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ISSUES IN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES
Introduction
Correctional facilities like prisons and youth development centers in the California state, are tasked with the responsibility of rehabilitating, deterring, retribution and total incapacitation of individuals who act against social rules and norms (Brust & Ford, 2015). However, this task has often proven to be a challenge to those responsible in the management of these facilities, some of these challenges revolve around resource and budgetary constraints, and are manifested in the rampant cases of overcrowding in facilities, policies that are a threat to public safety, ineffective juvenile rehabilitation programs, and many ethical issues that regard the operation and management of corrections in the state of California (Ouss, 2015).
Due to these and other issues that will be discussed herein, issues of inefficiency and ineffectiveness of corrections are increasingly becoming a concern to many (Brust & Ford, 2015).
Issues in Correctional Facilities in the State of California
The onset of this decade has seen a rise in the number of challenges faced by the authorities of both state and county jails in the state of California, among which includes the prisons of Avenal, Corcoran and kings county jail. The high fluctuation in the number of inmates has for instance been a major issue in Avenal and Corcoran prisons, for example, Avenal prison is reported to have an approximated population of 3216 inmates, which as per the its holding capacity exceeds by around 10%.
This issue has resulted in overcrowding in the facility, and as such, the authorities have been finding difficulty in their efforts to accommodate inmates (Latessa & Smith, 2015). The prison is also reported to have had a case of a population influx that hit 8000, leading to shortage of bed and other accommodation facilities in the prison (Altschuler et al., 2016). Despite the premise that having a high population attracts more state funding, most of these facilities still suffer from poor allocation of these funds (Latessa & Smith, 2015).
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A worst case scenario in the correctional facilities often occurs during the drought periods, which are marked with limited water supply, this adds on to resource constraints that compels the authorities to give early releases as an alternative (Brust & Ford, 2015). Cases of the early releases are often due to population increase, especially in county prisons, for instance, the criminal justice realignment program sees more inmates being driven from state to county jails, which is done to ease the high population influx by relocating less crime offenders (Ouss, 2015).
On the long run, this results to overcrowding in county jails. This situation is even worsened by the provisions of the Assembly bill 900, which tasks counties with the responsibility of running county prisons (Altschuler et al., 2016).
Early release programs are often adopted to complement the budgetary cuts effected by the state, this result of state and county authorities receiving less funds to run correctional facilities. These early releases have been reported to cause a rise in crime rates in California, as more and more non rehabilitated individuals are released into the streets (Altschuler et al., 2016).
The incapacitation of correction’s authorities has also been a precursor to the ineffective nature of rehabilitation programs, this is primarily because the authorities have a limited ability to provide incentives to prisoners, which is necessary in order to encourage them to subscribe to those programs. The rise in the cases of prison escape may also be attributed to this incapacitation (Brust & Ford, 2015).
Ethical issues in prisons are also a major concern in the running of corrections, for instance, cases of disease outbreak and abuse of prisoners have also been reported to plague the facilities. The outbreak of the valley fever in Pleasant valley and Avenal state prison is an example of the poor ethical consideration in the management of these facilities, the case of sexual abuse in Woodland Hills by authorities is another (Altschuler et al., 2016). The limited ability of the authorities to manage these facilities may also be seen in the high number of drug abuse cases, a good example is that of the 19 prisoners who died from a drug overdose (Brust & Ford, 2015).
Conclusion
Corrections in the state of California are plagued with many Issues and challenges that are becoming a great concern to the public, the ability of these facilities to meet their objectives is also under question (Brust & Ford, 2015). This has mainly been due to the emerging cases of resource constraint, poor ethical considerations, ineffective rehabilitation programs, policies that pose a threat to public safety among many others. It is hoped that a lasting solution will be found to restore the effectiveness and efficiency of the correctional facilities (Latessa & Smith, 2015).
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Prospectus: The relationship between HR practices and the employee perceived performance in various organizations across the globe
Problem Statement
Outstanding performance among employees plays an imperative role in promoting overall profitability of an organization and can be considered the ultimate HR goal (Mathis, 2011). Preceding studies indicate that employees working where there are effective practices are more likely to perform better than where there are poor practices (Nadarajaha et al, 2012). The general business problem is that HR practices have a fundamental influence on employee perceived performance in organizations across the globe. The specific problem is that a majority of organizations do not place adequate value on developing strategic HR practices to enhance employee performance.
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this qualitative correlation study is to establish the interrelation between HR practices and employee perceived performance. The study will target HR managers in Colorado, with the aim of providing valuable information regarding HR practices.
The independent variables are organizational HR practices,
a) recruitment practices,
b) compensation and benefits,
c) employee relations,
d) training and development,
e) performance appraisals,
f) employee motivation (recognition, rewards and incentives), and
g) HR systems development.
The dependent variable is employee perceived performance. Social change implications associated with the research include enhanced psychosocial well-being of employees when organizations adopt friendly HR practices and better quality products and services for customers following improved employee performance.
Nature of the study
Grounded on an interpretivist paradigm, qualitative study has the primary role of deriving exploratory perspectives in understanding phenomena, motivations, reasons and opinions of participants, and is mostly used in social research (Tuohy, Stephens and Johnston, 2014). This research takes on a qualitative study approach, with the objective of determining how employees perceive various HR practices and how these affect their overall performance. Quantitative research makes use of inferential statistics in deriving meanings from data collected (Yilmaz, 2013).
For purposes of this research, the quantitative approach is overruled, given the fact that a majority of information to be used for the study cannot be quantified. It is difficult for example to quantify how employee motivation impacts different individuals, given that each person may have different views on what level of incentives can influence their performance. Qualitative research is preferred because the research will rely heavily on employee experiences, understanding and perspectives regarding HR practices.
Qualitative research question
How do organizational HR practices, a) recruitment practices, b) compensation and benefits, c) employee relations, d) training and development, e) performance appraisals, f) employee motivation (recognition, rewards and incentives), and g) HR systems development, and employee perceived performance in organizations across the globe?
Hypothesis
Nul hypothesis (H0): There is no statistically significant relationship between organizational HR practices, a) recruitment practices, b) compensation and benefits, c) employee relations, d) training and development, e) performance appraisals, f) employee motivation (recognition, rewards and incentives), and g) HR systems development, and employee perceived performance in organizations across the globe.
Alternative hypothesis (H1): There exists a statistically significant relationship between organizational HR practices, a) recruitment practices, b) compensation and benefits, c) employee relations, d) training and development, e) performance appraisals, f) employee motivation (recognition, rewards and incentives), and g) HR systems development, and employee perceived performance in organizations across the globe.
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Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
The Herzberg theory (1966) is proposed as the primary element of employee satisfaction and performance. This theory postulates that employees’ satisfaction is based on two factors namely: hygiene factors and motivational factors. Hygiene factors refer to the maintenance factors, which do not necessarily induce motivation, while motivational factors (satisfiers) are known to influence performance (Mathis, 2011).
It is notable that the organization’s policy and administration, which also involves HR is classified as a hygiene factor; while a majority of the satisfiers are a role of the HR. Therefore, better HR practices are likely to result in greater motivation and better performance among employees.
Based on previous studies, it is notable that HR Practices influence the performance of employees to a great extent.
Significance of the study
Contemporary organizations are faced with the new epitome of the need to uphold effective HR practices for exceptional organizational performance. Furthermore, HR has become an important contributor to organizational strategy. In this relation, HR must continuously identify best practices that will enhance performance among employees in order to promote the overall organization’s performance. This research is of great significance to HR managers across the globe as it promises to provide valuable information about HR practices and how they affect performance. By following recommendations from this research, which will be based on real-life experiences, HR managers can improve their HR practices to enhance employee performance.
References
Mathis, R. L., & Jackson, J. H. (2011). Human Resource Management: Essential Perspectives. Boston: Cengage Learning.
Mudor, H. & Tooksoon, P. (2011). Conceptual framework on the relationship between human resource management practices, job satisfaction, and turnover. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 2 (2), 41-49. Retrieved from ifrnd.org/Research%20Papers/J2(2)1.pdf
Nadarajah, S. et al. (2012). The Relationship of HR Practices and Job Performance of Academicians towards Career Development in Malaysian Private Higher Institutions. International Conference on Asia Pacific Business Innovation and Technology Management, 57, 102-118 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812046253
Tuohy, R., Stephens, C., & Johnston, D. (2014). Qualitative research can improve understandings about disaster preparedness for independent older adults in the community. Disaster Prevention & Management, 23(3), 296-308. doi:10.1108/DPM-01-2013-0006
Yilmaz, K. (2013). Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Traditions: epistemological, theoretical, and methodological differences. European Journal Of Education, 48(2), 311-325. Retrieved from eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=1fd643c1-2944-4ace-aac5-f239a444e69b%40sessionmgr4003&vid=1&hid=4105
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CLINICAL QUALITY AND CUSTOMER SERVICE QUALITY
The clinical quality and the customer service quality which brings about the patient experience is used in the evaluation of the type of healthcare provided to the patients. The patient experience that results from the type of health care received is an essential outcome that is linked with the organization quality which is relevant when it comes to the management and assessment of care (Ahmad et al, 2015).
Despite the relationship between customer service quality and clinical quality, there exist some differences that are brought about by various factors. These factors include poor communication affecting the compliance to treatment, poor standards of care and also poor access to services for the customers which affect the provision of Medicare (Amin et al, 2013). The increased aspect of clinical quality is bound to deteriorate the patient-centered care which is enhanced by enhancing quality customer services.
The lack of satisfaction of the services offered at the health centers has prompted the customers to file complaints related to allegations of poor quality care, mistreatment, abuse and also neglect by the care providers. The East view health Centre is one medical nursing home that has received such complaints from the customers. The nursing home is located in the Birmingham has a 59% occupancy rate.
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The health Centre has a bed capacity of 112 beds occupied by the patients. The health Centre is part of the multiple nursing homes ownership under the for-profit corporation (Ihle et al, 2016). The complaints that are reported by the customers are attributed to the challenges and problems experienced in the center. All challenges and problems are closely related to the delivery of care to the patients.
The issue of protecting the patients from misappropriation of personal property, neglect and also mistreatment is highlighted as one of the complaints reported. The complaint relating to the provision of healthcare by the qualified practitioners to each of the patient’s written care plan. The issue of the provision of adequate supervision to reduce the cases of accidents and other health related hazards in the nursing home is also filed as a complaint received from the customers (Ihle et al, 2016).
There are various customer service quality and quality clinical operations that take place in the health Centre. Some of the customer services offered at the health Centre include social work services, therapy services, activities services and physician services among other many. The nurses in the health centers offer services that aim at ensuring the patients are safe and included in the treatment planning process which enhances the patient-centered care for the satisfaction of the customers (Ahmad et al, 2015).
The center also provides care and treatment to patients to reduce the cases of injuries healing the existing bed sores and also prevention of the new bed pressure. The nursing facilities are provided to the patients in the health Centre where the services are expected to be quality with cleanliness and visual appealing facilities. There has been questions and issues about the service quality in the health Centre, which influences the patient’s satisfaction and perception about the nursing home.
The problems and complaints reported by the patients fault some of the quality customer services offered by the health Centre. In this case, the quality is not given full credit for its services. Misappropriations and mistreatment of the patient are some of the complaints relating to customer services that show some inefficiencies (Ihle et al, 2016).
The customer service quality when it comes to staffing and the timely delivery of care indicates lower quality of care as per the expectations of the patients. The have been complaints about the satisfaction of the patients as per the services they received in the nursing home. There are mental health services, as well as other therapy services offered by the nursing home, has been faulted by the complaints relating to the maintenance and recognition of the individuality of the patients. The patients respect the practitioners to ensure their dignity and respect is fully upheld to enhance a good nurse-patient relationship and satisfaction to quality of care provided.
The clinical quality refers to the accuracy of the procedures and diagnosis tasks carried out by the care providers to the patients (Ihle et al, 2016). The East view health Centre has tried to ensure that the quality of care is offered as per the professional specifications. Special attentions should be on delivering service quality. The health Centre has made efforts aimed at prevention of the infections in the health Centre and also enhancing the proper mechanisms that control the spreading of the infections (Burwell, 2015).
However, there has been complaints relating to the efforts by the nursing home to ensure efficient control of infections and prevention of diseases and injuries which indicates some improvements need to be done to ensure the clinical quality of all operations. The East view health center has effectively kept organized, accurate and complete records for its patients as per the professional standards set.
The availability of qualified professionals that provide care by the written care plan of the patients has led to complaints about the clinical quality in the health Centre. By the inspection results the nursing home is expected to improve their care operations for the patients requiring special services to ensure clinical quality. These services include respiratory care, tracheostomy care, injections and prostheses among other many offered to the patients. Recommendations by the inspection unit to improve on the safety measures is an indicator of the substandard quality care that needs the remedy (Burwell, 2015).
There are various techniques that can be adopted to improve the clinical care and customer service quality in the health Centre. Proposing the implementation and adherence to the patient-centered type of care is one of the techniques that would seek to improve the quality of customer service care at the health Centre. The technique seeks to address issues such as delays of care and lack of full involvement in the treatment plans which highlight some of the complaints reported at East view center.
Training the healthcare providers and offering the technical assistance as well as providing the evidence-based recommendations is a key technique in enhancing them to provide the quality customer service care to the patients. The technique of ensuring inspection to take disciplinary measures for those mistreating the patients and neglecting them to the extent of offering substandard care is vital to improving the quality of the customer service care (Amin et al, 2013). Adoption of these techniques effectively addresses the complaints and the problems that hinder quality services to the customers.
The quality clinical care in the nursing care requires some improvement to ensure the services are offered as per the professional specifications. The shape up of the administration and the staff to enhance the coordination between healthcare providers through the formation of teams which leads to cooperation is a technique that improves clinical care in the nursing home (Ahmad et al, 2015). The technique ensures they care to work together to meet the standards of quality care.
Appointing an internal inspection to identify regularly the areas that need some quality improvement is an important technique that enhances improved clinical care quality. Ensuring the integrated health services and designing a program that controls, investigated and manages infections in the nursing home is an efficient technique in ensuring the improved quality of clinical care. The effective adoption and implementation of the techniques lead to the overall improvement in the quality of care offered in the East view health center.
References
Abuosi, A. A., & Atinga, R. A. (2013). Service quality in healthcare institutions: establishing the gaps for policy action. International journal of health care quality assurance, 26(5), 481-492.
Ahmad, A., Nurhanis Syazni, R., Jamilah Al-Muhammady, M., & Muhamad Saiful Bahri, Y. (2015). Medical Graduates’ Perception on the Quality of Clinical Education. Education In Medicine Journal, 7(4), e52-e59. doi:10.5959/eimj.v7i4.401
Amin, M., & Zahora Nasharuddin, S. (2013). Hospital service quality and its effects on patient satisfaction and behavioural intention. Clinical Governance: An International Journal, 18(3), 238-254.
Burwell, S. M. (2015). Setting value-based payment goals—HHS efforts to improve US health care. N Engl J Med, 372(10), 897-899.
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Prospectus: The relationship between HR practices and the employee perceived performance in various organizations across the globe
Problem Statement
Outstanding performance among employees plays an imperative role in promoting overall profitability of an organization and can be considered the ultimate HR goal (Mathis, 2011). Preceding studies indicate that employees working where there are effective practices are more likely to perform better than where there are poor practices (Nadarajaha et al, 2012). The general business problem is that HR practices have a fundamental influence on employee perceived performance in organizations across the globe. The specific problem is that a majority of organizations do not place adequate value on developing strategic HR practices to enhance employee performance.
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this qualitative correlation study is to establish the interrelation between HR practices and employee perceived performance. The study will target HR managers in Colorado, with the aim of providing valuable information regarding HR practices.
The independent variables are organizational HR practices,
a) recruitment practices,
b) compensation and benefits,
c) employee relations,
d) training and development,
e) performance appraisals,
f) employee motivation (recognition, rewards and incentives), and
g) HR systems development.
The dependent variable is employee perceived performance. Social change implications associated with the research include enhanced psychosocial well-being of employees when organizations adopt friendly HR practices and better quality products and services for customers following improved employee performance.
Nature of the study
Grounded on an interpretivist paradigm, qualitative study has the primary role of deriving exploratory perspectives in understanding phenomena, motivations, reasons and opinions of participants, and is mostly used in social research (Tuohy, Stephens and Johnston, 2014). This research takes on a qualitative study approach, with the objective of determining how employees perceive various HR practices and how these affect their overall performance. Quantitative research makes use of inferential statistics in deriving meanings from data collected (Yilmaz, 2013).
For purposes of this research, the quantitative approach is overruled, given the fact that a majority of information to be used for the study cannot be quantified. It is difficult for example to quantify how employee motivation impacts different individuals, given that each person may have different views on what level of incentives can influence their performance. Qualitative research is preferred because the research will rely heavily on employee experiences, understanding and perspectives regarding HR practices.
Qualitative research question
How do organizational HR practices, a) recruitment practices, b) compensation and benefits, c) employee relations, d) training and development, e) performance appraisals, f) employee motivation (recognition, rewards and incentives), and g) HR systems development, and employee perceived performance in organizations across the globe?
Hypothesis
Nul hypothesis (H0): There is no statistically significant relationship between organizational HR practices, a) recruitment practices, b) compensation and benefits, c) employee relations, d) training and development, e) performance appraisals, f) employee motivation (recognition, rewards and incentives), and g) HR systems development, and employee perceived performance in organizations across the globe.
Alternative hypothesis (H1): There exists a statistically significant relationship between organizational HR practices, a) recruitment practices, b) compensation and benefits, c) employee relations, d) training and development, e) performance appraisals, f) employee motivation (recognition, rewards and incentives), and g) HR systems development, and employee perceived performance in organizations across the globe.
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Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
The Herzberg theory (1966) is proposed as the primary element of employee satisfaction and performance. This theory postulates that employees’ satisfaction is based on two factors namely: hygiene factors and motivational factors. Hygiene factors refer to the maintenance factors, which do not necessarily induce motivation, while motivational factors (satisfiers) are known to influence performance (Mathis, 2011).
It is notable that the organization’s policy and administration, which also involves HR is classified as a hygiene factor; while a majority of the satisfiers are a role of the HR. Therefore, better HR practices are likely to result in greater motivation and better performance among employees.
Based on previous studies, it is notable that HR Practices influence the performance of employees to a great extent.
Significance of the study
Contemporary organizations are faced with the new epitome of the need to uphold effective HR practices for exceptional organizational performance. Furthermore, HR has become an important contributor to organizational strategy. In this relation, HR must continuously identify best practices that will enhance performance among employees in order to promote the overall organization’s performance. This research is of great significance to HR managers across the globe as it promises to provide valuable information about HR practices and how they affect performance. By following recommendations from this research, which will be based on real-life experiences, HR managers can improve their HR practices to enhance employee performance.
References
Mathis, R. L., & Jackson, J. H. (2011). Human Resource Management: Essential Perspectives. Boston: Cengage Learning.
Mudor, H. & Tooksoon, P. (2011). Conceptual framework on the relationship between human resource management practices, job satisfaction, and turnover. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 2 (2), 41-49. Retrieved from ifrnd.org/Research%20Papers/J2(2)1.pdf
Nadarajah, S. et al. (2012). The Relationship of HR Practices and Job Performance of Academicians towards Career Development in Malaysian Private Higher Institutions. International Conference on Asia Pacific Business Innovation and Technology Management, 57, 102-118 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812046253
Tuohy, R., Stephens, C., & Johnston, D. (2014). Qualitative research can improve understandings about disaster preparedness for independent older adults in the community. Disaster Prevention & Management, 23(3), 296-308. doi:10.1108/DPM-01-2013-0006
Yilmaz, K. (2013). Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Traditions: epistemological, theoretical, and methodological differences. European Journal Of Education, 48(2), 311-325. Retrieved from eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=1fd643c1-2944-4ace-aac5-f239a444e69b%40sessionmgr4003&vid=1&hid=4105
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Patients with high levels of cholesterol in their body usually undergo the statin therapy which helps in preventing and reducing the high risks of suffering from the cardiovascular disease, are the statins drugs right for the patients or lead to the increased cases of liver disease?
The nursing problem relating to the proper management of the cardiovascular disease and ensuring that administration of statins therapy leads to the desired impact is observed mainly among the patients having heart and liver diseases in the health centers. Statins are the group of drugs that help in lowering the levels low-density lipoprotein in one’s blood.
The statins are responsible for blocking the substances that form cholesterol in the liver (Shehata et al, 2015). The recent incidents related to the effectiveness of the statins prompts the researchers to conduct the interventional studies to establish whether the statin drugs cause the increase of the liver diseases among patients (Shehata et al, 2015).
The statin drugs ensure that any excess cholesterol within the body is converted into bile salts that absorb the vitamins and fats in the intestines (Shehata et al, 2015). Scientific research gives out evidence that high levels of the low-density lipoprotein cause the progression of the cardiovascular diseases. By the previous studies conducted, there is a significant relationship between the high LDL cholesterol and the cardiovascular disease among the patients. Therefore, cholesterol has been seen as a risk factor for the high mortality rates among the cardiovascular disease patients (Shehata et al, 2015).
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Taking the prescribed medication appropriately, maintenance of a healthy diet and involvement in the physical exercises is efficient in controlling the cholesterol levels in the body. The populations that are more vulnerable to the disease are the elderly and the smokers. The people above the age of fifty are the most likely to suffer from diseases. The smokers take in a chemical that transports the cholesterol from the deposits of fat to the liver.
The elderly population is vulnerable as the arteries usually narrow causing atherosclerosis. The increased levels of serum cholesterol make the smokers and elderly more vulnerable to the heart disease. The various health institutions are therefore monitoring the liver function test among the patients that have undergone the statin therapy (Shehata et al, 2015).
Joint British Societies and also the NICE has recommended the adoption of statin therapy as the remedy to help in the reduction of cardiovascular disease related mortality rates. There has been significant reduction in the mortality rate by about 10% which gives credit to the intervention adopted. The remedy is significant in the nursing profession as it enhances the better and more efficient management of the problem.
The management of the disease is highly beneficial to the people most vulnerable to developing the disease. The efficient monitoring of the liver function tests among the patients is highly recommended to ensure the proper management (Shehata et al, 2015). Prior to the establishment of the significant results of the tests conducted, the statin therapy seems to be cumbersome in nature. Such a case acts as a fault to the statin drugs been used to manage and properly intervene for the problem.
The statin drugs also induce liver enzymes which cause the high levels of alanine transaminase which requires the testing to be done several months in the early weeks of ALT (Shehata et al, 2015). The patients might develop obesity or the drug-induced toxicity influencing the function of the liver. In addition to the liver function tests’ monitoring, it is essential to include the histological techniques.
Considering other factors that might influence abnormalities during the liver functions test is essential before identifying the probability of the influence caused by the statins on the disease. Measuring the patient’s baseline during the statin therapy while conducting the liver function test results into reduced cases of the cardiovascular disease which is the required outcome.
Population used is the adults between 18-55 years of age who have been clinically diagnosed with the cardiovascular disease in the past and have undergone the statin therapy at least ones during their medication process. The patients facing the liver diseases are also include to identify whether the statin therapy contributes to increased levels of their illness.
Intervention for the problem is adoption of statin therapy as the remedy to help in the reduction of cardiovascular disease related mortality rates. The management of the disease is highly beneficial to the people most vulnerable to developing the disease. The efficient monitoring of the liver function tests among the patients is highly recommended to ensure the proper management among the patients experiencing the liver disease (Shehata et al, 2015).
The standards supervised process that would not involve the establishment the significant liver test conducted which acts as a control group for the patients is used for comparison. The nitrates used by the cardiovascular patients as drugs to manage the disease would be administered to the patients for comparison with the stating therapy and the effects.
The outcome assessed during the research of the issues includes the changes in number of LDL receptors in the liver of the patients. The reduced risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease and the mortality and morbidity rates are also measured as an outcome (Shehata et al, 2015). The time frame for the outcome would be evaluated and measured monthly for 6 months.
Patients with high levels of cholesterol in their body usually undergo the statin therapy which helps in preventing and reducing the high risks of suffering from the cardiovascular disease, are the statins drugs right for the patients or lead to the increased cases of liver disease?
Rapid appraisal
How does each article describe the nature of the problem, issue, or deficit you have identified?
The article has efficiently described the issue of statin therapy, its effectiveness among the cardiovascular disease patients and other impacts it causes.
Does each article provide statistical information to demonstrate the gravity of the issue, problem, or deficit?
The article has been helpful in describing the problem and its gravity to the extent of providing a clear insight about the issue of interest.
Example(s): morbidity, mortality, rate of incidence or rate of occurrence in the general population.
There has been significant reduction in the mortality rate by about 10% which gives credit to the intervention adopted
Does the article support your proposed change?
The article has provided more information regarding the proposed change by describing the positive impacts for the intervention.
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Improper Communication System in the Nursing System
The Problem Identification
The use and implementation of proper and effective communication channels is one of the major issues that have been presenting a lot of headache to the nursing community in the US. In fact, this is considered to be one of the major issues that has ended up affecting the level and efficiency of the health services delivery (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014).
The lack of proper communication system between the nurses, between nurses and other health care professionals, and between the nurses and the patients is one of the major issues that has affected the quality of the healthcare services offered in various United States hospitals. As such, the identification of this gap is one of the most important aspect that requires the adequate application of the necessary interventions remedies in order to improve the level of service delivery.
Detailed Description of the Proper Lack of Communication within the Nursing System
The enactment of effective policies that can be used to improve the communication system within the nursing communication is one of the most important issues, which is lacking. This is a very important issue as it has culminated to the ineffectiveness in depiction of the patient-centered delivery of the health care services. In short, the nursing community lacks a proper mechanism that can be used to promote the effectiveness on the delivery of the health care services.
Both the pre-services, as well as in-service training of the nurses do not put more emphasis on the need to develop a proper communication system. Furthermore, the nursing community does not also give a lot of emphasis when it comes to the portrayal of the importance of the developing proper communication system during their on-going trainings. Despite the United States devising some necessary measures that can be used to improve the provider-patient communication system, more improvements have to be carried out.
For instance, the nursing body in charge of taking care of the patients and those in charge of providing necessary training to the students should come up with a more harmonized way of communication (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014). The majority of the “sentinel events” have occurred as a result of the lack of enactment of the proper communication.
Some of the inefficiencies that have occurred in the health care set up include issues such as the development of the medical errors, lack of adequate or effective treatments, and the arising of some unnecessary costs. Therefore, the development of such inefficiencies is enough reason to call for the initiation of the necessary intervention measures in order to correct them.
The Impact of the Lack of Proper Communication to the Nursing Working Environment and Patients
The lack of proper and effective communication in then nursing system can considered to the main reason there has been disparity in the delivery of the target and improved health care services to the patients. First, the issue has led to the creation of inefficiencies when it comes to the development of proper services in taking care of the bio-psychological needs of the patients. This is due to the fact that different nursing bodies are not able to coordinate in the right or proper manner.
Secondly, the lack of proper communication has led to the ineffectiveness in the passing of important information from the nurses to the patients. It is imperative noting that the proper use of the oral communication is considered one of the most important aspects as it may led to the general well-being of the patients (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014). As a result, the move may serve to exacerbate the health condition of the patients. The nurses are not able to expression an understanding to their needs, express their sincerity towards serving the patients, and kindness, among other important nursing elements.
In short, the lack of proper and effective communication between the patients and the team of nurses may improve fear and uncertainty among the patients. Furthermore, the strained interpersonal communication between the nurses is also considered another important issues that can affect the level of service delivery. When the team of nurses lack proper ways of communicating between themselves, they end up not delivering quality service to the latter (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014). For instance, they may pass contradicting information of the patients, a condition that may undermine their overall safety.
The Significance of the Development of Improper Communication to the Nursing Profession
The nursing profession is one of the most delicate sector in the health care system. Therefore, any slight mismatch in the relaying of the necessary information has been identified to have adverse effects towards the delivery of effective health care services. For instance, the use of ineffective ways of communication has affected the passing of information has affected the relaying of important information to the different peoples and health professionals workers considered important during the delivery of the health care services (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014).
Apart from that, there is lack of proper coordination between the superior health workers and the co-workers in the nursing sector. It is also highly difficult devising a proper procedure that the families, as well as the friends of the patients can make up the necessary follow ups of the health conditions (Unluturk et al., 2015). In short, the lack of proper communication has been thought to be the major causative agents of major ailing issues such as the endangering of the lives of the patients while at the same time not being able to being able to meet their needs (Liu, Manias & Gerdtz 2012).
It is imperative noting that the patients may grow impatient whenever nurses do not develop efficient concerning over their nature (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014). This a condition that is only worsened by the presence of the improper communication. As a result the issue may lead to the development of improper healing curve, which make the patients to have a prolonged stay at any health care facility.
On other hand, the lack of proper communication channel between the co-workers is considered to be highly detrimental towards improving the nursing services. When the team of nurses are not able to keep a proper communication channels, they may end up bringing confusion in different health care matters (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014).
For instance, the nurses on duty may end up administering the wrong type of medicine to the patients, important files may end up being displaced, thus, losing important information, and there may be wrong scheduling of important health care matters (Liu, Manias & Gerdtz 2012). Therefore, the development of such matters acts as an important factor that should be used to devise the manner in which the different issues should be managed.
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The Enactment of the Appropriate Solution That Can Be Used To Mitigate the Above Mentioned Problem
The nursing community can set appropriate strategies that can be used to improve the overall communication process within the health care system. First, the nurses should not only strive to improve their interpersonal communication but also the communication between their communication with the patients, as well as other physicians (Lombardo, 2013). Here, the move will help to ease the pressure that might be existing between the three bodies.
The patients’ emotions will be taken into consideration as there would be more improved state of reduced stress (Liu, Manias & Gerdtz 2012). Apart from that, improved communication system will also mitigate the cases of depiction of flawed assumptions while at the same time improving the satisfactory level of the patients (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014). Moreover, the move will also improve the coordination process during the delivery of quality health care services.
Secondly, the nurses should also ensure there is prompt and timely delivery of necessary information to the patients. Such information may related to issues such as the necessary surgical procedures that should be used, as well as other necessary changes made within the medical or nursing filed (Chard, & Makary 2015). As a result, the proper implementation of such changes is considered highly imperative in trying to make sure that the patients feel confident and appreciate by the hospital’s management body (Bramhall, 2014).
Apart from that, the move will help to improve the nurse-patient interpersonal relationship, thus, facilitating the faster and proper identification of the major problems that might be affecting the patients. This will help the nurse to monitor and diagnose any occurrence of ill health.
The nurses should also make sure they have developed a proper communication channel with the doctors and other important physicians. In fact, this is considered one of the most important procedure that can help to open up proper communication procedures while at the same time making sure the health care services provided are of high quality.
It is worth noting that for the doctors and other important health care practitioners to intervene, the nurses must develop a proper communication channel that will help them gather sufficient information about the health condition of the patients (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014). In most cases, the team of doctors depends on the information relayed to them by the nurses of duty in order to give the appropriate medication procedures (Kourkouta & Papathaniasiou, 2014).
Apart from that, the nurses must also develop a proper communication procedure with the friends and families of the patients. In fact, the proper implementation of such an important move not only helps to identify the necessary history of the patients but also facilitates immensely in the development of a positive relationship with the patients (Chard, & Makary 2015). The showing of concerns to the relatives and friends of the affected families will not only give rise to the development of immense trust between the patients and the nurses but also make the patients feel comfortable and at home.
The Development of a PICO Question/Statement concerning the Matter
Does the development of a positive communication in the health care system between the nursing community, physicians, relatives, and the patients lead to the improvement of the health care services delivery compared to the situation where the nurses and other health care practitioners operates with limitation communication?
Therefore, the use of such PICO questions is highly important as it acts as a mind provoking facet that can lead to the identification of the problems and the development of the necessary intervention measures.
Rapid Appraisal of the Main Journal Article Used
(Kourkouta, and Papathaniasiou 2014)
The article states that the lack of the proper interpersonal communication between the nurses and other important parties has led to the strained relationship in the delivery of quality health care services. The articles has also pointed out how strained communication system can incorrect passing of information between the nurses and the patients, thus, affecting the quality of health care services. As a result, it proposes for the application of the appropriate changes such as the development of a good interpersonal communication between the nurses, physicians, friends and families, and the patients.
Chard, R., & Makary, M. A. (2015). Transfer-of-Care Communication: Nursing Best Practices. AORN Journal, 102(4), 329-342.
Kourkouta, L., and Papathaniasiou, I. (2014). Communication in Nursing Practice, Journal of the Academy of Medical Science, 26(1), 65-67.
Liu, W., Manias, E., & Gerdtz, M. (2012). Medication communication between nurses and patients during nursing handovers on medical wards: A critical ethnographic study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49(8), 941-952.
Lombardo, C. A. (2013). Nursing’s Role in Achieving Excellence in Care Delivery Across the Continuum of Health for New Mothers With Hypertension. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 42, S47.
Unluturk, M. S., Ozcanhan, M. H., & Dalkilic, G. (2015). Improving communication among nurses and patients. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 120(2), 102-112.
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Breast Abscess Patient Diagnosis and Treatment
Journal Entry
In my 4th week clinic I have learned more about patient diagnosis and treatment. Breast abscess can be caused by several different factors. To begin with, it can develop as a defensive reaction against infections and similarly, due to presence of foreign objects which causes accumulation of pus in the breast tissue. In this case the effect manifested itself in form of a greenish drainage.
Abscess can occur anywhere in the body. However, most breast abscess develops in women who are lactating and breast feeding. Breast abscess occurring in non lactating women are a bit unusual and initially can be a sign and symptom for breast cancer. A woman who has undergone breast cancer treatment is likely to have the abscess (Bosma, Morden, Klein, Neal, Knoepp & Patterson, 2016).
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The abscess is normally accompanied with pain and breast tenderness. However, not all abscesses are accompanied by inflammation making their diagnosing a difficult matter. My patient’s pus in this case the greenish drainage will be collected and tested to know the type of infection. The type of bacteria causing the abscess should be examined so as to give the best treatment since same bacteria are prone to some kind of treatment (Bosma, Morden, Klein, Neal, Knoepp & Patterson, 2016).
Blood test and ultrasound can also be done to check the patents immune and determine what structures of the skin are being affected by the infection. The above information is more likely to relate to an individual living with breast cancer. My patient is likely suffering from breast cancer. Breast cancer does not only show itself through inflammations but also breast abscess especially in non-lactating women.
The collection of fluids in the breast that is the greenish fluid commonly turns out to be an invasive cancer. The complains of the abscess in breast cancer normally associate itself with non-healing breast abscess despite use of antibiotics; through the previous weeks, patients not lactating, elderly patents and breast abscess associated with hard lumps in the breast (Bosma, Morden, Klein, Neal, Knoepp & Patterson, 2016).
How Is Globalization Affecting the Key Actors in the International System?
Introduction
Globalization basically has no precise definition. In actual fact, globalization is in danger of becoming the truism of the modern era. Even so, the word globalization encompasses aspects of an extensive perception that there is a widening, deepening and accelerating of global interconnectedness in virtually every aspect of life (Rourke & Boyer, 2000). At the core of globalization is a global shift; meaning, the globe being shaped by technological and economic forces, into a collective political and economic arena. The three main perspectives with regard to globalization include transformationalist, the sceptical, and the hyperglobalist viewpoints (Verma & Singh, 2010).
Hyperglobalists: those who hold this viewpoint maintain the world today is a more and more global world wherein countries are being subject to immense political as well as economic processes of transformation. These processes serve to erode and fragment countries and reduce the power of political leaders. In circumstances such as these ones, countries are becoming gradually more the ‘decision- takers’ rather than the ‘decision-makers’ (D’Anieri, 2011).
The sceptical: those with this viewpoint strongly oppose the perspective of hyperglobalists and maintain that present-day global circumstances are not unprecedented. According to them, although there has been an increase in social and international activity in the past few years, this has served to reinforce and enhance the powers of state in a number of domains (D’Anieri, 2011).
Transformationalists: those who have this view maintain that globalization is producing novel economic, political as well as social situations that are actually altering powers of the state and the context wherein countries operate. Transformationalists do not try to envisage the outcome (Popa, 2014). They maintain that it is uncertain – but assert that politics is not just rooted in nation-states.
Globalization
Globalization can suitably be seen as a process which exemplifies a change in the spatial organization of social transactions as well as relations, resulting in interregional or transcontinental flows and networks of activities, interaction as well as power (Kilic, 2015). Globalization is typified by the following: integration of international/global economic decision-making, integration of international economic decision-making, exponential growth in global fiscal transactions, increases in global Non-Governmental Organizations and Activities (NGOs), and strengthened political International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) (Goldstein & Pevehouse, 2006).
Furthermore, globalization is typified by 4 kinds of change:
(i) globalization entails a stretching of economic, political and social activities across political regions, frontiers, and countries.
(ii) Globalization involves the intensification of interconnectedness as well as flows of migration, finance, investment, and trade.
(iii) The increasing intensity and extensity of international interconnectedness could be associated with an increase of international processes and interactions, as the development of global communication and transport systems increases the rate of the dissemination of information, capital, people, goods and ideas (Goldstein & Pevehouse, 2006).
(iv) The rising intensity, extensity and rate of international interactions can be linked to their increasing impact such that the effects of distant occurrences could be very considerable in other places.
In fact, the most local events and occurrences could have considerable international implications. As such, the boundaries between international affairs and domestic matters can become more and more blurred. On the whole, globalization could be described as the broadening, increasing, accelerating and rising impact of international interconnectedness (Nederveen & Dasgupta, 2009). When globalization is thought of in this manner, then patterns of international relations and connections could be empirically mapped in all major domains of human activity.
Principal actors in international system
In the international system, the key actors include country government, international organizations, non-government organizations, multinational enterprises, inter-governmental organizations, and transnational corporations.
State Actors
On the modern world stage, the state is certainly one of the oldest and universally recognized actors. A State refers to a political unit which has sovereignty over a territory and the citizens in that territory (Gaur, 2015). Examples of states include sovereign country governments such as Italy, Canada, USA, UK, and Egypt among other countries.
Intergovernmental Organizations
Even as States are still the leading and main actors on the global stage, other important actors also exist such as intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). These are created by states, often through a treaty. The common IGOs are International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, International Criminal Police Organizations, and the World Bank Group. IGOs mainly do not have a way of enforcing state compliance with their decisions, perhaps except with the assistance of powerful nations (Kegley Jr. & Wittkopf, 2004).
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
Not every actor on the world’s stage has governmental roles. NGOs are essentially not-for-profit voluntary organizations which support public good or pursue it. These organizations are by and large involved in such things as economic development, issues pertaining to human rights, social welfare, as well as humanitarian assistance. Common non-governmental organizations are Greenpeace, the Amnesty International, Oxfam, and the Red Cross (Nederveen, & Dasgupta, 2009).
Multinational Enterprises
Theother significant grouping of actors comprises multinational enterprises (MNEs). These are for-profit organizations with presence in more than 1 country. It is notable that some multinational enterprises such as Sony, General Electric, General Motors, and Wal-mart have very large amounts of monetary resources that equal or exceed the resources of smaller nations like Burundi, Fiji and Somalia. It is notable that an MNE’s interests do not essentially coincide with those of the countries wherein they do business, or even the MNE’s home country (Seitan, 2014).
Sub-state actors or domestic actors
These comprise groups of persons who have the same interests not beyond the countries which can affect the foreign policy of the State. Examples include tobacco sector and automobile sector in USA. These sectors, in essence, have interests in the country’s foreign fiscal policy so that they may sell automobiles or cigarette products overseas and decrease importations of competing products produced overseas. They can influence the decisions made with regard to their country’s laws with the aim of protecting the rights of workers (Antonelli, & Fassio, 2016).
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
These are organizations whose members comprise at least 3 countries. These organizations are formed by countries to resolve common problems that give them authority of making collective decisions to deal with various problems and issues on the international agenda (Francioni, Musso & Vardiabasis, 2013). In IGOs, the representatives of country governments assemble to talk about issues which are of shared interests to member countries. There are 2 major kinds of Intergovernmental Organizations: the global Intergovernmental Organizations and the regional Intergovernmental Organizations.
Global Intergovernmental Organizations are organizations with universal or nearly universal membership; this means that each country is a member such as the International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, and the United Nations. Regional Intergovernmental Organizations are essentially a subset of countries as members basing upon a certain interest or region, for instance the European Union and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (Kegley Jr. & Wittkopf, 2004).
There are several reasons that cause countries to create or join Intergovernmental Organization. As per liberal institutionalism, states form Intergovernmental Organizations since it is in their best interest to form. With Intergovernmental Organizations, some problems or issues could be resolved easily and cheaper than without them. In particular, liberal institutionalism is focused on collective problems, for instance the security dilemma, the appeal to execute competitive tariffs, as well as the difficulty in agreeing to protect the environment (Art & Jervis, 2011).
Countries should correspond with one another and oversee other countries in order to ensure that they are actually sticking to their commitments to acknowledge many of the problems. For instance, in the case of free trade, the World Trade Organization was created to coordinate the negotiation of tariffs and offer a mechanism for dispute resolution. Some of these tasks may be more complex and costly to implement without the Intergovernmental Organizations (Taylor et al., 2014).
There are times in which Intergovernmental Organizations are not only formed to resolve problems but also to offer a platform for discussing crucial issues (Art & Jervis, 2011). The United Nations General Assembly has no predetermined agenda but offers a forum for countries to talk about and debate matters that come up. Likewise, one of the goals of the World Trade Organization is to organize meetings at which countries would negotiate to resolve major issues (Goldstein & Pevehouse, 2006).
Common Intergovernmental organizations and their functions
The United Nations: This is in charge of maintaining international peace and security. It also develops friendly relations amongst countries. It also seeks to accomplish international cooperation in resolving global problems. Furthermore, it functions as a center for harmonizing the actions of states. World Trade Organization: this organization manages disputes that arise from trading partners.
It also monitors trade in agriculture and manufacture commodities. ASEAN: this organization promotes regional economic, social and culture cooperation amongst the nations situated in the Southeast Asia region (Vadlamannati, 2015). NATO: this organization is a system of joint defense in which the member countries agree to collective defense in response to a military attack by a country that is not a NATO member state.
Transnational Actors
These are actors which function below the state level. However, they function across the state borders. The 2 sorts of transnational actors include nongovernmental organizations and multinational/transnational corporations. Multinational/Transnational Corporations: Multinational corporations are firms which have headquarters in one country but do business extensively in other countries. Such companies are based in one country but have divisions that operate in other nations (Goldstein & Pevehouse, 2006). Put simply, such a firm is a big organization operating globally in different nations at the same time, with fixed facilities and staff members in state.
Types of multinational companies
Industrial corporations manufacture their products in production facilities in different states and sell them to businesses and clients located in different states. The biggest multinational companies operate in the automobile, oil and electronic industries. Virtually every multinational corporation has its headquarters in the Group of Seven countries. Examples of these firms include Sony, Honda, Toyota, BP, BMW, General Motors, Wal-Mart, Total and Apple.
Financial institutions like banks: these do business globally but have more restrictions compared to industrial corporations (Mehrabanfar, 2015). Examples include international airlines like Asiana Airlines, Virgin Atlantic; Hilton Hotels & Resorts and Sheraton; and services like McDonald’s fast-food chain.
Multinational corporations are becoming more and more powerful as autonomous actors. A lot of the industrial multinational corporations, Wal-Mart for instance, have yearly revenues of tens of billions of dollars annually. Multinational corporations can match most global companies in monetary resources as well as size. The biggest intergovernmental organizations, which is the United Nations, has an estimated two billion dollars annual revenue, which is really small in comparison to over 250 billion dollars for the largest multinational corporations.
The biggest country economically, USA, has government revenues of over $2 trillion annually. This clearly demonstrates that the power of multinational corporations does not rival the biggest countries but in fact surpasses a lot of poorer countries (Francioni, Musso & Vardiabasis, 2013). Multinational corporations are viewed as citizens of the world and they are beholden to not any government.
Head of Dow Chemicals Company once envisioned to purchase an island to construct the company’s head office. In such view, multinational corporations act internationally in the interests of their global stockholders. In actual fact, they do not owe loyalty to any country. Multinational corporations are motivated by the need to maximize profitability (Nederveen, & Dasgupta, 2009).
The operations of multinational corporations support an international business infrastructure linking a global community of businesspersons. For instance, an American manager who arrives in Tokyo Japan does not find a confusing and puzzling scene of strange customs, locations, as well as languages. Instead, this manager would be able to move through a known series of faxes and telephone calls, multinational hotels, airport lounges, business conference facilities, and international news broadcasts – most likely hearing the English language spoken in all of these (Mehrabanfar, 2015).
Moreover, multinational corporations contribute to the development of their host country. As transnational companies operate in other countries, they create job opportunities for the locals in that country and in so doing help to stabilize the economy in that particular country.
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
In the contemporary world, a lot of people find that by joining nongovernmental organizations, they may be able take part in the global system and lobby to influence international organizations. Most have joined as members of one or more nongovernmental organizations, which have roughly 30,000 members worldwide. Nongovernmental organizations are private global actors whose members are not countries, but rather volunteers from populations of 2 or more countries that have formed organizations to foster their common interests and ideals for the purpose of influencing the policies of intergovernmental organizations and country governments.
Nongovernmental organizations handle many international issues and seek changes in the world for various causes like human rights, environmental protection and disarmament, among others (Nederveen & Dasgupta, 2009). Many nongovernmental organizations pursue objectives that are very much respected and positive, hence do not result in any controversies or a lot of resistance.
NGOs interact with multinational companies, nation-states, and sub-state actors, plus other NGOs. NGOs are increasingly becoming recognized in the UN and other forums, as real actors together with countries but are not equal to them. Some of the groups have a political purpose, some a humanitarian purpose, while others have an economic purpose.
There are times in which nongovernmental organizations mix efforts by means of transnational advocacy networks (Antonelli & Fassio, 2016). By joining nongovernmental organizations, a lot of people learn that they may take part in the global system and lobby to influence multinational organizations.
Examples of nongovernmental organizations
A nongovernmental organization that particularly fights for human rights is the Amnesty International; a global movement of individuals campaigning for globally acknowledged human rights for everyone. They carry out research and generate actions aimed at preventing or ending serious human rights abuses and demanding justice for people whose human rights have been infringed.
The main issues which have been campaigned include freedom of the press, welfare of children, protection of civilians during armed conflicts, rights of women, disability rights, rights of people with AIDS, human impact of pollution and environmental degradation among others (Goldstein & Pevehouse, 2006). The other sort of nongovernmental organizations is the religious movement.
They are a politically active organization rooted in strong religious beliefs. Even though religious movements had a powerful influence in politics in the past decades for instance being able to cause a war between communities with different religious beliefs, religious movements these days are in fact peace makers between conflicting countries.
Political Groups that Advocate Violence: Terrorists
Political factions which support violence or terrorism may really not refer to themselves nongovernmental organizations, but they operate in more or less the same fashion which is by interacting with countries and with relevant populations or institutions by means of violence and terrorist attacks. These groups have great power. They influence the international relations between different countries. One group that is currently active is the Islamic State group.
International Criminal Groups
These actors are that are seen as transnational actors but they act in an illicit fashion. Most of these them have a great capacity of monetary resources which gives them the ability to influence the policies of the state (Goldstein & Pevehouse, 2006). Some international criminal groups can even threaten the security of the country. They are mainly operated secretly making it not easy for the authorities and the police to find them.
These groups are largely involved in various crimes including human trafficking, drugs, prostitution, as well as firearms. Examples of international criminal groups include the Sicilian Mafia in Italy, Yakuza in Japan, and also Triads in Taiwan, Macau, and Hong Kong, Macau (Art & Jervis, 2011).
Impacts of Globalization
There are several effects that emerge from globalization which impacts different economies of the world. The production of goods and services is affected by different elements of globalization. This has also seen the development of different approaches of production such as capital and other inputs and labor that are primarily dependent on the levels of globalization.
Additionally, competitiveness as seen in producing a good or service has resulted in the diffusion of technology that has resulted in the initiation of nations to other developed cities (Gaur, 2015). Having considered this, globalization is therefore ascribed as the force behind the efficiencies that have been experienced in affecting investment opportunities of different organizations within different nations and markets.
Investments are known to play a central role in technological transfer, formation of global investment and in industrial restructuring which have an effect in the national level (Luković, 2015). New technological advancements in different economies additionally remain an essential factor in globalization that stimulate competition and enhances the diffusion of nations through foreign direct investments.
Perception in world politics
Facts do not speak for themselves. Facts are organized by concepts, structured by theories, interpreted by worldviews and assessed in the light of individual and subjective value systems. Realism: this view depicts the world’s political system as a disordered chaotic struggle for security and power amongst competing nation-states. There is no higher authority besides these countries (Verma & Singh, 2010).
As such, countries individually, or alongside other countries, provide for their own defense. In essence, the only effectual way of assuring security is power. Idealism-Liberal Internationalism: this view maintains that there is reason to believe that the leading global role of countries may in fact be declining (Art & Jervis, 2011). Therefore, the world should be described not just in terms of country interactions, but also in terms of growing community.
Conclusion
In conclusion, even though countries remain as the most significant actors in the global system in today’s world, non-state actors have a growing power and influence in globalization. One of the biggest multinational enterprises has annual revenues which actually exceed some of the gross domestic product of poorer countries and this demonstrates their growing influences. As the world keeps globalizing, it would really not be easy to different between multinationals, states and other actors in a period of collapsing states and reemerging countries.
References
Antonelli, C., & Fassio, C. (2016). Globalization and the Knowledge-Driven Economy. Economic Development Quarterly, 30(1), 3-14. doi:10.1177/0891242415617239
Art, R. J., & Jervis, R. (2011). International Politics: Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues (10th ed.). New York: Pearson Education.
Bourguignon, F. (2016). Inequality and Globalization. Foreign Affairs, 95(1), 11-15.
D’Anieri, P. (2011). International Politics: Power and Purpose in Global Affairs (Brief ed.). Stamford, United States of America: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.
Gaur, A. (2015). Impact of Globalization on Trade and Employment. International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Approach & Studies, 2(5), 110-113.
Goldstein, J. S., & Pevehouse, J. C. (2006). International Relations (7th ed.). New York, United States of America: Pearson Education.
Kegley Jr., C. W., & Wittkopf, E. R. (2004). World Politics : Trend & Transformation (9th ed.). Belmont, United States of America: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Kilic, C. (2015). Effects of Globalization on Economic Growth: Panel Data Analysis for Developing Countries. Economic Insights – Trends & Challenges, 67(1), 1-11.
Mehrabanfar, E. (2015). Globalization Streams in Futures Studies. Informatica Economica, 19(3), 96-106. doi:10.12948/issn14531305/19.3.2015.09
Nederveen P. J., & Dasgupta, S. (2009). Politics of Globalization. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications India Pvt., Ltd.
Popa, F. (2014). The Inference of Globalization from the Regionalization Process. Economics, Management & Financial Markets, 9(4), 486-493.
Rourke, J. T., & Boyer, M. A. (2000). World Politics: International Politics on the World Stage, Brief (3rd ed.). New York, United States of America: Dushkin/McGraw-Hill.
Seitan, S. (2014). Problems of the Impact which Globalization Has on the Macroeconomic Balance. Economic Insights – Trends & Challenges, 66(3), 49-57.
Taylor, P. J., Hoyler, M., Pain, K., & Vinciguerra, S. (2014). Extensive and Intensive Globalizations: Explicating the Low Connectivity Puzzle Of U.S. Cities Using A City-Dyad Analysis. Journal of Urban Affairs, 36(5), 876-890. doi:10.1111/juaf.12077
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Verma, S., & Singh, P. (2010). Organizing and Managing in the Era of Globalization. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications India Pvt., Ltd.
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Biopolitics is the influence of a legislature on the electorate through the use of concerted studies on the presence aspects that affect the situation of the state (Edkins 219). In essence, it is the politics of people. Politics has several spheres to it. Craig and Rahko believe that; there is the concern over the resources in a country such as the Gross Domestic Product, the number of jobs created annually, the value of the currency, the extent of representative demographics and the overall distribution of resources (p. 289).
Assessing all these factors; it is easy for one to imagine that politics is all about the economic and social growth of a nation. However true this may seem, it is not quite the case in many political spectrums across the globe. This is because; there are hardly enough citizens who worry about such demographics and contest for them passionately. Leaders hence ensure that from time to time, they are able to harness power and authority over a population through key issues that affect them. This paper is going to address the different viewpoints of a number of scholars on biopolitics.
One such scholar is Levit (78) who ascertains that the biological makeup of a person is different from the bio-social culturalization of a group or electorate. There are concerns and issues that may seem trivial yet hold unanimously important significance among persons all over the world (Just 413). Political king-makers harness such power to groom persons who have the right influence and exposure to meet a group such as an electorate of millions of people at the point of their perceived needs.
Neyrat (258) defines biopolitics as the study of perceptions and how these perceptions about the socialization of a group can be harnessed into political power. The persons who practice these strategically maneuvers are still the same politicians that use other political moves as well. They leverage values and opportunity promises to gain political traction every cycle of political policy and manifesto-selling seasons often referred to as campaigns.
The concept of biopower
According to Russell (562), biopower can be assessed as being closer to the real definition of power than any other concept in modern politics. It is essentially the pursuit, development and domination of authority over a people based on some unconventional premise. For instance; many leaders wield biopower through influence. In the arguments of Levit (78), he believes that influence is not necessarily born out of charm and charisma.
It may have these ingredients as additional strengths to a leader but the main strengths stem in the concern over the people’s social influences, perceived strengths and weaknesses to induce a sense of mind control. Biopower is the ability to invoke feelings in a people. It is a great asset to any politician and indeed an important bargaining chip that politicians use to gain traction where they are not driven by policy knowledge and general manifesto drafting abilities (Neyrat 258).
In order to understand biopower in the context of the political realm, it is vital to appreciate that such power; often give to leadership by the electorate stems from the very people. Tierney (58) believes that the democratic nations (most of the world) define the basic principles of democracy as ‘belonging to the people, to serve them and whose instruments of power are handed over to custodians (politicians) by the people.
In order for the custodian to gain the access they desire to these instruments of power, there is a soothing language riddled with political rhetoric and socio-economic promises that is used to entice the electorate. These languages are popular during campaigns. While it may be true that many governments do have ethics supporting the campaign process, the concern is that many countries do not have such laws. Indeed, the ‘best team wins’ in terms of political contexts.
Biopower can be best achieved if one is bale to inspire change and transformational leadership in another person or group. This makes it possible to have enough simple conversations at the level or anticipated level of the electorate in order to use charm and charisma to win their hearts over. Politicians use many strategies to gain traction among the electorate. However, the most significant aspect of politics is to maintain a sense of political, social and economic growth.
This also incorporates ensuring that employment rate is high and that security measures to protect markets from volatile market forces are realized. It is widely the opinion of many politicians that the electorate can be controlled to think in a particular manner. Indeed, such a possibility makes it a common goal for all politicians to brainwash the country in making it believe that whatever they believed in is the position of the state at the moment.
Harnessing political power
Harnessing political power is more likely compared to gaining control over the instruments of authority that govern and rule over a people. Islekel believes that the best comparison of political power systems one can have is the way in which handing over ceremonies transfer paraphernalia from one person to the next (192). The outgoing leaders often hand over symbols of power to the incoming leaders as a way of demonstration that they have made the new leaders part of their leadership portfolios and accepted them completely.
The issue of symbols of power is thus an important aspect in modern political history and has been so since historical times. The bearing of these symbols is thus meant to symbolize strength greater than the simple meanings of these ‘tools’. The interpretation of power thus has never changed among people from as recent as a number of centuries back. Before analyzing how to harness this power, it is important to assess the concept of political power as it applies to an electorate.
Political power; as it applies to most nations in the world can be considered as the ability to influence and wield outright, justifiable and legal control over the behavior of a people. Zupanči, (58) believes that the control over most electorates is based on the ability to convince majority of the electorate to support an opinion, role or value system that is endeared to the people as is practiced by a democratic system.
However, the nature of such a political system or the actual beliefs that the people associate with are often as a result of institutionalized values that are impressed upon them through the illicit control and manipulation of biopower. According to Minca and Chin-Ee (42); while it is a seemingly daunting political decision based on some democratic principle, the choice of a supreme leader such as a president or prime minister is based on perceived commonly accepted principles of social and political living.
According to Catlaw and Holland, in the modern age, the process of harnessing biopower is basically the process of developing systems for mind control. Be it that these systems may involve the use of principles and values, strategic political decisions or the basic actualization of modern democratic principles such as equality for all, strength of minority groups and the acknowledgement of diversity, the goal is simple; to get people to acknowledge a modern populist view (p. 102).
This can be unfortunately equated to popular opinion on issues and the blatant support for systems that encourage xenophobia, racism and extremely strong nationalistic views. All politicians seek at times is to get elected at all costs. Such a desperate side of bio-political power struggle at times rears a very ugly side that goes against all democratic principles and values to ensure the attainment of the political populist view that controls the realm of biopower in a political system. In retrospect, the wielding of power is a complicated game that is based on political understanding of dynamics, bio-political demographics and the key issues at stake.
American political history
American political history is the best demonstration of the wielding of power through Biopolitics. Minca and Chin-Ee Ong second this viewpoint by stating that the political arena in the American system is characterized by two main factors; dynamism and consistency (p. 366). In essence, the system of election of representatives is consistently changing as is the political rhetoric and utterance in the nation. American presidency is currently at its 44th dispensation of power and authority.
The man at the helm of this seat; Barrack Obama is particularly a first of his kind; the first black president of the United States of America. It’s a long time since George Washington led a country out of civil wars and without unionization of more than half of the currently unionized states. This has been the state of evolution in the nation and the political clock has run for about two hundred years now. Werbin (168) argues that; before one can understand or begin to comprehend the immense number of reforms that have brought the country’s political system to the present state, it is important to look at the biopower dynamics in the United States.
When President George Washington led an insurgence of American fighters to the battle of Yorktown in October 1781, the continental army thrived beyond the expectations of the superior and organized British army. However, the surprise of the British army was that there was an extremely large continental army, save from the fact that the American Revolution got significant support from French allies.
Among the most important unifying factors for the continental armies were; the resolve to fight the intolerable acts of 1774 and the Quebec act of 1775, the support for the tea party act of 1773 and the free masons. One symbol of American nationalism is the confederate flag that has been very popular among most of the southern States in the United States of America.
From the onset, Americans distinguished themselves as the voice of reason, the group of elitist and indeed the most free-willed society in the world. This opened up a host of immigration loopholes. The values that had been chastised were soon becoming acceptable. New and extremely liberal policies were developed as states became more independent and essentially; rogue.
This led to the civil wars that ended in the unification of states under a federal government for administrative reasons but with significant state autonomy to ensure that each state retained micro-economic controls over its population. This is why some of the values such as gun laws (second amendment) and minority rights for the LGBT became issues from one state to the next. The values that were particularly rightist (strong republican views, the Tea Party and the belief in the confederate power of the United States) became less and less popular, giving rise to the development of American Democrats (leftists).
The differing and dissenting political opinions saw the growth and distribution of multi-party democracy in the United States. The evolution of parties finally led to the registration of three party opinions that have stood the political test of time. These are; the leftists, who are democrats and who believe in free markets, lessened legislation on immigration, freedom of choice (pro-choice) on abortion rights and the support for the LGBT community.
The Republican Party (rightist) supports confederate values. These include; evangelical Christianity, no-to-abortion, restrictions on immigration and generally controversial views on free markets, foreign policy and LGBT rights (Robcis 14). The third category of parties; the green party and the libertarian party stand for generally rightist views with less confederate opinions. Nevertheless, the political system and arena in the United States has changed immensely from the position it held in the George Washington era to the Obama presidency.
Power in America
Power in America can be approached from different perspectives. Since the goal of this paper is to elucidate the values prominent in Biopolitics, it is important to evaluate almost all the different dynamisms to American power. American power is basically the influence of the United States of America over the rest of the world. The President of the United States of America (POTUS) is considered the most powerful man in the world. This is due to a number of factors.
Firstly, America positioned itself well politically in the previous two World Wars thus grew in strength and might both politically and economically. The second reason is that America has invested in the development of innovative technologies in Information Technology, maritime technology and best of all; military capability. The nation’s military capability is unrivalled in terms of tactics across the world. America is also a political power house and indeed the largest democracy in the world (Russell 562).
Political power in the United States of America is borne of some tools of power. These are the major decision making organs in the state and federal government. At the center of the pool of power is the presidency; the president commands nuclear war codes; the only permissible president to do so since Dwight David Eisenhower.
The discretion and temperament of American presidents has continued to surprise many as despite the power they wield over the world, they are often the voice of reason and the negotiators for peace ties and regional unity. This makes the American leaders very respected and indeed reviewed among all political spectrums. Indeed, the body that does best to guarantee the proliferation of American power is the United Nations’ Organization (UN), which they helped found after the Second World War.
Power in America is however distributed among other instruments of checks and balance. This is done by the congress, that legislates, the senate that passes bills and the Supreme Court that makes landmark rulings on issues that touch on the core of American values. Regardless, these institutions are also politically aligned in some way, especially based on the fact that they are constituted majorly based on the presidency and the government in power (whether democrat or republican).
American political power is also a complicated bio-political system of the electorate and the Electoral College. It is thus a pseudo-representative democracy setup. This checks the presidency from the time of nomination at party conventions to the time the candidate’s name appears on the ballot. The American senate also has the power to vote a ‘no-confidence’ motion against the seating president and effectively unseat him.
Influence in the leadership
The American leadership often constitutes of very influential and highly popular yet strong-willed presidents. Some of America’s presidents have been considered among the greatest leaders in history. These include; President George Washington, President Abraham Lincoln, President, President John Kennedy and President Dwight David Eisenhower. The leadership in the United States of America has played a major role in the proliferation of American values, the discerning of American positions in the political sphere on global issues.
According to Meyer-Emerick (691), the influence of American leadership has become common in deciding the position many countries across the world take on issues such as the war on terror, the decisions for or against certain values and the role of education, technology and agriculture in the free market economies. The American values are often presented in all the decision America makes but the outcome of the decisions often bear an international discernment.
Neyrat (261) believes that; in order to have such political power however, it takes a man to win over the trust of the American society that is highly elitist and value/position-driven. Politics in America often take the shape of discussions on acceptable values and the discernment of aspects of American culture better than the average person. Indeed, it is arguable that it takes some level of intelligence to achieve this. It is also important for American aspiring leaders to maintain party positions on issues without appearing to do so blindly.
They need to show conviction for values that are either leftist or rightist. There is also the need for American presidents to develop an increasingly strong support base while being firm on their opinions and values. They are leaders borne of character but more importantly, the ability to control the mind of the ordinary American towards the support for certain opinions, views and values (Purdy 892).
Trends in modern politics
Modern politics is directed by the sense of strong political opinion on democratic values. The realization of these values guides most of the current systems and indeed forms the basis for the arguments for the rule of governance. Simpson argues that among the most relevant principles in modern politics is; universal suffrage. There are no restrictions to voting rights to any citizen (p. 33). There is a gender-blind society developing and indeed, a lot of the modern political views are based on values and principles of majority rule.
This implies that most of the convictions the presidency in any nation has are often swept aside in favor of public opinion. It is important to realize that biopolitical power is the influence of principles on a person. Nevertheless, such influence can be from the people to the leadership if they feel that the leader is not guiding them well. Many systems in the developed world democracy thus call for resignation of leaders upon public disconcertment.
Modern political scientists are also part of political campaigns and systems across the world. They study issues of demographical concern such as; the general public opinion on issues, interpretation of popularity polls and opinion polls, drafting of policy statements and calculation of political risk. Many politicians thus consult on the right values to sell to the people, the basic principles of governance to dwell on and in a campaign, the significant value system presented by the general electorate.
The modern leader is thus a function of scientific and professional political research and advice. This means that at any point in time, such leaders need to have their advisors in place to guide them on policies that can have an impact on the nation. The president of the United States for instance is expected to consult congress from time to time as well as get briefings from senate and the cabinet secretaries. All these systems ensure a technocratic approach to political problem-solving.
Summary
Many scholars on biopolitical issues tend to hold the opinion that Biopolitics is majored on the solid acceptance of principles that define humanity and the true meaning of a being. However, the values enshrined in many a constitution do not necessarily depict the common universal suffrage systems. Tierney (64) argues that it is vital that there be a significant biological understanding of the factors that drive reasoning and common thinking among persons. It is important to ensure that the biological needs of a people are understood and not manipulated to ensure that there is a general insistence on the common good of society and not just the need to sell a political idea, opinion or manifesto through consistent manipulation and Machiavellian tactics.
American politics is based on universal suffrage but the system to vet and actualize the political roles and different partisan interests is governed through systems such as electoral colleges. Paz (26) argues that although democratic principles are favorable, it is at times important to place checks and balances in democratic processes to ensure that they do not encourage rogue decisions and other weaknesses associated with democratic rule. However, there is an urge to safeguard democratic principles where they seem to be ignored.
In cases where the democratic rights of a community are essentially obfuscated, there is need to ensure that all the members of the state’s registered electorate are allowed to access the voting rights that they are entitled to. Rutherford (301) is of the opinion that; at all time, democracy has to be given center stage and allowed to take precedence over all other forms of governance. The constitution is the tool that governs the exercise and use of power. It should thus be adhered to effectively and fully implemented without selective bargaining.
Conclusion
Biopolitics is and will always be a concept that modern society has to embrace and appreciate at all times. There is need to ensure that the will of the people is heard. However, where such a will is abused out of political influence and the abuse of aspects of demographic distribution such as wealth, constitutional representation, developmental indices and economic aspects of the community, it may arise that the community is not able to fully recover from such situations. According to Owens (559); democratic principles define a lot of a community’s civilization.
However, where capitalism reigns, democracy is often never given prominence in its very distinctive meaning. Persons that take control and charge over a nation are hardly there to represent the interests of the majority but their own. It is such challenges in democratic principles that often encourage alternative forms of governance in the developed world. However, the fusion of democratic and aristocratic models of governance often offers a reasonable model of governance that is acceptable in many developed worlds.
The argument on Biopolitics by popular scholars expand the common view that society is there to be led by persons who seem to have mastered aspects of influence and brain control that are not common to all. According to Marchezini (365), bio-politics borrows from many spheres of social science such as political science and public administration. However, there are not enough models to explain the very art of political power and influence.
It is a skill that few managed to have and once they do; they wield sufficient influence to assert their authority over society in ways that seem inherently democratic. However, demographics of democratic governance do not allow for equity in leadership. The diverse nature, class differentiation and culturalization of leaders make it difficult for any person to simply achieve such a reality.
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