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Sexual Education Evidence Based Project

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Sexual Education

Idea for evidence based project

My project will be on a systemic review on the effectiveness of sexual education in enhancing knowledge among teenagers, encouraging safe sex practices, and decreasing the incidence of STIs. This is an important project in the field of healthcare because it has been proven that one out of five adolescents will have sex before they are 15 years old and most of those who continue being sexually active rarely use condoms consistently. This exposes themselves to STIs and unwanted pregnancies.

Moreover, what interested me into conducting this project is the sad revelation that more than half of all new HIV patients acquire the HIV virus through unprotected sexual intercourse before they attain the age of 25 years (CDC, 2012). In addition, research by Boonstra (2015) reported that approximately 85,000 teens in the U.S experience pregnancies. It is for these reasons that I chose this project of sexual education which will not only safeguard teenagers from STIs but also from teenage pregnancy that is acquired through unprotected sex.

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Evidence Based or Research Based

This project will be an Evidence Based Project and not a research project because it will rely entirely on systematic review of several peer review sources on the effectiveness of sexual education. A number of scholars have conducted research on this subject and documented their findings which will be essential in my project.

Description of Project Issue

My project will be on sexual education with an aim of filling the gap revealed by studies that majority of teenagers lack adequate knowledge about their sexual behavior and they therefore fail to make responsible decisions leaving them vulnerable to STIs, coercion as well as unintended pregnancy. Most adolescents turn to their families and schools for reliable information. Therefore, my project will aim at support parents and schools for them to do a good job in encouraging the teens to engage in safe sexual practices.

The project will emphasize on provision of detailed whole-school sexual education that will offer accurate and consistent information to young people from an early age. According to Duflo, Dupas & Kremer, (2014), teenagers exercise good behavior when they make good decisions on their sexual health. Furthermore, the project will encourage maintenance of a shared partnership approach between parents, schools, and the local community so that accurate evidence-based sexual education is available for teenagers.

Some of the objectives that this study will aim to attain include; encouraging abstinence, promoting safe sex practices such as the use of condoms for sexually active adolescents, discourage several sexual partners, sensitize teens on the significance of early documentation and management of STIs, and teach the teens crucial sexual communication knowledge, which will be operative in keeping them free from STIs as well as safe from unwanted pregnancies.

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Relevancy to specialization

This project is at the core of my practice. As healthcare practitioners, we are charged with the responsibility coming up with effective strategies for advising and counseling the general on important health practices (Boonstra, 2015). It has been proven that most young people do not receive adequate education on crucial health topics such as sex and sex-related issues (Tolli, 2012). As a result, they end up acquiring this information from other people and platforms such as the mass media which in most cases are misleading.

For instance, teenagers are exposed to several messages about sexuality which they present through highly communicative and fancy styles just to sell their products but not to equip young people with relevant education on health promotion. With such a project, I will be in a better position to introduce new interventions that will counter what young people have been fed by the media and let them know what their parents or teachers might have failed to educate them. It is our role as clinicians to ensure that high health practices are maintained in the society.

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References

Boonstra, D. (2015). Advancing Sexuality Education in Developing Countries: Evidence and Implications. Guttmacher Policy Review, 14 (3), 17-23.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. (2012). HIV, other STD, and pregnancy prevention education in public secondary schools–45 states, 2008-2010. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 61(13), 222.

Duflo, E., Dupas, P., & Kremer, M. (2014). Education, HIV, and early fertility: Experimental evidence from Kenya(No. w20784). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Tolli, M. V. (2012). Effectiveness of peer education interventions for HIV prevention, adolescent pregnancy prevention and sexual health promotion for young people: a systematic review of European studies. Health Education Research, 27(5), 904-913

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FORCE MANAGEMENT: FORM & JUSTIFICATION

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FORCE MANAGEMENT: FORM & JUSTIFICATION

INTRODUCTION

Just as it would be in any other organization, there is need to have mechanisms in place to aid in the management of a force. It would be naive to assume that in terms of organizational management, in the context of the forces, there is no need for management. This brief discussion paper aims to enumerate the different aspects of force management and discusses the different bases for the establishment of clear structure for force management. This paper is divided into four thematic areas. There shall be an attempt to ensure that there is synergy in the presentation.

THE PHASES OF FORCE DEVELOPMENT

As rightfully enumerated, force management entails, among other things development of organizational models, determination of organizational authorizations and document organizational authorizations. The three speak to different issues and needs in the superstructure of force management. For instance the development of organizational models comes first because it helps the management have a clear variety of models that can be adopted.

Secondly, the determination of authorization models ensures that there are clear hierarchical structures that can be exploited before an officer gets authorization to deal with a particular issue. This may be as serious as activities in the field of fire or simple administrative decisions at the camp. The last head among the three is the question of document organizational authorizations. There reaches a point where there is need for express and documented authorization for the carrying out of particular tasks.

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This part attempts to highlight the features of the paper on the foregoing. The Paper notes the evolving needs of the army and the USA at large and points out that the same must have an influence on how the United States treats and organizes its army. In a world where the interests of the states remain the same, there is an evolution in the form of the threats that the USA is facing.

This makes it a necessity to change the arrangement after reflection albeit the formation of the army in combat remains the same. The paper spells out the numbers that are already being scaled down be it those in the reserve or those in active combat. Importantly, the report noted the constant state of the government of the United States which is in a constant state of deficit which is intricately tied to the foreign interests of the United States.

In light of the foregoing, turn to the question of which of the three processes is going to be most affected by the issues enumerated by the paper. The paper comes at a time that the force is retreating form war. This is after more than a decade of are in Iraq and we are having the nature of combat in Afghanistan slowly evolving. I submit that the factor that is going to be most has to be the organizational models that are to be adopted going forward. With less direct combat the models of the force are going to change substantially.

This explains the reason why there is an ongoing research according to General Odierno which aims to help the force understand some of the best models that will work going forward.[2] It is suggested by the general that there is a real possibility that going forward, the nature of the military shall take the form of an expeditionary force which will be leaner and more efficient in light of the needs of the time and the overall budget of the united states of America.

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REFORM OF THE ACQUISITION SYSTEM: BETTER AUTHOTITIES AND ACCOUNTABILITY

There is definitely need to reform the force acquisition systems. The CRS Report discusses this extensively and specifically elucidates the issues surrounding question of accountability. The Report notes that the bases for reform range from the increased complexity of the acquisition process, the fluidity of the process which constantly changes thanks to legislative process, the slowly changing landscape of the acquisition process and the persisting costs and low performance.

There have been successful effort of reform. The Example given by Moshe is the Weapon Systems Acquisitions Reform Act of 2009. As noted, this Act did not bring in wide sweeping changes. It was pigeon holed to reform in the area of initial stages of acquisition and this explains why there was the creation of the portfolio of the Director of Cost Assessment and Project Evaluation, Director of Developmental Test and Evaluation, Director of Systems Engineering among others.

It is clear from a keen reading of the Act and its provisions that the intention of Congress was to insulate the government form faulty acquisitions of weapons which may fail after a lot of expenditure is incurred to purchase them.

However, a more important area of reform is what Moshe terms establishment of authority and accountability in the process of acquisition. In this area, we need to allow those persons with responsibility to be given the lee way to do what they are expected to do. For instance if a person is given the responsibility to deal with analyzing the potency of a particular product being purchased form a particular supplier, there should be a framework within which he is allowed to do so with little interference.

The problem we have currently is that ta large number of people can say no to the execution of diverse mandates regardless of how insignificant the said mandate is. In this case, we end up having bottlenecks on the form of bureaucracies. Ultimately, the process of acquisition is made slower and more costly. Suppliers would then rather deal with others or in more efficient markets and products.

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NEWLY PROPOSED INTEGRATION MODEL AND THE CHALLENGES THAT ABOUND

The lapse of a phase of war has necessitated the rearrangement of the outlook of the army to suit the changed times. The new model is based on the resource priority list which has, a priori, evolved with the times. As mentioned by General Ordieno, the budgetary constrictions require that the army strategizes on how it can continually have its presence felt effectively in the new era without drastically reducing its capacity and capabilities as one of the most lethal and well equipped armies in the whole world. A new outlook is being proposed.

According to the 2013 Army Strategic Planning Guidance, the aim is to sustain the capability of the army to meet its current and emerging combatant and commander requirements. A keen analysis of the proposed changes show that there is a greater preference for an army that strikes a balance between its active and reserve troops in a model that can actively deploy the said armies rapidly and flexibly. This new model deals with the question of excess costs which are often not required in times when there is heightened sensitivity on issues of budgetary allocations.

The new model will consist of a mission force pool, a rotational force pool and an operational sustenance force pool. The mission force pool is a force that is ever ready and is properly trained for combat for instance the 20^th Support Command which will be maintained at the highest readiness level. The second pool will be manned and be fully equipped. These units move through the Reset, Train/ Ready, and Available cycles in preparation for a rotation into a known deployment.[5] The last category will not be fully equipped as those already deployed as the preceding two categories. They will be trained based on available training days.

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The challenge as noted by Odierno begins with proper financing of all these categories. Certainly, having a typology that only mans and equips according to need is efficient and sustainable only to the extent that there do not arise situations which overwhelm and require rapid deployment leading to an exhaustion of the standing and current combat battalions. An example is that troops such as the Calvary Regiment at the National Training Centre may end up being overwhelmed in case they are suddenly required for deployment.

RELIANCE ON COTRACT SUPPORT

I think that it is right for the army to reduce its reliance on contract support. As rightly pointed out by General Odierno, these are times when the overwhelming need for such contracts during the Iraqi and Afghan wars have reduced. The buildup in terms of orders that were put to the army reached unprecedented levels and it might be wise if the reliance on such contacts is cut down. The supply of goods and services on the basis of contracts cannot possibly be done away with entirely. However, to increase efficiency and cut down on expenditure it is a wise move to continue the reduction efforts.

Foremost, this will cut down on costs if the army personnel are properly equipped to deal with the issues of supply and demand themselves. This may take the form of equipping them with skills to maintain our systems. The officers better understand the needs of the army and in the event they are properly trained to deal, there will be a reduced rate of error and the civilians will be allowed to deal with civilian affairs.

Secondly, over the period, it has been discovered that some of those tasks were inherently public functions and could be better performed by army civilians as opposed to private individuals. This saw the conversion of thousands of portfolios into state jobs which however the same period has cut down operation costs by over 13%.

Works Cited.

General Odierno, ” Feb. 24, 2012 – Gen. Odierno AUSA Winter Symposium,” US Department of the Army, News Archives, February 28, 2012. Transcript of speech given by General Odierno. (Accessed 6 June 2014.) http://www.army.mil/article/74650/Feb__24__2012___Gen__Odierno_AUSA_Winter_Symposium/

HQ, Department of the Army G8, Army Equipping Guidance 2013 through 2016 (Washington, DC: HQDA, 20 June 2013), 18-19

Statement of Moshe Schwartz Specialist in Defence Acquisition Before the Committee on Armed Services, Twenty-Five Years of Acquisition Reform: Where Do We Go from Here 29 October 2013. (On file with author)

[1] General Odierno, ” Feb. 24, 2012 – Gen. Odierno AUSA Winter Symposium,” US Department of the Army, News Archives, February 28, 2012. Transcript of speech given by General Odierno. (Accessed 6 June 2014.) http://www.army.mil/article/74650/Feb__24__2012___Gen__Odierno_AUSA_Winter_Symposium/

[2] Odierno, Supra 2012

[3] See the Statement of Moshe Schwartz Specialist in Defence Acquisition Before the Committee on Armed Services, Twenty-Five Years of Acquisition Reform: Where Do We Go from Here 29 October 2013. (On file with author)

[4] Moshe, Supra 2013 at 10.

[5] HQ, Department of the Army G8, Army Equipping Guidance 2013 through 2016 (Washington, DC: HQDA, 20 June 2013), 18-19.

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Rhinitis Patient Diagnosis Essay

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Rhinitis Patient Diagnosis

Richard presented to the healthcare facility with complaints of postnasal drainage, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion. These clinical manifestations are common in patient diagnosed with Rhinitis. Therefore, the Advance practitioner differential diagnoses are correct. Allergic rhinitis is most likely because patient complains of runny nose, sneezing, red itchy watery eyes, sore throat and nasal congestion (Kaliner, 2011).

This is confirmed by allergy test, nasal smear for eosinophils. It is important that the advance practitioner nurse requested for nasal smear as it helps confirm the presence of eosinophils in the nasal secretions. Presence of eosinophils indicates that the patient is diagnosed with allergic rhinitis. Blood test is also important to check for IgE antibodies which will help to confirm the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (Dains, Baumann, & Scheibel, 2016).

Infectious Rhiniti is suspected because of patient’s signs and symptoms such as sneezing, rhinorrhoea, cough, and congestion. This is ruled out by the laboratory test findings. Non-allergic rhinitis is suspected nasal congestion, sneezing and runny nose. The immunological tests results rules out the likelihood infection (Kaliner, 2011).

Rhinitis medicamentosa is suspected due to presence of nasal congestion. This mainly occurs when the patient uses certain oral medications such as topical decongestants and some oral medications. These medications make the blood vessels to constrict causing nasal congestion. This is not likely because the patient denies use of oral medications and topical decongestants (Kaliner, 2011).

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Nasal speculum is also good as it helps visualize the patient’s nasal turbinate’s and mucosa. Presence of pale and boggy turbinates’ is an indicator of allergic rhiniti. However, I think further diagnostic tests should have been considered. This includes imaging tests such as CT scans to check if the patient has sinusitis, associated structural defects or chronic inflammation. Rhinoscopy should have been conducted as it would help to check for nasal polyps and associated complications (Ball et al., 2015).

References

Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2015). Seidel’s guide to physical examination (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

Dains, J. E., Baumann, L. C., & Scheibel, P. (2016). Advanced health assessment and clinical
diagnosis in primary care (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

Kaliner, M. (2011). Rhinitis. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders.

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Continuous Quality improvement and patient satisfaction

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Continuous Quality improvement and patient satisfaction

Constant Quality improvement and patient contentment focuses on activities conducted within the healthcare institution to ensure that health care is patient-centered and good health is acknowledged as an integral part of the medical evaluation. Nursing leadership and management must put into consideration the quality and satisfaction of their patients and the health care as a whole.

Continuous Quality Improvement and Patient satisfaction are established as an efficient partnership between the medical practitioner, their patients and family. They ensure that patients are granted the standardized medical attention, their needs and want are respected and that they acquire the best support and direction in making a decision and practicing medical care. Every nurse leader and manager must consider directing their effort towards establishing quality care and patient satisfaction (McFadden, et al., 2014).

Nursing leaders and managers have different responsibilities and roles when it comes to ensuring continuous quality improvement and patient satisfaction. Subsequently, when focusing on continuous quality improvement this paper will concentrate on factors that ensure health care services are offered at a quality standard and the health environment is well established and cared for effectively. On the other hand, patient satisfaction is based on how patient receive quality service and care. It is structured to ensure that staff care and patient care are well established and maintained in any healthcare institution.

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In light of this continuous quality improvement and patient satisfaction, the essay will offer a comparison between nursing leaders and managers through supportive theories, rationale, principles, skills and roles.

Comparison between Health Manager and Nursing Leader

Dissimilarity

Nursing leaders and nursing managers have different roles, responsibility, and skills when it comes to ensuring continuous quality improvement and patient safety. Their distinction can be defined through how each corresponds to their department in ensuring quality health and patient care. While nursing leaders acquire their roles through their ability to lead, influence and motivate others to perform better, managers are appointed into their positions officially and hence play the role of overseeing activities and processes within the facility (Meehan, 2012).

In regard of Continuous Quality improvement and patient satisfaction, nursing leaders are likely to approach the matter of constant eminence development as well as patient satisfaction in distinct ways. One of the basic dissimilarities between nursing leaders and managers can be attributed to their roles. Nursing managers are responsible for direct patient care. They ensure that all the patients in a medical institution attain the medical attention and care they deserve by ensuring that all protocols are observed and that required resources are availed.

On the contrary, leaders play a motivational and individual development role, with an objective of encouraging others to perform their duties effectively. They keep vigilance on the issues and concerns of their patients to ensure that their safety and care is given priority. Through nursing leaders, staff can see quality improvement and patient satisfaction as a moral issue that will guarantee the happiness of patients and thus work towards achieving this objective. This is as opposed to managers who expect quality improvement and satisfaction through following set rules and expectations (Thompson, 2006).

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Nursing leaders play the role of streamlining the institution’s workforce as well as ensuring that the resources allocated are effectively used to achieve the organization’s objectives. This means that to ensure continuous quality improvement, nursing leaders would work towards ensuring that available resources are optimized to bring out maximum impact and enhance patient satisfaction (McFadden, et al, 2014).

Managers on the other hand would promote continuous quality improvement and satisfaction by promoting resource allocation and providing an appropriate working environment. They are in charge of medical staff and patient welfare at large in ensuring continuous quality improvement and patient satisfaction. Moreover, it is the duty of the manager to offer the nursing leader a viable platform through which they can conduct quality service to their patients. Thus, the manager plays an overall duty in ensuring health quality and patient care compared to a nursing leader whose primary focus is to their patient health and concern (Fleishman, 2002).

Manager skills ensure continuous quality improvement and patient safety through striking a balance coordinating resources, financial matters, and personnel in healthcare. Furthermore, the managers are responsible for ensuring goals and objective such as ensuring quality patient care are achieved. On the other hand, the nursing leader exhibits different responsibilities and skills in establishing continuous quality improvement and patient safety.

Nursing leaders must establish good communication and interpersonal relationships and expertise with their patient, staff, and other clients of the medical facilities. They are also responsible for empowering, motivating, inspiring and encouraging other towards achieving and establishing quality service and care.

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On the contrast, it can be established that managers envision the future for medical operation and create a path towards productivity and efficiency. The manager is in charge of growth and opportunities in healthcare to ensure new medical staffing are accounted and quality service in rendered throughout the season. However, nursing leaders are different as they do not have the power figure but can envisage socio-adaptive component that helps ensure a good relationship between the patients and the clinical staff. The nursing leader is task oriented and conducted their duty with the aim of offering their patients and clients a favorable environment.

Similarity

Despite their numerous dissimilarities, nursing leaders and managers share some equal responsibility and characteristics to establish continuous quality improvement and patient satisfaction. Both of them are responsible for ensuring job satisfaction for their clients. Managers can act as motivators and risk takers same applies to nursing leaders who take risk and chances to provide quality improvement and patient satisfactory (Thompson, 2006).

Additionally, managers, just like nursing leaders, are enforcing work unity and envision goals. They all strive towards cohesion at the health institution and encourage mutual tolerance in health care to boost quality and satisfactory service. Their duty is to maintain a conducive working environment comply with the various demand and obligation in ensuring continuous quality improvement and patient satisfactory is retained in the health care.

Both managers and nursing leaders are a representative of each group or unit they lead and hence act as role models. They are therefore expected to possess qualities that do not contradict their position and value. They should maintain a high standard of professionalism that is acceptable within their jurisdiction and adhere to different roles, responsibility, and accountability.

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Personal and Professional Philosophy of Nursing

The most appropriate personal and professional philosophy than can be considered in this case is accountability. Nursing is a calling and is held to high professional standards and obligations hence the need to show a high level of accountability (Meehan, 2012). Nevertheless, when dealing with a patient, nurses, and medical practitioners take their lives in their own hands, making them responsible for any outcome and consequences that their patients might face.

Hence, it is recommended for a nurse to exhibit a high standard of accountability. They should not be limited from performing their duties with utmost care and accountability based on self-esteem, belief or negativity.

Accountability is suitable for personal leadership skills as it helps to build self-responsibility, improve tolerance and acceptance. It also fosters competence, determination and goal orientation within an individual. Being accountable is also being responsible for others. This means one is able to take the risk for the sake of saving and helping others.

It is also suitable for personal leadership skills as it improves personal relationships, communication skills and fosters social engagement with other people. Accountability can therefore be perceived as effective in promoting personal and public relationships with other people in the healthcare institution.

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References

Fleishman, R. (2002). The RAF method for regulation, assessment, follow-up and continuous improvement of quality of care: Conceptual framework. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 15(6), 303-310. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/229598851?accountid=45049

McFadden, K. L., Lee, J. Y., Gowen, Charles R., I.,II, & Sharp, B. M. (2014). Linking quality improvement practices to knowledge management capabilities. The Quality Management Journal, 21(1), 42-58. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1503666127?accountid=45049

Meehan, T. C. (2012). The Careful Nursing philosophy and professional practice model. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 21(19/20), 2905-2916. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04214.x

Thompson, J. M. (2006). Nurse managers’ participation in management training and nursing staffs’ job satisfaction and retention (Order No. 3230066). Available from ABI/INFORM Complete. (304937671). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/304937671?accountid=45049

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Budget: Financial Plan

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Budget: Financial Plan

Introduction

A budget is a quantitative financial plan for a specified period of time. The financial plan includes sales volumes, expenses, resource quantities, liabilities, assets and cash flows. The budget provides the details for strategic management (O’Hoyt, 2014). Budgets assist in financial planning of the actual business or production of certain products (Williams, Haka, Bettner & Carcello, 2008) Budgets also coordinate different organizational activities and also control resources, provide transparency and accountability (Bragg, 2010).

Budgets are also used to forecast the requirement of future financial needs of the company. The financial performance of a company can also be analyzed by comparing the actual budget from the standard. The variance analysis provides the management with enough information to reorganize its operations and also to investigate any losses that may not have been anticipated (Bragg, 2010).

Cash budget on a monthly basis for six months ending June 30^th 2016

Sharp 6 Months Cash Budget Ending June 2016
Details	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	June
Sales	247500	262500	277500	277500	360000	360000
Wages ( 6 employees)	7830	7830	7830	7830	7830	7830
Jones Salary (Director)	5600	5600	5600	5600	5600	5600
Purchases	256500	222300	199500	222300	256500	273600
Other Expenses	1060	5300	5300	5300	5300	4240
Loan Repayments	3250	3250	3250	7844	7844	7844
Total Expenses	274240	244280	221480	248874	283074	299114
Net Income	-26740	18220	56020	28626	76926	60886
Balance B/fwd	7844	-18896	-676	55344	83970	160896
balance C/Fwd	-18896	-676	55344	83970	160896	221782

The net income is a loss of 26,740 in January 2016 while the balance brought forward for the same period reduces the amount carried forward to a loss of 18896. The highest sales are expected in the months of May and June. The total purchases as a percentage of sales adds up to 80.2% of the total sales. The director’s salary is 2% of the total sales. Loan repayments total to 1.86% of the total sales.

The total expenses are estimated to 88% of the total sales (Garrison, Noreen & Brewer, 2009). That means that the Net income expected is just about 12%. The financial performance trends for the budget are shown on the table below. In February 2016 the total sales would grow by 6.06% whereas in March the same year the total sales would grow by 5.71%. There sales growth would be zero in the months of April and June.

But in May 2016 the sales would grow by 29.73%. The expected cost of purchases is also expected to in February and March by 13.33 and 10.26%. For the remaining months the cost of purchases would increase by 11.43%, 15.38% and 6.67% for the months of April, May and June (Aranya, 1990).

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Sharp 6 Months Cash Budget Ending June 2016 Trend Analysis (%)
Details	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	June
Sales		6.06	5.71	0.00	29.73	0.00
Wages ( 6 employees)		0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Jones Salary (Director)		0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Purchases		-13.33	-10.26	11.43	15.38	6.67
Other Expenses		400.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	-20.00
Loan Repayments		0.00	0.00	141.35	0.00	0.00
Total Expenses		-10.92	-9.33	12.37	13.74	5.67
Net Balance		-168.14	207.46	-48.90	168.73	-20.85
Balance B/fwd		-340.90	-96.42	-8286.98	51.72	91.61
balance C/Fwd		-96.42	-8286.98	51.72	91.61	37.84

Cash budget for six months ending June 30^th 2016 with 15% sales reduction in final three months

When the total budget is adjusted downwards by 15% of the total sales for the last three months as forecasted below;

The sales would decrease from 277500 to 235875 in April while in May and June the sales would decrease from 360,000 for both May and June to 306000 for both months. These reductions would result in reduction of net income with approximately the same percentage.

The total net income for April would be a loss of 12,999 from the initial amount of 28626 before the 15% reduction. In May and June it would amount to 76926 and 60886 compared to the net amount after the 15% reduction which amounted to 22926 and 6886 (Garrison, Noreen & Brewer, 2009).

Sharp 6 Months Cash Budget Ending June 2016
Details	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	June
Sales	247500	262500	277500	235875	306000	306000
Wages ( 6 employees)	7830	7830	7830	7830	7830	7830
Jones Salary (Director)	5600	5600	5600	5600	5600	5600
Purchases	256500	222300	199500	222300	256500	273600
Other Expenses	1060	5300	5300	5300	5300	4240
Loan Repayments	3250	3250	3250	7844	7844	7844
Total Expenses	274240	244280	221480	248874	283074	299114
Net Balance	-26740	18220	56020	-12999	22926	6886
Balance B/fwd	7844	-18896	-676	55344	42345	65271
balance C/Fwd	-18896	-676	55344	42345	65271	72157

When the sales are reduced by 15%, the total sales in May and June would decrease from 360,000 to 306,000 for both months (Hermanson, Edwards, & Invacevich, 2011). The most notable trend is that the total amounts that would be carried forward would register a higher margin of growth when the sales are decreased by 15% (Anderson and Sedatole, 2013).

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Sales Reduced By 15%
Sharp 6 Months Cash Budget Ending June 2016 Trend Analysis
Details	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	June
Sales		6.06	5.71	-15.00	29.73	0.00
Wages ( 6 employees)		0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Jones Salary (Director)		0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Purchases		-13.33	-10.26	11.43	15.38	6.67
Other Expenses		400.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	-20.00
Loan Repayments		0.00	0.00	141.35	0.00	0.00
Total Expenses		-10.92	-9.33	12.37	13.74	5.67
Net Income		-168.14	207.46	-123.20	-276.37	-69.96
Balance B/fwd		-340.90	-96.42	-8286.98	-23.49	54.14
balance C/Fwd		-96.42	-8286.98	-23.49	54.14	10.55

The recommendation to the management is that the forecasted budget presents a profitable future for the company and should be implemented as all the purchases and all other expenses would have been paid off by the second month even when the sales are reduced by 15%. However, the cost of sales is very high and should be reduced (White, Sondhi and Fried, 1997). The net income margin of 12% is too small.

When the sales are reduced by 15%, the purchases would increase by 11.43% in April while in May and June purchases would also decrease by 15.38% and 6.67% respectively. Total expenses however would increase by 12.37% in April and 13.74% in May while in June total expenses amounted to 5.67%.

The net income would reduce by 12.2 percent in April while in May and June the Net income would reduce by 278.37% and 69.96% compared to the increase in initial Net Income of 168.73% and a reduction of 20.85% in May and June respectively. The increment of 10.55% after a reduction of 15% compares relatively to the initial increment of 37.84% on the total balance carried forward (White, Sondhi and Fried, 1997).

Sharp 6 Months Cash Budget Ending June 2016
Details	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	June	Totals	% of Sales
Sales	247500	262500	277500	277500	360000	360000	1785000
Wages ( 6 employees)	7830	7830	7830	7830	7830	7830	46980	2.63193277
Jones Salary (Director)	5600	5600	5600	5600	5600	5600	33600	1.88235294
Purchases	256500	222300	199500	222300	256500	273600	1430700	80.1512605
Other Expenses	1060	5300	5300	5300	5300	4240	26500	1.48459384
Loan Repayments	3250	3250	3250	7844	7844	7844	33282	1.86453782
Total Expenses	274240	244280	221480	248874	283074	299114	1571062	88.0146779
Net Balance	-26740	18220	56020	28626	76926	60886	213938	12
Balance B/fwd	7844	-18896	-676	55344	83970	160896	288482
balance C/Fwd	-18896	-676	55344	83970	160896	221782	502420

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Conclusions and recommendations

To conclude, the growth in total sales would continue to increase throughout the rest of the year as predicted by the trend hence the future of the business is very bright. The company should continue and implement the budget as planned. The total sales amounted to 2.6% of the budgeted sales while purchases were the highest expenses and it amounted to 80.2% of the total sales.

Loan repayments amounted to 1.9% of the sales. The company would remain profitable as long its operational costs don’t exceed the 80.2% range. The reduction in sales by 15% would result in a reduction of 69.96% in net income (Allaboutbudgets, 2015).

References

Anderson, SW & Sedatole, KL 2013. ‘Evidence on the cost hierarchy: The association between resource consumption and production activities’. Journal of Management Accounting Research (25): 119-141.

Aranya, N 1990. ‘Budget instrumentality, participation and organizational effectiveness’, Journal of Management Accounting Research (2): 67-77.

Allaboutbudgets (2015) Forecasting Revenues retrieved April 2016 from http://allaboutbudgets.com/2015/12/09/forecasting-revenues/

Bragg, S 2010. What Are The Advantages Of Budgeting, Accounting tool. Retrieved from <http://www.accountingtools.com/questions-and-answers/what-are-the-advantages-of-budgeting.html > (3 March 2016).

Garrison, R, Noreen, W & Brewer, P 2009. Managerial Accounting. McGraw-Hill Irwin New York.

Hermanson, RH, Edwards, JD & Invacevich, SD 2011. Accounting Principles: A Business Perspective. First Global Text Edition, Volume 2 Managerial Accounting, 37-73. McGraw Hill. Boston.

O’Hoyt, B 2014. The Disadvantages Of Budgeting, Retrieved from http://www.cpapracticeadvisor.com/blog/10951056/the-disadvantages-of-budgeting. (2 March 2016).

White, G, Sondhi, A. & Fried, D 1997. The Analysis and Use of financial statements, Wiley Press. New York. Williams, JR, Haka, SF, Bettner, MS. & Carcello, JV 2008. Financial & Managerial Accounting, McGraw-Hill Irwin. Boston

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Mental Illness and social stigma

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Mental Illness and social stigma

Angermeyer, M. C., Holzinger, A., Carta, M. G. & Schomerus, G. (2011). Biogenetic explanations and public acceptance of mental illness: systematic review of population studies. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199 (5); 367-372.

Aim; investigating if mental illness’ biogenetic causal attributions were linked to more tolerant attitudes in the general public, and if such attributions were connected to lower responsibility and guilt perceptions. There was also an exploration of the extent to which responsibility notions were linked to rejection of the mentally ill people. Finally, evaluating how prevalent responsibility notions were in the general public in relation to various mental disorders.

Research design; systematic review of population studies that were representative. There was an examination of the attitudes towards the mentally ill as well as the beliefs about the disorders.

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Key research findings/ recommendations; biogenetic causal models should cease being used to reduce rejection of the mentally ill. biogenetic causal attributions are not linked to attitudes that are more tolerant but are connected to stronger rejection (schizophrenia). The self-responsibility stereotype was not connected to rejection. Mental disorder’s public images are more dominated by dangerousness and unpredictability stereotypes. Responsibility is minimally relevant.

Strengths and weaknesses; there was use of an adequate number of studies. However, there is no mention of what can be used instead of the biogenetic causal models.

Deacon, B. (2013). The biomedical model of mental disorder: A critical analysis of its validity, utility, and effects on psychotherapy research. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 846-861.
Aim; the study aimed at exploring the biopsychosocial model that is often neglected in studying mental disorders.

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Research design; a scientific approach was used to investigate the speculations.

Key research findings/ recommendations; in America, the healthcare system has been dominated by the biologically-focused strategy to practice, policy, and science for over three decades. Within this period, there has been a rise in the psychiatric medications use. Moreover, mental conditions have been more commonly seen as brain diseases that result from chemical imbalances which can be corrected using disease-specific drugs.

Regardless of the widespread hope in the neuroscience’s potential of revolutionizing mental health practice, evidence shows that the biomedical model broadly lacked clinical innovation. It was also characterized by mental health impacts that were very poor. The biomedical paradigm profoundly has affected clinical psychology through drug trial methodology adoption in psychotherapy research.

Regardless of the fact that that this approach has brought about the development of psychological treatments that are empirically supported for different mental diseases, it ignores the treatment process inhibits dissemination and treatment innovation, and resulted to the classification of this field along practitioner and scientist lines.

Strengths and weaknesses; noteworthy, the researchers recommend the biopsychosocial mode as the appealing biomedical approach’s alternative. In addition, there is advice on the need for a public and honest dialogue regarding the utility and validity of the common biomedical paradigm.

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Haslam, N. & Kvaale, E.P. (2015). Biogenetic Explanations of Mental Disorder: The Mixed-Blessings Model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(5), 399-404
Aim; exploring how the mentally ill people are perceived in relation to biogenetic explanations from the perspectives of clinicians, the affected, and public.

Research design; systematic review.

Key research findings/ recommendations; regardless of the fact that biogenetic explanations might soften public stigma through diminishing blame, they escalate it through inducing avoidance, pessimism as well as the belief that those affected are unpredictable and dangerous. Such explanations might also induce helplessness and pessimism among the affected people and minimizes the empathy the treating clinicians often feel for them.

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Strengths and weaknesses; it is recommendable for the authors to mention that they interpreted the findings in the light of the social psychology research in relation to mechanistic and essentialist thinking. However, a lot more studies need to be conducted so as to explain many aspects that this study does not touch on.

Pattyn, E., Verhaeghe, M., Sercu, C., & Bracke, P. (2013). Medicalizing versus psychologizing mental illness: what are the implications for help seeking and stigma? A general population study. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidimiol, 48, 1637-1645.

Aim; the aim of this study was contrasting mental illness’ medicalized conceptualization with the psychologizing mental illness. It also examined the consequences of sticking to one model as opposed to the other for stigma and help seeking.

Research design

There was used of survey research approach. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in a representative sample that consisted of a general population from Belgium. The vignette technique was essential for depecting schizophrenia. Te disease view, labeling processes, and causal attributions were addressed. Data analysis was through linear and logistic regression models using SPSS Statistics 19.

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Key research findings/ recommendations; mental illness’ medicalization requires a package deal, that is, the disease view’s application to promote medical treatment recommendations, and biopsychosocial causal attributions. Labeling triggers stigmatizing attitudes. General medical care is recommended by those who prefer the biopsychosocial approach while specialized medical care is recommended by those who use the disease view.

In relation to informal help, those that use the biopsychosocial model rarely recommend consulting friends compared to those who prefer the psychosocial model. Those who use the medical label barely recommend self care. Those who use the medical model are likely to exclude others socially, especially those that have undergone through psychiatric treatment.

Strengths and weaknesses

There is a clear comparison between different model but the results are limited to the Belgians.

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Community Policing: Epistemology Theoretical Perspective

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Community Policing: Epistemology Theoretical Perspective

Introduction

This study aims at determining the epistemology and theoretical perspectives of a research study that is directed towards determining if the use of community policing approaches can be effective in countering the element of terrorism (Dunn, Atie, Kennedy, Ali, O’Reilly, & Rogerson, 2015). The study is therefore based on a philosophical consensus that believes in the proponents of policing as a community-oriented approach in the achievement of effective approaches that can counter terrorism.

The Purpose of the Research

The central purpose of this study is directed towards establishing the manner in which community policing can be employed in countering the aspects of radicalization approaches within the Muslim communities, a factor that spurs the aspect of terrorism (Dunn, et.al.2015). The researcher illusively portrays the aspect of policing as a successful community oriented approach in curbing the aspect of terrorism.

In this case, the researcher depicts the manner in which policing with consent that is done through communities can be effective in reaching great depths. The police units have an advantage of procuring superior intelligence sources within the community through the development of trust and relationships with the community through community policing (Dunn, et.al.2015). In the research inquiry, the researcher tends to measure the success factors in the prevention of crime through community policing.

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However, it is vital to consider that the study has some indicators that include the rates of terroristic occurrences in relation to the confidence of the community in curbing these crimes. The study consequently justifies the fact that a successful community policing approach entails the aspect of community support (Dunn, et.al.2015). This therefore denotes the need of the community in restoring trust and confidence in participating in community policing with the ambition of mitigating the aspects of crime.

Specific Research Question

The research question developed for this study is to establish whether it is possible to undertake effective and efficient anti-terroristic policing approaches through the inclusion of community policing.

Justification of the Research

The justifications that are provided to prove the intent of this research study is primarily based on the fact that the police units and forces encounter several challenges especially with the radicalization of the Muslim communities in engaging in terroristic activities (Dunn, et.al.2015).

As a result of this, the researcher draws into determining the success factors involved in the development of an effective community policing approach that engages the community in the aspect of policing. This aspect requires the development of a strong community awareness program in prospering the aspect of community policing.

Epistemological Underpinnings of the Research

In determining the epistemological underpinnings of this study, it is imperative to consider the fact that this study is primarily developed on the background of the radicalization of the Muslims societies in engaging in terroristic activities (Tulloch, 2004). The essential strategies developed in meeting the epistemological underpinnings of this study entail the inclusion of confidence, trust and corporation between the policing structures and the community.

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Theoretical Perspective of the Research

In order to achieve the results of this study, a survey was conducted with a research assistant and the police liaison officers including the Muslim community leaders. The research assistant was introduced to the Muslim community leaders through the community liaison representatives who were engaged in duly filling the survey (Tulloch, 2004). In this study, there quarters of the respondents in the study were aged between 31 and 50 years with most of the respondent in the study being males and a third being female.

Conclusion

As determined in this research, the central purpose of this study is directed towards establishing the manner in which community policing can be employed in countering the aspects of radicalization approaches within the Muslim communities, a factor that spurs the aspect of terrorism.

References

Dunn, KM, Atie, R, Kennedy, M, Ali, JA, O’Reilly, J & Rogerson, L 2015, ‘Can you use community policing for counter terrorism? Evidence from NSW, Australia‘, Police Practice and Research, pp. 1-16.

Tulloch, MI 2004, ‘Parental fear of crime: a discursive analysis‘, Journal of Sociology, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 362-77.

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Higher Education System in the UK and the US

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Higher Education System in the UK and the US

Introduction

Education systems in the United States and in the United Kingdom have certain differences and similarities. The similarities and differences can be traced when tertiary education is examined. The goal of any institution of higher learning is to produce excellent and brilliant scholars who would transform the societies. Lindberg (2009, p.345) argues both education systems foster quality.

Education facilities of both countries are superficial to facilitate learning. The other notable similarity between the two countries is that their institutions of higher learning promote intellectualism and academic freedom. However, notable differences are observed between the education systems of the countries.

One of the differences occurs in terms of the time taken to graduate from the institutions of higher learning. In the United Kingdom, a bachelor degree mostly takes a period of 3 years, except in Scotland where it takes 4years. In the United States, the period to acquire a bachelor degree can take 4years. However, both systems share a similarity in that a graduate can go for the PhD program after coming out of the undergraduate level (Lewis, Lyons, Jarvis & Baillargeon 2015, p.14).

Nevertheless, in the United Kingdom, it is encouraged for one to take master before proceeding to PhD. Still on the same line, courses of study usually consume shorter period in the United Kingdom than in the United States. This is apparent because education system in the United Kingdom is more focused than that of the United States.

University organization

Universities in the United Kingdom usually have colleges that are oriented toward a particular subject matter. Each college establishes some sense of autonomy from the mainstream. However, in the United States, students apply to the central university admission unit. In the United Kingdom, the student applies directly to the college of the unit/subject of study (Loeber & Higson 2009, p.513).

Therefore, a scenario that is drawn is that students know what to study before applying. In the US, the student is not aware of the subject before applying for it. A student is introduced to many units for the first and second years. From here, the student is supposed to declare a major. For instance, a student pursuing Bachelor of Arts in the United States must experience a number of related majors.

Observably, a student is supposed to take classes outside the majors that are known as ‘electives’ (Moodie 2015, p.5). Therefore, it can be declared that in the United States the general emphasis of higher education majorly focus on gaining knowledge from a variety of varied subjects. However, in the United Kingdom, the focus changes since acquisition of knowledge is focused through understanding of the selected subject.

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Grades and homework

Since education system in the United States requires one to attend to various majors, other assignments are needed to compliment the weekly readings. The additional assignments include oral presentations, writing projects, and writing research articles (Pickard 2014, p.6). The additional assignments are done throughout the course. However, this situation is not experienced in the United States since most universities and colleges are lecture-grounded.

The students are subjected to infrequent assignments throughout the semester. In another dimension, the entire grade may be based on one ultimate test (Proper 2009, p.150) However, in the United States, the final test does not account much of the grades. In fact, it makes up only a percentage (30) of the total grade. In emphasis, the final grade is based on the performance on the number of assignments done during the course.

Cost of education

The cost of education in the United States is relatively higher. It is the role of the institution in the US to dictate the tuition fees for students. However, in the United Kingdom, the cost of tertiary education is a bit cheaper. The UK government sets the limit for tuition fee, which is followed by the latter by each individual school. In simpler terms, the US government has comparatively low control over what the institutions of higher learning charge.

The government soles differentiates between out-of-state and in-state tuition fees (Silver 2009, p.8). There is the presence of a third party lender when funding the institutions of higher learning in the United States. The United Kingdom government subsidizes funding of student tuition fees. This makes the tuition fee to become cheaper in this education setting. In social matters, the education program in the United States does not include the concepts of social life such as athletic scholarships. In the United Kingdom, athletic scholarships are available to include social phenomena in the education system.

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Conclusion

Based on the above comparison, it can be said that learning in the universities in the United States is preferable. There are many differences in the two educational systems than similarities. This is because the education system facilitates serious learning. The consistent assignments throughout the course ensure that the students get a comprehensive understanding of the concepts. Quality in this case can be mirrored through the time taken to finish the course.

Reference List

Lewis, Z, Lyons, E, Jarvis, J, & Baillargeon, J 2015, ‘Using an electronic activity monitor system as an intervention modality: A systematic review’, BMC Public Health, 15, 1, pp. 1-15, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 28 March 2016.

Lindberg, ME 2009, ‘Student and early career mobility patterns among highly educated people in Germany, Finland, Italy, and the United Kingdom’, Higher Education, 58, 3, pp. 339-358, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 28 March 2016.

Loeber, S, & Higson, H 2009, ‘Motivation to Study in Higher Education: A Comparison between Germany and Great Britain‘, Higher Education In Europe, 34, 3/4, pp. 511-521, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 28 March 2016.

Moodie, G 2015 , ‘How Different Are Higher Education Institutions in the UK, US and Australia? The Significance of Government Involvement’, Higher Education Quarterly, 69, 1, pp. 3-36, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 28 March 2016.

Pickard, S 2014. Higher education in the UK and the US: converging university models in a global academic world? Leiden, Brill.

Proper, E 2009, ‘Bringing educational fundraising back to Great Britain: A comparison with the United States’, Journal Of Higher Education Policy & Management, 31, 2, pp. 149-159, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 28 March 2016.

Silver, H 2009, ‘Martin Trow on British higher education’, Studies In Higher Education, 34, 7, pp. 751-763, Professional Development Collection, EBSCOhost, viewed 28 March 2016.

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Continued Nursing Education Essay

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Continued Nursing Education

Indeed, continued nursing education should be mandatory as it enhances the professionalism that all nurses strife strive to achieve and greatly benefits the patients as well. The field of healthcare changes and regularly progresses, with new ideologies on diseases, patient care trends, technological advances, medical breakthroughs, new and revised protocols as well as research findings not to forget the wide range of information that affects nursing practice and patient care.

It is for this reasons that continued nursing education should be encouraged so that nurses can acquire the most up-to-date and accurate information present. Understanding this new information boosts the knowledge, competence, and skills of the nurse which in turn results in improved patient care and positive patient outcomes.

Continued nursing education gives the nurse the opportunity of interacting with peers of varying levels of skills which motivates them to be educated (Rosen et al., 2012). This form of networking with peers is a great way of staying updated with the latest patient care trends in healthcare which is the ultimate goal in practice. The nurses also exchange contact information and share some of their successes and failures throughout their practice with other nurses.

This, in turn, provides invaluable insights into what services work well and what can be avoided when it comes to nursing practice. Moreover, continued nursing education touches on the latest trends in certain specialties accompanied with case scenarios that help healthcare practitioners in putting information together. The education also exposes nurse to vendors that contain certain products that may be of benefit to the particular patient population. These products can aid in the creation of a safer work environment or enhance the delivery of care.

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Continued nursing education is a crucial tool that improves safe and efficient nursing care (Iwasiw ET AL., 2014). The amount of knowledge required to look after patients that are critically ill cannot be acquired simply through unit experiences or at the bedside. It is the professional and legal duty for nurses to update their knowledge and apply the knowledge in their practice.

References

Iwasiw, C. L., Goldenberg, D., & Andrusyszyn, M. A. (2014). Curriculum development in nursing education. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Rosen, M. A., Hunt, E. A., Pronovost, P. J., Federowicz, M. A., & Weaver, S. J. (2012). In situ simulation in continuing education for the health care professions: a systematic review. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 32(4), 243-254.

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