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Essence of Good Office Communication

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Essence of Good Office Communication

Your next writing assignment will be a background review and synthesis of the literature for the topic of your research-based report.

This assignment is designed to help you prepare for the final paper in WRTG 394. Keep in mind that your final paper in WRTG 394 will be a report in which you do the following:

define a problem in your workplace or community persuasively and accurately
propose a solution or solutions to the problem or issue

Steps to Take in Completing this Assignment:

Locate at least seven articles on your topic. At least four articles should come from scholarly journals or credible trade journals. You should use OneSearch through UMUC’s Library and Information Services or individual databases through the library for your research.
Take notes, perhaps by applying the skills from your annotated bibliography exercise, on each article.
Write a synthesis of the articles. The synthesis will be 1000-1400 words.

In your synthesis, you will group the themes of the articles. For example, if you have collected seven articles on the topic of paperless offices, you might find that three major themes emerge from your perusing of the seven articles:
o common reasons for resisting the move to a paperless office
o costs of transitioning to a paperless office
o benefits of transitioning to a paperless office

Essence of Good Office Communication

Examples of Topics and the Role of this Assignment:
You might write a report on any one of the following topics. Please note that these are examples of topics. You might not choose any of them. They are provided here to help illustrate this assignment.

a report to your manager at work suggesting that more teleworking options be given to employees at your workplace
a report to your supervisor at work suggesting that email be used less frequently for communication and that another application be used to improve communication.
a report to your manager at work suggesting that your office become paperlessa report to the board of directors at your townhouse community to argue that the playground area in your community should be renovated
a report to the manager of your unit at work noting that recycling facilities in the workplace should be improved

In any report of this nature, some background research is necessary. For example, consider the following strategies when collecting background research for the topics mentioned above:

For a report to your manager at work suggesting that more teleworking options be given to employees at your workplace, some research studies on teleworking would be very persuasive.
For a report to your supervisor at work suggesting that email be used less frequently for communication and that another application be used to improve communication, some scholarly literature or articles from credible trade journals on transitioning to alternative electronic communication would be beneficial. In addition, articles that demonstrate the problems with email communication would add to the argument.
For a report to your manager at work suggesting that your office become paperless, some scholarly literature on paperless offices would be effective.
For a report to the board of directors at your townhouse community to argue that the playground area in your community should be renovated, some scholarly articles or trade journal articles on the benefits of playground areas for communities, the benefits of exercise for young children, the effect of such playground areas on home values, etc. would be effective.
For a report to the manager of your unit at work arguing that recycling facilities in the workplace should be improved, some scholarly articles or studies on the challenges of and benefits to implementing recycling facilities in organizations would be persuasive. Of course, there are varieties of recycling programs. The articles you find would help define what type of recycling program you would propose.

Essence of Good Office Communication

Length of your paper:

As noted above, your background review of the literature on your topic should be 1000-1400 words in length.
The sources should be cited throughout the paper in APA format and listed in a References page at the end of the paper in APA format.

You will find that your synthesis will be a helpful component of your final research-based report. In fact, if your synthesis is well written, you might be able to take whole parts of it and copy it into the final report. In any case, the skills and strategies you gain from writing the background review and synthesis of literature will be very valuable in writing your final research-based report.

Essence of Good Office Communication

Topics to Help You Come Up with Ideas on this Assignment:

Some possible workplace research topics are the following. These are examples to help you get started. Please contact your instructor to have other topic ideas approved.

Going to a wireless network
Going to a paperless office
Switching from Windows to Linux (or other similar switch)
Installing/upgrading company firewall
Establishing a drug policy
Establishing an employee leave donation program
Establishing an equipment donation program for used computers, etc.
Establishing a company recycling program (paper, etc.)
Education/retraining for your employees
Establishing a program for millennial workers (e.g., training on certain aspects of etiquette, on understanding other generations, etc.)
Designing a training program for workplace safety issues
Redesigning employee performance evaluations
Developing a work-at-home (telecommuting) policy
Developing a flex-time policy
Establishing on-site day care or providing other child care benefits
Providing gym membership or creating an on-site workout facility
Creating or revising a charitable contribution policy
Creating or improving a tuition assistance program
Accommodations needed for employee/s with specific health issues (for example, migraines)
Establishing a Habitat for Humanity (or other group) chapter at your organization

Essence of Good Office Communication

Some students have chosen topics outside of their workplaces, such as the following:

Starting a neighborhood watch program
Starting a mentor program at your place of worship
Getting additional lighting in the neighborhood
Changing traffic patterns around your child’s school
Starting a PTA website for your child’s school
Installing a tot lot in your neighborhood
Constructing a crying baby room at your place of worship
Offering ESL courses at your church
Increasing participation in a military Family Support Group
Introducing a youth sports program to a school or community

Essence of Good Office Communication

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Essence of Good Office Communication

Introduction.

An organization is an entity that entails groups of individuals with some level of relationship due to possession of common goals and objectives. In an organization, top management team inclusive of the managers and the executive’s officers who spend most of their time communicating to their subordinates so as to achieve the organizations’ goals and desires (Berkenkotter et al. 2016). Communication involves the creation of understanding or meaning among individuals in a systematic and continuous process.

The success of organizations relies on the personal possession of the appropriate office communication skills, in particular by the top management team. In our organization, there is a challenge relating to the observance of good office communication during managerial tasks performance (Cornelissen et al. 2017). The paper will aim at showing the essence for observing real office communication in administrative tasks performance of organizations based on the perspectives of different researchers. The aspect of communications that are tackled in the paper with respect to office communications are; nature of communication, driving force, factors hindering and solutions in achieving success in office communications.

Nature of Communication

According to Holtzhausen et al. (2014), the nature of communication at the office deals with not only information exchange but interactions with people. The interactions at times cause barricades that present mistrust and confusion which translates to poor performance in an organization. Moreover, Ma et al (2013), agrees that the nature of communications is complex and problems are prone to occur.

The problem arises due to the inefficient observance of these communication techniques by the top management team during their communication with their subordinates. Contrariwise, Walden et al., (2017) posit that in order to resolve the problems. Proper communication acts as the initiator of improving organizations operation to a better state by possessing the appropriate skills relevant to the discussion.

Furthermore, communication at the place of work is ambiguous and pervasive. This ensures that there is a seamless flow of information that not only improves the performance of the organization but also relationships at the workplace (Ma et al, 2013). In addition, office communication is founded on the principle of togetherness that fosters a common sense of belonging among the members of organizations.

Thus, it reflects a congenial atmosphere that acts as the basis for a successful organization (Men, 2014). The researcher agrees with the views of Ma et al., (2013) that successful organizational management relies on effective office communication that establishes, maintains and dissolves cordial relationships within the group.

Additionally, Matos Marques Simoes and Esposito (2014), indicates that organization culture influences the values and beliefs of a group of people by their geographical location on the need to establish fruitful relationships among themselves and the society. There are various office communication techniques especially in written forms which act as the tool for performing managerial tasks regarding the nature of an organization.

Driving Force for the Establishment of Good Office Communication.

The need for establishing a positive correlation that caters for the well-being and especially for the support of the members during the performance of their duties and responsibilities acts as driving force for the proper use of office communication. It is not limited to the involvement of a certain number of individuals as it depends on the communicators’ ability to converse effectively and freely (Cornelissen et al. 2017). Members of an organization can achieve the establishment of good office communication by always building priority of communicating effectively and supporting each other.

The nature and quality of the communication content among the members of a particular group especially in an organizational setting dictate the stability of managerial duty performance. Managers engage in communication with their subordinates which later describes their relationship with their peers and which may positively or negatively influence the handling of various issues concerning managerial duties and responsibility (Walden et al., 2017). Therefore, the effectiveness of a communication process dictates achievement of real office interaction in an organization…..

Essence of Good Office Communication

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Responsible Management Challenge at Arcadia Group

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Responsible Management Challenge at Arcadia Group

Order Instructions

Identify one major responsible management challenge your case company (Arcadia Group) faces and then choose which one of the following corporate functions studied on the course you consider most relevant to addressing the challenge and why:- marketing,- HRM,- accounting/controlling, or- business information systems.

Analyse this one major responsible management challenge (in light of the company’s strategic business context) and make recommendations for how the company should address the responsible management challenge through the corporate function you have chosen.

Your recommendations should explicitly take into account the company’s strategic aspirations and the resource constraints it faces. You should clearly indicate and justify how these recommendations are practicable and realistic in the context of the company’s existing systems for addressing social, environmental and/or ethical issues, and how these systems could be further developed and changed to fully implement your recommendations.
*The case company is Arcadia Group.*

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Responsible Management Challenge at Arcadia Group

Introduction

Responsible management is imperative for organizations that seek to enhance sustainability and maintain a positive brand image. Challenges however exist in organizational settings, which make it difficult for companies to maintain the required level of management efficiency. Responsible management challenges could be detrimental to an organization’s performance and hence the need to address them through the use of corporate functions available to the organization. These may include marketing, Human Resource Management, accounting and control, and business information among others.

Arcadia Group faces the responsible management challenge of effectively managing the pension scheme of the organization, thus compromising the welfare of its employees. The company is currently dealing with a pension deficit that has been growing steadily over the years, thus impacting its performance and reputation (Tugby, 2017). It is also a threat for the employees at Arcadia, who are uncertain about the payment of their pension dues, such that it could influence its staff retention capability and diminish its corporate image.

The pension deficit is not only an ethical issue but it could easily escalate into legal battles for the organisation (The Guardian, 2017). This is an indication of poor management of the company’s pension scheme, which needs to be addressed urgently to promote a positive company image and avoid such a scenario in the future. In this regard, the corporate function that can effectively address the challenge is ‘business information systems.’ A well-designed business information system can effectively manage the company’s pension scheme data and thus ensure that the fund is well utilised to avoid deficits. This paper discusses how business information systems can be influential in dealing with Arcadia’s responsible management challenge.

Discussion

In a business world that is highly competitive and where stakeholder expectations on businesses have grown considerably, maintaining responsible management is a paramount issue for organizations. According to Grant (2016) companies are more vigilant than ever when it comes to management practices, in order to ensure that they maintain high levels of professionalism and promote satisfaction of their key stakeholders. This means that when management practices are deemed irresponsible, a business risks losing both its reputation and trust from stakeholders. Arcadia Group is in such a situation, having been faced by a challenge in managing their pension. This has led to panic among employees and created legal issues for which the company is being investigated.

Arcadia Group’s Responsible Management Challenge

Arcadia Group has successfully grown to become one of the most influential companies in the fashion sector in the United Kingdom. Such a strong brand image calls for increased responsible management in a bid to enhance a company’s reputation. Arcadia Group however faces a major responsible management challenge emanating from the pension deficit that it is currently servicing. The pension deficit rose by £108m from 2013 to 2016 nearing £1 billion in 2017 (Pension Right, 2017; Tugby, 2017).

The Group has been making contributions into the fund in a bid to pay up the deficit. In March 2017, the Group doubled its contribution to £50 million per year so as to cover the deficit by 2026 (Bury, 2017). The pension deficit is an indication of irresponsible management of funds that resulted in the pension fund being utilised for other operational or personal expenses (Saville, 2016). It is a challenge which, if not addressed would lead to management problems in the future as the company fails to effectively pay up its employees’ pension when it falls due.

The company could either be forced to pay pension from its operational kitty or employees may not be adequately compensated. Sir Phillip Green who owns the largest stake at Arcadia faced a pension deficit case when his BHS chain collapsed, with retirement benefits among workers being slashed significantly in the midst of the crisis. Such scandals portray Arcadia in a negative perspective and could easily ruin the market influence that the company has built over the years.

Arcadia Group strives to maintain high level professional standards by engaging in activities that are in compliance with social, environmental and ethical issues. The Company also portrays its commitment towards employee welfare, ethical and legal responsibility through its Transparency Statement (Arcadia Group, 2017). The Statement which is based on the Modern Slavery Act provides that the company is highly committed towards maintaining high legal and ethical standards pertaining the production process, suppliers and employees.

However, based on this management challenge, the Group faces an ethical issue because it appears that they are not managing the fund effectively, which could be detrimental for the employees. As noted by Chance (2013), responsible organizations are expected to be highly concerned about the welfare of their employees and ensure that their needs are protected. Therefore, the pension deficit portrays the organisation negatively and could cost the company its reputation.

To address this responsible management challenge, Arcadia Group must develop a strategy to avoid such an occurrence in the future. More efficient management of the fund can be achieved through the use of business information systems as discussed in the next section.

Recommendations on Corporate Function to Address the Challenge

The challenge at Arcadia can be identified as a systems issue, where the company did not effectively manage the funds as expected. This resulted in a deficit as funds which should have been dedicated to pension ended up being utilised for other company functions. Accordingly, there is need for a system that monitors the pension fund to ensure that it is utilised for the intended purpose and that funds dedicated to pension are deposited into the relevant account (Davidson, 2017).

There is also need for additional control in the management of the pension fund, such that guidelines are provided on how the fund should be accessed, when and by who (RSM, 2015). The guidelines should then be followed strictly to ensure that future cases of fund misappropriation are avoided. The use of business information systems (BIS) is considered an effective remedy for the challenge facing Arcadia as this will ensure that the fund is managed more effectively. Through the use of BIS, the organisation can track the status of the pension fund at any time and thus ensure that it is being managed based on the set guidelines and controls…..

Responsible Management Challenge at Arcadia Group

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The death penalty and other issues concerning crime and punishment

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The death penalty and other issues concerning crime and punishment, e.g. Prisoners rights’; torture

This assignment consists of building upon the reflective essays you have completed thus far, with the goal to help you expand your writing and critical thinking skills further. Choose one topic from the list below in which you must narrow down.

You are to write a research paper in which there is an investigation and inquiry into a question and/or thesis statement that is analytical, expository or argumentative, therefore answering it with detail and substantial supporting information.

You need to clearly indicate which platform you will be utilizing to express your topic.

You will be graded on the areas of critical thinking, information literacy, written communication, organization of paragraphs, use of supporting literature.

As the writer, you must formulate a persuasive arguments and/or counter-arguments to the reader (Professor Dawkins) providing your point of view on the topic. In your conclusion, be sure to discuss what led to your interest in the topic you have chosen.

Your paper is required to consist of 10 full pages of written content.

Finally, you are required to include an annotated bibliography for one your sources (Journal article) with your list of references.

This paper must include references the least six or more references, scholarly articles and/or journals, books, no website or blogs.

Follow proper APA citation format in your paper and add a section on the references you used at the end of the paper with a heading “Bibliography”.

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The death penalty and other issues concerning crime and punishment

Introduction

Crime and the general conduct that is considered criminal are frowned upon in every jurisdiction. Such behavior has always been viewed as conduct unbecoming, and those who have been involved or suspected to have been involved have had to pay for such conduct with their lives or freedom. They have also been victimized and shunned away by the other members of the society. In an effort to reduce and hopefully eradicate these antisocial behavioral mannerisms, the state has come up with various acts that are considered a crime in addition to prescribing the punishment for each act.

The punishments meted out are meant to be commensurate with the offensive conduct and are meant to have several effects on different groups of people. The most common measure is to be punitive for the deviant and to act as deterrence for the rest of the members of the society. These punitive measures have undergone a lot of changes with the advent of human rights and other movements that seek to promote forgiveness, understanding and embracing the deviants. There have also been a lot of changes in the way that conducts that were once frowned upon as deviant have been accepted and legalized.

Some of the conduct that was once viewed as unacceptable and punishable such as gay and other forms of queer mannerisms have been accepted and promoted in a bid to embrace the unique nature of every human. This, however, varies per jurisdiction. The involvement of human rights organisations and other movements have emerged to advocate for the rights of those regarded as criminals. These rights are applied at every stage of their lives, the arrest, and prosecution, their lives during committal and service of the sentence and finally their lives after serving time.

This paper focuses on the general aspect of crime and punishment in different jurisdictions as they vary with religious and social beliefs, as do the treatment of persons from the point of investigations, arrest, trial and finally committal. The rights of the prisoners have long been neglected as they are considered pariahs in the society. This paper is analytical of the plight of prisoners and the sentences they face in addition to exposing the human rights issues that are to be addressed in the plights of prisoners’ rights.

Crime and punishment

Crime is defined as an act that infringes on the law and therefore punishable. This broad description covers the significant aspect of what crime entails although it is worth noting that some crimes are not against people per se. These actions or omissions result in the suffering of persons. As a general duty of the state and its agencies to guard and protect its citizens, any infringement of the same attracts certain penalties to the perpetrator. Such penalties are out in the criminal laws. These punishments are meant to ensure justice for the victims (Friedman and Percival, 2017). It is also for the maintenance of law and order.

The forms of punishment vary per jurisdiction. These forms are however general, ranging from the death penalty for the offenses considered capital to the payment of fines and community service for petty offences. Some offences are minor to the extent that the penalties given to them are contemptuous, such as offering an apology or even being let off with a warning (John, 2013). In pronouncing the penalties, several factors are usually given due consideration by the judicial officers, apart from the crime committed. Such factors include age, gender and the extenuating factors that led to the commission or omission of the said offence.

The general purpose of punishment has been a subject of research as many governments have dedicated resources to finding the best way to deal with this issue. New studies are being conducted and policies being formulated with the core purpose of finding a way to effectively prevent criminal conduct (Matthews and Young, 2013). In this quest to find a balancing ground, several issues have been addressed such as the rights of the victims vis a vis those of the prisoners and the quest for justice to all. Although the rights of the prisoners have always taken a back stage since as the perpetrators or alleged perpetrators their absence in the society is most welcomed.

The inclusion of social mechanics of the society has had a great impact on the development of this area of practice of crime and punishment. The involvement of human rights organisations and the community as well as the introduction of acceptance in the forms of punishment. These changes have come up through various means, such as vide a court process, for the right of Muslim inmates to grow a beard to the right against torture, enshrined in the Convention against Torture and other forms of Degrading Treatment. These rights are accorded to the prisoners regardless of the magnitude of crimes they committed.

In a nutshell, the punishment prescribed for certain conduct is laid out in law. These are made to ensure that uniformity is achieved in the criminal justice system. In ensuring that justice is done, the prisoners are accorded some basic rights such as healthcare, the practice of their religious beliefs, visitation rights and much more. The treatment of prisoners and their respective rights have improved but still considered as degrading in certain instances.

Death penalty. Since time immemorial, the death penalty has been used as a form of punishment for those offences deemed capital. It was common to be sentenced to death when one kills or commits an abominable act. This practice is however lost its prominence as some jurisdictions have abolished the act and others; though have it as a punitive provision in their laws, rarely put it into practice (Garland, 2014). The uprising by some religious and human rights organisations in condemning this form punishment has yielded a lot of positive feedback. These organizations argue that life is sacrosanct and hence should be respected. They are against the practice of killing as a form of punishment for crimes that considered serious……

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Identifying Ethical Dilemmas in Business

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Identifying Ethical Dilemmas in Business

Assignment #1: Ethical Dilemmas (15%)

Purpose:
In the first assignment, you have the opportunity to gain an understanding of how to identify different types of ethical dilemmas that occur within business, apply ethical theories to solve dilemmas, and after comparing the results, take a critical stance of determining a theorist who can best address all three dilemmas.

Outcome Met by Completing This Assignment:

Identify ethical issues that arise in domestic and global business environments using an understanding of ethical concepts and of legal and business principles
Develop and evaluate alternatives to, and recommend solutions for, ethical dilemmas, taking into account ethical and legal requirements and the essential mission of the business enterprise100 % 5 of 5 topics complete
Effectively communicate to internal and external business stakeholders the complexities of ethical issues, suggesting and analyzing various solutions in order to ensure appropriate business practices and accountability

NOTE: All submitted work is to be your original work. You may not use any work from another student, the Internet or an online clearinghouse. You are expected to understand the Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism Policy, and know that it is your responsibility to learn about instructor and general academic expectations with regard to proper citation of sources as specified in the APA Publication Manual, 6th Ed. (Students are held accountable for in-text citations and an associated reference list only).

Identifying Ethical Dilemmas in Business

Instructions:

Step 1: Create the introductory paragraph.

Within this paragraph, provide a brief overview of the scenario. Then, provide a thesis statement and tell the reader the main topics covered in the paper. The introductory paragraph is the first paragraph of the paper. View this website to learn how to write an introductory paragraph: http://www.writing.ucsb.edu/faculty/donelan/intro.html

Step 2: Read critically and analyze the case scenario under Week 3 Content area.

Step 3: Identify and discuss the three business dilemmas and one personal dilemma presented in the case scenario.

Explain the facts that you have relied upon to make the selection. Use the course material to support your reasoning and conclusions.

Step 4: Identify and discuss the common ethical issues categories to which each of the three business dilemmas belong. Use the course material to support your reasoning and conclusions.

Step 5: State each dilemma in question form and then apply the ethical theories of Kant, Rand, and Bentham to answer the question: How would each of these theorists solve the dilemma? You need only chose one theorist per dilemma but all three theorists must be used in discussing the three dilemmas. Explain in detail how the conclusions were conceived using the class material, the facts from the case scenario, and any additional resources necessary to define the answer.

Step 6: In a final paragraph, compare the results and select one theorist who would best solve all three dilemmas.

Since this last part is reflective of your personal opinion, be sure to support the conclusion with the class material, facts from the case scenario, and a definition of any personal ethical values that influenced the decision process.

Step 7: Proofread the paper for spelling and grammatical issues and third person writing as this assignment requires college-level writing.

Use the spell and grammar check in Word as a first measure;
Have someone who has excellent English skills to proof the paper;
Consider submitting the paper to the Effective Writing Center (EWC). The EWC will provide 4-6 areas that may need improvement.

Step 8: Submit the paper in the Assignment Folder (The assignment submitted to the Assignment Folder will be considered a student’s final product and therefore ready for grading by the instructor. It is incumbent upon the student to verify the assignment is the correct submission. No exceptions will be considered by the instructor).

Identifying Ethical Dilemmas in Business

Preparation for the Assignment

Before you begin writing the assignment, you will read the following requirements that will help you meet the writing and APA requirements. Not reading this information will lead to a lower grade:

Read the grading rubric for the assignment. Use the grading rubric while writing the report to ensure all requirements are met that will lead to the highest possible grade.
Third person writing is required. Third person means that there are no words such as “I, me, my, we, or us” (first person writing), nor is there use of “you or your” (second person writing). If uncertain how to write in the third person, view this
link: http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/first-second-and-third-person.
Contractions are not used in business writing, so you are expected NOT to use contractions in writing this assignment.
You are expected to paraphrase and are NOT to use direct quotes. You are expected to paraphrase, which can be learned by reviewing this link: https://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/QPA_paraphrase2.html
You are responsible for APA only for in-text citations and a reference list.
You are expected to use the facts from the case scenario paired with the weekly course readings to develop the analysis and support the reasoning. No more than three (3) external resources can be used in completing the assignment. Books cannot be used as resources for this assignment. The expectation is that you provide a robust use of the course readings.
No other books besides the course eBook can be used. When using a source document, the expectation is that the information is cited and referenced with a page or paragraph number.

Identifying Ethical Dilemmas in Business

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Making Sense of Organisations

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Making Sense of Organisations

Order Instructions:

AIM

To further students’ knowledge of organisations through a metaphorical perspective on organisations and investigate different images which underpin the practice of contemporary organisation and also to provide an opportunity for students to interpret their own personal organisational experience.

READING

The module textbook is:

Hatch, M. J., (2006) Organization Theory – Modern, symbolic and postmodern perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Morgan, G., (1996), Images of Organisations, The Executive Edition Sage, London

Additional Reading: Students will be given further reading lists by lecturers

Question

To what extent is our understanding of organisations and management over the last 100 years applicable to the 21st century?

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History Argumentative Essay

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History Argumentative Essay

Order Instructions:
Write a 1500 word history argumentative essay term paper in which you develop a thesis and support it using historical evidence and cited sources.
You should use a minimum of three different sources: at least one must be a printed source (book, article, journal) and at least one must be from an online source.
Cite all of your sources using footnotes or endnotes according the Chicago Manual of Style format
Choose ONE of the following topics below and right a 1500 word essay in which you support the position you adopt for or against one of the given propositions with historical evidence. Cite any quoted material using endnotes.

1. Religion was / was not a significant factor in the development of early world civilizations.
2. Trade was / was not a factor in generating cross-cultural contact between different civilizations.
3. Gender roles in early civilizations did / did not differ considerably from one society to another.
4. Settled agricultural societies were / were not superior to nomadic hunter-gatherer societies.

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History Argumentative Essay

History Argumentative: Gender roles in early civilizations did / did not differ considerably from one society to another.

Gender roles are a prime subject for discussion in the modern society. The variant beliefs and ideology holdings of various individuals, scholars and researchers serve for a lengthy and sometimes heated discussion about the modern role of gender. However, these types of discussion have abounded for a long time. The concepts about the different roles of men and women have been a critical difference among persons holding different ideologies for several centuries.

The notion of these differences has not only been variant among men and women but also between different societies. This paper seeks to determine whether there were major differences in the gender roles in early civilizations and whether these differences varied between various cultures and societies.

The meaning of gender roles

While the sex of the individual is a biological phenomenon, gender is a social and cultural concept. Gender is, therefore, a social construction that seeks to differentiate the society by assigning behavior and expected attitudes towards certain issues and topics (Barkan and Hund 2015, 143 – 146 ). Therefore, the behavioral notion that implies the intrinsic differences in the manner in which men and women as well as boys and girls act is not because of biological inclinations but rather a societal shaping.

At birth, there are no predetermined gender roles (Barkan and Hund 2015, 144 – 145). Such roles develop as a result of the development and expectations learned from the society. Such lessons on the expectation of the society regarding gender roles begin early. Some early lessons such as some nursery rhymes have in them these lessons that teach the fundamental differences between male and female (2015, 145 – 146). Gender roles, therefore, are not as a result of the sex of the individual, but rather a conditioning by society to fit into the expected behavior and attitudes prescribed for a given gender.

Gender roles in the family unit

The basic societal unit of the family is where most teaching stems from. In addition, the family is the smallest unit where gender roles and the associated societal begin to play out. The traditional understanding that women are more nurturing than men are predisposes them to behave in a given way in the family. The view of increased femininity by the women ascribes the society to place the role of bringing up the family to them (Blackstone 2013, 336 – 337 ). Such expectations traditionally held the women to believe that their only rational full-time employment venture was in the home taking care of the family.

On the other hand, the male role in the family unit is one of leadership. Traditional societies viewed all male figures as being highly masculine and, therefore, assigned them roles based on physical, provisional, and permanent abilities required in such roles. These roles included the protection of the family, providing for all their financial and economic needs, provide guidance, and making the decisions for the family (Blackstone 2013, 336 – 337 ). In the early civilizations, such roles were handed out based on gender rather than on the ability of the individual.

Gender roles in leadership

Traditionally, the role of leadership was predominantly oriented towards the male figures in the society. This stems from the view in most of the traditional societies that the male figure was responsible for making decisions. In this context, the males in the majority of the early civilizations engaged in politics and agriculture (Lalonde 2015). Both of these activities were held in high esteem since they reflected power and wealth. In addition, the majority of the rulers in ancient civilizations were male, as were the leaders of the military units in various societies. There are, however, cases of a number of women who were decorated heroes and leaders in a number of early civilizations.

Gender roles in communication and influence

Enthusiastic communication and eloquence signify power, strength and leadership qualities of the individual. Given that most of the early civilizations and societies held such qualities as being manly and possessed by leaders, it was unusual to find an eloquent woman. As such, men in most of the early societies were nurtured to be good in communication and develop public confidence as part of their core skills (History World International 1992).

This societal and cultural development led to male dominance in areas that required good communication skills. This predisposition that favored the males in the society had a direct relationship on the influence held by such persons. As such, the influence held by men in such societies was much larger than the women, who were largely confined indoors….

History Argumentative Essay

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Developing Persuasive Business Messages

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Developing Persuasive Business Messages

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Scenario:

In Week 3, you selected a product or service that you believe your organization should invest capital resources to develop the product or service for sale. To speed up the new product investment, you decide to write a memo proposing and advocating for the launch of a new product or service to the company president.

Create a memo proposal using the AIDA model in a Microsoft® Word in a minimum of 1,000 words. You will add an introduction and conclusion, and your paper will include the following components:

1. Convince your audience to invest capital resources to develop the product or service you intend to sell and explain your rationale. See Figure 9.5 – Persuasive Message Using AIDA model.

2. Gain credibility (for yourself and your request) and (2) to make your readers believe that helping your product/service will indeed benefit the company. Close with a request for some specific action, and make that course of action as easy to follow as possible to maximize the chances of a positive response.

3. Include secondary research to support your argument, related to your product and/or service.a. Explain what you will do in case the selected product or service does not initially sell as much as expected.b. Indicate potential digital channels for marketing your product or service.c. Consider cross-cultural and multinational implications.

The following guidelines will help you effectively format specific memo elements, Business Communication Essentials, 7/e (Pg. 410):

1. Addressees. When sending a memo to a long list of people, include the notation See distribution list or See below in the position at the top; then list the names at the end of the memo. Arrange this list alphabetically, except when high-ranking officials deserve more prominent placement. You can also address memos to groups of people–All Sales Representatives, Production Group, New Product Team.

2. Courtesy titles. You need not use courtesy titles anywhere in a memo; first initials and last names, first names, or even initials alone are often sufficient. However, use a courtesy title if you would use one in a face-to-face encounter with the person.

3. Subject line. The subject line of a memo helps busy colleagues quickly find out what your memo is about, so take care to make it concise and compelling.

4. Body. Start the body of the memo on the second or third line below the heading. Like the body of a letter, it’s usually single-spaced with blank lines between paragraphs. Indenting paragraphs is optional. Handle lists, important passages, and subheadings as you do in letters.

5. Writer’s initials. Unlike a letter, a memo doesn’t require a complimentary close or a signature, because your name is already prominent at the top. However, you may initial the memo–either beside the name appearing at the top of the memo or at the bottom of the memo.

Format consistent with APA guidelines.

Developing Persuasive Business Messages

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Developing Persuasive Business Messages

MEMORANDUM

TO: Jackson, S. L., President and Chairperson

FROM: (Type Your Name Here)

CC: See distribution list below in the position at the top

DATE: December 11, 2017

SUBJECT: Investment toward the launch of the eco-friendly bag production.

Firms under attack for environmental degradation

The current levels of ecological damage on the planet are largely as a result of direct and indirect actions by business entities. Organizations are increasingly taking the blame for the environmental destruction and increasing levels of global warming from excess waste dumped into the atmosphere and the various water masses. The proposal forwarded last month could help our company fend off such accusations by taking the problem head-on by providing viable and lasting solutions to the problem at hand.

Proposal on the action our organization could undertake

To curb the increasing waste in the environment, I sent a proposal to you the previous month detailing the production of an environmentally friendly bag as a replacement for the single-use plastic carriers commonly used today. The widespread use of such bags, coupled with their impact on the environment from an inability to decompose and the release of toxins to the air when incinerated, has increased the environmental degradation from these plastic bags (Green & DeMeo, 2013; Green, Boots, Blockley, Rocha, & Thompson, 2015, p. 5382).

The proposal included the steps to produce the eco-friendly bag and the various audiences of the business and marketing communications (Bovee & Thill, 2015), who would also double as the major customers for the proposed product.

Required steps in the production of the eco-friendly bags

The production of the proposed environmental friendly bags involves the research into the growth of the right material. Since the production is meant to be as environmentally friendly as possible, the company will neither use artificial methods of agriculture, nor production systems and processes that involve leaving a large carbon footprint in the ecological system. Once the firm achieves this objective, there will be many benefits to reap from the investment in the eco-friendly bag alternatives.

Benefits from the investment

The investment into the production of environmentally friendly bags as a better alternative to the widely used single-use plastic carriers is projected to have numerous benefits. The remuneration is not only limited to the firm but involves payback to various public stakeholders as well. In addition, the benefits are not limited to monetary remuneration for the firm but include other returns that will help the business in the long term.

Ecological benefits

The replacement of single-use plastic bags as the primary carriers for groceries and other commodity purchases should have an ecological impact. The high demand for the production of the single-use bags results in increasing air pollution from the manufacturing plants and possibly water pollution from some of them (Green & DeMeo, 2013). The continued one-time usage of the single-use carriers creates an environmental hazard owing to the continuous dumping of the carriers. The incineration of the same bags poses a risk to the ozone layer, where its continued destruction has a direct impact on increasing global warming……

Developing Persuasive Business Messages

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Quality Management System

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Quality Management System

Short Answer Essay Questions:

What is a quality management system that is structured to support organizational excellence? How does a quality management system developed to promote organizational excellence differ from the traditional product related quality systems?
Provide at least two specific examples of how quality as organizational excellence can be deployed through operations in a service related company. Include the process and possible quality-based methods and tools which can be applied in your response. Reference to class room workshops and examples are acceptable.

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Quality Management System

Question 1: A quality management system that is structured to support organizational excellence

A quality management system refers to the systems of business process management that ensure the products and services of a given business entity align with the needs and expectations of the customers. A quality management system that is structured to support organizational excellence provides a holistic management of the organization rather than a focus on the various integral parts of the organization with a focus on customer needs, strategic planning, and continuous improvement (van der Tuuk & Sibinga, 2008; Evans, 2013).

How a quality management system developed to promote organizational excellence differs from the traditional product-related quality systems

The traditional quality systems had a focus on improving quality after production. In addition, the traditional systems measure the quality of small batches as a means to determine the process performance. The employees are passive in the traditional systems and the management expects the minimum improvement annually. The traditional systems had a short-term focus, where the current profit is a major driver. In the traditional quality management system, quality is inspected into the product while there is a constant conflict between the shifts in productivity and quality (Goetsch & Davis, 2010)……

Question 2: How quality as organizational excellence can be deployed through operations in a service related company.

In a company whose main product or products are in the form of services, the concept of organizational quality and excellence may be deployed through various operations. In this case, an example of an insurance sales firm provides sufficient context. An organizational approach to ensure excellence, in this case, would involve the use of a statistical measure of sigma to quantify the operational processes required to maximize quality in the example of millions of sales per year. In this scenario, a measure of either 3 sigma or 6 sigma may be used to align operational efforts in the right channels (Dale, Wiele, & Iwaarden, 2007). A global organization such as AON or Prudential PLC may find such an operational approach useful…..

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Government Accounting Assessment

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Government Accounting

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Overview

Complete two exercises in government accounting.

Governmental accounting has come under close scrutiny lately. Taxpayers are more concerned than ever about how their tax dollars are being spent by different government entities.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course

Competencies and assessment criteria:

Competency 4:

Analyze accounting issues related to government.

Record basic journal entries for fund financial statements.

Record basic journal entries for government-wide financial statements.

Differentiate between encumbrances and expenditures.

Differentiate between government activities and business-type activities.

Determine the consequences of certain transactions for state and local governments.

Context

Just as for-profit businesses must prepare financial statements for their stakeholders, state and local government entities must also assemble their financial data and report the results to their constituents. But because the readers of government financial statements have a wide variety of information needs, no single set of statements seems capable of satisfying all of the users. Accountability of government officials and control over public spending have always been essential elements of government accounting. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) is charged with setting authoritative accounting standards for state and local government units.

In addition to the issues you examined in the previous assessment, there remains a number of other asset issues to deal with when governmental accounting procedures are involved. The first such issue involves obtaining assets through lease arrangements. Government accounting applies the same criteria for identifying a capital lease as a for-profit organization.

Some other issues include the following:

Solid waste landfills creating large potential debts for a government because of closure and postclosure costs.

Future compensated employee absences because of holidays, sick leave, and vacations.

A state or local government obtaining a work of art or historical treasure.

Questions to Consider

To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below concerning the principles and practices that underlie state and local government accounting, and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the business community.

Who uses the financial data produced by state and local government units?

How does fund accounting differ from financial accounting?

When does a government recognize revenues, expenses, and expenditures?

Why are two sets of financial statements necessary

For the following question, refer to the city of Sacramento’s Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports, linked in the Suggested Resources under the Internet Resources heading.

How does the audit opinion given to this city by its independent auditors differ from the audit opinion that might be rendered on the financial statements for a for-profit business?

Resources
Required Resources

The following resources are required to complete the assessment.

Government Accounting Excel Workbook.

Internet Resources

Access the following resources by clicking the links provided. Please note that URLs change frequently. Permissions for the following links have been either granted or deemed appropriate for educational use at the time of course publication.
City of Sacramento. (n.d.). Financial reporting. Retrieved from http://portal.cityofsacramento.org/Finance/Accounting/Reporting

National Center for Education Statistics. (2003). Financial accounting for local and state school systems: Chapter 4: Governmental accounting. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2004/h2r2/ch_4.asp

Hoyle, J. B., Schaefer, T., & Doupnik, T. (2014). Fundamentals of advanced accounting (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 11, “Accounting for State and Local Governments, Part I.”
Chapter 12, “Accounting for State and Local Governments, Part II.”

Assessment Instructions

Complete Exercises 1 and 2 in the Government Accounting Excel Workbook, linked in the Required Resources for this assessment. All financial information and applicable instructions are provided on each exercise worksheet.

Exercise 1: Fund-Based and Government-Wide Journal Entries
Record basic journal entries for fund-based and government-wide financial statements.

Exercise 2: City Operations Transactions
Differentiate between encumbrances and expenditures.Differentiate between government activities and business-type activities.
Determine the consequences of certain transactions for state and local governments.

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