Academic topics – Page 7 – Best Essay Writers

Museums and Political Actions

Museums are essential for effective communication, social life promotion and further learning about culture, politics and even sciences. Museums are normally connected to politics, and they are normally used as a tool to preserve historic political events. However, political actions taken against the policies of the museum causes more harm than good to its effectiveness. As much as the museum functionality is attached (Blee 2016).

According to Miller during the interview, museums have a great effect on the culture of different groups of people in the society (Miller 2017). In the American Muslim culture, the museum has a negative effect on the environment. Many activities are carried out in the museum, which may result in damage to the environment. The American Muslim culture has changed over time due to the changing environment.

This is also because the Muslim American is a minority group in the United States of America (Geraldine 2016). The main environmental struggle faced by the museum is the political greenwashing on how technological activities applicable in the museum are harmless to living and non-living organisms. Museums and political actions remain go hand in hand. The museum is used as an archive for the storage of materials that are not so environment-friendly, such as disposed of computers, cell phones, and wires. These are simply stored for history, probably to show the development of technology over time.

Museums and political actions: Environmental activists

This may cause environmental activists to advocate against that, which is banned will cause a massive drop in the museum industry (Smith and Font 2014). Therefore, museums should not be used to bring political divisions between people or even cause conflict and death. Instead, it should be used as a tool to show the refection of societal heritage as well as bringing all cultures, religions, and states together to share something in common. Furthermore, the museum may cause pollution to the environment through the technological materials used for artwork and scrap metals of used gadgets.

Measures should be put in place on how to prevent these health hazards that may be caused by the material in the museum and all political objections prevented from interfering with the activities. Every environmental and political activist should be banned from using the museum as a tool to achieve their agendas and strict policies against such needs to be established to retain the museum’s primary purpose for existence. Museum and political actions destroy the tranquility of museums. This also will enable the maintenance of local and international tourists who will help earn the national revenue (Limebeer, Perantoni and Rao 2014).

References

Geraldine Kendall (2016) Museums and their staff are paying the paying the price of low wages, http://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/newsanalysis/01062016-museums-and-their-staff-are-paying-the-price-of-low-wages

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Management of the Media and Creative Industries

In the current century, the industries of media and creative industries have experienced a threat to their capitalism whereby they have responded by ensuring expansion making the management of the media and creative industries a task. The expansion is normally achieved through the invention of new inventory according to the potential needs of customers resulting in the expansion of their market. The growth in technology has been the main contributor of the innovations happening in the industries, for example, the introduction of electricity in the early twenty centuries (Huws 2014).

The industry, however, pays attention to ensuring there is no market saturation, which in turn reduces profitability . The management of the media and creative industries is crucial in it’s success. They achieve this by researching on the new life orientations where new goods and services demand is portrayed and take the advantage by offering the brand new services and goods. In the sector of labor, the invention of domestic labor machines such as refrigerators, washing machines, and vacuum cleaners seemed to ease the laborers work duties but on the contrary, brought along some inconveniences (Staiger 1979).

The main consequence was low wages to the laborers. The low wage workers and interns represent the greatest percentage in the workforce whereby the licensed and trained workers are very few and are designated to small tasks around the premises (Chan, Pun, and Selden 2015).

The deployment is done in line with the kind of paid work they are designated to. The workers sell their labor, which is paid depending on the time spent during work and the performance. However, the payment is usually unfairly small due to the expenses incurred by the industries for the maintenance of the labor machines being used. In the sector of entertainment, the low wage workers are the ones in charge of filming, photographing, radio management and doing the recording (Geraldine 2016).

Their work is normally diverted to the capitalists responsible, and hence they become subject to whatever decision made concerning their duties and how they should be paid. This is made worse especially by the expanding market in response to the invention of new commodities, which commercializes the new ways of life. The interns are considered as the major labor providers after undergoing thorough inductions into the industrial activities, and their job is normally defined by their areas of interest with the promise of being employed if their internship period performance is remarkable (Dan and ShinJoung 2016).

Management of the Media and Creative Industries: Labor compensation

Their wages are usually lower than all other workers, but in contrary, they are usually the most productive regarding service delivery. The low wage laborers are normally recruited by merit after a short probation to test their abilities. Despite their hard work, they end up being the second lowly paid employees after the interns with their job descriptions almost similar to that of the interns. There are normally two kinds of capitalism, which are physical capitalism, and capitalism by the purchase of labor.

The physical capitalist has been practiced since the ancient centuries and was based mainly maximizing the use of labor depending on its availability in line with the potential production of goods and services (Nathan 2003). However, this kind of capitalism brought about massive loses because the produced good quality was difficult to predict, there was no uniformity in production services, the manufacturing process being delayed and loss of materials.

The industry is able to maintain consistency in business growth through capitalism of purchasing labor under the rates of time. This is because the workers and interns’ work faster within the restricted timing so as to avoid penalties due to delayed duties. Moreover, the restriction gives them an opportunity to have extra duties assigned to them for additional payments.

This is to ensure that there are order and accountability. Other extra duties are normally attached to ensure maximum utilization of the labor and payment is normally done according to the duration of work and performance. It is therefore ironic that these workers still experience injustice concerning the low wage acquisition. This is because the management always looks for small opportunities of making malicious profits not minding on the burden enforced on their employees.

The employment is normally centralized with different workers being directed to specific managers for reporting. Centralization enhances strictness in case of any failure of work or irregularities from the workers. In some media and creative arts, interns are not entitled to any payment until the end of the probation period. This is considered as training season, which is also mandatory (Vicki and Jocelyn 2015).

The development of technology in the media and creative industry has become poverty in disguise whereby the main people affected are the interns and low-wage workers. Technology has triggered invention of new ways of producing commodities resolution to the creation of new markets. This has resulted in the laborers shifting their duties from internal to external whereby they deal directly with the market to ensure profitability.

Their sources of income are determined by the market and increase with the increase in market and also decrease with the decrease in the market. The market expansion has been beneficial to the capitalist who tends to make a good profit out of the sales but has become a nightmare to the low wage laborers whose fate is subject to the market fluctuation (Vicki and Jocelyn 2015).

The new market has resulted in the incorporation of the consideration of other aspects of life into the media and creative industry. This is because the rate of commodity production has reached maturity and some of the aspects of life, which were initially not considered as economic, can now be commercialized. Examples of these aspects include sociality, public services, art and culture, and biology.

The capitalist has enacted more regulations concerning the fulfillment of the markets need. The lives of the customers including health and body genetic composition are also held with significance. Whereby new drugs are produced for different health management purposes and also the food sector is upgraded by the application of gene modification technology. This, therefore, demands more domestic laborers to be in charge of handling the machines under the supervision of a few highly paid employees.

The capitalists have however increased the scales along with the art and cultural labor, as well as the commodities, has been incorporated into the production relations. This has, in turn; increase the profit acquired in that field increasing the rates of the wages for the interns and low wage workers. The income for the workers in charge of filming, writing, and music composition are directly dependent on the profits made in the market on the sales made on Compact Discs, films, magazines, books, and records. The amount of profit is, in turn, dependent on the size of distribution made and this requires them to link with general distributors such as Amazon Kindle (Vicki and Jocelyn 2015).

References

Amodio LF. Informing and engaging citizens on climate change issues. Paper presented at 6th World Science Centre Congress, Cape Town, South Africa, 7–9 September 2011.

Banet-Weiser, Sarah. “What’s your flava.” Interrogating postfeminism: Gender and the politics of popular culture (2007): 201-226

Blee, K.M., 2016. Manufacturing Fear: Muslim Americans and the Politics of Terrorism.

Bobo, L. (2001). Racial attitudes and relations at the close of the twentieth century. In N. J. Smelser, W. J. Wilson, & F. Mitchell, Racial Trends and Their Consequences.Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Brooks, D., & Hebert, L. P. (2006). Gender, Race and Media Representation. In B. J. Dow, & J. T. Wood, The Sage Handbook of Gender and Communication.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Carragee, K. M., & Roefs, W. (2004). The Neglect of Power in Recent Framing Research. Journal of Communication, 54(2), 214-233.

Chan, J., Pun, N. and Selden, M., 2015. Interns or workers? China’s student labor regime. Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan focus.

Dan Schiller & ShinJoung Yeo (2016), “Low-Wage Workers & the Internet Industry,” Information Observatory http://informationobservatory.info/2016/01/04/low-wageworkers-the-internet-industry/

Dines, G. (2003). King Kong and the white woman: Hustler magazine and the demonization of masculinity. In G. Dines & J. M. Humez (Eds.), Gender, race, and class in media: A text-reader

Dines, G., & Humez, J. M. (2003). Gender, race, and class in media: A text-reader (2nded.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Ferguson, Robert (1998) Representing Race: Ideology, Identity, and the Media. Oxford: Oxford University Press

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Management Individual Reflection

Management Individual Reflection

Introduction

Throughout this module, I have been able to experience learning in different dimensions and acquired new knowledge on research writing, management, and academic analysis. Reflection helps in the development of structured thoughts, which are essential in facilitating developments in studies and one’s profession in the future. The experiences have taught me the importance of setting objectives and ensuring that they are constantly reviewed to ensure no loss of focus.

Furthermore, I have realized that learning is achieved best through experience. The Management Individual Reflection project done in this module enabled me to learn more skills in project management in media and communication system. The project enabled me to discover my strengths, weaknesses, opportunities for future development that surfaced and threats (Husebø, Regan and Nestel 2015).

My self-awareness was significantly developed. I was able to understand my core values, desires, beliefs, unique talents, emotions, and attitudes. The success of my project in this module started from my personal growth (Duval, Silvia and Lalwani 2012). The transformation of my perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes enabled me to work on the work more objectively.

My cognitive- behavioral processes such as self-regulation, self-esteem, self-evaluation, emotions, sense of agency and the theory of mind helped me to analyse of my observation findings. The experience was accompanied by frustrations from which some were totally unpredictable (Demetriou and Kazi 2013). However, my emotional intelligence helps me stay motivated and remain persistent so that the distress would not distract me from thinking.

The mentality assisted me in holding up the zeal to keep on learning and grasping new ideas. Through the application of all these skills, my expectation in achieving the objectives was met (Voss, Holzmann, Hobson, Paulus, Gossel, Klimke and Nitsche 2014).

Management Individual Reflection Experiential Learning Theory

There are different theories, which helped me to analyze my project experience and to carry out a comprehensive reflection of the same. The Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory consists of a cycle of four consecutive phases, which are associated with comprehensive reflection. These include concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation. The experience acquired immediately acts as the basis on which observations can be made. After the observations are recorded the student will then need to reflect on them.

Assimilating the reflections and ensuring that proper clarifications are done to come up with the proper actions, which are in line with the objectives and set goals of the project, achieve the abstract conceptualization. This theory also indicates that learning is a continuous process. That once the learner reaches the active experimental phase, another topic of study within the same orientation emerges (Kolb and Kolb 2012)

The theory applied to my project such that, the experiences gained during the process of deciding on my objectives, collecting data and analyzing was used in my reflection. On reflecting on the information, I was able to conceptualize it into the suitable areas of research. For example, the research of how museums were used as sites for activism promotion, I was able to search for all museums in the UK then narrowed down to those created for specific purposes and finally those used for activism.

This way I was able to retain the concept without losing focus. Finally, on active experimentation, I included the activities that happen on the ground by the activists to ensure that their goals are achieved (Timmins and Neill 2013).

Gibb’s Reflective Cycle

The other model of reflection used is Gibb’s Reflective Cycle, which consists of 6 stages. These stages include; description, feelings, evaluation, conclusion and action plan. Description involves precise explanation on the topic of the project and ensuring that the main point is not lost between many words. Here the background information on the issue, which the student is to reflect on, is needed to get the scope.

The information should remain relevant. Feelings are essential because they are used to bring out the expression of how the experience was like. The writer needs to discuss their emotions honestly but stick to academic writing and avoid informality. During the evaluation, the writer needs to discuss how things happened and what reactions were expressed in response to the specific incidences.

This should include both positive and negative incidences, and in case any of them were resolved in the future. The conclusion includes a review of the mistakes done and what would have been done instead. Also, the writer should consider some different ways of responding to a situation better than they have done in the current project. They should also identify the positive responses, which they should consider being repeated in the future.

The action plan includes the knowledge acquired out of the whole experience and how to improve on it in the future. The specific actions needed to achieve the improvement should be considered such as attending training or reading widely on a topic (Husebø, Regan and Nestel 2015).

Reflection of Positive Experiences

During my research, I was able to encounter several positive experiences. On researching about the low-wage workers and intern deployment, I found out that the two categories of workers comprise of the main workforce in the media and creative industry. This helped me therefore to read more about the specific duties entitled to them. I was able two also learn more about the two types of capitalism. Initially, when I chose the topic, I did not know which databases to use and went blank for a few hours before starting the project.

Another positive experience was that I was able to understand how to analyze a piece of media by separately identifying the representation used to pass information to the audience (Csikszentmihalyi 2014). This was so exciting because on studying the pieces of media, I found out that a lot could be traced out such as the culture of the people, their race, language, and age.

Additionally, I had initially assumed that museums are only meant for recreational activities. This project enabled me to discover that most of the currently constructed museums have themes defining their purposes. In fact, most of them speak a lot on behalf of organizations and activists. Furthermore, many of them are not eco-friendly (Paterson and Chapman 2013).

This knowledge enabled me to learn on areas of study with more emphasis on the activists’ actions concerning the pollution of the environment. My receiver objectives outweighed those that were not achieved, and this gave me a feeling of satisfaction. 97% of the total objectives were achieved whereby only 3% were not and which were marked for future improvement (Wald, Borkan, Taylor, Anthony and Reis 2012).

Reflection on Negative Experiences

The experiences I encountered on this module were not all smooth because I also had to face some frustrations. The study was fascinating but I felt it would be more inductive of I got to visit the studied sites personally for visual learning. This was not possible because of the tight program and inadequate funds (Bourke 2014). The budget of this project was quite expensive hence this could not be achieved.

Nevertheless, some of the academic sources available in the library were so outdated and not resent version could be found. This caused my project partially not to match with the current situations in the world (Cowan 2014). I felt disappointed and incompetent because I had not met the objective of using all the relevant sources. The time frame for the project was short, and I felt that much would have been researched on if the period had extended. In fact, the rest of the work done during the last days was not done with much keenness because I was working against time, which seemed to move so fast (Hartley 2012).

Conclusion

The application of reflection was essential because by marking all the incidences in my experience, I was able to find out what I need to involve for my projects to be successful. I understood that my motivation contributes a significant portion towards my competence. On identifying the positive outcomes, I was enabled to emphasize on them in my future projects.

The negative outcomes were discouraging, but I chose not to be discouraged but to remain focused and find a way of avoiding any activities resulting in similar outcomes in the future. Moreover, reflection helped me to retrospectively think out on how things would have been better if some activities were done differently. This also served as a good lesson for my future improvement.

References

Bourke, B., 2014. Positionality: Reflecting on the research process. The Qualitative Report, 19(33), pp.1-9.

Cowan, J., 2014. Noteworthy matters for attention in reflective journal writing. Active Learning in Higher Education, 15(1), pp.53-64.

Csikszentmihalyi, M., 2014. Toward a psychology of optimal experience. In Flow and the foundations of positive psychology (pp. 209-226). Springer Netherlands.

Demetriou, A. and Kazi, S., 2013. Unity and modularity in the mind and self: Studies on the relationships between self-awareness, personality, and intellectual development from childhood to adolescence. Routledge.

Duval, T.S., Silvia, P.J. and Lalwani, N., 2012. Self-awareness & causal attribution: A dual systems theory. Springer Science & Business Media.

Hartley, J., 2012. Communication, cultural and media studies: The key concepts. Routledge.

Husebø, S.E., O’Regan, S. and Nestel, D., 2015. Reflective practice and its role in simulation. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 11(8), pp.368-375.

Kolb, A.Y. and Kolb, D.A., 2012. Experiential learning theory. In Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning (pp. 1215-1219). Springer US.

Paterson, C. and Chapman, J., 2013. Enhancing skills of critical reflection to evidence learning in professional practice. Physical Therapy in Sport, 14(3), pp.133-138.

Timmins, F. and Neill, M.F., 2013. Reflections on Reflection: An Audit of Students’ use of Structured Models within Specific Assessments. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, pp.1368-1370.

Voss, U., Holzmann, R., Hobson, A., Paulus, W., Koppehele-Gossel, J., Klimke, A. and Nitsche, M.A., 2014. Induction of self awareness in dreams through frontal low current stimulation of gamma activity. Nature neuroscience, 17(6), pp.810-812.

Wald, H.S., Borkan, J.M., Taylor, J.S., Anthony, D. and Reis, S.P., 2012. Fostering and evaluating reflective capacity in medical education: developing the REFLECT rubric for assessing reflective writing. Academic Medicine, 87(1), pp.41-50.

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Environmental Pollution: Case Study of Lagos Nigeria

Participatory Approach to Monitoring Air Quality

Environmental Pollution: Case Study of Lagos Nigeria

As it is evident today, the increased exposure to harmful environmental pollution resulted from irresponsible human activity. Environmental pollution can be categorized into diverse forms. This includes water, air and soil pollution. Other forms of industrial pollution encompass heavy metal and chemical pollution as well as occupational pollutants. There is no doubt that air pollution is the primary accelerating factor behind global climate change in both developed and developing nations.

The air pollution menace is apparently emerging as a complex phenomenon driven by persistent failure of the global environmental management initiatives that have been created to stem the runaway trend currently witnesses in major cities worldwide. The Lagos state metropolis is currently facing myriad air pollution related problems most notably due to rapid urbanization and road traffic emission.

The devastating effects of this observable fact are more prominent in the metropolitan cities of the developing than developed nations. Lagos, a rapidly growing megacity in Nigeria hasn’t been spared the brunt of air pollution. As an emerging metropolis, and its phenomenal rise as an epitome of industrialization and commercialization on the African continent, many predictions indicate a looming danger due to the adverse effects of climate change that is emanating from persistent industrialization related pollution.

Although significant effort has been directed towards stemming the runway global pollution levels, challenges have continued to constraint this effort largely due to insufficient program funding. Subsequently, there is sufficient evidence that warrants a thorough review of the literature on the adverse environmental impactsof air pollution, its principle role as an agent of climate change and its adverse effects on the health and wellbeing of the crowded inhabitants of Lagos.

This research will specifically focus on air pollution. Current literature suggeststhat pollution is the world’s largest environmental cause of poor health responsible for an estimated 9 million premature deaths in 2015-2016 and large burden of non-communicable disease, including respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological impairment. Air pollution, combining both ambient and household air pollution (HAP) is responsible for 6.5 million deaths per year with another 7 million from tobacco smoke and this number will increase is urgent measures are not taken.

Monitoring and management of air pollution remains ineffective and poorly enforced due to a number of factors.Monitoring equipment can be expensive and requires regular checking and maintenance, while enforcement in a growing megacity of 16 million people and unknown numbers of businesses is a major challenge. An alternative approach to the ‘top down’ processes of monitoring and enforcement would be to encourage a more community-led approach and local action.

However, there are many questions as to how such a ‘grassroots’ approach would work in practice, and there are many knowledge gaps as to their applicability for measuring air pollution in the megacities of the developing world. The research seeks to address some of these gaps in knowledge by first exploring how local communities can assess the level of air pollution and its environmental impacts. Subsequently, there is need to identify indicators of air quality that are used by communities, even if they may tend to be more qualitative than quantitative.

An example could be the frequency at which clothes and indeed furniture, windows etc., in household buildings become dirty. Indicators of the effects could be related to health and may include breathlessness. Communities will be asked to identify indicators of relevance to them, and these will be ranked. It is possible that the choice and ranking of these indicators will be influenced by social factors such as gender and age. Currently, the exposure to harmful environmental pollution is created through human activities. Mobile Air measurement System: This advanced equipment employs geospatial technology thus it is referred to as Geospatial Measurement of Air and Pollution (GMAP).

Air pollution is one of the major environmental challenges that Nigeria faces today. This phenomenon is threatening the socio-economic development gains that have been made since independence. The number of power plants has grown to unprecedented levels whereas mortality rates resulting from low quality air have continued to rise. Reports indicate that environmental pollution can be linked to the recent upsurge in cardiovascular diseases as well as other respiratory complications.

Nevertheless, the primary causes of environmental pollution are activities linked to industrialization such as extraction, transportation and the export of oil at the Gulf of Guinea. Similarly, traffic, rapid industrialization and gas flaring are the most common causes of air pollution in Nigeria. Thus pollution is adversely affecting different sectors such as health and environment, and has been linked to the destruction of ecosystems and climate change among other socio-economic ills.

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Adjusted Gross Income Assessment

Inclusions, Exclusions, and Adjusted Gross Income Assessment

Introduction

Determining a taxpayer’s taxable income is a complex process. A tax paper is required to deduct specific deductions from their gross income to determine the adjusted gross income (AGI). The adjusted gross income thus determined is then deducted allowances for personal exemptions and deductions that have been itemized to arrive at the taxable income for the period (Salisbury, 2016).

A person’s gross income includes one, some or all income earned from business, rental properties, interest, dividends, wages and alimony payments received from a former spouse, capital gains from assets owned and income earned from self-employment among others . Tax payers are permitted by the United States of America Congress to make certain deductions from their gross income to determine their adjusted gross income (AGI). The specific deductions have been identified in Form 1040 issued by the Internal Revenue Service (IRA) (Klemens, 2006).

Adjusted gross Income (AGI) Legislation

The US Congress has permitted various deductions from a taxpayer’s gross income to determine the adjusted gross income (AGI) in a bid to make taxation fair and equitable throughout the country. These deductions are referred to as “adjustments to income” or “above-the –line deductions” and are subject to change every year by the US Congress.

If trade or business carried out by a company does not constitute performance by a taxpayer as an employee, the Internal Revenue Service allows above-the-line-deductions for related expenses that are ordinary and necessary(Salisbury, 2016). These include allowance for salaries for personal services rendered to the company, travelling expenses while looking for new business and rental payments made by a taxpayer for a property for which he has not taken a title or has no equity and is done for purposes of ensuring that the business continued operating (Klemens, 2006).

One of the deductions that have been allowed is educator expenses. Educator expenses is one of the adjustments to income also known as “above-the-line deduction” allowable by the Internal Revenue Service for purposes of computing a taxpayer’s adjustable gross income (AGI) for tax purposes (Salisbury, 2016).

Educational expenses are expenses incurred by eligible educators for participation in professional development courses and materials used in a class room such as computer equipment both hardware and software, books, supplies and other supplemental materials for use in a class room setting. Grade 12 teachers, instructors, counsellors, principals and their aides are some of the professionals classified as educators for tax purposes.

The next above –the –line deductions for determining a taxpayer’s AGI is contributions made to a traditional individual retirement account (IRA). Tax payers do not have to pay tax on IRA accounts because they are tax-deferred. Interest or any other gain made from such accounts is exempt from tax purposes (Salisbury, 2016).

The next item allowable for above-the –line deduction is interest paid on loans taken by students. The next above-the – line deduction are costs incurred by a tax payer to move to take a new job in a different location. This is allowable only if the move from the previous job is more than 50 miles away.

The next above-the-line deduction is alimony payments to a former spouse. Alimony payments are only allowable when they are made under a divorce or separation instructed pursuant to a court judgement (Chodorow, 2011). The recipient of the alimony payment is required to include the amount in their income for tax purposes. Other above-the-line deductions include business expenses incurred by teachers, fee-basis government officials, performing artists and reservists, deductions made on health savings accounts, one half of tax on self-employment, domestic production activities deductions and jury duty pay that is paid to the employer of the juror among others (Ruff, 2007). Adjusted Gross Income.

Justification for the exemptions to taxpayers by the US Congress

There are various reasons which could have informed the decision by the US Congress to grant these exemptions to taxpayers. The first reason is that the US Congress ensured that there is equity and fairness in tax payments to the Internal Revenue Service. Exemption on alimony payment protects the recipient from having to pay taxes twice on the same income (Salisbury, 2016).

This is because the recipient is taxed on the amount received as alimony income and so if the payer is also taxed then that would be tantamount to double taxation on the same income. The US Congress by granting the exemptions ensured taxes are broad based as to include as many people as possible. This was aimed at ensuring the government generates adequate revenues to meet its financial obligations. The exemptions were also aimed at minimising tax burden on the individual tax payer (Reichert, 2016).

By exempting one half of tax on self-employment, the US Congress ensured that self-employed people are not overtaxed sine their employed counterparts get part of their tax revenues met by their employers. By granting the exemptions, the Congress ensured taxes are enforced in a manner that facilitates voluntary compliance by a wide range of taxpayers.

The exemptions are meant to communicate the message that the government is fair in its tax collection and that no one is unfairly treated in tax payment (Koch, 2011). This encourages tax payers to pay taxes willingly without compulsion or coercion from the tax authorities. The exemptions were also made to ensure tax collection was efficient and hence achieved its overall objectives.

The exemptions was aimed at minimizing the cost of tax collection as the exemptions are easy to understand and apply in determining the adjustable gross income. The exemptions were also aimed at ensuring equity in tax application such that no particular citizen or group of citizens could perceive themselves as bearing an unequal burden of paying taxes as compared to other groups of citizens in the USA (Chodorow, 2011).

The US Congress was also motivated by the desire to ensure taxes were administered in a neutral manner. The exemptions were meant to ensure that no race, group or sector was favoured by taxes over another and that no group, sector or race could use taxes as the basis for collective or individual decision making in either investment, social life or any other matter.

The exemptions were also aimed at ensuring taxes were predictable and inevitable to ensure tax payers have information before hand to enable they pay taxes on time and without coercion from the Internal Revenue Service (Klemens, 2006). The Exemptions could also have been undertaken with the aim of achieving certain objectives. For instances, exempting interest on student loans could have been motivated by the aim of encouraging young people to pursue higher education without the fear of incurring huge debts by the time they finish their studies.

Educational expenses exemption on eligible educators for participation in professional development courses and purchase of materials used in class rooms such as computer equipment both hardware and software, books, supplies and other supplemental materials could have been motivated by the desire to grow investment in education. By giving exemptions for educator expenses, the congress encouraged investment in schools and colleges to improve accessibility and quality of education in the sector (Klemens, 2006).

The exemptions could have been motivated by a desire to ensure tax administration was simple foe every tax payer to understand. Adjusted gross income to be considered. This encouraged compliance and improved willingness of taxpayers to pay taxes on time and reduce tax evasion. The exemptions were also aimed at fostering fair and equitable distribution of wealth in the country. By ensuring no tax payer was billed for more than their fair share of taxes, the congress ensured that people retained their fair share of gross income. This ensured income will be distributed equitably with the country (Klemens, 2006).

Additional exemptions that can be challenged easily

Even though the US Congress has granted various exemptions, there are various exemptions that can easily be challenged. One of the exemptions that can be challenged is exemptions on educator expenses. Educator expenses that can be challenged include participation in professional development courses, books, supplies and supplemental materials. Schools, colleges and universities charge students fees at market rates and even where they are given grants and donations, they are given on budgets which have been prepared beforehand.

By granting exemptions, the congress is favoring one sector over others. This is because these expenses are factored in the financial statements of the schools they work for. Most educational institutions that employ educators are also for profit making and hence giving exemptions will only increase their revenues (Chodorow, 2011).

On the other hand, costs that educators incur on attending personal development courses are ideally aimed at enhancing their knowledge, skills and competencies. The educators henceforth are able to assume bigger responsibilities and earn higher incomes. By exempting educator fees, the revenue service is ideally granting educators in one profession better terms that their counterparts in other sectors.

Exemptions in alimony payment to a former spouse is another exemptions that can be challenged (KATZEFF, 2011). This is mainly because alimony payments occur as a consequence of breakup of the family unit. This exemption encourages couples to break up to earn alimony income from a former spouse. It common in the country to find one spouse earning alimony income from multiple former spouses. This is likely to lead to laziness as many people will opt for his revenue source instead of working hard to generate their own income. This exemption encourages families to break up and take their marriages to court to have the divorces registered for alimony payment (KATZEFF, 2011).

Exemptions on interest on student loans is also another ill-advised exemption. Exempting interest on student loans ignores the effect of passage of time on the value of money. Money lend to students loses value due to passage of time due to inflation and other factors. The interest is supposed to compensate for the effects of inflation on the time value of money. Giving exemptions to performing artists is unfair as what they earn inform of income is similar to what other professional also earn from their professions (Koch, 2011).

Additional exemptions that are agreeable

There are various additional exemptions that US Congress has granted that are agreeable. One of the more agreeable exemptions is deductions on medical and dental expenses more than 7.5% of a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income. This expenditure is agreeable because it promotes the health of tax payers and it is classified as below-the –line deduction.

Health saving account deductions are agreeable because the funds saved will improve accessibility of healthcare services to all Americans and especially the most vulnerable members. Moving expenses are agreeable because they reduce the living standard of the tax payer at the time of moving without increasing their disposable income. This exemption is therefore agreeable (KATZEFF, 2011).

Deductible part of self-employment income is agreeable because this exemption goes a long way in promoting entrepreneurship in the country. With the rising numbers of unemployed people who are employable, any efforts to promote self-employment would assist in reversing unemployment in the country. The exemption on penalty for early withdrawal of savings is also an agreeable deduction. This is mainly because the penalty levied is punitive to the taxpayer and taxing him again would be being unfair on the part of the internal revenue service (Chodorow, 2011).

References

Chodorow, A. (2011). Charitable FSAs: A proposal to combine healthcare and charitable giving tax

provisions. Brigham Young University Law Review, 2011(4), 1041-1089. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/906182592?accountid=45049

KATZEFF, P. (2011, Mar 07). Refresher on tax-prep strategy some tips for savings getting the most from your

above-the-line deductions this season. Investor’s Business Daily Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1001273701?accountid=45049

Klemens, A. D. (2006). Applying the above-the-line deduction for certain legal fees.The Tax Adviser, 37(11), 644-645. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/194951649?accountid=45049

Koch, R. (2011, Jul 06). New tax brackets necessitate payroll system upgrade.McClatchy – Tribune Business

News Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/874968215?accountid=45049

Reichert, C. J., C.P.A. (2016). Judge’s above-the-line employee expense deduction is disallowed. Journal of

Accountancy, 221(5), 68-70. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1787796362?accountid=45049

Ruff, J. (2007, Jan 22). Tax forms get harder to find. McClatchy – Tribune Business News Retrieved from

https://search.proquest.com/docview/463313973?accountid=45049

Salisbury, S. (2016, Apr 05). Tax tips: 10 deductions not to overlook. TCA Regional News Retrieved from

https://search.proquest.com/docview/1778175469?accountid=45049

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Fragile states – Causes & Impact

Fragile states – Causes & Impact

Fragile states can be characterized by an ineffective government which places its citizens in danger due to lack of security, services, and sound decision-making capabilities. In addition, these fragile, or “failed” states experience economic disparity, corruption, and impending violence which threatens the safety of nationals within their borders, forcing many to flee as refugees to other parts of the world.

Examples of fragile states include South Sudan, Somalia, and the Central African Republic, all countries where governmental upheaval, economic uncertainty, and acts of violence endanger lives and global interests.

Weak Governments in Fragile States

Weak national government institutions contribute to the perpetuation of fragile states. In countries where governances provide structure and guidance for their citizens, in the form of balanced legal guidelines and stable leadership, fragility is not a major concern. However, in nations where national leadership is weak, transitional, or corrupt, fragile states can emerge.

Another major causes of fragile states is political fragmentation. This division between factions undermines the stability of the country, with national identity withered and governances dissolved. In a politically fragmented state, power most often rest with small insurgent groups which use violence and corruption to control nationals. Also, the desire to control natural resources in a particular area can fuel fragile states.

These resources, such as oil and water, are not in themselves the impetus for the creation of a failed state, but serve as an incentive for those in control to gain wealth, status, and power over others in the fragile state and surrounding areas.

The impact of fragile states can be felt within the country of interest, as well as regionally and globally. From the perspective of the fragile state itself, governmental instability can result in corrupt courts, biased property rights, lack of trust in national institutions, and decreased legitimacy with respect to other nations. Of particular concern among fragile states is the impact this scenario has on poverty. The instability and ineffectiveness of failed state leadership falls short in terms of aid and social reform for their citizens, compounding the problem of poverty and malnutrition in these countries.

Regionally, the problems associated with fragile or failed states can seep over borders, causing unrest in neighboring countries. These negatives impacts to neighboring nations can include armed conflicts, limited resource accessibility, and impending governmental or political instability. In addition, neighboring countries may be inundated with refugees fleeing a fragile state, placing economic and social stability in the balance. The displacement of refugees from fragile or failed states is also a global concern.

The recent global dispersion of Syrian refugees is a prime example of the international impact of fragile states. In addition, fragile and failed states are associated with the harboring of extremist and terrorist groups which threaten the global community. Fragile states can also endanger global health by exacerbating the spread of disease through ineffective governmental control of social and economic conditions.

Given the impact fragile states have on the global community as a whole, the rise of these states is of utmost importance to domestic and international governmental and military leadership. As such, it is necessary to recognize specific changes in at-risk countries which may point to development of a fragile or failed state. Warning signs may include an authoritative crisis, in which a country is unable to exert power or engage existing lawful structures to control their country, resulting in coups or civil wars which signal instability and national fragility.

In addition, a nation may fall short in its ability to adapt to changing social, economic, or political challenges, emerging through ineffective or nonexistent policies which fail to meet demand. Fragile states may also arise from national legitimacy issues, in which citizens distrust the government and organize an insurgency to control state affairs. These warning signs can exist in isolation, however, they most often work in concert to create a fragile or failed state.

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Social security Field Work

1. • Any legal considerations on social security during your field education experience that you may have had to address or that you might address

2.• An explanation of potential challenges in adhering to legal considerations during your field education experience

I concur with my colleague’s sentiments with regards to social security legal considerations. It’s true that all social security laws must be adhered to avoid possible legal implications of violation. It is even more complicated when serving a client who is legally mandated to have a representative payee. More importantly, many clients do not understand their rights and responsibilities under the social security law (Laureate Education, 2013).

This is challenging when clients pose legal questions since we have to refer them back to social security legal experts. In fact, I should think that the role of helping clients find adequate housing can be a challenging one considering the logistical, financial and legal issues involved. Considering the high attachment that people attach to homes, it can be a daunting task to try to help a client in deciding with regards to a choice of where to live. Notwithstanding the financial aspects, people have other factors for preferring to live in certain neighborhoods and not others.

Therefore my view is that besides the information and the advisory part, it is a challenging endeavor given the emotional aspects involved in choosing a home. It’s even worse when you have to help a family due to multiple conflicting preferences and interests of individual family members. Another legal challenge could arise when assisting a client who has a representative or interpreter given the legal implications involved particularly when information provided turns out to be inaccurate (ASS, 2013).

In my experience, I have learned that most people do not understand the legal requirement on full disclosure of all medical treatment sources and especially for people with disability. Thus there is a need for clients to be allowed to have a legal expert to guide them through the social security application process.

Social Security Retirement Benefits

In addition to Social Security’s retirement benefits, workers earn life insurance and SSDI protection by making payroll tax contributions:

About 96 percent of people aged 20-49 who worked in jobs covered in 2019 have earned life insurance protection .
For a young worker with average earnings, a spouse, and two children, that’s equivalent to a life insurance policy with a face value of over $725,000 in 2018, according to actuaries.
About 89 percent of people aged 21-64 who worked in covered employment in 2019 are insured in case of severe disability.

References

Administration, S. S. (2013). Social Security programs in the United States. Social Security Bulletin, 56(13), 3–82.

Laureate Education. (Producer). (2013). Legal considerations [Audio file]. Retrieved from https://class.waldenu.edu.

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Essential Health Knowledge and Skills

Essential Health Knowledge and Skills

Health Education: Essential Health Knowledge and Skills

Essential Health Knowledge and Skills:

At the end of this unit, it is expected that students will have gained essential health knowledge and skills necessary for maintaining personal health and hygiene. Students should be able to:

Investigate and evaluate different types of food labels and/or interpret and understand nutritional content
Apply the food guide pyramid in making healthy food and nutritional choices
Identify and relate different foods to the 6 major nutritional categories learned
Determine and calculate the association between caloric intake and energy expenditure
Distinguish between health and skill related physical activities that are requisite for good human health
Examine a personal health plan and its diverse constituents and differentiate between individual and family health plan

The primary learning outcome: Essential Health Knowledge and Skills

Students should be able to identify the basic structure and anatomy of the human body, and connect the distinct functions of body parts to their personal health.

The specific learning outcomes are: Essential Health Knowledge and Skills

Students should be able to describe the human body, analyses the anatomy and functions of different body parts, and exhibit understating of the correlation between different body systems such as the digestive system, respiratory system and the reproductive system.
Should have thorough knowledge of the changes that occur in male and female body during puberty and should be able to identify and describe the changes.
Students should demonstrate the ability to apply health information and grasp of diverse methods used to access health information.
Should demonstrate understanding of the different methods used to communicate health information that encompass billboards, posters and brochures.

Behavioral learning Outcomes

General behavioral health Outcome: Students should demonstrate understanding of the different human behaviors that cause diseases and those that inhibit quick recovery. The specific behavioral outcomes are:

The students should be able to vividly describe the process of maintaining a healthy body and have thorough knowledge of behaviors that ruin the health of vital body systems such as smoking, which causes damage to the respiratory system.
Should demonstrate knowledge of the link between immunization and disease prevention
Able to differentiate myth and fact especially in health issues and disease management and prevention
Describe the process of managing common illnesses that includes common colds
Students should demonstrate understanding of health behaviors that reduce common health risks by being able to identify, describe, compare and analyze different types of medications (prescription and non-prescription) and their effect to the human body.
Be able to describe the short-term and long-term adverse effects of alcohol and other substances on the proper functioning of the body systems.

Unit Content Topic Outline

Introduction to Health
Personal Health Care
Human Growth and Development
Drug Prevention and Abuse
The Human Anatomy
Food and Nutrition
Human Health and Nutrition

Resources needed/preparation:

The technological resources needed will be a projector and electronic human anatomy. The projector will be used during classroom discussion of the unit objectives. It will also be used in other subsequent lessons. The electronic human anatomy will be used in teaching the human body and its functions.

Strategies for communicating unit objectives

Different strategies will be used to communicate the unit objectives to the students. The first strategy that will be used is through a course rubric. A printed hard copy will be distributed to students at the onset of the first lesson. The second strategy will be through a classroom discussion. The unit objectives will be discussed in the classroom and students asked to indicate their degree of understanding of the lesson objectives.

The evaluation method will also be revealed in advance. The third strategy for communicating the unit objectives will be through group discussions where students will be put in groups and every group asked to make a presentation on the course objectives (Aksoy, 2012).

Rationale for choice of communication strategy

The rationale for choosing the course rubric strategy is that it ensures that the students stay informed about the unit objectives throughout the teaching sessions. Course rubric provides a comprehensive strategy that tutors can use to ensure that learning objectives are clearly articulated to learners (Elliott, 2016). The rationale for choosing classroom discussions is that it is an effective strategy as it ensures that students have the unit objectives explained using a simplified language (Butcher, Davies & Highton, 2016).

It also provides learners with an opportunity to ask questions on unclear aspects of the learning objectives. Since this strategy involves personal explanation by the tutor, it’s the most effective communication strategy since it addresses the different diversities among students.

The rationale for choosing group discussions is based on their efficacy on encouraging information sharing among learners (Butcher, Davies & Highton, 2016). This strategy will accord students with the opportunity to share their different perspectives on each unit objective. Since group discussions are interactive, they allow learners to learn from each other’s personal experiences, which make understanding easier.

Application

The health knowledge acquired should be able to prepare and equip students with life skills necessary for a healthy lifestyle. Students should be able to apply the knowledge gained in the improvement of their personal health and that of their families by adopting healthy lifestyles to prevent health related diseases such as obesity (Lee& Takahashi, 2015).

Evaluation

Students will be evaluated through a short quiz that will test their understanding of the basic concept of human health. The quiz outcome will indicate the success or failure of the lesson in achieving the lesson objectives (Lee & Takahashi, 2015). The quiz will cover all the unit objectives and will test the students understanding of their human health and its subsequent application. The unit will also be evaluated in the final examination where questions will be asked on key unit objectives. The end of term examination will have a practical component that will evaluate practical skills. The quiz and end of term examination will be used to evaluate the student’s skills and knowledge (Sjostrom & Olson, 2014).

Student Diversity Strategy

Student diversity strategy that will be used includes peer tutoring where students will put in groups and asked to use a teach-back approach to teach the rest of the group members what they have learned in the unit (Edwards & Da Fonte, 2012). Specialized handouts will also be distributed to students to address the different diversity issues. These handouts will be customized to cater for individual needs of different students.

References

Aksoy, G. (2012). The Effects of Animation Technique on the 7th Grade Science and Technology Course. Creative Education, 03(03), 304–308.

Butcher, C., Davies, C., & Highton, M. (2016). Designing Learning: From Module Outline to Effective Teaching. Key Guides for Effective Teaching in Higher Education Series, 218.

Edwards, C. C., & Da Fonte, A. (2012). The 5-Point Plan. Teaching Exceptional Children, 44(3), 6–13. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=69989324&login.asp&site=ehost-live

Elliott, S. (2016). Unit and Lesson Plan Ideas. Teaching Elementary Physical Education, 17(2), 6. Retrieved from http://jproxy.lib.ecu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=20195069&site=ehost-live

Lee, Y. A., & Takahashi, A. (2015). Lesson Plans and the Contingency of Classroom Interactions. Human Studies, 34(2), 209–227.

Sjostrom, M. P., & Olson, M. (2014). Preparing for lesson study: Tools for success. In Lesson Study Research and Practice in Mathematics Education: Learning Together (pp. 269–277). Springer Netherlands.

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Milgram Experiment and Lord of the Flies

Milgram’s Experiment — Milgram Experiment

Milgram Experiment reveals that the majority of people are willing to obey an authority figure by following instructions to perform acts that conflict with their coincidence. Besides , the Lord of Flies is a real example of obeying authority. This is because the Lord of Flies shows that boys are willing to follow any chain of command. The connections show that there are less evil people than good. However, society acts as the foundation of a person’s wrongdoing or evil.

Milgram Experiment assessed people’s reaction told to give a painful electric shock, while in the Lord of Flies by William Golding readers are introduced to actors of evil and good. The study shows that despite many individuals being useful in the world, only a few are great.

The purpose of this study is to show how William Golding in the Lord of Flies connects with Milgram Experiment themes to demonstrate how people are willing to obey orders from an authority figure. The paper provides a clear analysis of the link between the Lord of Flies and Milgram Experiment and the implications it has on the modern day leadership style and how people are willing to obey a chain of command from an authority figure.

Milgram’s Experimet Theoretical Framework

Milgram Experiment was carried out to show how people obey authorities under all circumstances, especially people who instructed them to perform acts that conflict the coincidence of purposes. The purpose of Milgram Experiment was to give students electric shocks by separating them from the subject and establishing a tape recorder, which was integrated with electronic shocks. Therefore, if the answers were inaccurate, the teacher would administer a shock to the learner by an increasing voltage for each wrong answer, while for the correct answer, the teacher would go to the next word pair.

Milgram Experiment was in a controlled setting such that the learner could not attempt to quit the experiment, which led to the establishment of status and authority (Batson and Daniel, 2016,10). Milgram Experiment showed factors that affect obedience. For instance, the status of location showed that prestige of location increase obedience, while less personal responsibility increases obedience. Besides, individuals tend to obey others if they acknowledge their authority as legally based or/and morally right.

Thus, the uniformity of the authority figure can provide people with status as well as peer support or presence of others disobeying the authority figure decreases the obedience level. Milgram Experiment showed that proximity to authority plays a significant role in obedience as people can easily resist orders from authority if they are not nearby (Haslam and Stephen, 2017, 63).

In Milgram Experiment, the teacher does not know that the shocks are not real, and the student behind the participation is in the experiment working with Milgram. Besides, the learner is getting words pairs incorrect on purpose, making the experiment fake despite showing the importance of obeying authority. Therefore, the actual experiment is on the teacher.

Despite the increased yelling by participants, they continue to finish the experiment. As much as many participants wished to stop, Milgram used four phrases to entice them to finish the exercise. The motivating phrases were, “please continue, the experiment requires you to continue, it is necessary for you to continue and you have no other choice, you must go on (Haslam, Nick, Loughnan, and Perry, 2014).”

The Lord of Flies by William Golding introduced characters of evil and good. The study shows that despite many individuals being useful in the world, only a few are great. This is because people control how their environment influences their actions and behaviors. During the feast, Jack sat like a leader and idol as he issued commands such as who was going to join his tribe. [ (pg #?). ] Through his command and leadership authority, most of the boys accepted because they wanted meat and protection from Jack.

Besides, despite Jack punishing Wilfred for no particular or apparent reason, Roger and the rest of the boys of the tribe felt nothing wrong about it. This is because none of the boys had the courage or confidence to stand up for Wilfred. Therefore, the Lord of Flies by William Golding showed that people have a fear of authority and quickly give up justice. Moreover, Jack and Roger tortured Eric and Sam, forcing them to submit to Jack’s command and join his tribe. This shows that authority forces the weak people to follow them using violent action and false use of authority.

The failure of Jack to admit that he took too much power and authority shows that influential leaders are not willing and lack the courage to admit mistakes such as enslaving others. The analysis of the Lord of Flies shows that civilized officers are part of an adult world in which violence and war are associated with social order and civilization. People are expected to obey authority as influential leaders do things to destroy the peaceful world, similar to what Jack did to the boys and vice versa.

Connections

The comparison of Milgram Experiment and the novel of the Lord of Flies show that the boys feared the beast referred as the electronic shocks, while they allowed Jack to gain power and authority through obedience to his command. The review shows that it is easier to control people and persuade them to be savagery by obeying the experiments. This is because the boys followed the authority or command to get protection or avoid the electric shock.

The connection between Milgram Experiment and the novel of the Lord of Flies is evident in that both boys follow the order to obtain protection or avoid electronic shocks. For instance, the boys are stranded and end up following the commands from Jack without comprehending the reasons for doing it. Besides, from both sets of experiments, it is evident that people follow orders without questioning the consequences or impacts on the other party.

William Golding in the Lord of Flies presents the obedience idea in Milgram Experiment through the connections of actors take as a leader, Jack, and Ralph, and the other actors who ideally obey the leader’s command or orders without questioning. This connection shows how people or kids are ready and willing to obey the authority figure that has leadership skills. Besides, both Lord of Flies and Milgram Experiment present the obedience idea through leaders and the ones who unthinkingly follow commands and believe that they should be led.

People who want to be led wait for commands and orders to follow and they believe they need to be directed by a leader as Jack demonstrated by allowing characters to follow him without question. This undeniably connects with Milgram Experiment on obedience. This is because according to the Milgram Experiment, persons are possibly to obey commands by authority figures. Therefore, the robust scenarios of obedience on the Lord of Flies are indicators of Milgram Experiment.

The novel on the Lord of Flies presents the obedience theme, which is accurately connected, to Milgram Experiment on obedience. This is because many instances demonstrate the obedience theme. For instance, Jack is the leader of a group of hunters in a jungle who target to kill a pig, and the group follows him to the jungle without questioning and obediently. The boys have drifted away with the words of command such as “kill the pig,” “cut her throat. Spill her blood”(Laurent et al., 2015, 300).

It is evident that the kids are carried away with the obedience feeling as hunters and Jack manipulate the boys’ fear of the beast, making them obey him even further for protection and safety. The boys not only see Jack as a powerful leader but also obey him without question. Besides, there are other particular moments during the hunting game where Jack uses is authority and command to instill fear in the boys as they obey him unquestioningly. These instances in the novel of the Lord of Flies present how far the obedience feeling can take people.

The kids lose their morality and rational thinking by following commands. Despite the increased use of command, which instills fear and obedience to the boys, the sense of obedience goes off-limits, which signals that things can easily go out of control. Jack who is their leader for the sake of security and food because the boys do everything tells this. Thus, the novel by William Golding in the Lord of Flies presents the idea obedience in Milgram Experiment as it shows that without no doubt individuals will obey commands from others if they perceive them as leaders or authorities (Branson and Buckroyd, 2017, 20).

William Golding presents the obedience idea in Milgram Experiment in the final chapter of the Lord of Flies. In the last chapter of the Lord of Flies, there are clear instances where the boys obey authority figure as well as carrying them to higher levels. It is evident when Jack acts as a leader and as an idol giving commands during the feast where the boys obey the orders without question. Jack commands the boys to join his tribe, and all except Ralph agree to the idea. However, the reason behind Ralph objection is because he is supposedly the chief.

The sense of obedience manifested in Milgram Experiment is present in this scenario as all hunters obey Jack and fail to either object or to question the idea of being a tribe. Despite Wilfred getting punished for no apparent reasons, Roger and the rest of the boys of the tribe do not feel it or question for a reason for the punishment. This shows that they lacked courage and confidence to stand up for Wilfred because their submission and loyalty to their authority blocks them.

Even though Ralph wants to call for an assembly to question Jack, the boys once again prove their obedience and loyalty to their authority figure. Instances of obedience in the novel of the Lord of Flies stem from the idea of obedience from Milgram Experiment. In both groups of boys, they accept the command or authority figure by carrying out the orders issued to them by the leader or teacher.

For instance, if the boys are told to eat, they eat, and if told to fetch something for the leader, they do so. Also, they sit down when told to do so and even if the leader says they should be punished, they accept it without question. This result significantly connects with obedience from Milgram Experiment (Gridley and Jenkins, 2017, 25).

Milgran experiment Critical and Relevance

William Golding successfully puts the obedience idea in the Lord of the Flies novel by installing Jack as the leader. Jack is obeyed, and his subjects follow his commands or orders without questioning. The connections of two scenarios show that philosophic and legal aspects of obedience are of enormous importance. The excessive willingness of people to go to any level in the order of authorities constitutes the main findings of research and the idea that most directly demands full justification.

The study shows that people with authority tend to control the outcome and actions of others. The experiments reveal that a more significant part of people are just willing to comply with authority figures who directs merely them to execute acts that may vary or conflict with their individual coincidence, while the Lord of Flies by William Golding is a real example of obedience to authorities because the people are willing to obey any chain of authority (Hollander, 2017, 430). \

We live in a world where people demand obedience from the authority for them to function well for a society. However, obedience can have significant impacts on a society because authority figures have little to justify actions. Thus, conformity is an impact that influences people to do things they may not have otherwise done. Evidence shows that both obedience and conformity lead to atrocious actions. Therefore, horrendous crimes against humanity have happened and yet people fail to question the actions of authority figures.

The experiment shows that discipline and obedience are learned through social conventions. Thus, individuals are able of substantial evil and great good according to the circumstances they are positioned in. in addition, acts of both resistance and obedience have the power to motivate and inspire people to obey commands of an authority figure.

Conclusion

From the connection between Milgram’s Experiment and Lord of Flies, several factors force people to carry obedience to the extreme, even without questioning the command. People justify their behavior be assigning responsibility to authorities rather than themselves, and they define their behavior which is expected of them as a routine. Besides, evidence from the experiment shows that people do not want to offend or be rude to authority and they obey orders. Therefore, it is essential for people to question orders and reasons behind their issue.

This will ensure that obedience is acknowledged and is not adhered out of fear. The results show how people follow orders and obey leaders without question. This is a disappointing aspect of leadership style as the leaders directly threatened people in order to guarantee the protection and security.

References

Batson, Charles Daniel. What’s wrong with morality?: A social-psychological perspective . Oxford University Press, 2016: 2-25

Bègue, Laurent, et al. “Personality Predicts Obedience in a Milgram Paradigm.” Journal of Personality 83.3 (2015): 299-306.

Branson, Jane, and Peter Buckroyd. Lord of the Flies, William Golding: Workbook. Oxford University Press, 2017: 10-30

Gridley, Mark, and William J. Jenkins. Obedience to Authority. Macat Library, 2017: 20-27

Haslam, Nick, Steve Loughnan, and Gina Perry. “Meta-Milgram: An empirical synthesis of the obedience experiments .” PloS one 9.4 (2014): e93927.

Haslam, S. Alexander, and Stephen D. Reicher. “50 Years of “Obedience to Authority”: From Blind Conformity to Engaged Followership.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 13 (2017): 59-78.

Hollander, Matthew M. “The repertoire of resistance: Non‐compliance with directives in Milgram’s ‘obedience’experiments.” British Journal of Social Psychology54.3 (2015): 425-444.

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