100 participants or more, utilized a comparison cluster, had one or multiple mental health outcome variables and used odds ratios to demonstrate effects noticed to facilitate calculation of readily translatable assembled odds ratios and PAR statistics. As seen, the primary population that was focused on was pregnant women those who wished to have an abortion and those who did not. However, the author does not indicate whether there was the legitimacy of other sources written by researchers who had conducted researches focused on the connection between mental health and abortion.
Research Ethics
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Through the statistical analysis, it can be derived that the writer had there was a specific formula that was used to come up with the most accurate results possible. Looking at the ethical issues, it is evident that there were no moral or ethical issues that were documented. This can be said to be fueled by the fact that the author used previous researches conducted and as such, there was no need to include names of participants but rather just required the use of overall statistics obtained. Therefore, the rights of participants were well protected.
Limitations
Coleman was quite thorough in the research and was able to identify some limitations of the research. One of the constraints documented by the researcher is that the review was not comprehensive since only a 15-year publication window was scrutinized. Also, there was no analysis of comparison groups.
The other limitation stipulated is that the study is that there was a deprivation of consistency in control variables, demographic features of the samples, the duration between processes and follows up valuations, and notable difference in how results were measured.
Analysis
After careful examination of the article, several aspects emerge. One of them is that the author was quite systematic in the provision of quantitative data. This is one of the compelling aspects of the article. Coleman is quite methodical in presenting data using graphs and tables. This goes a long way in illustrating to the reader that whatever is stipulated in the article has been carefully examined and is well detailed.
Research Ethics
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Through these tables and diagrams, one is also able to see the various sources used by the author. The author is also quite accurate and ensures that those who get a chance to go through the article know the formula that was used for the research. Furthermore, the fact that the author used 22 studies by other researchers is an indication that Coleman wanted to be accurate in conclusions. One of the weaknesses of the article is that the author does not give an individual analysis of the sources that were used.
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Ethical Issues in Research
Locate and read an article related to a topic you may investigate via Practitioner Inquiry (self reflection and strengthening of skills). Select a peer-reviewed primary research article found in published research (typically in an academic journal) written by a researcher about a research project they conducted. It presents the research background, design of the study, data collected, results or findings, and conclusions of the research.
Peer-reviewed primary research articles can be found through the library databases. There is a description of peer-reviewed primary research on the library webpage. Based on your selected peer-reviewed primary research article, in 2 pages, answer the following questions related to research ethics:
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RFID Technology vs Bar Code Technology
Why RFID Technology is Better than Bar Code Technology
RFID technology is often regarded as a successor of the technology that has dominated for decades. Bar codes have been in place since the second part of the 20th century and are now used in all the spheres where inventory management is relevant (Smith-Ditizio & Smith, 2017). The method enables people to trace the flow of items with a significant degree of accuracy, which made the technology popular worldwide. Bar coding involves the use of the codes usually typed on packages or even items, and readers (Lee, Choi, & Lee, 2017).
RFID technology was introduced later, but it soon became widely used as well (Bibi, Guillaume, Gontard, & Sorli, 2017). This method implies the use of tags and a reader. Both technologies have certain advantages and disadvantages, which makes it difficult for users to chose between the two options. However, the use of RFID is often regarded as more efficient and cost-effective due to various features of the technology (Lui, Ngai, & Lo, 2016). This paper includes a brief discussion of the statement of problem and research questions.
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Purpose of Study
As has been mentioned above, both technologies are now used widely, but people are still reluctant to switch to a more recent method. One of the major barriers to the successful implementation of RFID technology is associated with investment as this technology requires more funds than the bar code method (Bibi et al., 2017). One of the benefits of bar codes is their universality as the vast majority of retailers and manufacturers have adopted this technology. However, to assess the effectiveness and benefits of the technologies under analysis, it is critical to identify the most relevant criteria. The purpose of this study is to identify the benefits of using RFID technology as compared to bar code technology.
As has been mentioned above, both technologies are now used widely, but people are still reluctant to switch to a more recent method. One of the major barriers to the successful implementation of RFID technology is associated with investment as this technology requires more funds than the bar code method (Bibi et al., 2017).
One of the benefits of bar codes is their universality as the vast majority of retailers and manufacturers have adopted this technology. However, to assess the effectiveness and benefits of the technologies under analysis, it is critical to identify the most relevant criteria. The purpose of this study is to identify the benefits of using RFID technology as compared to bar code technology.
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Understanding and Managing People
Understanding and managing people can be a daunting task. The process involves numerous concerns brought about by the complexity of handling multiple individuals with the balance of following strict regulations. This paper breaks down a section of such complexity by addressing a number of contemporary issues facing organisational behaviour. In addition, the paper seeks to point out the impact of such issues on the human resource practices within the company.
Contemporary issues facing the field of organisational behaviour
Given the breadth of content and research in the field of organisational behaviour, many of the issues and topics are widely researched. However, the field is rather flex, with issues changing every now and then. As such despite the numerous research in the field, there are always new and incoming issues that require attention and research. This section discusses a number of contemporary issues facing the field of organisational behaviour as outlined below.
Diversity in the workplace
For the longest time, workplace diversity has been an issue under the radar of a lot of companies and their management. Over the years, the management and definition of diversity in the workplace have titled and shifted with changing global concerns. Workplace diversity refers to the inclusion of the various characteristics, similarities, and differences between the members of staff in a given organisation. Such differences include race, age, cultural background, handicaps, education levels, religion, and sexual orientation among others (Saxena, 2014, pp. 77 – 78).
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While the issue of diversity has its impact on organisational behaviour, it is not among the most crucial. However, mismanagement of diversity can have potentially disastrous outcomes (Davidson & Burke, 2016, pp. 254 – 257). To counter such, modern management practice calls for inclusion to cater for such differences. While the concept is theoretically simple, the implementation calls for much more focus and can be quite resource-incentive as discussed in the next section.
A recent contentious issue in organizational behaviour tied to diversity and inclusion is the inclusion of women in management. In the recent years, research has indicated that firms have had a direct increase in various metrics of business success from improved gender equality, inclusion, and diversity within the company (Davidson & Burke, 2016, pp. 29 – 30). Such inclusion fosters better relationships and promotion of women as integral parts of the organization rather than unwelcome players.
Positivity
Positivity as an independent field of psychological knowledge has widespread research and coverage. However, the case is not the same for its impact in the workplace, and on the organisational behaviour. New studies indicate the impact of positivity in an individual to an increase in their work effort and ethic (Warr, Bindl, Parker, & Inceoglu, 2013). In addition, such positivity has a high potential to spread across the firm and create a phenomenon known as positive organisational behaviour.
With an increase in positive organisational behaviour, there is an increase in firm qualities such as hope, optimism, resilience, the development of psychological capital, and self-efficiency (Luthans & Youssef, 2007, pp. 327- 336). Luthans and Youssef (2007, pp. 339 – 340) also indicate the presence of strong links between the positivity of the individual, better firm performance, and positive organisational behaviour.
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Reciprocity and Social Exchange Theory
As with the other terms, the history of reciprocity and theories of social exchange has been an issue under research for a long time. However, only recently did scholars gain interest in its relationship with organisational behaviour. The concept of reciprocity at the workplace may result either from transactional needs, folk belief or as a moral and cultural norm. In an organisational setting, transactional reciprocity is most common.
In such a setting, most of the interactions are interdependent on the exchange of various resources. Such engagements form the basis of social exchange relationships in the workplace. Here, reciprocity begins upon signing a work contract, and negotiations kick in almost immediately, where the exchange is between the hours of work and a form of agreed compensation, that is usually monetary (Cropanzano & Mitchell, 2015).
The concepts of reciprocity and social exchange influence organisational behaviour in a number of ways. Among the most common is the fostering of cordial interactions between employees (Cropanzano & Mitchell, 2015). A second is the enhancement of personal, behavioural and team commitment to various tasks and the company as a whole (Shiu, Jiang, & Zaefarian, 2014), and a third is the increase of equity and inclusion of historically marginalized groups within the organisation (Singh & Vinnicombe, 2004).
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Trade Unions
The impact of trade unions and their influence on work productivity is not as widespread a topic as their relationship with worker remuneration. However, trade unions have an impact on employment, career growth and the behaviour of firms, employees, and employers (Blanchflower, Millward, & Oswald, 1991; Bryson, 2005). Unionisation has a largely positive effect on the work relationships between employees, and between employees and the employer. The change in behaviour emanates from the changes in pay levels, employment levels, and security of tenure (Millward, Forth, & Bryson, 2001).
The influence of these issues on Human Resource practices
Diversity in the workplace
Inclusion and improving on increased diversity in the workplace is a key goal for the human resources department in a firm. Therefore, the increase in scholarly discourse and willingness of firms to increase inclusion and foster equality is a big boost to HR practices, especially the inclusion of women in managerial and decision-making positions.
Positivity
The concept of individualistic positivity, as well as positive organisational behaviour, increase the wellness of the individual as well as overall increase in work output and efficiency of the firm. According to the CIPD, this increases the ability to meet work targets and set quotas of work (CIPD, 2015). Therefore, the issue of positivity helps further human resource practices within the organisation.
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Reciprocity and Social Exchange Theory
Successful implementation of reciprocity and SET within the workplace is vital towards better overall relations. SET calls for better relationships between colleagues, and between workers and employers. This is in line with the goals of HRM practices. Therefore, reciprocity and social exchange within the organisation help to improve HR practices.
Trade Unions
In spite of the common goals of both human resource practice and trade unions at improving welfare and providing better working conditions, the two sometimes find fault with each other. For example, while unionisation uses a collectivist approach, HRM prefers an individualistic approach to managing situations. In addition, human resource models are based on high trust levels, while adversarial relations pushed by unionisation call for decreased trust.
Conclusion
Improving diversity in the workplace, enhancing a sense of positivity, implementing the concept of reciprocity and social exchange theory, and unionisation stand out as examples of contemporary issues facing the organisation and with an impact on the organisational behaviour. Each has its distinctive influence on organisational behaviour, as well as its effect on the human resource practices, where some foster such operations, and others provide challenges to the HR department. However, they all serve to increase the understanding and management of people within an organisation.
References
Blanchflower, D. G., Millward, N., & Oswald, A. J. (1991). Unionism and employee behaviour. The Economic Journal, 815 – 834.
Bryson, A. (2005, September 1). Union effects on employee relations in Britain. Journal of Human Relations, 58(9), 1111 – 1139. doi:10.1177/0018726705058912
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2015). Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874 – 900. doi:10.1177/0149206305279602
Davidson, M. J., & Burke, R. J. (2016). Women in Management Worldwide: Progress and Prospects (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge Publishing.
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging Positive Organizational Behavior. Journal of Management, 33(3), 321 – 349. doi:10.1177/0149206307300814
Millward, N., Forth, J., & Bryson, A. (2001). Who calls the tune at work? The impact of trade unions on jobs and pay. Layerthorpe: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Saxena, A. (2014). Workforce Diversity: A Key to Improve Productivity. Procedia Economics and Finance, 11(1), 76 – 85. doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00178-6
Singh, V., & Vinnicombe, S. (2004). Why So Few Women Directors in Top UK Boardrooms? Evidence and Theoretical Explanations. Corporate Governance: An international review (pp. 479 – 488). Blackwell Publishers.
Warr, P., Bindl, U. K., Parker, S. K., & Inceoglu, I. (2013). Four-Quadrant Investigation of Job-related Affects and Behaviours. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(3), 342 – 363. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2012.744449
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Estimating Returns and Deciding on Refinancing
Overview Complete a 2–4-page, two-part assessment addressing two different hypothetical scenarios. In Part 1, apply a probability analysis in estimating returns for a company. In Part 2, recommend whether or not to refinance a home.By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
• Competency 1: Maximize shareholder wealth.o Estimate the expected return for a company.o Formulate the standard deviation for a company.o Assess how the standard deviation clarifies expectations in terms of a return.• Competency 3: Evaluate capital expenditure investment projects.o Describe the decision-making process for refinancing.o Explain qualitative considerations in the decision-making process.o Devise examples of calculations.
Estimating Returns and Deciding on Refinancing
Resources
The following optional resources are provided to support you in completing the assessment or to provide a helpful context.
o Chapter 9: Mortgages and Mortgage-Backed Securities.• Gibson, R., Michayluk, D., & Van de Venter, G. (2013). Financial risk tolerance: An analysis of unexplored factors. Financial Services Review, 22(1), 23–50.
• Mansur, I., Odusami, B., & Nasseh, A. (2011). The relationship between money market mutual fund maturity and interest rates. Journal of Financial Service Professionals, 65(4), 58–66.
• Woodford, M. (2010). Financial intermediation and macroeconomic analysis. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(4), 21–44.
• Downes, J., & Goodman, J. E. (2014). Dictionary of finance and investment terms (9th ed.).Hauppague, NY: Barron’s.
• Brigham, E. F., & Houston, J. F. (2016). Fundamentals of financial management (14th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage.
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Estimating Returns and Deciding on Refinancing
Assessment Instructions
This assessment consists of two parts, each of which includes a hypothetical situation for you to respond to.
Part 1. Estimating Returns
Imagine the following scenario:
A company is faced with a 20 percent chance of a poor economy, a 40 percent chance of an average economy, and a 40 percent chance of an above-average economy. The company would expect only a 10 percent return in a poor economy, an 18 percent return in an average economy, and a 30 percent return in an above-average economy. Use the hypothetical situation above to answer these questions to demonstrate the use of probability analysis in estimating returns:
• What would the expected return be for this company?• What would the standard deviation be for this company?• How does the standard deviation help you better understand what to expect in terms of a return?
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Part 2. Deciding on Refinancing
Use at least two resources to support your ideas.
Changing interest rates create opportunities for home owners to gain advantage by refinancing their homes. For this part of the assessment, use the following scenario to consider this issue.Imagine you have a $100,000 mortgage. Your current loan is at 7 percent with 14 years left, negotiated one year ago and involving $2,000 in closing costs. You are considering refinancing at 5.5 percent for 15 years. The closing costs would be $1,500.
Complete a 1–2 page evaluation of the refinancing possibility.
• Would you decide to refinance? Why or why not?• What qualitative considerations would you consider in your decision to refinance or not refinance?Provide examples of calculations you would use to help you make your decision. In addition, use at least two resources to support your ideas.
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Additional Requirements
• Length: Your analyses should total 2–4 double-spaced pages. In addition, include a title page and references page.• Written communication: Written communication should be free of errors that detract from the overall message.• Style and Formatting: Apply APA style and formatting.• Resources: You must use at least two references for each part of the assessment (totaling at least four references).• Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.
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Diverse Population
Overview:
The resources/reference links above in Lesson 5 provides an overview of various diverse populations that are vulnerable, most commonly have healthcare disparities.
Diverse-populations, who are in an interlocking intersectionality system, are among the most vulnerable or disadvantaged. Intersectionality refers to a sociological theory that outlines how an individual or population may face overlapping, interlocking systems of various social stratification, such as class, race, sexual orientation, age, income, disability, and gender, do not exist separately from each other, but are interwoven together.
Part I Assignment Instructions:
This assignment (Diverse Population Assignment) is Part I and (Diverse-Population Project) is Part II (in next lesson).
In the “first part” of the assignment, all that you need to do is to answer the following four questions.
1) Select and list one of the vulnerable/diverse populations for further review. It is best to select a population that is one you would like to learn more about.
2) Briefly describe (one paragraph) where you would find the vulnerable/diverse population selected above are they in individual States, U.S., or Global, etc.
3) Briefly explain (one paragraph) why the diverse groups are vulnerable and have disparities and why the disparities matters
4) Briefly describe (two or more paragraphs) if the vulnerable/diverse groups face overlapping or interlocking systems with various social stratification, such as class, race, sexual orientation, age, income, disability, and gender, etc.
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