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Advanced Practice Roles in Nursing

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Advanced Practice Roles in Nursing

Introduction

Nursing is pragmatically considered to be a profession that is within the Medicare division of the overall concern of diverse families, individuals and the communities so the communities can achieve, sustain or even improve their finest health and the eminence life. Nursing can be distinguished from diverse further Medicare providers because of their aspect of work, their work technique to patient’s care, guidance and the extent of performance as the nurses usually carry out work in a broad range of performance areas that has diverse scope of performance and an intensity of the prescribed influence in every practitioner.

Nursing can be said to be a promotion, safety, and even the optimization of abilities and health, impediment of the illness and improvement of pain by the analysis and the treatment of human reaction.

Purposes of nursing

Nursing as a worldwide community is normally for its professional to ensure that there is quality care for everybody as they maintain their diverse credentials, standards, code of ethics a competencies. For an individual to work in the nursing as a professional, all the nurse or the nurses practitioners holds one or even more credentials that normally depends on their scope of practice and their education.

Nurses are usually considered as not truly doctor’s assistants because nurses more often are independently caring for their patients or even assisting other nurses in the healthcare centre. Registered Nurses are mandated to treat patients, provide emotional support, record their medical history, and even provide follow-up care because nurses assist doctors in performing some of the diagnostic tests.

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Advanced Practice Roles in Nursing

Roles of the Nurse Practitioner, nurse educator, nurse informatics, and nurse administrator in advanced practice nursing

Nurse educators

Nurse educators are registered nurses who have advanced education that includes advanced clinical training in a health care specialty because they combine expertise and also a passion for teaching into rich and rewarding careers selection. Nurse educators normally plays a paramount role in the aspect of strengthening the overall nursing workforce who serves as a role models in providing needed leadership skill so as to implement evidence based practice.

The nurse educators are similar with nurse practitioners in the aspect of health care provision but majorly differ in their work place because a nurse practitioner is in the health care room while a nurse educator can work from school to school so as to educate diverse people on the importance of nursing as a profession.

Nurse informaticians

Nursing Informatics is considered to be a discipline and practice that incorporates the aspect of nursing, its data and diverse awareness, with the diverse administration of data and the communication skills so as to uphold the fitness of communities. A nurse informatics usually work as developers of information and communication technologies, researchers, the principal information and nursing officers and also as software engineers who advance the healthcare facilities.

Center area of work for nurse informaticians includes the perception illustration and standards so as to sustain the evidence-based performance, education, and research. The nurse informaticians are similar with other advanced roles of nursing in the aspect of health care provision and health care improvement but majorly differ in their work place because a nurse informaticians is in the health care control room such as data centre so as to ensure that sophisticated deices and softwares are installed in the health care for improved efficiency.

Advanced Practice Roles in Nursing

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Nurse administrator

Nurse administrator is an advanced role in nursing professional who are knowledgeable of the aspect of guidance practices as they have relation to the nursing professionals. This particular aspect may refer to a number of managerial supervisory and diverse tittles that assist the health care facilities in carrying on their esteemed functions. The multifaceted and complex character of contemporary healthcare facilities needs nursing guidance professionals who can craft efficient facility-wide systems and intra-departmental of healthcare delivery as they lead to a useful and proficient employees.

Nurse administrator permits for best possible patient care in any health care environment, from private hospices and hospitals to big medical care centers. Nurse administrator is similar to other advanced roles of nursing professionals in that all of the foster the aspect of healthy environment and the general provision of efficient health care services. Conversely, nurse administrator differ with other advanced roles of nursing profession in that they ensure that all the roles are efficient so as to provide a unity and productive workforce.

Selected Advanced Practice Role

Nurse Practitioner

Nurse practitioner is a sophisticated practice of registered nurses who are usually knowledgeable and vigorously skilled so as to offer health support and diverse protection by the aspect of medical analysis and the handling of severe illness and the persistent conditions (Hamric, 2013). A nurse practitioner normally has maximum capability to provide health care to all people even those who are perceived mental challenge because of their scope of work and advanced training.

Nurse practitioner differs with other advanced roles of nursing because nurses are mandated to carry out his or her duties in the health care room such as recording data and diverse healthcare services to the patients. A nurse practitioner is similar to other advanced roles of nursing as all of them involve the service that will prevent illness and promote health (Speziale, 2011).

Advanced Practice Roles in Nursing

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Nurse Practitioners regulatory and legal requirements for North Carolina

Nurse Practitioners are considered to be the principal group of highly skilled practice and roles in North Carolina State. The licensure law and state practice usually provide for all the nurse practitioners to assess all the sick people, order, analyze, and then interpret the diagnostic tests with physician supervision so as to instigate and then manage treatments that incorporate recommending medications in the special licensure power of the state panel of nursing (Munhall, 2012).

The supervision physician should provide written instructions that orders medication, tests and the treatment which in turns assesses the information of Nurse Practitioners within a logical time. In North Carolina Nurses are normally taken care by a Joint Subcommittee of the North Carolina Medical Boards and the North Carolina Board of Nursing who promulgates rules so as to control the work of nurse practitioners, that then should be accepted by both panels prior to finishing the rulemaking procedure and then becoming effectual.

North Carolina Organization of Nurse Leaders (NCONL) usually exists to promote the nursing management excellence, shape general population guidelines and also toughen the leaders in nursing profession through teamwork and learning (Speziale, 2011). To become a member of the North Carolina Organization of Nurse Leaders, one is supposed to fill out the membership application that can be downloaded from the website. Membership fees dues are normally paid after January 1st is usually prorated on a quarterly basis because prorated membership dues are commonly considered only after a 12-month lapse in membership.

Advanced Practice Roles in Nursing

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Required competencies for North Carolina

In North Carolina, nurse practitioners are normally required to possess high level of education so as to provide great nursing services to the public at large (DeNisco, 2012). Diverse exams are conducted so as to determine the level of competence that an individual contain. Nursing profession is considered to be a profession that needs adequate and necessary skills and knowledge because of its nature and the aspect that the profession deals with life-saving matters.

The required competencies for a nurse practitioner include pass in a nursing exams with high grades as the profession usually offers for all the nurse practitioners to assess all the patients, order, analyze, and then understand the diagnostic assessments with physician supervision so as to instigate and administer treatments that incorporates recommending prescriptions in the special licensure power of the state panel of nurses (Panel, 2011).

Some of the organizations are deemed best in working as I plan to work in North Carolina State Hospital because I feel that the medical facility environment possesses exceptional characteristics that support nursing profession. The state has a lot of people because the profession needs large population so as to embrace efficiency and experiences.

Advanced Practice Roles in Nursing

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Health Policy and the Advanced Practice Roles in Nursing

Early childhood experience shapes health and the aspect of well being throughout the life

Early childhood social and economic conditions are considered to directly affect their respective health conditions. Diverse education and income, their neighbors resources and economic and the social factors affects their health at each stage of their life but the impacts on the young children is usually dramatic. Hamric et al (2013), the children early ages have the full potential to set up a path they are leading towards a good health or far away.

The diverse impact of these obstacles and opportunities along with diverse health effects that are accumulated over a long period of time can be transmitted in across generations as the children grow up to become parents because some of the social disadvantage in childhood such as a chronic stress can lead to a health disadvantage in adulthood. The effects of these is that, every parent want the best for all their children but it is usually considered that not all the parents have the same resources so as to assist their young ones to grow up healthy.

The policy needs to change the aspect of health care provision in that all the parents should try having the best practice and education for their children. Children should receive good education earlier so that they can embrace their good health from diverse school education that enhances good health. According to Robert Wood Jonson Foundation, nurse practitioners need diverse health policy attributes that will assist him or her ensure that the policies are helpful because as the number of negative childhood experiences increases it also increases the aspect of negative health outcome.

Advanced Practice Roles in Nursing

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The process required to make the changes in the health policy should be instrumental so as to embrace productivity as a nurse practitioners have the capability to conduct numerous campaigns so as to preach the good parts of early childhood experience as it shapes health and the aspect of well being throughout the life of a child. According to Robert Wood Jonson Foundation, interested parties are normally the health practitioners, government and parents who have the responsibility to ensure that the children have a positive environment that will assist them shape the livelihood of their children.

Nurse practitioners need to be very intelligent in what they are doing so as to reveal any confidential matter that concerns a patient (Hamric, 2013). What I could that may lead the efforts to influence the change in policy is conducting numerous training so as to promote and ensure that the children have a positive environment that will assist them shape the livelihood of their children. I will attain and evaluate those missing attributes by continuous practice because this is considered to be the best way to add knowledge for a nurse practitioner.

Prediction of the effects on healthcare quality if the change is implemented

If the particular changes are implemented, children will have a better life when the attain an adulthood age because of the aspect that they have been shaped because nurse practitioners have diverse responsibilities to ensure that the children have a positive environment that will assist them shape the livelihood.

Advanced Practice Roles in Nursing

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Conclusions

According to Robert Wood Jonson Foundation, nursing is considered to be one of the professions that promotes, protects, protection of the poor health and injuries, assistance of healing, and lessening of the affliction by the analysis and management of human reaction (Parahoo, 2014). Nurse practitioners use their leadership attributes to ensure that the nursing profession continues providing quality services to the whole world because nurse practitioners normally have maximum capability to provide health care to all people even those who are perceived mental challenge because of their scope of work and advanced training.

References

DeNisco, S. M. (2012). Advanced practice nursing: Evolving roles for the transformation of the profession. .

Hamric, A. B. (2013). Advanced practice nursing: An integrative approach. . Elsevier Health Sciences.

Munhall, P. (2012). Nursing research. .

Panel, I. E. (2011). Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice: Report of an expert panel.

Parahoo, K. (2014). Nursing research: principles, process and issues.

Speziale, H. S. (2011). Qualitative research in nursing: Advancing the humanistic imperative.

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To legalize or not?: The Marijuana Dilemma

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To legalize or not?: The Marijuana Dilemma

The debate for and against the legalization of marijuana remains highly contested and may be around in the long run. The federal government, for instance, champions the view that seeks to criminalize marijuana as the basis for increased criminal offenses (Bakalar et al. 1995). On the contrary, the proponents of marijuana usage allege that the positive effects outweigh the negatives.

Thus far, the two extremes have been so passionate in supporting their perspectives with concrete arguments. Despite the heated debate surrounding marijuana, it is only fair to support the school of thought that seeks to decriminalize the use of marijuana for health reasons. In this paper, I will support the argument that marijuana should be made legal on medical grounds.

By August 1999, states such as Alaska, Arizona, California, Oregon and Washington have passed statutes to decriminalize marijuana use for medical reasons. This has seen more than 20 states pass laws that legitimize marijuana usage for medical therapy. Terminally ill patients have benefited widely from these passages. Nonetheless, many people in states that stand opposed to the marijuana use have been dying in their numbers. Ironically, does it, therefore, mean that states in which marijuana has been made legal are mindful of people’s welfare than those that criminalize the substance?

To legalize or not?: The Marijuana Dilemma

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One of the leading factors, why marijuana should be legalized, is due to endorsement by medical experts. In a previous survey conducted by American Society of Clinical Oncology, for instance, 1,035 members provided extraordinary views. About a half of the physicians indicated that they would prescribe marijuana only if it were legalized while 40% reported that they have already prescribed to patients.

If doctors are prescribing marijuana, then it is evident that it is effective when it comes to treatment of certain illnesses. Furthermore, the majority of physicians believe that marijuana is an appropriate anti-emetic. This is of great importance due to severe dehydration associated with emesis or commonly known as vomiting. Medical experts are permitted to recommend narcotics as pain relievers like ephedrine widely known to lead to death in the case of an overdose; nonetheless, they are not allowed to prescribe marijuana even it has not proved to cause death (Kassirer, 1997).

Scientists have demonstrated that marijuana is effective in treating terminally ill patients as a result of its active ingredient or THC chemical. Cancer Patients have learned that marijuana is considerably effective in reducing adverse effects of chemotherapy. Again, multiple sclerosis that is associated with painful muscle spasms, and vertigo that make life unbearable.

Some patients allege that marijuana is effective in reducing this pain (Gorodetzky, 1997). Although, there are medications for relieving multiple sclerosis pain, the majority prefer marijuana to reduce their suffering. This is because such medications lead to severe adverse effects, which are not evident with marijuana.

While science has provided a way of making synthetic THC, promoted as Marinol, it’s very costly and seems to lead to significant levels of anxiety and depression (Kassirer, 1997). Other adverse effects of synthetic THC include severe dizziness and unstable gait. Much as these negative effects can be challenging to handle, doctors should prescribe a pill for relieving such effects. The application of marijuana for medical reasons is a highly debated topic fueled by divergent opinions. These different views stem from the controversy concerning the utilization of an illegal drug for medical reasons. While many people oppose the medical use of marijuana, the other side of the divide has strong proponents who support the use of marijuana for curing chronic diseases.

For hundreds of years, marijuana has been used to ease the pain. With this in mind, modern doctors and scientist think that those opposed to the use of marijuana, are either ignorant or blatantly overlooking the value it presents to the medical world. People suffering from cancer, multiple sclerosis, and AIDS acknowledge the fact that marijuana drug offers them the much-needed therapy (Gorodetzky, 1997).

References

Bakalar, James B., M.D., Grinspoon, Lester, M.D (1995). “Marijuana as Medicine: A Plea for Reconsideration”, Journal of the American Medical Association, 21 June: Vol.273 No 23

Gorodetzky, Charles (1997). “Marijuana”, Grolier Interactive Encyclopedia, CD-ROM, Gwynne, Peter, “Medical Marijuana Debate Moving Toward Closure”, The Scientist, 31 Mar. 1997: Vol.11 No 7

Kassirer, Jerome P., M.D. (1997). “Federal Foolishness and Marijuana”, the New England Journal of Medicine, 30 Jan. 1997: Vol.336 No 5

To legalize or not?: The Marijuana Dilemma

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Prioritizing Community Assets

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Prioritizing Community Assets

The three most relevant assets that should be given the highest priority in the response to, recovery from, and planning for managing the BP oil spill include the following: National Guard, insurance agencies/adjustors, and communications/media. Prioritizing community assets in the BP oil spill can be summarized as:

National Guard

In response to the oil leak in the year 2010, the Louisiana National Guard was mobilized by the Secretary of Defense to provide assistance in the efforts of helping local communities in the Gulf of Mexico region in the cleanup and removal of oil. The Louisiana National Guard was also helpful in protecting critical habitats in the area from contamination (National Guard, 2015). Soldiers from the National Guard from three other states in the Gulf region were also deployed to protect habitats and beaches from the oil spill.

Given that BP was responsible for this occurrence, it was accountable by the federal government for all the costs of the deployment. In essence, members of the National Guard participated in the response effort following the oil spill catastrophe at the Gulf of Mexico. These National Guard members served as cleanup workers. On the whole, in excess of 1,650 members of the National Guard supported Operation Deepwater Horizon in 4 states located in the Gulf of Mexico region: Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida (National Guard, 2015).

Prioritizing Community Assets

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Insurance agencies/adjustors

Insurance agencies and adjustors were very important in recovering from the oil spill disaster and to rebuild. The oil spill, which took place close to major population centres, threatened to damage valuable properties on the beachfront, to harm significant tourism and fishing industries, and to hamper transit through the shipping channels (Hartwig, 2010). There is 1^st party insurance coverage which was available to business organizations that suffered business interruption losses or property damage as a result of the BP oil spill.

A lot of companies in the region owned 1^st party property insurance policies that covered losses for physical damage, in addition to monetary losses as a result of business interruption. Furthermore, there was a 3^rd party coverage available to business organizations identified as defendants in court cases that relate to the BP oil spill (Epstein & Keyes, 2010). As for business organizations that faced possible liability for the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, more than 110 court cases have been filed by plaintiffs who were allegedly injured by this oil leak.

Prioritizing Community Assets

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Communications/media

The significance of the role played by the media and communication systems following the massive oil spill in the year 2010 cannot be overestimated. Following the BP oil spill, the disaster was trending on Twitter and the mainstream news on radio and in broadcast and cable television was in twenty-four hour reporting mode. The internet was also crucial in the communications during this disaster (Pew Research Centre, 2010).

It is worth mentioning that as photos of leaking oil in the Deepwater Horizon and dead animals and birds surfaced, outrage and interest from members of the public increased, and so did political pressures on the United States President’s administration to punish the oil and gas multinational corporation BP. As a result, this company had a vested interest in restricting media access to the oil spill.

On the whole, there were many horrific and awful images that members of the public saw and this made the public very angry at BP as regarsd the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. Images were shown by various media outlets of oiled animals, dying dolphins and dead animals. These images circulated. The public depended on news organizations for information pertaining to the oil leak. The interest of members of the public went hand-in-hand with the immense amount of news coverage of this oil leak (Meyer, 2014). Information was also communicated to the public by the federal government.

References

Epstein, H. B., & Keyes, T. A. (2010). BP oil spill: An insurance perspective. New York Law Journal, 244(34): 1-2.

Hartwig, R. P. (2010). The Deepwater Horizon Disaster: Insurance market impacts. New York Law Journal, 241(25): 65-68.

Meyer, J. (2014). Media coverage creates oil spill amnesia. Grist Magazine, 23(5): 14-17

National Guard. (2015). National Guard Oil Spill Response. Retrieved from http://www.nationalguard.mil/Features/2010/OilSpillResponse.aspx

Pew Research Centre. (2010). 100 days of gushing oil: Media analysis and quiz. Washington, DC: PRW

Prioritizing Community Assets

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Clinical Practice Journal Assignment

Clinical Practice Journal

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Clinical Practice Journal

I met Dr. Francine Miller, my preceptor last week where we held a lengthy discussion regarding my objective, strengths and weaknesses. He encouraged me to be brave and face each challenge as an opportunity to learn and improve my clinical skills. The first clinical visit, I interacted with the patient who reported to the clinic with complains of pain in the RT lower back. She also complained of having difficulty to walk.

I performed physical exam and health assessment which indicated elevated blood pressure 180/100. Palpitation of the lower back RT caused severe pain. The patient was under clonidine 6.25 BID. The patient was given Lisinorpil to manage the elevate blood pressure. From my assumptions or differential diagnosis, the pain experienced could be the source of high blood pressure. The main question here is what is the source and course for the pain. To figure out the accurate diagnosis, a CT scan for the RT lower back was requested (Burns & Grove, 2011).

From this practice, I learnt that it is important to contain blood pressure, as the healthcare provider waits for other diagnostic tests. Additionally, I analysed and reflected on patient’s health history and medication. This exercise improved my confidence in clinical practices such as taking patient information, recording health issues and making clinical decisions about diagnosis (Hunter & Franken, 2012).

Clinical Practice Journal

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The theoretical framework that will be applied is the caring in action theory. This theory corresponds to nursing process, as the theory focuses on consistency, connection, commitment, community, and change. This will help me establish effective healthcare providers- patient relationship, which is imperative in effective delivery of care. Connection aspect of the theory explains the effectiveness of the NP’s that is based on relationship connectedness and relationship between family, patient and the community (Susan Hagedorn, 2004).

The aspect of consistency explains the importance of delivering care that is evidence based practice (EBP). Commitment describes the NP passion and responsibility to serve every patient to the best of their abilities. It also involves providing appropriate decisions especially when facing ethical dilemmas, maintain confidentiality, respect and compassion. Cultural competency must be in every NP’s skills.

Clinical Practice Journal

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Additionally, they should listen to the patient without prejudice and increased sensitivity towards the tradition and cultures that influence of the patient health and disease. This facilitates in the identification of the patient needs and simultaneously maintaining the confidentiality, respect and compassion (Susan Hagedorn, 2004).

My objectives for this exercise is that by the time I finish the 140 hrs of the 11 weeks, I would comfortably perform physical assessment, conduct and document patient medical history records, formulate differential diagnosis and make appropriate diagnoses as guided by the clinical manifestation of the disease and the laboratory findings/ reports such as the EKG and X-ray. Lastly, formulate of the action care plan to ensure that the issue is addressed using the therapeutic and non-therapeutic interventions. I feel confident and ready for the second meeting with my preceptor as I feel more knowledgeable and focused than the first time.

References

Burns, N., & Grove, S. (2011). Understanding Nursing Research (5th ed.). Elsevier. ISBN-13: 9781437707502

Hunter, J., & Franken, M. (2012). Health Literacy as a Complex Practice. Literacy And Numeracy Studies, 20(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/lns.v20i1.2618

Susan Hagedorn, A. A. (2004). Theory-Based Nurse Practitioner Practice: Caring in Action. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/496718_3.

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Project Controlling and Closing

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Project Controlling and Closing

Project control activities go hand in hand with project development activities so that while the work of the project is being handled, the project is being managed and monitored through the implementation of proper oversight levels. Project controls should effectively address cost controls, project planning, and scheduling, productivity, and change management (Shohreh 2015).

Project controls include data gathering, analysis, and management of process used to predict and manage the results from a project program. Project controls encompass project strategy, risk management, project scheduling, document control, forensic assessment and cost control. The project controls must be effectively implemented and managed for a positive outcome from a project.

For effective project control, ABC organization review metrics and reports to identify variances from the planned project. Variances are determined by taking the actual performance value of a project and comparing it against the planned performance. If problems are anticipated, control measures are also taken into place (Shohreh 2015). Project controls used by the organization include planning, cost management, cost estimation and cost analysis. The project controls are implemented into the project by directing other people to take corrective actions. All stakeholders are informed of the changes, and they then discuss to update the changes required in their specific sections of the project.

Project Controlling and Closing

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Project controls are managed through configuration system. The configuration system has processes for submitting changes, tracking the project for reviewing and provision of methods to approve the required changes. The system mostly includes change control system. The system has formal documented procedures that are used in the application of technical and administrative directions. Project control management involves the identification of the features of a product, applying the necessary changes, and record changes and implementation status of the project. Configuration management ensures consistency in a project by integrating all the project control elements.

According to Nick (2013), control measures include:

1. Scope control

A scope control is implemented to identify and manage all features of a project that may increase or decrease its scope beyond the approved scope. Scope control determines when a change has occurred and managed the changes when they occur. Change in scope requires additional project resources and; therefore, all stakeholders involved in the project should discuss the change.

2. Schedule control

Schedules are affected by funding, climate, vendors. Schedule control is characterized by determination of the change in schedule and management of the schedule. Once a problem in the schedule is discovered, it is investigated and updated.

3. Risk control

Risk control is the process of carrying out risk management plan to take necessary precautions resulting from risks over the course of the project. Risk control involves identification of the threat, quantifying and qualifying the risk, and responding to the risk. Workarounds are tools used to assess and analysis risks as they are short term, and the response is not defined before the occurrence of risks.

4. Quality control

Quality control is a project control measure that monitors the result of the project to determine whether they conform to the required standards. Quality control is carried out through the project by the quality control engineers.

5. Cost control

Cost control determines if forecasted project budget has changed; manage the change through corrective actions, and then informing the stakeholders of the changes. A project is managed through revised cost estimates that provide a modification to the cost information.

6. Contract administration control

Type of project control that ensures sections within organization performance is in accordance to the contractual agreements.

Recommendation

For effective project control, cost control and scheduling should be interlinked to manage better variations from the budget and schedule by integration of the two controls to look at the big picture of the project.

Some of the methods used to assess project effectiveness include cycle-time reduction, the number of processes and steps, and customer satisfaction. However, one way to assess the effectiveness of a project is to evaluate its present level of efficiency and effectiveness. Current project efficiency and effectiveness provides a complete evaluation. Assessment is done for each of the segments in the project (Nick 2013).

Customer satisfaction measures effectiveness while resources measure efficiency. By measuring customer satisfaction and resource utilization, it is possible to determine the process to focus on for improvement together with other tools and measurements.

Use of current efficiency and effectiveness allows project managers to make quick decisions, visualize outcomes and simultaneously make a comparison of the processes. The current evaluation helps in generation of discussion by stakeholders for consensus. Current evaluation of efficiency and effectiveness creates focus and coordination within projects and helps in identification of gaps for improvement. The process is done by taking all resources and rating them as per the progress of the project on the planned results (Shohreh 2015).

Project Controlling and Closing

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Project managers apply project controls to keep up with the changes that happen during the implementation of a project. The controls include cost, schedule, risks, and quality. Proper management of the controls through integration leads to successful completion of a project. Changes in the control elements are identified and stakeholders informed to apply the necessary changes. Integration of the different control elements and stakeholders is a sure way to effectively enhance project management.

References

Nick Gamino (2013). Tips to manage projects effectively. Retrieved from https://www.huddle.com/blog/manage-projects/

Shohreh Ghorbani (2015). Key role of project controls in successfully managing your projects. Retrieved from http://www.projectcontrolacademy.com/key-role-of-project-controls-in-successfully-managing-your-projects/

Project Controlling and Closing

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Performance Management System

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Performance Management

It is essential to determine that there are several factors that need to be considered in improving the performance of an organization. Companies that operate internationally need to be vast with the region they operate in and consider the people within this region, their cultures, social contexts, different beliefs and practices, including the government’s rules and regulations.

In determining the approaches involved in international performance management, an organization needs to ensure that the five approaches involved are critically observed (Armstrong, pp.233-242. 2014). These approaches include: total divergence, partial convergence, partial divergence and dual system and total convergence. It is therefore essential to determine the fact that the HR management systems need to weave this approaches with the culture of a region, the environmental differences into the functions of an organization.

However, incorporating these elements in international performance management may meet some barriers that may articulately affect the performance of expatriates. These factors are therefore closely tied to the cross-cultural environment the skills and abilities to manage different tasks within different cultures and the challenges with communication which relates to the norms and practices of the region (Malek, Budhwar, & Reiche, pp. 258. 2015).

Performance management also needs to consider other external factors that affect the performances of individual and which may be out of the control of individuals with the aim of impacting good practice within an organization.

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This therefore requires the development of hybrid performance management systems that incorporates the goals and objectives of an organization aimed at promoting high performance practices within the functions of an organization (O’Sullivan, & O’Sullivan, pp. 999-.2008). In conclusion, it is therefore important that the local managers and staffs of an organization receive training to learn and understand the local lifestyles and how people socially interact with the aim of blending within a social context.

References

Armstrong, A. (2014) Armstrong’s handbook of performance management: an evidence-based guide to delivering high performance, 5th ed. London: Kogan Page. Chapter 18, ‘International performance management’, pp.233-242

Malek, M, Budhwar, P, & Reiche, B 2015, ‘Sources of support and expatriation: A multiple stakeholder perspective of expatriate adjustment and performance in Malaysia’, The International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 26, 2, pp. 258-276, PsycINFO, EBSCOhost, [Online] Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2014-52089-008&site=eds-live&scope=site.

O’Sullivan, A, & O’Sullivan, S 2008, ‘The performance challenges of expatriate supplier teams: a multi-firm case study’, International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 19, 6, pp. 999-1017, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, [Online] Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=32744007&site=eds-live&scope=site

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SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

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SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

System analysis refers to a technique that is usually used to solve the various problems that arise in a particular system. It usually involves a very detailed study of the system and all its components with an aim of understanding the role played by every component so as to enhance the effectiveness of the system (Hoffer, 2012). There are various phases of system development processes that are analysis based; these are as discussed below.

The first phase is the system study. This involves the detailed investigation of the system to understand fully what it lacks and how it can be improved and made more efficient (Dennis et al, 2015). A lot of research is usually invested here, and the output should be a system that is executable.

The second phase is the feasibility study. Here, various factors should be put into consideration to ensure that the system is executable. The system’s workability and financial implications are some of the factors that should be considered. The output should result in the system being implemented as it is or whether it should be redrafted (Kersting, 2012).

System analysis and design

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The next phase is the detailed system analysis. It is the process of collecting factual data, understand the processes involved, identifying problems and recommending feasible suggestions for improving the system functioning (Dennis et al, 2015). The input here is the creativity of the system analyst while the output is a logical system design.

The last phase involves testing and implementation of the system. Having ensured that all the above factors are rightly executed, the system should, therefore, be tested and all other execution issues addressed. The implementation of the entire system then takes place. The output here is the final and very efficient system.

Question 2

Systems design is the process of defining the physical processes, the components, and all the input that is involved in ensuring that a system satisfies all its requirements and meets its objectives. It can also be defined as the application of various system theories with an aim of coming up with a final product (Hoffer, 2012).There are various phases of system development processes that are design based; these are as discussed below.

System analysis and design

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The first phase involves pulling together of all physical and technical data, trying to come up with a clear work plan that is aimed at helping execute the particular system. The greatest input here is the strong analytical skills as all the factors considered at this stage must be geared towards the success of the system’s implementation.

In this next phase, the actual system designing therefore takes place. Here, the software system design is prepared with close emphasis put on the guidelines discussed in the first phase above (Khalili & Duecker, 2013). This stage specifies the hardware and other system requirements. It also helps in defining the overall system architecture. The input here is the various hardware that are used to try come up with the final system.

The third phase is the coding phase, here, on receiving the various system design work plans and executable procedures, the work is divided into units and actual coding is started. Since, in this phase the code is produced, it is the main focus for any system designer (Khalili & Duecker, 2013). It is also the longest phase of the system development process.

The last phase involves system maintenance. Here, the execution of the entire system is put under close supervision, and any issues that may arise are handled as promptly as possible.

System analysis and design

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Question 3

Modeling refers to how data should be used to meet the requirements of a given system. It involves structuring and organizing data so as to be executed in a particular database management system. Modeling, therefore, outlines all the rules for data handling in a particular system (Hoffer, 2012). Modeling can be used in the designing phase as it will be very handy in trying to influence the overall system software.

There are three types of modeling, and each is meant to achieve a particular objective in the final system structure. The first type of modeling is referred to as data-centric modeling. It is all about turning the numbers into knowledge. Here you assess all the assets you have at your disposal, the assets, in this case, are regarding the various hardware you will use in the entire system (Kersting, 2012).

Question 4

In essence, a successful project is one which achieves the purpose. The purpose being did the project accomplish what it was supposed to do? In this sense, there are a few things to consider. For instance, if the project was in the form of the design of a system to solve a certain problem in an organization. In this case, the phone would judge a successful project as one which upon accomplishment it has effectively addressed the issues at the organization (Satzinger et al, 2011). Furthermore, regarding the organization, a project is supposed to cost as affordable as in the range of the organization’s economic capability. Moreover, the project should, in fact, have taken an appropriate amount of time to be accomplished.

The requirements for the analysis and design process are many. However, these requirements are categorized into three categories. The functional requirements, non-functional and requirements specification. The functional requirements refer to what the system is supposed to do. It defines the functionality of the system in the organization (Satzinger et al, 2011). Therefore, the functional requirement gives an idea of what the system is supposed to do. Non-functional requirements, on the other hand, dictate how the system is supposed to look.

System analysis and design

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This takes into account requirements like usability among other non-functional requirements. Requirements specification is a category of requirements that are involved in defining how the system will do what it was supposed to do. It goes into the finer details of the structure of the system in respect to the specific problem the system is supposed to solve (Satzinger et al, 2011).

The most important things during the analysis and design phase in software development lifecycle are the design activities, feasibility studies, CASE tools, types of designs and the cost-based analysis.

The design activities are three. They include, design architecture, detailed design and lastly the design testing. Design architecture refers to the design of the system to conform to the functional requirements of the organization (Hoffer, 2012). Detailed design involves the specific algorithms, data structures and the data to be implemented in the system. Design testing is the final process of the design.

It includes the process of validating the design by ensuring it conforms to the functional and non-functional requirements of the system. These design activities are the steps to ensure coming up with a good design. A good design takes less time to implement, is cost-effective, meets the user’s requirements, easily maintainable and can be reused for the design of other systems.

Feasibility studies are required and very significant in the analysis and design phase. The study entails ensuring the viability of the system in different dimensions. There are three categories of feasibility studies. They include technical feasibility, economic and operational feasibility. The technical feasibility study is carried out to find out whether the system is viable in the technological perspective (Satzinger et al, 2011).

Operational feasibility studies are done to find out whether the system is going to fit into the structure and operations of the specific organization it is begin built for. The economic feasibility finds out whether the cost of the system will fit into the economic hurdles of the organization. The above three types of feasibility studies are important to an IT practitioner when he or she is designing and building and developing systems to be used in the different organization.

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CASE tools are there to make use of technology to simplify the process of developing a system for an organization. Essentially the significance of using CASE tools cannot be ruled out at any point. These tools can be used at different phases of the system development lifecycle (Khalili & Duecker, 2013). The CASE tools help improve the development process, reduce the time for development of a computer program. They also improve the documentation of the development process.

The development of a system is made easier by understanding the different design methodologies that are used to design good systems. Essentially, this will help in creating a good system design. Lastly, a cost-based analysis is an important tool in the creation of a good system product. This will help determine if the design is effectively in the perspective of the cost it will take to finish the whole project (Kersting, 2012).

References

Dennis, A., Wixom, B. H., & Tegarden, D. (2015). Systems analysis and design: An object-oriented approach with UML. John Wiley & Sons.

Hoffer, J. A. (2012). Modern Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e. Pearson Education India.

Kersting, W. H. (2012). Distribution system modeling and analysis. CRC press.

Khalili, N. R., & Duecker, S. (2013). Application of multi-criteria decision analysis in design of sustainable environmental management system framework. Journal of Cleaner Production, 47, 188-198.

Satzinger, J., Jackson, R., & Burd, S. D. (2011). Systems analysis and design in a changing world. Cengage Learning.

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On Being an Atheist Essay Paper

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On Being an Atheist

Introduction

Topics in regard to Gods existence have resulted in ongoing battles that have lasted for quite a while. These topics have sparked several debates with some people agreeing with the existence of God while other refuting such claims (Boehme, 2014). However, the debates that pertain to the existence of God have intrigued several philosophical ideas with many people alleging that they being that God cannot be seen, his existence is debatable.

Other schools of thought also allege that if God exists and claims to be all powerful, then evil should not exist in this world. It is essential to note that there are several pieces of evidence that support the existence of God (Boehme, 2014). This paper, therefore, attempts to critic McCloskeys views in regards to the atheist objections and also describes several arguments that establish his illusions of the existence of God including the opposing arguments against his existence.

Proofs Can’t Establish the Case of Gods Existence

To begin with, McCloskeys view implies that there are no proofs that can establish Gods existence and those allegations should be abandoned. In my view, McCloskey makes no effort to determine what evil is nor does he explain its existence. In other words, he attempts to discredit people’s belief in God by making allegations against the origin of their beliefs. However, McCloskey fails to address why the faith of a people may not be valid and whether they take the time to discover such evidence before they ascent to Christian theism (H.J. McCloskey, 1974).

McCloskey views God as jaded, unforgiving, uncaring, and punitive and believes that the best proofs on the nonexistence of God can be depicted in the evil acts of his creation since morality has strongly subdued the proof of an intelligent creator designing the universe. For Christian, the expressions of truth are only found in Christ’s words in John 14:6 that He is the way, the truth and the Life.

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The Cosmological Argument

The author of the article, “On Being Atheist”, opens by giving a description on the reasons theist believe in God. He purports that the grounds of such beliefs are inadequate and gives the reasons as to why the atheist do not believe in Gods existence. McCloskey in his article tells of a Christian friend who believed that philosophers place so much of importance on the proofs that regard to the existence of God as the foundation to their religious beliefs (H.J. McCloskey, 1974). In my view, in order for the universe to exists, there was its origin or something that created its existence. Nothing has the capacity to create itself and there is the need of an independent creator that existed before the universe.

In the book: Reasonable Faith, William Lane Craig, alludes to the fact that there must be a creator responsible for all the creation activities and the creator needs not a cause to do the things that have an origin. This, therefore, means that everything that exists needs a cause and saying that something has no beginning denies the existence of a predecessor. McCloskey also alleges that the Cosmological Argument does not give us the right to postulate an all-powerful case that he considers uncaused (H.J. McCloskey, 1974).

In as much as this argument provides no proof of the existence of God , it supports the idea of a necessary being as the only responsible cause that erases the need for an infinite regressive cause. In my view, there is only one possible view that is compatible with other views on Gods existence, a factor that makes it an individual’s choice to desire learning about the existence of God.

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The Teleological Argument

This argument is an argument from the design point of view that alludes to the existence of a maker of all the contingent objects. This argument in some way has some connections with the cosmological argument that implies that all the designs employ a greater designer, there is a designer in the world, and that the designer is the greatest (H.J. McCloskey, 1974). McCloskey as other philosophers claims that to believe that nature was designed; there is a need for indisputable examples.

In other words, this author claims that the evidence and examples on this must never be refuted and also contends that indisputable claims are essential and unreasonable in defining God. In my own view, a given example or evidence on the existence of God such as nature shows the indisputable possibility of a creator and there is nothing that can be disputed in this claim (H.J. McCloskey, 1974).

In regard to McCloskey’s claim on the presence of imperfection and evil is an argument that is incompatible with the perfection of the Divine Creator since the creator set a perfection standard for goodness, but man as a sinful being made the imperfect evil possible.

On the other hand, McCloskey suggests that evolution should take the place of a Divine Designer. In my view, this would imply that everything that exists in nature is primarily motivated by chance, which would hardly be the case since everything in nature requires some guidance (Feser, 2013).

This is a process since everything has a specific construction and certain functions. If there is not a Divine Designer then this would mean that everything in nature may function by chance, a factor that could see things happen in any manner. For example, the snows would come during summer since everything functions in no order.

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On the Problem of Evil

McCloskey also stresses in his articles on his objections on the problem of evil by alluding that no being that is perfect and claims of goodness could create the world in which there is suffering of the creatures. According to Feser (2013), the element of evil remains one of the conversant objections that have widely been presented by the atheists. The atheists tend to view why people should not believe in God as described. These objections are mainly posed by the frequent occurrences of suffering and evil that is presently seen.

This remains the reason why many philosophers, as well as McCloskey, dismiss the claims on Gods existence basing their claims on the presence of evil. The theist approach of Gods view is in relation to His attributes that depict Him as omnipotent, omniscient and benevolent. On the other hand, the atheist believe that if all this attributes point towards God and He truly exists as He claims then he had the capacity to stop suffering and evil.

Other theists also take a stance on the concept to the of evil by leaning on the free-will defense, which alludes that God was the creator of human beings and was the same giver of the free will to choose what is right and wrong. This according to them is considered better since humanity has the freedom of choice than to haven none. According to this view, the evil that is prevalent in the world today exists since man chose the way of evil (Feser, 2013).

Considering the fact that we have been granted the free will to choose what we opt right or wrong, humanity therefore needs to choose to believe in God, who needs to be worshiped, and praised. God has the capacity to mitigate the element of evil, but this means we may lack the free-will to choose. The coming of Christ to offer salvation to Humanity would not have made any sense if God chose to eliminate evil offer salvation.

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Some theists respond to the problem of evil through a free-will defense in which God is stated as the creator of human beings with a free will since it is better to have the freedom to choose that to lack the freedom of choice (LeDrew, 2013). In other words, the evil that exist in the world is a result of the choice of a man to do evil. As free will beings, we need to believe in God, worship and praise Him. If God would have eliminated evil, then Christ should not have come to offer salvation and he would not have died for our iniquities.

On Atheism as Comforting

At the end of his article, McCloskey concludes by asserting that atheism is more comforting than theism. In his argument on this point, he uses the existence of evil and the sufferings that occur of the innocent to support his atheistic perceptions that a perfect being may not necessarily exist and allow evil things to occur (LeDrew, 2013). He also contends that people who follow theism are more likely to find cold comfort in believing religiously and that people need to find comfort and strength wherever they can find it inclusively.

Thinking about this, it is essential to note that people in many instances may need comfort, a factor that makes them seek for spiritual authorities to assist them in understanding things, both the bad and the good (LeDrew, 2013). A Biblical understanding of the element of comfort is encouragement which can be done through the use of words or the presence of an individual to help in the times of need. Comfort in this case as viewed by Christians remains in the ability of Christians o choose whether to believe in God or not, thus giving them the chance to know God more, understand him and commit to him truthfully.

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Conclusion

McCloskeys view implies that there are no proofs that can establish Gods existence and those allegations should be abandoned. In my view, McCloskey makes no effort to determine what evil is nor does he explain its existence. McCloskey also alleges that the Cosmological Argument does not give us the right to postulate an all-powerful case that he considers uncaused (Boehme, 2014). In as much as this argument provides no proof of the existence of God, it supports the idea of a necessary being as the only responsible cause that erases the need for an infinite regressive cause.

On the Teleological Argument McCloskey as well as other philosophers claims that to believe that nature was designed; there is a need for indisputable examples, views that find to substantial backings. McCloskey also stresses in his articles on his objections on the problem of evil by alluding that no being that is perfect and claims of goodness could create the world in which there is suffering of the creatures and concludes by asserting that atheism is more comforting than theism (Boehme, 2014).

In a nutshell, I believe that McCloskey provides minimal pieces of evidence on his claims that are aimed at supporting atheism and instead attempts to point out to the faults of Christians as a claim to refute the existence of God. The arguments of this theist, therefore, point out to the existence of God.

References List

Boehme, A. J. (2014). The Atheist’s Primer. Reviews in Religion & Theology, 21(1), 114-116. doi:10.1111/rirt.12286

Feser, E. (2013). The New Atheists and the Cosmological Argument. Midwest Studies In Philosophy, 37(1), 154-177. doi:10.1111/misp.12000

H.J. McCloskey (1974). “On Being an Atheist, “The Southern Journal of Philosophy – Vol. 15 – Issue 1 – pp. 101-111

LeDrew, S. (2013). Discovering Atheism: Heterogeneity in Trajectories to Atheist Identity and Activism. Sociology of Religion, 74(4), 431-453.

Thiessen, J. (2014). There Is No God: Atheists In America. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53(2), 453-455. doi:10.1111/jssr.12099

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Free Higher Education Essay

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Free Higher Education

Introduction

Higher education has transformed to become one of the most important systems in this modern era. The education system has shaped the market into highly competitive global economy by producing practitioners and professionals in various disciplines. Just like any other commodity, higher education has a price tag. However, the price of education has increased significantly thereby closing out potential economists, doctors, engineers, lawyers and many others. The benefits that accrue to the economy because of the contribution of higher education provide enough evidence that the commodity should be made free.Free higher education would have more positive impacts.

Higher Education is usually the next level after secondary education and includes both under-graduate and post-graduate levels. It is difficult to describe whether vocational and technical training fall in this category since the policies and laws that regulate education system vary in different countries. Word Bank (2011) provides a category of institutions that fall under the higher education system.

Free Higher Education

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This includes; universities, colleges, nursing schools, research laboratories, centres of excellence, community colleges, technical training institutions and distance learning centres. Free education refers to a situation where learners do not incur the price of education. Mostly, free education can be funded through taxes or grants from charitable organisations. Primary and secondary education is free in most countries; however, higher education is free only in some specific regions, mostly European Countries.

For example, Norway offers free education in state institutions to both foreign and native students. Sweden currently has no tuition-free universities since the process was halted in 2010 where a bill was passed requiring non-European Union student to pay for tuition and application fee. However, most universities in Sweden offer scholarships and grants to fund higher education especially for foreign students.

Other examples include Denmark, Greece, Argentina, Germany, Northern Europe Estonia and Finland. Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights states that free primary education is a right and progressively, free secondary and higher education will be introduced as a right too. The main participants and beneficiary in the free higher education will be the government, taxpayers, institutions, learners and the parents or guardians. It is quite evident that everybody within the system or society will be affected or influenced by its introduction, either in the positive or negative.

Free Higher Education

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A lot of debates and arguments have been going about whether to make higher education free or to charge the commodity. The benefits of free primary Education will obviously outweigh its negative implications. Free primary education will contribute significantly to the growth of the economy by ensuring that all access higher education training thus increasing the human capital which is very vital in an economy. Most countries continue to invest huge amounts of funds on grants and financial aid that usually don’t benefit the targeted individuals.

This therefore translates to huge loses both in terms of human and financial resources. It has been established that that it would cost less to offer free higher education rather than offer financial aid to specific individuals. A recent analysis, undertaken by the U.S. Department of Education estimated that the cost of making higher education free is $62.6 billion which is $ 7 billion less than the expenditure on grants and financial aid to needy students.

Furthermore, college and university fees have become very expensive and most of the graduates either take too long in the system or finish with huge loans and debts. A review by Forbes indicated that U.S.A State student loan balances exceeded $1.2 trillion (Denhart 2013). It is very expensive for the economy to loose bright minds just because they are not able to afford to join a higher education facility. If free higher education is provided then a lot of challenges faced by many countries will be solved immediately.

Free Higher Education

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Making higher education free has numerous benefits and advantages. First, free higher education will create an opportunity for all citizens or individuals interested in furthering their education to access institutions offering these services. This will beneficial to the economy as the right amount and quality of labourers will be produced and released into the market. There has been countless debate whether higher education benefits an individual or the society at large.

The answer is both since it increases returns to the individual to an estimated amount of $1,000,000 and increases chances of being employed to about 80%-90%. On the other hand, the country or society will benefit from skilled and educated human capital. Germany introduced free higher education because they established that the high college prices were preventing many from joining universities and other higher education institutions.

Secondly, making higher education free will reduce the student loan debt balances which has been plummeting in many countries. Since most are unable to fund the program they opt to take loans which have very high interest rates. For example in U.S, students who applied for loans in 2012 to fund their under-graduate program have approximately a loan debt balance of $29,400 and 70% graduate with debts.

Free Higher Education

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Making higher education will pose to be a smart and wise investment for most governments apart from reducing the loan debt levels. It will also be cheaper than the current financial aid and grant system that is used by most governments and federal states. A report undertaken by the U.S Education Department revealed that it $7 billion less to offer free higher education than providing grants to low-income students. It is worth mentioning that the U.S grants to needy students amounting to $69 billion did not include federal loan subsidies.

Thirdly, free higher education program can be used as a tool to reduce low unemployment within an economy. Education is usually referred to as an empowerment tool that equips individuals with skills to create jobs, perform certain duties that will in turn increase their financial status. Education should not however be directly interpreted to mean employment. It is an instrument that when combined with other factors increase the chances of employment. This argument is however only true in certain economies where the level of unemployment is high. When unemployment rate reduces, the economy is expected to grow holding other factors constant up to a certain level.

On the contrary, critics against free higher education argue that the systems will reduce the quality of education, send the wrong message to students and that it will be a burden to taxpayers. They argue that it is very expensive and difficult to offer free education and therefore the public must be charged for it through taxes. When taxes are increased individuals and professional will look for better options where they can enjoy their earnings without so many reductions.

Free Higher Education

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This will therefore result to contra-effect in the system since as more enter the market others are opting to leave (Vedders 2014). Sanders (2014) recommends, based on the Morill Act of 1862, that countries can fund higher education by taxing financial transactions which will provide two-thirds of the budget and the rest can be contributed by the government. Additionally the government can decide to use the federal loan subsidies and financial aids to support the program.

Some argue that education will open up doors and opportunities for many students to join higher education programs thus diluting the value and status that comes with it. The objective of any education systems is not to block out others but to impart knowledge. Therefore, this argument does not apply at all.

Finally, others argue that free higher education will force other private institutions to cut on their tuition fees in order to remain relevant in the market. In the recent past, most institutions have transformed into profit making ventures. The private institutions will therefore have to venture and invest in other areas in order to remain relevant in the market. However, a cost- benefit analysis must be undertaken to determine this position. Obviously, the economic benefits that result from free higher education would exceed the loses in the collapse and closure of the private institutions.

In conclusion, the benefit of free higher education exceeds the benefits and opportunity cost of failing to adopt the program. Free higher education will play a big role in economic growth and result to other social benefits. Adopting free higher education is an investment in to the future and every state should consider it.

Free Higher Education

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References

Huffington, P, (2013), Why going to college is a valuable investment (In 1 Chart). Available on http://www.123helpme.com/search.asp?text=college+tuition.

Vedder, R, (2004), Going broke by degree: Why college costs too much, AEI Press, 2004. Washington D.C.

Denhart, C, 2014, There is no such thing as a free college education, Forbes. Available on http://www.forbes.com/sites/ccap/2014/10/03/there-is-not-such-thing-as-a-free-college-education/

http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/01/heres-exactly-how-much-the-government-would-have-to-spend-to-make-public-college-tuition-free/282803/

Sanders, B, 2014. It is time to make college tuition fee free. Wall Street Journal.

Free Higher Education

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