Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Feasibility, Benefits, and Risks
Feasibility of the implementation of change in practice
Undeniably, several studies have reported on the dramatic increase of Diabetes type 2, especially among people below 30 years. This dramatic increase and complications associated with the disease are important public health issues that feasibility must be addressed amicably. Recent surveys have recommended that the application of education strategies facilitates changes in lifestyle among patients diagnosed with diabetes Type 2.
This is specifically in subjects identified as high risk of developing diabetes type 2. Research indicates that integration of the proposed practice in the clinical setting will reduce approximately 60% risk of developing diabetes Type 2 within 3 years of intervention. Secondly, the effects of these interventions are long- term (Inzucchi, et al., 2012).
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Potential barriers for the implementation
One of the major barriers for the implementation of the practice is inadequate resources. This will make it difficult for the healthcare providers to balance between their workloads and the demand of practicing proposed intervention- integrative patient education. Other potential barriers are organizational cultural and policy barriers that could lead to staff resistance.
Due to the low level of research in the clinical setting, most of the healthcare providers would be sceptical regarding the evidence based research. Therefore, prior to the onset of the research, the healthcare providers will be trained to ensure they understand the concept and project outcomes (Inzucchi, et al., 2015).
Main Risks of the integration of the practice
The main risk involved in integration of the practice into the clinical setting is the concern that too much content about diabetes type 2 could result in confusion and reduce its utility. Additionally, communication barriers could reduce the opportunity for the patient-physician interaction, which would make it difficult to realize the project’s objectives (Steinsbekk, et al., 2012).
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Benefits for integration of the practice into the clinical setting
Integrative patient education is beneficial as it will increase the patient’s ability of understanding the disease pathophysiology, and in establishment of the relevant coping strategies. This is because it will facilitate the process of diagnosis and treatment alternatives, as well as the consequences of various patient activities. Additionally, it will help the patient to make appropriate decision, thereby reducing the readmission rates, length of hospitalization and slows the disease progression (Kayshap et al., 2013).
The intervention justifies the time as well as cost toward the improvement of the feasibility of clinical outcomes.
The proposed study is an expensive study as it involves a lot or resources such as educating material, employment of additional nurse assistants and time. However, the outcome of the ontervention justifies these costs as it increases patients satisfaction, improve the patient compliance to the regulatory standards and improve the efficiency of care. Lastly, better informed patients are more alert and attentive, which minimizes the risk of malpractice.
Ethical concerns
The researcher will seek permission from ethical review board committee at the institution. The work will require to be approved by the IRB as it involves interaction with human beings. This is to ensure that the study is safe and does not pose potential dangers to the participants. Each of the participants will be required to fill in a consent form.
Inzucchi, S. E., Bergenstal, R. M., Buse, J. B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., … & Matthews, D. R. (2015). Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 38(1), 140-149.
Steinsbekk, A., Rygg, L., Lisulo, M., Rise, M. B., & Fretheim, A. (2012). Group based diabetes self-management education compared to routine treatment for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC health services research, 12(1), 213.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Dementia PICO Analysis Method
Part I: PICO analysis of research topic
Step 1: Frame clinical question using PICO method
P: the patients include people with dementia and psychosis
I: the anticipated intervention is to utilize typical antipsychotic drugs
C: the current standard or comparison group is atypical antipsychotics
O: the desired outcome is to have less mortality rates for elderly people with dementia and psychosis
The PICO question basically stands for patient, intervention, comparison and outcome (Elkins, 2014).
Part II: Search strategy
The PICO question is as follows: In elderly patients who have dementia and psychosis (P), does treatment with typical antipsychotics (I) or atypical antipsychotics (C) result in less mortality (O).
Step 1: Resources utilized to find articles
A number of scholarly articles relating to the identified issue are identified. The resources that were used in finding the articles that relate to the topic include the following: handbooks, electronic databases research, encyclopaedias, relevant books, and reputable journals.
Step 2: Search terms and criteria
With regard to search terms and criteria that were utilized, the search terms include the following: dementia, mortality, psychosis, atypical antipsychotics, and typical psychotics. The inclusion criteria was as follows: scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles only, articles not older than 5 years, articles that are published in the English language, articles that focus on dementia and psychosis among the elderly population, and article that reports on primary research.
Step 3: Boolean search strings
With regard to the exclusion criteria, the articles that would be excluded are as follows: articles that are older than 5 years, articles not published in English, and articles that do not focus on the elderly patients with dementia. Using different Boolean search strings, keywords would be combined with operators like OR, NOT as well as AND in order to generate additional results that are relevant. For this research, the Boolean search strings that would be utilized include the following: atypical antipsychotics and psychosis, atypical antipsychotics and dementia, typical antipsychotics and dementia, typical antipsychotics and psychosis. Therefore, the search results would be limited only to the two keywords.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Part III: Analysis of literature
Step 1: Summary of five articles
The following 5 articles in the table below were selected from the research effort.
Table 1: Summary of analyzed articles
Citation
Conceptual framework / theory
Main finding
Research Method
Strengths of study
Weaknesses of study
Level of evidence
Ballard, C., Creese, B., Corbett, A., & Aarsland, D. (2011). Atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia, with a particular focus on longer term outcomes and mortality. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 10(1): 35-43
Not specified
Atypical antipsychotics medications provide modest benefits up to twelve weeks /short term treatment of psychosis and dementia. Nonetheless, these benefits should be balanced against the risk of major adverse events such as increased death. With longer term prescribing, there are clear benefits, but the risk of death also increase.
Review of existing studies. The authors provide a summary of the evidence that pertain to safety and efficacy from short-term randomized controlled trials, as well as main findings from case register studies
Study is thorough. Presents both benefits and shortcomings of atypical antipsychotic drugs. The review provides an up-to-date and balanced overview of the safety concerns and effectiveness that relate to atypical antipsychotics in elderly patients with dementia, giving a full overview of mortality risk
The study only focuses on atypical antipsychotic drugs and does not also look into the safety concerns and efficacy of typical antipsychotics.
High level
Haddad, P. M., & Sharma, S. G. (2012). Adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics: Differential risk and clinical implications. CNS Drugs, 21(11): 911-936
Not specified
Broad statements that compare the comparative risk of specific adverse effects between conventional and atypical antipsychotics are mainly insignificant. Instead, comparisons need to be made between particular typical and particular atypical antipsychotic drugs.
The authors reviewed various studies including post marketing, surveillance studies, and observational studies and randomized controlled trials.
The study is comprehensive, thorough and up-to-date
A small number of studies were reviewed
High level
Piersanti, M., Capannolo, M., Turchetti, M., Serroni, N., De Berardis, D., Evangelista, P., Costantini, P., Orsini, A., Rossi, A., & Maggio, R. (2014). Increase in mortality rate in patients with dementia treated with atypical antipsychotics: A cohort study in outpatients in Central Italy. Riv Psichiatr, 49(1): 34-40
Not specified
Using atypical antipsychotics to treat dementia amongst older adults is linked to a higher rate of mortality.
A cohort study was conducted that comprised 696 elderly patients with Alzheimer
The study recommends new approaches for managing dementia to replace the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs which have potential risks of mortality
A small sample size was used and the study was carried out within a single hospital. This affects the generalizability of the findings
Medium level
Rochon, P. A., Gruneir, A., Gill, S. S., Wu, W., Fischer, H. D., Bronskill, S. E., & … Gurwitz, J. H. (2013). Older Men with Dementia Are at Greater Risk than Women of Serious Events After Initiating Antipsychotic Therapy. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society, 61(1), 55-61. doi:10.1111/jgs.12061
Not specified
Shortly after initiating oral atypical antipsychotic drug, the likelihood of developing a major event in elderly people with dementia was high.
This was a population-based, retrospective cohort study.
A large sample size was used that comprised 21,526 elderly men and women with dementia
The study had more women that. Women were 13,760 while the number of men was 7,766.
High level
Schneider, L. S., Dagerman, K. S., & Insel, P. (2012). Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia – Meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials, JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association, 294(15): 1934-1943
Atypical antipsychotic medicines might be linked to a slight increased likelihood for death in comparison to placebo where typical antipsychotic drugs were used.
The authors assessed the evidence for high death rates from atypical antipsychotic medications for patients who have dementia. The data sources were obtained from Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE, and meetings and presentations.
A large sample size is used hence the findings could be generalized. There a total of 5,101 participants
Some very old data materials from the 1960s were used which may not be relevant for use today
High level
Step 2: History and purpose of research question
Every antipsychotic drug has warnings of increased mortality for elderly patients (Schneider, Dagerman & Insel, 2012). Antipsychotic medications are broadly utilized in managing psychological and behavioural symptoms in dementia in spite of concerns as regards their safety (Ballard et al., 2011; Piersanti et al., 2014). Compared to typical or conventional antipsychotic drugs, atypical antipsychotic drugs are linked to a statistically significant rise in the likelihood of mortality for older men and women who have dementia (Haddad & Sharma, 2012).
The purpose of the research question is to find out whether the use of typical antipsychotic medication, which is the intervention, results in less mortality rates than atypical antipsychotic medication, which is the comparison group, in elderly patients who have dementia and psychosis.
Step 3: Strengths and weaknesses of existing literature
The strengths of the existing literature is that there are studies which focus mainly on the atypical antipsychotics and others that focus mainly in typical/conventional antipsychotics and their correlation with mortality. The weakness of the existing literature is that there are no studies that compare typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics on the rates of mortality on elderly patients with dementia and psychosis (Rochon et al., 2013).
Step 4: Gap in current literature
At the moment, the gap in current literature is that there are no studies which have focused specifically on the association of atypical and typical antipsychotic medications on the rates of mortality among the older adults who have dementia.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Conclusion
In conclusion, the PICO question for the research study is as follows: In elderly patients who have dementia and psychosis (P), does treatment with typical antipsychotics (I) or atypical antipsychotics (C) result in less mortality (O). The purpose of the research question is to find out whether the use of typical antipsychotic medication results in less mortality rates than atypical antipsychotic medication in elderly patients who have dementia and psychosis. The resources used to find articles included electronic databases research, relevant books, and reputable journals. The search terms that were utilized include dementia, mortality, psychosis, atypical antipsychotics, and typical psychotics.
References
Ballard, C., Creese, B., Corbett, A., & Aarsland, D. (2011). Atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia, with a particular focus on longer term outcomes and mortality. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 10(1): 35-43
Piersanti, M., Capannolo, M., Turchetti, M., Serroni, N., De Berardis, D., Evangelista, P., Costantini, P., Orsini, A., Rossi, A., & Maggio, R. (2014). Increase in mortality rate in patients with dementia treated with atypical antipsychotics: A cohort study in outpatients in Central Italy. Riv Psichiatr, 49(1): 34-40.
Rochon, P. A., Gruneir, A., Gill, S. S., Wu, W., Fischer, H. D., Bronskill, S. E., & … Gurwitz, J. H. (2013). Older Men with Dementia Are at Greater Risk than Women of Serious Events After Initiating Antipsychotic Therapy. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61(1), 55-61. doi:10.1111/jgs.12061
Schneider, L. S., Dagerman, K. S., & Insel, P. (2012). Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia – Meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials, JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association, 294(15): 1934-1943
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Abuse and Neglect
Every individual has the right to live safely and free from abuse and neglect. However, it is not always that every person lives this kind of life. People often fall into situations where they are vulnerable to abuse and neglect. It is important to note that abuse and neglect happens because people use power and intimidation to control another person’s life. Most of the cases of abuse and neglect are perpetrated by the people known to the victims.
However, strangers can also cause abuse to the people they do not know. The abuse that comes from the people known to the victims happens because the victim trusts their assailant. A feeling of trust and belief in the assailant makes it easy for victims to fall into abuse and trust quite easily.
There are many forms of abuse. Sexual abuses are acts that victims do not consent to, but are forced to participate in them. Physical abuses are in the form of assaults, slapping or hitting, just to mention a few forms. There is psychological abuse, which is in form of emotional abuse and verbal abuse, controlling the victim and threatening the person. Domestic abuse comes from a family member or relative. A victim can be abused through discrimination.
This kind of abuse causes unfair treatment of people from a different race, gender, religion, tribe, age or sexual orientation. People can also be abused financially, where one is forced to use or spend their money in ways that they do not feel are appropriate. Neglect is another form of abuse. This form of abuse means that the victim is left to suffer without proper care. In other words, when one fails to receive what they really need from their primary care giver, they are said to be neglected (NHS 2015).
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Task 1.1
The victims of abuse show certain signs that prove they are in an abusive relationship. One appears withdrawn and quiet. It is important to note that even for the people who are quiet, there is a form of withdrawal that is beyond the normal. The victims could become angry and aggressive, even in situations that do not require such emotions. In the case of John, mentioned in this case study, a victim can become unkempt and dirty.
In some extreme cases, victims have bruises, wounds and scars, to serve as proof that they are in an abusive relationship (CDC 2015). People like John have no power to stand up for themselves and fight back. This makes them vulnerable to harm inflicted by others.
Task 1.2
There are several factors that can lead to people becoming victims of abuse and neglect. Disability can cause a victim to suffer issues of neglect and abuse. This is because they have no power or capacity to do much for themselves. Secondly, the victims of abuse lack the capacity to understand their situation. For instance, a child has no capacity to comprehend what goes on in their home. This can cause the parents to be abusive to the child, knowing that the child lacks power to do anything about it.
The third factor that can cause people to become victims of abuse and neglect is the lack of physical, emotional or financial strength. For instance, a married woman who has no financial capacity to leave her abusive e spouse can become a victim of domestic abuse. In addition, a woman lacks the physical strength to fight a man, which means that she could become a victim of abuse (Kleinman 2015).
Task 1.3
Child abuse and violence against these young ones has dated back to the times before civilization ever took place. The culture and socially acceptable norms guide parents and guardians on the best way to bring up their children (Sperry and Widom 2013). One culture could advocate for disciplining the child by speaking and withdrawing privileges. Another culture believes that children need to be beaten, in order to instill discipline. Different cultures have different acceptable forms of parenting. The culture of a people serves as a source of beliefs and behavior and the concepts of how people should conduct themselves.
The diminishing status of the child in the parent-child relationship (WHO 2014) has affected the trust that should exist between children and their parents. Stalker and McArthur (2012) explain that social factors such as poverty can lead to abuse and neglect. Another social factor that can lead to abuse and neglect is social exclusion (Pillemer, Burnes, Riffin and Lachs 2016). The society tends to keep away from private issues. This forces many cases of domestic abuse to go unreported. Most people tend to argue that personal issues are not communal, which means that the victim suffers alone. Often, the society has the capacity to help the person, but people keep away from such matters for the fear of becoming victims.
M1
In response to the concern presented to the manager by Tina, the manager can take the responsibility by calling the parents to a meeting. One of the ideas to have in mind is that the manager has a role to play in the life of every child that comes into their facility. The manager can act as the guardian of the child by asking the parents to speak with a counselor about their issues.
This will help them to work on their frustrations, which they do not have to pass out on a three year old child. Secondly, the counselor can also call child social workers in case she sees that her approach is not yielding any result. A child social worker as well as a children advocate can help the manager to address the issue by having the child placed in foster care.
D1
Change means transforming practices that tend to be harmful to a vulnerable person. It is very important for organizations to change their practices. Many organizations can change certain unacceptable regulations and shape norms and new systems that promote health and safety. Another strategy that the nursery can use is to work with policy makers to give their suggestions and views about the issues that children go through in abusive situations. Policy makers can discuss and approve health and safety policies that protect the vulnerable groups from abuse and neglect (Promising Practice Network 2014).
Task 2.1
There are legislations that protect children and vulnerable people from abuse. The Care Act of 2014 places a general duty on the local authority to promote general wellbeing of individuals. The wellbeing of a person covers their physical and mental health, as well as their emotional well being. In addition, the local authority is mandated to ensure that the personal dignity of an individual is upheld, which means that people have to respect each other despite their age or gender.
This act protects the individual from abuse and neglect. The strength of this legislation is that it gives the local authority the capacity to ensure the individual has their wellbeing protected. There is the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 and the Protection of Freedom Bills. This Act was passed to help avoid harm or risk of harm to children or the vulnerable adults. It prevents the people who are unsuitable to work with these vulnerable people (SCIE 2013).
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Task 2.2
There are professionals who deal with issues of abuse. Although many people tend to shy away from reporting child abuse cases. The fear that many people feel is that they will be breaking up a home. Others fear that the violent persons might start attacking them if they learn of the role they played in breaking a cycle of abuse. Another fear is that the report will not make a difference in the life of a child. However, it is better to be safe when it comes to the issue of a child. It is unfortunate that most people would rather be quiet about an abusive home than be involved (Committee on Child Maltreatment Research 2014).
The professionals that can be involved are child care providers and social workers. Child care providers could be in the setting of a school or a hospital. Observation serves as one of the best way to know a child who is abused. It is difficult for a child to hide their emotions and fears. Children who are victims of an abuse will often show fear on their faces. This is one of the signs to look out for in a child who is in an abusive home. Social workers are the agents who intervene in the cases of abused children. The social worker can take and place a child in a different home once the case of abuse has been proven to be true.
M2
It is important to understand the consequences of child abuse and neglect. A child who grows in such an environment is prone to physical and mental growth. In addition, a child can become hopeless about having a good life. A child living in an abusive home can have a very low self-esteem. The cognitive development of a child in an abusive home can be delayed. When these children are compared to their peers, these children often grow slower (Powell and Uppal 2012). In addition, their academic performance is poor.
The government can work with social workers and institutions of learning to reach out to the children who are in abusive homes. The fact is that every child has a right to having a good life. A good life, in this case, does not mean that the child has material property provided to them. The basic needs that are very important to a child are food, shelter, clothing and love. Children need a lot of love for them to cultivate a positive attitude towards life. The government should ensure that every child receives these things.
When one considers the reaction of the mother, it is clear that she avoids talking about the issues she faces. One of the strategies that can help the manager to deal with the issue of abuse is to separate the mother from the source of the harm. It looks like the mother is in a place where the issues she faces instil fear in her, to the extent that she is not able to defend her own son. The manager can ask the local authority to provide the mother and the child with some form of protection until their case is solved by the social workers who work with children.
The manager can work with the mother to understand the reason as to why she is reluctant to speak about the bruises that Tina reports to the office. From the mother’s point of view, the manager can address the issue armed with information from the guardian of the child. In addition, the manager can speak with the child so as to understand the situation in which they live. A child, at the age of John, does not know how to lie. This means that the information that John gives to the manager can be dependable. This information can be used by the manager and the concern parties to ensure that John gets a change of environment, which will ensure his own safety and health are protected.
D2
The nursery needs to recognize that their staff members need to understand how to handle cases of child abuse. The manager can organize training for their staff members. This will increase their knowledge on how to handle issues such as John’s within the school setting. The manager can organize with child-related organizations to address issues of handling children from abusive environments. These training workshops can employ the use of a trained social worker to pass information to the other staff members about recognizing and addressing the signs of child abuse. A professional in children’s issues can also help the staff members to know how to communicate with children.
Task 3.1
One strategy to use in addressing child abuse in the community is fostering relationships, coalitions and networks with different child organizations (CDC 2015). This means that the community together with other organizations helps address this issue. In this case study, John is a three year old boy. His care giver, Tina notices that he comes to school dirty and unkempt. Tina observes that John is not interacting well with his peers. The care giver also notices that the boy has bruises on his arms. When the care giver asks the mother, she evades this discussion. Tina and the manager can seek help from the other members of the community. This means that the care givers can use the other community members to face this issue.
The area networks that can be created to help these children. One of the arms of this network is the local authority. In the case of John, he has attended school with bruises. This means that John has been a victim of physical violence. The local authority can investigate the family from which John comes from. It is illegal to inflict harm on a child. As such, the local authority should confront this family in order to protect the child from such abuse.
There are religious groups that can work with the nursery to help the child and the family to heal from this abuse. It is important to understand the religious group with which John and his family associate. The hospital and healthcare providers can also form part of the network that deals with child abuse and neglect. It is important to involve the Ministries that deal with the welfare of Children. All these bodies alongside the nursery can assist John and his mother through the situations they have to face.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Task 3.2
There is a disadvantage to engaging one approach. The adoption of one approach means that the problem is dealt with at the individual level. This means that the broader scale will remain the same. It is important to change the societal norms and systems. It will therefore mean that the settings in the society will have to go through changes or instance; the people have to learn the effects of child abuse on the child as well as the society. For instance, a child from an abusive environment tends to grow depressed and with a negative image of life. As such, these people tend to be poor performers even at the workplace. If the society can change such issues, then it means that the community benefits in a more profitable way.
It is important to combine approaches, which will address the child abuse issue. The community needs to strengthen the individual’s knowledge and skill in combating child abuse cases. This could include demonstrating to individuals how to promote safety within schools and the society. For instance, it is important to know how to deal with a parent who argues that their disciplining methods are not abusive, yet their child has bruises on their body.
The promotion of community education (Powell and Uppal 2012) in such matters helps the entire community know and use their acquired knowledge to deal with these issues. This strategy uses reaching groups to educate the community. These groups provide the community with information and resources on how to promote health and safety for the vulnerable groups in the society (Promising Practice Network 2014).
Task 3.3
In many cases, child abuse cases happen to children who cannot stand up for themselves despite the pains they face (WHO 2014). Many of the children from abusive environments have to live with threats from their assailants. Often, they are forced to keep quiet about their ordeals. The assailants often threaten the victims to remaining quiet about their attacks. As such, children fear the consequences of sharing their issues with a person who is not their primary care giver. The staff members need to learn how to address these children, giving them hope and assurance of their safety. This means that the nursery can train its staff members on how to handle young children who live in fear.
There is need to constantly review and update the practices that are used in protecting children from abuse. The government and the policy makers need to create collaborations with people who work with children. This will ensure that every concern party makes a significant contribution to the policies and laws that protect children from abuse. It is the responsibility of the community to ensure that every case of child abuse reaches the relevant authority. This means that the community can work together to protect the children and the vulnerable people from abuse and neglect.
In order for the community to understand how they can address the issues of child abuse and neglect, they need to be equipped with information and resources in this field. Community social and health workers can organize programs that teach the community members on the measures to take when they learn of a case of child abuse. In addition, parents can take education and training programs to show them how to handle themselves in a case of child abuse. People need to grow out of the fear that their intervention can bring about destruction in a family. Protecting a vulnerable person from abuse gives the victim a chance to have a better life.
Conclusion
The cases of child abuse have been in existence in our society for a very long time. It is important to know the organizations and the networks that one can use to ensure that these children grow in safe and healthy environments. The groups that are susceptible to abuse need protection from assailants. The local law enforcement needs to get involved in the systems that help ease the pain for these people.
In order to help a victim of abuse and or neglect, it is important t understand the type of abuse they go through. The signs of abuse are not very obvious, especially when physical evidence is absent. It is therefore important to have knowledge on all the signs of abuse, before any assistance can be rendered to the victims.
Pillener, K., Burnes, D., Riffin, C., and Lachs, M. 2016. ‘Elder Abuse: Global Situation, Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies.’ The Gerontologist 56(2): S194-S205.
Powell, J. and Uppal, E., 2012. Safeguarding Babies and Young Children: A Guide for Early Years Professionals, Berkshire, McGraw Hill Education.
Sperry D. M. and Widom, C. S. 2013. ‘Child Abuse and Neglect, Social Support, and Psychopathology in Adulthood: A Prospective Investigation.’ Child Abuse and Neglect Vol 37(6): 415-425.
Stalker, K. and McArthur, K., 2012. ‘Child Abuse, Child Protection and Disabled Children: A Review of Recent Research.’ Child Abuse Review Vol 21 (1): 24-40.
Human Resource Management in Health and Social Care
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Human Resource Management in Health and Social Care
Introduction
Recruiting efficient workers remains an important factor to the success of every organization. Consequently, organizations adopt approaches involving training and developing the most effective employees. Within the health and social care fields it is imperative measures aimed at understanding systems used to monitor and promote the development of employees are integrated. The paper explores the various legislative frameworks of human resource management that must be observed during recruitment processes. This includes exploring leadership theories which can promote effective team spirit. This is particularly important to progress the healthcare organization leadership and management of the employees as well as the recruitment processes.
Task 1
Factors to Be Considered in Planning and Recruiting Individuals
Many health institutions today have significantly increased their attention towards human resource management. Human resource is the major principle of health systems alongside physical capital (Sumelius, Björkman, Ehrnrooth, Mäkelä, & Smale, pp. 569. 2014). Human resources in relation to health can be termed as diversified non-clinical and clinical staff in charge of both private and public health care. It is important to consider the fact that the most significant input in the health system is its presentation and the benefits realized from these systems.
This basically relies on the skills and knowledge of the workers in the health care departments. It is also equally important to note that the workers require motivation so as to be able to offer quality services (Sumelius.et, al.2014). As it the case in physical and human resources, it is equally important to keep equilibrium between caretakers and health promoters to make sure that success is achieved.
Due to the differences between physical and human capital, it is crucial that the later should be managed in an extremely different way from the physical capital. It is also vital to note that the connection between health care and human resource is extremely complicated and should be studied further.
The cost incurred in health care facilities is rising radically due to an increased cost and number of disposable equipment’s and drugs. In cases where these facilities are funded publically, it has become practically hard for them to employ and maintain efficient health workers (Sumelius.et, al.2014). It is essential to consider that human resource management should be urbanized so that a suitable balance between the workforce contribution and the capability of health workers to perform successfully and professionally can be achieved. It is important to know that those practicing in the health care institutions should access high-quality equipment’s in order for them to be efficient.
The most important factor that forecast on HR requirements includes turnover rates, financial capacity and turnover rates. Human beings are social beings and thus cannot live or work in isolation. Human resource management in today’s human resource is one of the critical fields in healthcare as it involves management of an extensive and intense field. The HRM is accorded the capacity to deal with management issues in terms of Human resources (Sumelius.et, al.2014).
Strategic Human resource management therefore deals with an organizations most valuable asset that are required in the management of an organization purposefully because this resource aids in individually and collectively supporting in the achievement of an organizations objectives as well as its productivity.
The Relevancy of Legislative Measures and Policy Frameworks of UK In the Selection, Recruitment and Employment Process of Personnel at Hounslow Care Ltd
It is necessary that each and every country has its own rules and policies that guide them in the recruitment, selection and employment of personnel. Therefore, it is vital for Hounslow care ltd to apply related policies. It is important to note that the prevailing laws in the United Kingdom gives equal opportunities for every citizen irrespective of the race, religion, community or even gender.
The United Kingdom government provides laws and policies that govern the employment, selection and recruitment of a new workforce. The major laws involved in Hounslow care ltd includes The Race Relation Act, Sex Discrimination Act, Employment policy, legislation Employment Relations and lastly but not least The Race Relation (Colvin, & Gough, pp. 1019. 2015). Legislation Employment and Employment policy helps to ensure that equal wages are paid to the employees and also enforces the tribunal methods of employment are adhered to.
The Sex Discrimination Act in this case protects the employees from discrimination within this organization considering the fact that those seeking for job opportunities are frequently discriminated directly or indirectly. Direct discrimination may entail rejecting their training, denying them a promotion, giving hostile conditions or even worse, rejecting people because of their secluded characteristic (Colvin, & Gough, pp. 1019. 2015). On the other hand, indirect discrimination occurs in situations whereby the terms and the policies of the organization do not favor those individuals with particular protected characteristics.
The Employment Act principally deals with conflict declaration and achievement of the required principles of employment. Hounslow Care ltd is currently focusing on employing more qualified personnel that caters for the whole society. In order for them to effectively achieve this, they must uphold and sustain applications primarily from the people that are not represented in the institution (Colvin, & Gough, pp. 1019. 2015). Additionally, there is a need of supporting the applicants who are bound to feel that equality and justice is not achieved within a recruitment process so that can easily have their issues addressed.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Evaluation of Different Approaches Used to Ensure the Selection of the Best Personnel’s at Hounslow Care Ltd
In achieving this, it is essential to take cognizance of the two main procedures that should be followed during selection of workers. This includes interviewing candidates through conducting tests in the centers. An additional approach includes evaluating and ensuring that the candidate is well equipped and can offer high quality services (Hollenbeck, & Jamieson, pp.380. 2015).Therefore, it is highly essential for Houslow Care ltd and other health institutions to adhere to these approaches so that they can be able to choose qualified workers.
It is important to know that conducting interviews is the most crucial step when choosing employees. When conducting interviews, the interviewer talks about the candidate’s impersonation and can make any conclusion (Hollenbeck, & Jamieson, pp.380. 2015). The main advantage of interviewing is that the candidate can easily be evaluated by the interviewer with no possible mistakes since it is one on one.
Additionally, this aids in choosing the best out of the candidates since the interviewer is able to distinguish a more confidence candidate. Another approach that can aid in choosing excellent employees is the use of tests where every candidate conducts a test concerning the type of job that is being offered. It is usually assumed that the outcome of the test depicts the job applicant’s mindset.
(M1). Critical analysis of the different approaches of the recruitment process employed in recruiting individuals at Hounslow Care Ltd
In developing an effective approach of recruitment aimed at aiding in the employment of individuals at Hounslow Care Ltd, it is significant that the job description is clearly developed and that give information on the detailed aspects of the job that include the responsibilities, pay, and reporting requirements. On the other hand, there is a need of developing a skills inventory and a job posting strategy. This clearly gives a depiction of the systematic interview process to the candidates as well.
Task 2
2.1 How Individuals Interact In Groups within Health and Social Care Settings
2.1.1: Interaction Stage as one of the Faces of Forming
Armstrong believes that the forming phase implies to the high reliance on leadership as an approach for guidance. Employees within these systems await information on determining what is new with everyone within this system, thus retaining their selves’ as cautious, polite and well organized (Armstrong & Laschinger, pp.134, 2006). During this point, the individuals learn to cope with the opportunities and challenges ad try to agree to specific matters in handling tasks, and responsibilities effectively.
In order to ensure that interaction and communication is effective between the group members and the co-workers, it is vital that everyone acquires the opportunity to share thoughts, information, and ideas with the aim of knowing each other.
2.1.2: Storming
Armstrong alleges that various ideologies are determined to differ within this step for deliberation. Within the step of storming, teams or groups are determined to identify various issues and derive approaches of effectively solving these issues. Storming therefore remains one of the vital steps for a group’s growth (Armstrong & Laschinger, pp.134, 2006). However, this may turn out to be a challenge for individuals within the team who have an issue with disputes.
This therefore determines the fact that every individual within the team needs to reflect patience and have the capacity of bearing to the issues since avoiding the element of tolerance and patience within a group may turn out to be a challenge in achieving success within an organization. The efforts of the managers and the supervisors are therefore essential in directing leadership and behavioral patterns within the process.
2.1.2 Norming
The Norming stage is another essential stage that allows the group members to agree, frankly discuss issues in regards to their views and ideologies with the aim of adjusting to the behavioral patterns and attitudes of the others with the aim of developing an effective work habit (Rodgers, pp. 373.2014).
This therefore sees the members of a team agree in the rules and values including the change of methods and the inclusion of professional patterns. Managers and supervisors are bound to turn out as more energetic with the capacity to improve more.
2.2. Approaches Used By the Staff within Different Levels in Promoting Efficient Team Work at Hounslow Care Home Ltd.
It is imperative to determine the fact that there is not a single developed approach that may be considered as essential in working with a team collaboratively (Rodgers, pp. 373.2014). This is attributed to the fact that teams are unique and need to locate their own collaborative working methods in an effect manner. In consideration of Hounslow Care Home Ltd, there is a need to take consideration of the following approaches in establishing an effective team working relationship.
There is a need to ensure that the core objectives of a team and understood explicitly and accepted by every individual.
There is a need to consider the diversity of personality’s ad skills as one of the essential factors in ensuring a team is effectively working. This therefore requires that the members of a team employ their strengths in supplementing the weaknesses of others.
It is important that the levels of transparency and understanding about the responsibilities of the employees is understood clearly.
The members also need to discuss about some of the different subjects that allow them to meet at a point of agreement. This requires that they are provided with the opportunity that grants them social time, a factor that opens communication.
Cultivating trust within the members of a team through the spending of personal time with the team members is essential in understanding the team members.
Engaging the group members within activities that are socially inclined mitigates the barriers that may hamper the performance of the team.
D.3 Creative Thinking in the Planning, Development and Building of an Effective Team in Hounslow Care Home Ltd
In this case, one of the essential elements that I considered in developing an effective group in this organization was to ensure that the diversity of the group members was considered in the formation of the group. This helped in blending different individuals with different traits and abilities within the group, a factor that developed unity of purpose within the group.
Task 3
3.1 How the Performances of Employees Working Within the Health/Social Care Can Be Appraised
The element of performance management entails a process that seeks to establish a shared understanding on the aspects that need to be achieved and the manner in which they can be achieved in managing people, a factor that increases the chances of an organization in achieving success (Downey, Lee, & Stough, pp. 280.2011). This therefore determines the fact that several approaches developed to measure performance within an individual in the health care sector and social organization.
The approach in this case involves the improvement of the candidates, marketing and performances, a factor that determines the appropriate avenues of improving the performance levels of individuals, the evaluation of specified standards through the inclusion of tests and fixing of standards that need to be achieved. The manner in which performances of individuals are measured is termed as performance appraisal (Downey, Lee, & Stough, pp. 280.2011).
There are five primary approaches of performance evaluation that includes: measurement, feedback, inclusion of positive reinforcement, the sharing of ideas and reaching an agreement. Measurement means the achievement of an organization goals established, with the individual performance level requiring appraisal.
When this information is provided, the individuals within an organization are determined in reference to their performance and progress, a factor that provides feedback (Downey, Lee, & Stough, pp. 280.2011). Positive feedback in relation to criticisms needs to be made in regards to the matters that need to be developed, a factor that initiates a positive and constructive reinforcement.
The exchange and sharing of ideas within the next phase in a situation where challenges are faced is measured with the aim of determining the way of recovering performance. Agreement determines the last phase in which employees are considered to understand their objectives and targets and how these may be achieved.
3.2 Individual Training and Development Needs and How They Can Be Identified At Hounslow Care Home Ltd.
In order to identify the development and training needs of the employees, the organization needs to re-evaluate their institution’s business goals with the aim of addressing the crucial activities that include the monitoring of performance quality, the assessment of problem domains, the evaluation of weak points and appraisal (Van Bogaert, Peremans, Diltour, Van heusden, Dilles, Van Rompaey, & Havens, pp.12. 2016). It is essential to consider the fact that everyone has flows and need to keep updates on where there is a need of expanding their knowledge base.
After a close observation and measurement of the employee’s performance and progress, the outcomes are achieved that enables the organization to understand the population’s training needs and what is required during training. In this case, having a clear understanding of the employees at Hounslow care Home Ltd helps in developing appropriate training approaches for the employees.
Hounslow care Home Ltd needs to provide the employees with appropriate training resource’s that are aimed at completing the learning process and that advances the aspect of knowledge acquisition and improves the skills expertise, ideas, concepts, and behaviors of employees progress and performances (Van Bogaert, et.al,2016). This can be depicted in an instance where the employees within this organization lack proper communicational skills. After measurement and evaluation, the management of the organization developed a training program aimed at developing these skills among the employees
3.3 Different Strategies Aimed At Promoting the Continuing Development of Individuals in This Sector
Performance incentives and feedback remains fundamental within an organization and that are developed to promote the continuous development of employees within the healthcare sector. Performance feedback infers to a vital approach developed to enhance and boost the performance level of employees in cases where feedback is not provided on how individuals may understand on the performances done (Decramer, Smolders, & Vanderstraeten, pp.354.2013). In this instance, employees need to have information in regards to how they can enhance their professional careers within the sector.
Through performance feedback’s, the positive and the negative individual’s within an organization are given the opportunity to solve issues since this aspect updates them on their weaknesses and mistakes and provides them with the opportunity to learn. Performance feedback does not only enlighten the employees on their weaknesses, but provides them with the recommendation of how they can be trained (Decramer, Smolders, & Vanderstraeten, pp.354.2013).
Appropriate performance based incentives are essential in motivating the employees and considers the increments of wages and the provision of training and developmental programs as part of the benefits enjoyed by the employees.
D1) How to Monitor My Own Personal Training and Development Needs
In determining my personal training and development needs, it is important to consider the level of productivity within my department. This can be determined through the evaluation of the achieved goals in relation to the organizations goals that will determine the need of training and development.
Task 4
4.1 Leadership Theories That Apply In This Industry
There are two main theories of leadership that affect health care facilities which include situational and behavioral theory. Behavioral theory is the same as characteristic theory. Nevertheless, the most important aspect of this theory is for people to understand what leadership entails, a factor that makes this uncomplicated when teaching about leadership (Findley, Matos, Hicks, Campbell, Moore, & Diaz, pp.1884. 2012).
However, this theory was discovered due to the disapproval of trait theory after which the experts decided to carry out a detailed investigation about the manner in which flourishing leaders conduct themselves. According to this investigation, it was concluded that most leaders are prone to more power instead of association. Additionally, it is essential to note that the majority of efficient and prominent leaders are generally temperate.
Theoretical theory explains that leadership patterns and styles commonly depend on the level of leadership. The theory also alludes to the fact that the most successful style of leadership is determined by the conditions under which leaders are subjected to. According to this theory, it is equally important to understand that leadership has three main branches which include democratic, laissez faire styles and authoritarian. Among the three, it is considered that authoritarian is the most efficient especially for the period of disaster (Manroop, Singh, & Ezzedeen, pp.780.2014).
However, if a leader decides to use this method every time, it ends up failing since it does not gratify the members. On the other hand, a leader who uses the democratic form of leadership successfully runs his empire since it is most simple and suitable for many situations. These mentioned methods have some boundaries and clearly, there is no style that can be termed as the leading method. It is also important to apply some undemanding principles which might not be necessary in some cases.
Application of these Theories in this Industry
Since the behavioral theory of leadership aids in reaching to an agreement, it should be used in both social and health care institutions. If this theory is formulated within the conceptual framework of an organization by the leaders in social workplaces, it would be exceptionally easy for t to administer responsibilities and duties for the subordinates. On the other hand, situational theory is more useful in areas where more complicated issues are involved.
4.2 How working relationships can be managed at Houslow care Ltd
Every worker in Houslow care ltd should be positioned accordingly so as to ensure that work is easily monitored. On the other hand, there are other aspects that can be used to ensure that work is administered effectively (Mitchell, Obeidat, & Bray, pp.901. 2013). For example, trust is the main fundamental aspect of any working environment. All employees in Houslow care ltd should know that in any working environment, innovation is very much necessary in order for the organization to offer effective and quality services. They should also consider the fact that communication and mutual understanding among the employees is also very vital.
4.3 Evaluating the developments that have been influenced by management approaches
Leadership basically refers to a dynamic and lively relationship between workers and leaders who have a universal interest and are principally motivated by better results (Mitchell, et.al.2013).Team working means working collectively in order to jointly achieve the goals set by an organization.
Actually, team working is the most crucial aspect and each institution should apply as it helps the workers to perform their duties effectively. According to some assessments that have been made, it is important to know that teamwork generates incredible performance and thus should be highly recommended (Mitchell, et.al.2013). Recruitment on the other hand entails choosing the most qualified candidates amongst the many who turn up for interviews. In addition, employers should adhere to some fundamental rule’s including gender discrimination and equal opportunities.
(M3) Comparison of how different leadership styles can be used within your branch of Hounslow Care Ltd
It is important to consider the fact that leadership remains an essential element for any entity. Different managers present different leadership styles in impacting productivity among the employees. However, it is important to note that an effective leadership style would impact the growth and development of the organization immensely.
Employing the delegative approach of leadership would not be an effective approach of leading the organization and the employees to the achievement of their goals since the leaders are in most cases bound to arrive on decisions on their own. However, the participative leadership approach would be effective since the leaders include the participation of the employees in the decision-making process, a factor that would yield results in this organization.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
D2. How to address the dilemma of a member of staff who was underperforming
Many organizations consider firing their staff members who do not perform within their organizations. However, it is essential to consider that the underperforming staff members are sometimes affected by some work related situations that hinder their performance. This would therefore require an approach that would ensure that the staffs are motivated and are trained to remain productive within the organization.
Conclusion
This study has in this case discovered that recruiting best workers is important to every organization. This paper seeks to describe the approaches which involve training and developing the most effective employees. The aims at improving at understanding systems used to monitor and promote the development of employees so that they can work as a team.
Decramer, A, Smolders, C, & Vanderstraeten, A 2013, ‘Employee performance management culture and system features in higher education: relationship with employee performance management satisfaction’, International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 24, 2, pp. 352-371, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 April 2016 Retrieved From; http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=83561511&site=ehost-live
Downey, L, Lee, B, & Stough, C 2011, ‘Recruitment Consultant Revenue: Relationships with IQ, personality, and emotional intelligence’, International Journal Of Selection & Assessment, 19, 3, pp. 280-286, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 April 2016.Retrived From: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=64905370&site=ehost-live
Findley, S, Matos, S, Hicks, A, Campbell, A, Moore, A, & Diaz, D 2012, ‘Building a Consensus on Community Health Workers’ Scope of Practice: Lessons From New York’, American Journal Of Public Health, 102, 10, pp. 1981-1987, Professional Development Collection, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 April 2016. Retrieved From: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=tfh&AN=82041368&site=ehost-live
Hollenbeck, J, & Jamieson, B 2015, ‘Human Capital, Social Capital, And Social Network Analysis: Implications For Strategic Human Resource Management’, Academy Of Management Perspectives, 29, 3, pp. 370-385, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 April 2016. Retrieved From: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=109373294&site=ehost-live
Mitchell, R, Obeidat, S, & Bray, M 2013, ‘The Effect of Strategic Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance: The Mediating Role of High-Performance Human Resource Practices’, Human Resource Management, 52, 6, pp. 899-921, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 April 2016. Retrieved From: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=92038564&site=ehost-live
Sumelius, J, Björkman, I, Ehrnrooth, M, Mäkelä, K, & Smale, A 2014, ‘What Determines Employee Perceptions of HRM Process Features? The Case of Performance Appraisal in MNC Subsidiaries’, Human Resource Management, 53, 4, pp. 569-592, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 April 2016. Retrieved From: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=97119660&site=ehost-live
Van Bogaert, P, Peremans, L, Diltour, N, Van heusden, D, Dilles, T, Van Rompaey, B, & Havens, D 2016, ‘Staff Nurses’ Perceptions and Experiences about Structural Empowerment: A Qualitative Phenomenological Study’, Plos ONE, 11, 4, pp. 1-14, Academic Search Premier EBSCOhost, viewed 14 April 2016 Retrieved From: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=114181107&site=ehost-live
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
The Lighthouse Project
Introduction
The Lighthouse project was initiated by a self-help group. It entails the giving new faces on existing apartments on principles that are environmentally sustainable to offer permanent accommodation for individuals that are vulnerable with special needs. With an aim of preservation of health through HIV therapy and substitution, the residents are provided a wide range of social, medical as well as training opportunities.
Description of the Project
Aims
The Lighthouse project aims at offering high quality accommodation opportunities with the necessary social support for individuals that are homeless and are suffering from HIV/ AIDS, mental problems, and drug addiction problems.
The Lighthouse project has been described as one of the most prominent projects of its own kind across the globe. In March 2000, the project opened its first apartment. Currently, it is providing accommodation to over 60 individuals through its renovated apartments in Vienna. It is great importance to note that the refurbishment of these structures is done using principles that are environmentally sustainable.
Most of these apartments were in poor condition and the owner had leased them at no charge as he could not afford to renovate them completely. The Lighthouse project managers resolved to use phases to improve the property. The renovation costs have been kept significantly lower compared to the cost of similar buildings across Vienna due to the careful design of the structures and use of volunteers.
The renovation process involves installation of new windows, revamping of the street front wall, use of active and passive solar systems, sound and heat installation, and lastly installation of energy and water systems. The inhabitants take part in the process by individually designing their living spaces using colors and materials. Care is provided to make sure that the residences do not have the environment of a shelter for the destitute persons.
Next, the project concentrates its efforts on putting an end to crime, health preservation through provision of HIV therapy, counseling of drug addicts, prostitution, social, and psychiatric stabilization.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Why is the Lighthouse project Innovative?
Some of the reasons that have been pointed out the innovation of this project include;
It is the only accommodation project in Australia that specifically addresses the needs of persons suffering from HIV and AIDS,
Concentrates more on health conservation instead of detoxification and reducing dependency,
Refurbishment involves use of environmentally sustainable techniques,
Has developed integrative care support concept, which hinders residents from moving from one place to another seeking support.
What is the impact of the Lighthouse project on the environment?
The project entails adaptive re-use of existing buildings. The constructors re-use some of the demolition materials from the buildings such as doors and bricks and the floors have not been replaced but renovated. The project also refrains from using materials that could be of possible harm to the residents. Internal areas are greened to promote the creation of a healthy microclimate.
In addition, the Lighthouse project involves recycling of grey water for plant watering and flushing of toilets. All basic hot water requirements are provided through solar thermal installation. The residents are also guided on energy saving techniques, high efficiency appliances, and sensor lights. All emissions caused by oil, coal, and wood were eliminated through a district heating system connection.
Is the project financially sustainable?
The organization’s work is funded by a number of sources such as the Revenue Funding Support (RFS) provided by Social Service System (SSS) in Australia. Its achievement has further attracted new supporters including banks, church organization, large companies, and Rotary Club.
Residents are advised to make financially sound decisions so as to increase their income. For instance they are encouraged to buy annual bus passes which are cheaper hence avoiding the problem of being arrested and fined every now and then for not paying bus fare. Majority of these inhabitants are very vulnerable and take several years before they acquire full-time jobs. However, those who are more stable are offered education after which they are assisted in finding work. There is no limit on the duration of stay in the apartment, although residents who become stable are encouraged to shift to the external flats while continue to receive support.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Social Impact of the Project
The project’s primary goal is to encourage individuals who are on the edge of the society to engage in mainstream activities of the society again. Residents are offered social support so that they can gain from the benefit support system and enjoy the benefits such as medical care that they are entitled to. The project managers further organize appointments with job centers, doctors, and public authorities. The project contacts wishing residents to their families and friends. Support workers make regular visits to the apartments.
Live-in staff is also positioned in areas where residents are more vulnerable and less stable. The residents are given targets and a timeframe of achieving them. One of these targets is reduction of dependency on substitutes of medical drugs and achieving independent accommodation. Independence is steadily attained until the inhabitants are deemed stable enough to acquire their own apartments.
Occasionally, residents have been subjected to resistance by inhabitants in the apartment block after relocation. The organization has been taken to court more than five times by inhabitants who attempt to evict the residents. However, the resistance lasts for a short time, not more than three years. Some neighbors are friendly enough and are willing to help the project.
The residents have been enrolled in a flexible financial management system that ensures they do not spend their monthly income within three days only. Money is handed out daily, weekly or fortnightly depending on each resident’s personal ability with a goal of attaining independent financial management. The residents are provided with important training that equip them with appropriate skills for job application or starting their own jobs. Moreover, excursions, trips, and activities of leisure time encourage these inhabitants to have confidence in themselves and acquire essential life skills.
The health of these vulnerable individuals has also been improved significantly through food provision, medical aid, and 24-hour support system. Significant increase in health has also been realized due to the introduction of drug management regimes. For instance, in 2004 five patients with hepatitis C were cure as a result of psychiatric and social stabilization of the residents. The residents are also assured of greater safety in the apartments unlike in their previous street life. The residence of these inhabitants is also integrated strategically into existing inhabited areas, away from urban centers where the residents can gain easy access to the drugs.
Challenges of the Project
The major challenge that the Lighthouse project has faced is massive resistance experienced in the first three years of its commencement in Vienna City, the neighbors, and the authorities. However, the opposition has since been prevailed over and both the City of Vienna and the neighbors have acknowledged that the project is a serious and essential venture.
Lessons Learned from the Lighthouse Project
Individuals with drug problems have substantial problems before progressing into drug addicts. These problems have to be solved first for them to be stabilized. It is nearly impossible to stabilize them without solving their initial problems
Survival is secured by structured decisions. For instance, denying unstable residents large sums of money decreases the number of overdoses.
Attractive residential places promote stabilization by the clients who will endeavor to take care of it
For rules to be observed, they should be simple and clear
Everyone is different. Among drug addicts there individuals that are quite reserved. Such individuals have to be advised to accept help. They need to be constantly reminded that there are boundaries to what is feasible and possible. This project has always sorted to using different approaches for different individuals.
Take people seriously and respect them. Compassion is an important determinant of stabilization for those persons that are not strong enough.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Project Evaluation
Careful and regular internal surveillance is conducted on the organization’s activities. The assessment studies have revealed that inhabitants live healthier and longer, both mentally and physically after enrolling in the Lighthouse project. The levels of prostitution and crime have shown a considerable increase and the City of Vienna has concentrated its efforts to better the condition of the homeless individuals by encouraging the Lighthouse project managers and others to establish more shelters for the homeless.
QUESTION 2
Lighthouse project is a non-profit social project that works to provide shelter and housing to substance dependency people who are HIV positive and are kept out of state owned housing centers because of their HIV status and drug addiction. It works with a lot of efforts to provide housing and also daily affairs and requirements to this group in the society. This project is in Vienna and was founded in the year 2003. This body operates under the management of a professional team that consists of social workers, drug counselors, life coaches, cleaners, psychotherapists, mediator, general practitioner, nurses, civilian servants and internships (Hawdon & Kleiman, 2011).
In country Azerbaijan, the National policy and legislation have taken into account the needs and interests of injecting drug addicts and prisoners and safeguard access to wide-ranging HIV treatment and care services. A balance has been struck with efficient and evidence based interventions so as to safeguard the quality of life of drug users and the society at large through measures that lessen harm (Hawdon & Kleiman, 2011).
The differences between country Azerbaijan and the Light house project on the treatment of people who are drug addicts and live with HIV virus
The lighthouse project works on four kinds of groups in the society unlike the drug addiction treatment program that works on only one group of individuals in the society. The lighthouse project works on the homeless that it provides with housing and shelter facilities. It also works on the persons living with HIV and AIDS to whom it gives medical care, diagnoses, therapy and even counseling. This body also serves individuals who have drug and substance dependency to whom it provides care and rehabilitation services.
Moreover, the lighthouse also focuses on the people living with hepatitis and psychiatric disorders to which they offer diagnosis, therapies, care and treatment. The drug addiction treatment program, unlike the lighthouse project, only works on one kind of group in the society. This is the group of people who are drug and substance addicts. This body only does the treatment and rehabilitations programs to this group of people.
The lighthouse project of Vienna provides housing and shelter facilities to the homeless and the needy. The body has apartments that are furnished specially for the homeless, the sick and the drug addicts under rehabilitation process. The lighthouse is reported to possess an apartment with the capacity of more than 60 individuals. The houses in the apartment are well furnished to suit the special requirements of the needy and the sick individuals.
Different from all these, the drug addiction treatment program in Azerbaijan do not offer accommodation services to their patients. They only offer treatment and rehabilitation services to the patients who are only the people who are under serious drug and substance addiction.
The light house project standard and keen internal assessment is conducted in the organizations activities. The evaluations have indicated that the inhabitants lead a healthier lifestyle both mentally and physically hence they live longer. Some members have already shifted to living independently which they are satisfied with and the crime levels and drug use have reduced considerably, while in Azerbaijan, the studies show that there has been noted an increased rate of the use of drugs spread among people as some are sex workers who believe they enjoy sex better while on a drug (Mathers et al., 2010). Also use of injection syringes has contributed to increasing number of people getting infected with the virus.
In the light house project there are efforts to help people solve their problems. People who are addicted to drugs have faced substantial troubles and in order to stabilize their tribulations should be solved unlike Azerbaijan where no efforts have been made to get closer to the people so as to gain a better understanding of their reasons for doing such things. People dealing with their own issues the best ways they can has made them get lost in the abuse of those drugs which connects to the spread of the virus as they inject themselves with syringes.
In the light house project crucial decisions are made for the beneficiaries such as reducing the opportunity for them to have a lot of money at any moment which is meant to ensure that their number of doses are regulated, unlike in Azerbaijan where people have their accounts pooled with amounts of money and since there is no restriction to drugs, they may spend as they wish given that these drugs are easily available near them (Degenhardt & Hall, 2012).
In the light house project, at least the most in need persons have been considered first given that resources may not be actually enough to cater for all who have needs but such as these have been provided with the optimum help possible. The residence has been made beautiful to encourage the clients to stabilize and take care of them. In the Azerbaijan, even the least privileged people have not yet had an access to the help of the nation to such offers as of light house project.
Everyone is different and this is still the case to people who take drugs. Thus they should be advised to accept help although some are usually very vulnerable but they have to be reminded that there are boundaries to what is possible and achievable. The light house project tries to find an individual approach that is unique to each person in order to help them change and improve their lifestyles. Taking people seriously, taking notice of them as well as respecting them. Empathy is very key in helping those who are weak to stabilize.
When you look at Azerbaijan the case is very different. There has not been any effort to get closer to the people so that they may have a deeper understanding of the issues affecting the people (Sharg et al., 2011). This means therefore the efforts made would just but be a waste of resources since they are not focused on the individual needs of the affected persons.
The apartments provided by the light house project are integrated into existing residential areas not near the urban drug markets meaning that the residents are able to live in much greater safety than the previous life in the streets. This also ensures that they do not have quick access to drug supplies hence playing a role in decreasing their drug abuse. When we check on the case of Azerbaijan, since people live in the areas they want to, which could also be in towns centers or near urban areas, their access to drugs is very open thus increasing their vulnerability (Joint United Nations Programme, 2011).
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Similarities of the light house project and country Azerbaijan on the treatment of people living with HIV
In both the light house and the Azerbaijan there have been efforts to make public awareness of the fast spreading majoring on the youths. People have been made aware of the possible ways in which the virus is spread to increase the probability of people being in a position to take better care of themselves. For example in Azerbaijan there has been conferences held where the youth got into a forum and they were talked to on the many ways the virus spreads while also being encouraged to be on their guard.
In both the light house project and country Azerbaijan there are efforts to prohibit the discrimination of persons that are drug users. In many areas severally people who abuse drugs and live with the virus have faced a lot of challenges due to people refusing live and work with them. Efforts to enlighten the public are being considered so that they can be able to accommodate these people as fellows in the society (World Population Prospects, 2012).
The Lighthouse project and the drug addiction treatment program face a similar problem of resistance from the potentially needy people. Some of the people who are described by these bodies to be potential candidate for the care and treatment services literally reject the offer of help made to them. This is so because some of them feel discriminated and belittled by getting a call for the free care and treatment services.
Most of these people feel ashamed and financially discriminated to give in to the call of tree health care services and the drug addiction treatment services. The HIV positive suffer stigmatization because of this and hence become bold less to give in for the treatment and care programs. Similarly, the drug addicts always have the doubts of the loyalty of the treatment centers. They always feel like it is a trap into the hands of the police if they give in the calls for the free treatment.
In both light house and Azerbaijan, people have been greatly encouraged to use protective means during sex to reduce the probability of spread of the virus. Use of condoms for example can be of great importance in reducing the spread of the virus. Also refusing to share syringes when they take drugs is also part of what has been emphasized.
In both the light house and Azerbaijan there have been seminars and workshops that are opened to anybody willing to attend and they are aimed at strengthening prevention activities. Through these seminars and workshops, people are educated and enlightened by professionals on the ways of drugs negatively impact their lives. People are allowed to ask questions which are answered frankly and elaborated and they are supplemented with films concerning drug abuse.
It is so evident that both the lighthouse project and the drug addiction program face a difficult and tough encounter with the police during the course of their work. The police have been reported to be one of the most serious drug trafficking bodies in both Vienna and Azerbaijan. These two bodies face similar challenges confronting and challenging the police departments over involvement in drug and substance trafficking. The police are always hidden under the law in the name of being called law enforcers. They get involved in sales and transportation of drugs and substances and always become so difficult to curb because if anything, who dares to question the transparency of the law enforcing body? (Hawdon & Kleiman, 2011).
In both the light house and Azerbaijan, regardless in the difference in their services, there has been efforts in providing treatment advisory services to them that are addicted to drugs. Due to the fact that poverty is a major contributor to people moving into sex work, the light house and the Azerbaijan are in the efforts of generating funds to move to the local people as well as help them focus on income generating projects in order to improve their living standards (WHO, 2012).
Another similarity is that both the lighthouse project of Vienna and the drug addiction treatment program of Azerbaijan have common involvement of the federal police bodies in the attempt to combat drug and substance trafficking. The lighthouse project has collaboration with the police body who are involved in searching and arresting the drug traffickers. They also function in investigating some of the bodies that are suspected to be involved in drug and substance trafficking. Similarly, in Azerbaijan there is a police unit that works to fight against illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. They also invade the drug collection and distribution bases and destroy the drugs and also arrest the suspects found.
These two bodies both face the pressure from political leaders. Some of the major drug lords and smugglers are the powerful people who are in the political arenas of most nations as for the case of Vienna and Azerbaijan (Hawdon & Kleiman, 2011). Due to their involvement and investments in the drug trafficking activities, they always oppose any attempt to combat drugs and drug use as they always have the fear of being exposed.
These politicians always resist vetting and in most case even threaten the vetting bodies. This is a great challenge to the bodies that work to combat drugs and drug abuse since they get the difficulty to access the roots of the sources of the drugs because of the fear of the threats imposed by the politicians.
It can also be pointed out that both the light house and Azerbaijan only a small part of the population have confidence in that drugs and the virus are discussion topics that can and must be discussed with everyone. In addition, they are persuaded that discussing is the only way to regulating epidemic spread (World Population Prospects, 2011).
In both the light house and the Azerbaijan a large number of people who are drug abusers have been identified under poor upbringings. This means that there is a contribution of the poverty level to the spread of drug abuse and the virus (WHO, 2012).This happens when people try to satisfy their economic needs through selling of drugs, which lead to unprotected sex as well.
In both Azerbaijan and light house there is an encouragement of the individuals which helps them focus on their occupancies and come out from living in the streets. When people have some business to do it means that less of their efforts will be concentrated to activities that are not beneficial. It is the aim of both parties to see to it that people have a focus although this has not fully been achieved.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Conclusion
Drug abuse cannot be assumed in the society today and as it can be observed that the spread of the virus amongst people is increasing at higher rates which are brought about by the use drugs, regardless of the many efforts to make awareness on the ways in which the disease is spread and the dangers. Although this is happening, we are having more volunteers seeking to help these people find a purpose in life and acceptance in the community.
Drug abuse is a major threat to our generation and the educators should try more and tirelessly encourage people on better ways of living. It should be aim of every person to take full responsibility of their bodies not expecting someone to that for them. It is very clear that over 80% of people are aware of at least one aspect of the virus, therefore they should take initiative to enquire on areas of interest with an aim of gaining better understanding of the disease. People should not just assume responsibility to the authorities, let it be their own.
Recommendations
The individual person has the major role of ensuring his or her safety (WHO, 2009). They hold the first responsibility of taking care of themselves. People should avoid engaging in activities that increase the chances of spreading virus while they use drugs such as sharing of syringes, sex without use of condoms and having many sex partners. As several studies have shown, having many sex partners increases the chances of spreading the virus while also creating a big chain amongst the participating individuals. It is important to marry and stick to one partner for life and this will go a long way in helping save a generation
I would also call upon well -wishers to provide support resources for taking care of the people who are drug addicts. Many people are suffering not only in Azerbaijan but around the globe. Some of these people come from very poor backgrounds and they cannot be able to access health sand counseling services that could support them and have a longer life.
The authorities should also take more consideration on educating the public on the dangers of drugs and ways in which they can protect themselves from being infected or spreading the virus to other people. They should organize more seminars and conferences whereby people can come and have open forums, asking and getting answers to their questions. These seminars should be designed in such a way that they address the relevant group of people.
For example the youth might find it very difficult to communicate with very elderly educators in the seminars. Therefore, they should consider the appropriate educators for each group of people. More publication should be made on national and local radio and television stations to at least capture a large number of audiences.
The governments can also include HIV/AIDS and drug abuse awareness program in the education system whereby people can learn about the details of the disease from when they are young. This will help many young people be able to say no to such unworthy activities if they get introduced to them since they will be fully aware of the dangers of the disease and the drugs.
References
Degenhardt, L., & Hall, W. (2012). Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease. The Lancet, 379(9810), 55-70.
Hawdon, J., & Kleiman, M. (2011). Encyclopedia of drug policy: “the war on drugs” past, present, and future. London: SAGE.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2012
Mathers, B. M., Degenhardt, L., Phillips, B., Wiessing, L., Hickman, M., Strathdee, S. A., … & Mattick, R. P. (2010). Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. The Lancet, 372(9651), 1733-1745.
Sharg, A., Shakibi, A., Neisari, R., & Aliloo, L. (2011). Survey of factors related to the relapse of addiction from view of addict patients attending to drug abuse treatment clinics in west azerbaijan. Urmia Medical Journal,22(2), 129-136.
WHO, U. (2009). Technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users.
WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF. Global HIV/AIDS response – Epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access: progress report 2011. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2011
WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF. Monitoring and reporting on the health sector response to HIV/AIDS; Azerbaijan country report 2012. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2012.
World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision [online database]. New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2011 (http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp; accessed 21 February 2013).
World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision [online database]. New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2011 (http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp; accessed 21 February 2013).
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
The diagnosis and management of depression within the American population
Identifying a Problem
The diagnosis and management of depression within the American population remains one of the health factors affecting the health sector. Sources determine that the prevalence of depression within the American population is ascertained to stand at 8.5%, a factor that has seen less people seek medical attention (Wagner, Müller, Helmreich, Huss, & Tadić, 2015). Thus paper therefore seeks to develop a PICOT question in determine the aspect of depression and its effects within this population.
PICOT Question
It is essential to consider that the PICOT P, Population: I Intervention C, Comparison, O, Outcome and T Time is developed in guiding this study. In the American population between the ages of 30-35 of the working class (P), is there a need of developing a tool that will analyze depression (I), compared with the other approaches of care (C) that ensures appropriate procedures are developed in order to detect depression (O) within a specified time (T)? The aim of the PICOT question is developed to determine enough evidences that justify the element of depression among the American population through the use of effective tools.
Selecting Sources of Literature
In considering the results of this paper, it is essential to search through multiple databases that include EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, PsycINFO and the Cochrane and other sources from Health Care research centers. In getting the results of this study, there are key search words that need to be considered (Wagner, et.al.2015). These words include: screening, depression, depressive disorders, BECK or BDI-ii and the population. The use of both the published and the unpublished materials in searching the literatures was incorporated with the materials reviewed dating back between 2005-2010.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Selecting Sources of Literature
According to Wagner et.al.2015, a metal-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of depression on the American population. The findings of the study identifies that a majority of the population presented traumatic symptoms. This material determines that depressive disorders among the younger generation may lead to suicidal and homicidal thoughts and attempts (Jackson, Dianne & Garnefski, 2015).
Some of the symptoms that are presented by this author include chest pains, headaches, painful urination, dizziness an excessive sweating. This source intrinsically supports the specified area of study since it provides evidence to some of the effects of depression among the American population.
Jackson et.al.2015 in his literature consequently revealed that the screening of depressive disorders among the American population undergoes a process of identification, assessment, and initiation of approaches aimed at managing this disease within the American population (pp.197). This author details a quantitative randomized study within this population and establishes that the abuse of substances is as a result of depression, a factor that explains the reasons why several Americans engage in risky sexual behaviors.
On the other hand, the population is also likely to engage in drugs and substance abuse as a result of depression. The author determines that there is a need of developing a concurrent treatment method that uses psychotropic drugs and other stable stimulants in the management of depression. The inclusion of psychotherapeutic method is also essential in the management of depression.
The author also mentions that depression within this population needs to be effectively managed since discoveries have been made that establish individuals in this state engage in unprotected sex and the inclusion of multiple sexual partners, a factor that would result into a health concern within a nation.
References
Wagner, S., Müller, C., Helmreich, I., Huss, M., & Tadić, A. (2015). A meta-analysis of cognitive functions in children, adults and adolescents with major depressive disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(1), 5-19. doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0559
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Statistics in Prediction of Outcome
Introduction
Statistic can be used to predict outcome. This is because statistic encompasses the use of various techniques that enable a person in prediction of outcome. To emphasize this fact, we carried out a project. Our project was about analyzing data to extend where we answer the research question. The topic was chosen because there is need to understand the relationship between statistic and outcome. We wanted to come up with proper understanding of the reliability of statistic in prediction of outcome. The research question was ‘can statistic predict income?’
Saint Leo University has excellence as one of the core values. The excellence that the University dreams of is about creating character that enables each one of the students to end up responsible people in the society. This is brought about by team work, dedication and completion of assigned tasks. Therefore, completing this project reflected what the value of excellence at Saint Leo University advocates.
Data
The data that we used is secondary. The data used in this report was obtained from the website of Halliburton Limited, a multinational company operating in the oil fields service providers industry.
In this project, we used dependent and independent variables. Dependent variables are the ones that a researcher is always interested in. On the other hand, the independent variables are the ones that affect the dependent variables.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Dependent and independent variables
In our project, the dependent variables consist of operating income for three years. On the other hand, the independent variables consist of sales values for three years. According to Halliburton (2014), the sales and operating income values were as below.
Year
Sales (x)
Profit(y)
2012
28,503.00
4,159.00
2013
29,402.00
3,138.00
2014
32,870.00
5,097.00
Descriptive Statistics Table
Statistic
Sales (x)
Profit(y)
Mean
30,258.33
4,131.33
Median
29,402.00
4,159.00
Min
28,503.00
3,138.00
Max
32,870.00
5,097.00
Standard Deviation
1882.84
799.998
Skewness
1.36
0.10
Statistic Test
The testing that we carried out is Pearson coefficient of correlation. This test is quite useful in understanding the relationship of variables. It is very useful in understanding how strong the relationship between variables is.
Year
Sales (x)
Operating Income (y)
(xy)
(x^2)
(y^2)
2014
32,870.00
5,097.00
167,538,390.00
1,080,436,900.00
25,979,409.00
2013
29,402.00
3,138.00
92,263,476.00
864,477,604.00
9,847,044.00
2012
28,503.00
4,159.00
118,543,977.00
812,421,009.00
17,297,281.00
Total
90,775.00
12,394.00
378,345,843.00
2,757,335,513.00
53,123,734.00
The formulae of Pearson Coefficient of correlation is as shown below
N
3.00
N∑xy
1,135,037,529.00
∑x∑y
1,125,065,350.00
N∑x^2)
8,272,006,539.00
∑x^2)
2,757,335,513.00
N∑y^2)
159,371,202.00
∑y^2)
53,123,734.00
Coefficient of correlation (r) = 1,135,037,529.00-1,125,065,350.00/ Square root of (8,272,006,539.00-2,757,335,513.00)( 159,371,202.00- 53,123,734.00)
After conducting Pearson coefficient of correlation, the result was a positive correlation of the variables. This means that when sales increase, the operating income increases too. This shows that we can predict the outcome of the year 2015.
Conclusion
From the project, it is evident that statistic can be used to predict outcome. Therefore, the research question has been addressed well. From the analysis, it has become evident that the use of statistic is faced with certain challenges. Firstly, reliability of some data sources is questionable. Additionally, the fact that data is not readily available is another challenge. There has also been an important observation that the choice of variables should be done properly to avoid confusion of the tests carried out. From the project, it has come out clearly that when there is positive correlation of variables, the movement of change in any of them is positive.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Lotschberg Base Tunnel Project
Introduction
Project management is an exercise that requires proper handling. This is because if weaknesses occur in the process of project management, a project may fail to be completed successfully. Project managers are supposed to ensure that all success measures are fulfilled. One of the success measures that stand out is proper risk management. A project that gets completed with low level of risk incidents is deemed to be successful.
This calls for the need to have proper risk management during implementation of projects. Another success measure for projects is use of suitable tools and technology. Projects are known to use tools and technology to carry out the different processes towards completion. This means that proper selection and application of tools and technology is necessary.
This essay is focusing on Lotschberg Base Tunnel project that was successful. The risks that were identified are well explained together with the management that was done. This is done properly through identification of specific risks and approaches that were used to mitigate them.
The essay goes further and gives details of the tools and techniques that were used in the implementation of Lotschberg Base Tunnel project. The suitability of each tool and technique is also explained fully. To sum it up, conclusion is drawn for the matters arising from the essay.
The project
The Lotschberg Base Tunnel project was constructed in Switzerland. The project resulted into a 34.57 km long tunnel. The Alps accommodates this mega tunnel. This project was initiated in the year 2005 and continued until 2007.
The purpose of the project
All projects are supposed to have clear goals. The project goals determine the suitable approach to use. The purpose of the Lotschberg Base Tunnel was to provide transport solution to the area of location. This tunnel was aimed at enabling growth of railway transport.
Management of risks and uncertainties
It is common knowledge that projects are full of risks and uncertainties. Some of the risks are so dreadful that they threaten the progress of a project. In cases where the project is complex, the probability of having numerous risks goes high unlike the case of simple projects, thus the need to have a working approach (Kwan 2011, p. 91).
The management of risks for Lotschberg Base Tunnel project was done through proper planning. This commenced through with definition of the strategy likely to spearhead risk management efforts. The risk strategy advocated that there should be a team mandated with risk management. In risk management for projects, it is advisable to have a reliable risk management wing (Sullivan 2001, p. 35). Additionally, the strategy for risk management during this project defined clearly the process of managing risk. The phases defined included;
Risk identification
Risk overview
Examination of risk
Mitigation of risk
After defining the risk management approach above, it was easy to manage the identified risks for the project. The risks identified for during implementation of Lotschberg Base Tunnel project were handled as below;
Complexity risk
Upon identifying the risk identification approach, this is one of the noted risks. This project was a complex one thus attracting risk associated with projects of that size. This risk was associated with the probability of failing o meet the various aspects of the project. To manage this risk successfully, the risk management function started by coming up with a strategy to identify all aspects of the project.
This gave the project managers an insight into the big picture of the project. With this done, a risk management plan was created. The risk management plan for Lotschberg Base Tunnel project ensured that all parts of the project were well factored in all activities. Additionally, managing the complexity risk for this project involved identifying and clarifying the small bit of tasks that had to be handled.
This came as a way of simplifying the complex processes and activities for Lotschberg Base Tunnel project. Having created clarity of the internal tasks, it became easy for each of the risk management team members to understand their responsibility in the project without confusion related to high level of complexity of this project.
Finance risk-cost funds
Mega projects are known consumers of large amounts of money. To implement complex projects, it requires proper planning on matters of financing (Didraga 2012, p. 89). According to Strazewski, L 2009, p. 82), finance risk should be handled as a priority risk. This is because poor finance risk planning leads to inadequate funds thus affecting the progress of a project. During the implementation of Lotschberg Base Tunnel project, risk related to finances was identified.
This risk was broken down into two categories. One of these categories was source of funds while the other risk category was about financial cost. Regarding the risk about sources of financing, proper planning was done to ensure that there would be no financial drought during the progress of this project. This ensured that all requirements were financed for when needed.
On the other hand, the cost risk was about the level that would be used to completion of Lotschberg Base Tunnel project . To manage this risk, the project managers ensured that aspects that would lead to increased risk were handled well. Firstly, proper stock management was carried out. This enabled the project to adhere to good practices on stock management such as equilibrium order quantity. Additionally, the project risk function ensured that the assumptions regarding finance risk were realistic. This is because each risk has to be managed through the assistance of assumptions.
Communication risk
In implementation of a project, there has to be proper communication system. This means that absence of proper communication leads to unsuccessful flow of project activities. According to Jafari et al. (2011, p. 16), lack of proper project communication sometimes leads to stalled or abandoned projects. As the identification of risks for Lotschberg Base Tunnel project was taking place, communication risk was identified.
There was fear that lack of proper communication could affect this project. To handle this risk, the risk management function for this project ensured that a working project communication system was put in place. Firstly, everybody who was working on Lotschberg Base Tunnel project was informed of the need to have proper communication. This was done with support given to those who were likely to have communication challenges. Moreover, proper management of barriers to efficient communication were broken.
To make it better, the project managers ensured that communication equipments were acquired for efficient system. To make communication risk well managed, each individual was urged to ensure that clarity of communication messages was observed. This was aimed at ensuring that the actions that were intended to be carried out were easily picked. As the project progressed, the risk regarding communication was put away through ensuring that there was continuous improvement of the communication channels. This was supported by review of the communication related policies.
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Human resource risk
Risk related to human resource for the project was also identified. One of the identified events that would lead to this risk was poor recruitment process. There was fear that the recruitment process would not be on time together with hiring of incompetent people. To manage this, the recruiting function ensured that timelines were adhered to throughout the process. Additionally, evaluation of the skills held by the potential employees was done thoroughly. Induction, monitoring and control of the successful individuals were also done appropriately.
The other risky event was the fear that some employees would abandon their duties. To manage this, the human resource management function for the project ensured that close supervision was carried out. Another identified contributor of human resource risk was project team disagreements. Whenever there are conflicts within the workforce, the human resource risk escalates (Pardo 2009, p.86).
To handle this, the human resource management group ensured that proper conflict resolution was applied. This increased the number of conflicts solved amicably. Time to time team building activities were also helpful in ensuring that the human resource risk as a result of conflicts was mitigated. To ensure that the workforce stayed on duty, the human resource function identified health and safety aspect of workplace as qualifying for management to avoid the related risk.
This was done through having health and safety experts advise accordingly. From the health and safety experts consulted proper assessment was done. This was followed by education cum advice on health and safety matters. This was made better by support of the aspects that make employees motivated and geared towards completion of their tasks.
These included attractive wages and incentive programs. Through this, the employees felt appreciated and workforce turnover was reduced throughout the project. To make it better, the working conditions were made friendlier to the workers. Proper management of working conditions ensures that the human resource risk is managed properly (Riley 2013, p.54).
Technological risk
Technology has become one of the greatest aids to creation of efficiency in the implementation of projects. According to Nikolova (2015, p.34), technological aspect of a project should always be considered in risk management.. The events that were feared might cause technological risk included the use of wrong technology or use of technology that is not tested yet.
To manage the risk, the issue of using the wrong technology for Lotschberg Base Tunnel project was handled through proper comparison of the project with the available technologies. This exercise led to elimination of the irrelevant technologies. To settle on the final right technology, the benefits of each relevant technology were looked at and decision was made. Regarding use of untested technology for the project, elimination was done. This led to a clear picture of the suitable technology.
Environmental risk
Regarding the identified environmental risk, the negative effects that the project would have on environment were considered. According to Ali, M et al. (2008, p. 56), environmental conservation is a success measure in projects. First, the physical interference with land through excavation for tunnelling was considered. Secondly, this project has part of its length constructed on the Alps thus the need to consider the effects on the beautiful topography.
To manage the environmental risk as per the identified aspects of the project, proper research and consultation was carried out. This let to proper input regarding the processes that would be friendly to the environment within the project location. Additionally, materials that are friendly to environment were used. This was followed by proper use of equipments to ensure that they maintain the stability of the environment. The processes and techniques used in a project should always help in improving life through environmental carefulness (Sharma, Pablo & Vredenburg 2009, p. 21)
User risk
Project users have become an integral part of project management (Huang 2010, p. 25). This is because the role they play as stakeholders is priceless. With this in mind, proper risk searching was carried out and the risk function felt that there was need to consider user risk for management. To manage this risk, proper rapport was created between the project and users. Constructive meetings were scheduled for the users to interact with the project team.
This was useful in ensuring that there was better understanding of the project progress. Additionally, proper interaction with the users created a platform where confusing aspects of the project were made clear. With clarification of confusing elements of the project, it was easy to explain some of the challenges that the project was coming through. This brought about a situation where more support was given by the stakeholders.
Supplier risk
Projects are usually sustained by material availability. Breakdown in material requirement was identified as an occurrence that may lead to supplier risk. According to Vivian and Shen (2012, p. 86), this is usually brought about by the fear that some suppliers may be inefficient in their supply.
To handle this, the stock management for the project was made more efficient. This included proper management of the re-order level to ensure that proper levels of stock are maintained. Additionally, adherence to supplier payment plans was done to avoid supplier unrests. To make it better, suppliers were warned against going against their contracts.
Benefits to the project from proper risk management
It is worth noting that when risk management is done well, a project benefits from it. During Lotschberg Base Tunnel project, risk management was done in a way that brought about several benefits.
Budget adherence
Risk management has a positive correlation with budget movements. The budget that was set for this project did not skyrocket beyond. This was caused by various reasons, proper risk management being one of them. Eventually, Lotschberg Base Tunnel project was completed within the estimated budget one reason being there was no risk related compensation to make.
Certification
During the implementation of this project, proper risk management let to certification of the various phases. It is worth noting that projects are usually halted or stopped whenever they operate under circumstances that are too risky. With this project managing its risks properly, it was easy to obtain certificates from the relevant authorities.
Reduced disruptions
Whenever risky incidences occur during implementation of a project, disruptions take place. This means that the project schedule is affected among other aspects of the project. Luckily, Lotschberg Base Tunnel project saw few disruptions. This is because there was proper management of risks identified for the project.
Reduced insurance premiums
This project ran to completion successfully with few incidents. This means that insurance evaluation did not find need to increase the premiums already set for various covers. Interestingly, there was an effort to negotiate for lower premiums since the project was progressing within safe operation.
Cost stability
As a result of proper risk management during implementation of this project, the cost involved was stable. This project operated within the cost range planned. The stability of the cost was brought about by the fact that there were no much additions as a result of response to risky incidences.
Tools, techniques and their suitability for Lotschberg Base Tunnel project
This project called for the use of reliable tools for project management. According to Loo (2009, p. 46), the need for project management tools is brought about by the complex nature involved. The tools are known to simplify activities that would have proved complex without.
During the implementation of Lotschberg Base Tunnel project, the Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) was used as a tool. This project management tool was applied manually in the project. It is worth noting that it can be used with the aid of computer software. PERT is a very useful project management tool since it identifies the activities that are required for a project to continue up to completion (Radek 2016, p. 14-24). This tool is known to give proper guidance when it comes controlling the flow of activities.
Through the use of PERT as a project management tool, the specific project activities were identified successfully. The identification of these activities assisted in planning better for the project. During the progress of Lotschberg Base Tunnel project, this tool of project management enabled the project managers control all processes successfully.
With the aid of this project management tool, the project managers were able to identify the time requirement for each of the identified tasks. This enabled the project managers come up with suitable schedules as per the identified timeframe of the projects. Additionally, this project tool was used in identifying the challenges that were embodied to each activity.
Proper identification of challenges facing a particular project activity is very important since it creates a good opportunity for finding solution (Sunday Business Post 2011, p. 16). Therefore, this tool enabled the project managers come up with ways of overcoming challenges facing the project.
The use of Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) was advisable. The suitability of this project management tool was encouraged by its ability to address several aspects of a project at the same time. It does away with instances of omissions that other project techniques have.
Importance of using suitable tools and techniques for Lotschberg Base Tunnel project
It is advisable for projects to be handled properly through use of the suitable tools and techniques. The tools and techniques used were able to bring benefits regarding the following.
The use of PERT enabled the project to run within the expected cost level. According to Engwall (2012, p. 595) says that this is because this tool for project management enables proper planning. Proper planning is known to be useful in cost management of a project.
Communication
Through the use of the identified tools and techniques, communication within the stakeholder community was made efficient. Selection of proper techniques ensures that the project system is coordinated in terms of communication.
Risk
It is worth noting that project techniques play a big role in risk management. Through the use of the suitable techniques for Lotschberg Base Tunnel project, risk management was made easy thus reaping benefits of having proper risk management for a project.
Resource allocation
The use of PERT as a tool for this project enabled the project manager is able to manage the available resources well. This was through the ability of this tool to give forecasts for resources. This is very useful in projects since it makes planning easy.
Efficiency
Through the use of suitable tools and techniques for this project, efficiency was created in all activities of the project. The tools assisted in identifying the main activities for the project. Upon identification, the activities were scheduled according to the design of the project. This was merged with proper time plan that let to successful completion of Lotschberg Base Tunnel project.
Conclusion
Projects should be handled with a lot of care. This is necessary because it brings about identification of all aspects that need to be put under control. Risk management should be planned for whenever a project is being implemented. The project manager should ensure all aspects of risk management are put in order. This should be through assignment and investment in risk management. Additionally, the process of risk management should be defined properly to avoid confusion.
The tools and techniques to be used for a particular project should be identified in time. Testing practically or through precedent should be done. This should be supported by detailed proof of their suitability. This should be motivated by the need to gain from the benefits associated with project tools and techniques. It is worth noting that the tools and techniques used in project management require continuous review. This is always important since it enables the project managers update the appropriately.
Nikolova, LV, Kuporov, JJ & Rodionov, DG 2015, Risk Management of Innovation Projects in the Context of Globalization, [Online] Available at: http://search.proquest.com/business/docview/1753590788/4C6CD6EFE1EE4787PQ/32?accountid=45049, [Accessed 2 May 2016].
Radek, D 2016, The Level of Use of Project Management Methods, Techniques and Tools and Their Impact on Project Success – Selected Region of Czech Republic, [Online] Available at: http://search.proquest.com/business/docview/1752861959/B741D3FD890042F6PQ/1?accountid=45049, [Accessed 2 May 2016].
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Gerontology perspective of Azerbaijan
Studying aging process is a complex course as age itself is a multidisciplinary field. The study of aging process is referred as gerontology. Gerontology integrates information from various disciplines including sociology, biology, and psychology. It involves the study of people’s mental, physical and social changes as they age. The investigation of these changes in the society is important because the information collected is used to guide the elderly health policies and the healthcare programs in Azerbaijan (Ibrahimov et al. 2010).
Ageing and its associated problems concerning the elderly has been the domain of developed countries. However, recent past indicates that developing countries are experiencing the burden of aging population. This is attributable to the fact that previous Government policies on elderly care were a least priority as the elderly population represented a small percentage of Azerbaijan’s population. This paper discusses situation, behaviour and experiences of elderly people in Azerbaijan from gerontology perspective (Rzaev et al. 2015).
Background: Socio-demographic characteristics
Azerbaijan demography is undergoing transition which is attributable to the low growth rate and steady decline in its fertility rates in the past several decades. Research estimated that the population of Azerbaijan is 9 826397 people, which indicates a 1.39% increase compared to the previous population of 9 691 874. There were 205 568 new live births and 67 649 deaths. The population density is estimated to be 113.5 people/square kilometre. The age structure is as shown below;
This pyramid structure is a stationary type which is described by declining birth rate and low death rate. This type of pyramid structure is common in developed countries. The dependency ratio in Azerbaijan is 42.1%. This indicates that the dependant part of the population is more than the working population. The aged dependency ratio is reported at 9.2% in Azerbaijan (Caravanos et al. 2014).
Similar to many East and South East Asia, the ageing population is a demographic reality that results into a decline in fertility and improved life-expectancy. According to World population report, Azerbaijan has experienced increase in the population rate of people above 60 years from 3.7% in 1960s to 9.7% in 2011. The figure is projected to increase by 2% by 2020 and by to 25% by 2050. This indicates that a substantial burden on resources will be experienced (Rabbi & Karmaker, 2015).
Aging in Azerbaijan
Aging in Azerbaijan and across Asia is occurring more rapidly in comparison to the other developing countries. This is supported by Asia/Pacific Regional Conferences Ageing 2012 report which indicates that the proportion of the elderly population is growing at a very faster pace as compared to the rest parts of the world. This increased percentage of the older people in Azerbaijan implies that the percentage of the working adults is reduced and increased dependency ratio. The following are the consequences of the demographic changes.
To start with, there is rapid increase of old-older women. This is a major crisis because like in other countries, women are the primary caregivers in the family. Additionally, the old-older women are the most vulnerable group in the society who need acute care. Most of these women in Azerbaijan are widowed and live alone. Most of them have fewer assets as compared to men and are likely to be poor. This heightens their vulnerability and need for care. (International Action Plan on ageing problems, 2010).
Older Azerbaijan’s are spread throughout the country. However, the number of older people living in rural area is higher than in urban region. This is attributed to massive immigration of the young people to urban areas to seek greener pastures. The family is the most important support system for the elderly in Azerbaijan. Most of the elderly people in this country live with their family members. Only a small percentage of elderly live alone (Habibov, 2010). Azerbaijan is undergoing a social change. The society is shifting from larger extended family towards a nuclear family groups.
This change is associated with globalization and western culture influence. However, only few elderly persons reside in aged care homes. The nursing homes are managed by the government. The low number of residents is due to cultural influences. The Azerbaijan culture demands that it is the young child responsibility to take care of their parents. Culturally, it is shameful for the family to admit their elderly parents to these care facilities (Babaie et al. 2015).
Body changes observed are due to changes occur in individual cells and within the entire body organ systems. These changes are manifested through changes in function and appearance. The aging cells function capacity is usually reduced. The normal functioning of the body, the old cells must die as part of normal functioning of the body system. The genes are programmed in a way that causes old cells death to create room for new cells (Namazova & Taghi-Zada, 2015).
The first indicators of aging are the musculoskeletal system. This is followed by reduced eyesight and hearing capacity. Most internal organs function disorders do decline with age, but extensive reduction of the body organ functionality is associated with disorders and infections. Therefore, decline in function ability implies that the elderly are less able to manage strenuous activities such as physical activity, infections or temperature changes. This also implies that the elderly people are more likely to experience medication side effects. The most commonly affected internal organs include heart, kidney and brain (Bui et al. 2015).
Mental health disorders
The expansion of the elderly people in the population is unavoidably accompanied by increased number of age-related health disorders such as Alzheimer disease (D), Mild cognitive impairments (MCI) and Vascular Dementia (VD). There lacks adequate reports of Alzheimer disease in Azerbaijan but from the population dynamic and the world health reports, AD is a health issue that needs to be addressed among the elderly in Azerbaijan.
According to World Alzheimer reports, Alzheimer Disease International (ADI) estimates that there are over 36 million incidences worldwide about dementia. The numbers is doubling every two decades and it is projected that there will be 66 million dementia incidences by 2030. Most of these incidences are reported in the low and the low income countries (World Population Ageing, 2014).
The common mental disorders in Azerbaijan are depression, anxiety and dementia. From the statistics collected, depressive disorders in Azerbaijan have increased rapidly. However, the precise aetiology of depression and anxiety is unknown, but the environment, genetic factors and psychological factors contribute to these disorders. Research conducted in Arabic countries, obesity, physical activity, psychological distresses are the major risks for mental disorders in Azerbaijan.
The cultural expectations of this country have women have significantly lower physical activeness than men. In terms of dietary intake, 55% of the Azerbaijan is obtained from carbohydrates (grains). The increased carbohydrate intake and reduced physical activity among the elderly is a key risk factor for mental disorders in Azerbaijan (Caravanos et al. 2014).
The important characteristics of dementia and AD in Azerbaijan are determined by the public knowledge aspect, culture as well as socioeconomic aspects. There lacks adequate public knowledge on dementia. Therefore, the elderly person’s behavior that presents with the early disease symptoms are considered as natural results of aging. This implies that most of the elderly and their care hivers will only seek medication in the moderate stage of the disease.
One of the core indicators of social development in any community is the rate of literacy. Illiteracy is an important aspect in gerontology because it is a risk factor that facilitates the development of AD due to low knowledge on disease prevention; or control of the modifiable risks factor for age related disorders such as diabetes, coronary artery, stroke, osteoporosis, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and depression.
Although illiteracy levels have reduced in the last decades, the reduction rate is considerably low in Azerbaijan. The higher illiteracy is a risk factor for the increased rates of dementia and Alzheimer disease among the elderly in Azerbaijan (World Population Ageing, 2014).
There is sufficient evidence that culture and peoples life experiences shape the mental stability of a person. The society culture, behaviours and experiences shape the person’s ability to react to cognitive impairments such as dementia. This is because cultural values impact the elderly person’s responses to illness and ways they interact with the healthcare professionals.
For instance, in Azerbaijan cultural values of individualism as well as collectivism regarding the elderly care can negatively impact the treatment regimen and care. Azerbaijan collectivistic culture values the elderly and it demands that they should be treated with respect by the rest members of the family (Habibov, 2010).
The changes in the patient’s behaviour due do dementia might threaten their family respect to the elderly. One of the issues that affect the dementia patients in this country is the forgetfulness nature of the disease. This is the root of their problems. Most of these elderly patients feel bad whenever they realise that they have forgotten things which makes it troublesome for them to live with their family members. Some complain that the disease is a teasing disorder as sometimes one cannot recognise relatives and can no longer identify their friend’s face which really breaks them down (Habibov, 2010).
The challenges of difficulties in the management of forgetfulness nature of the elderly and distractibility caused by the disease makes the elderly feel stressed. The elderly person’s life is described by use of many reminders and a lot of comments for their mistakes or failures. This makes the patients feel deeply unfulfilled in their own views as well as their lives.
Most feel that their intellect is disrespected due to their altered mental stability especially each time they are disrespected or treated in a harsh manner. In Azerbaijan, the elderly greatly depends on other family members in conducting most of the daily tasks and daily living activities. Majority feel that they are bothersome and the burden to the family members (Caravanos et al. 2014).
Financial difficulties are another issue that affects the elderly. Most of the elderly have feelings of hopelessness and deprivation. Most feel miserable when they are financially dependent on others. The elderly diagnosed with dementia in this community long to re-establish their own lives in order to be respected and to be valued by the rest of the society. They need recognition, appreciation and acceptance.
In Azerbaijan, the elderly people from low income households suffer disproportionately from the mental disorders. People’s health is determined by their socio-economic situations. The social determinants of health includes the conditions the live, work, age and the health systems. These are shaped by the economic and socio-political status. The differences in these circumstances are produced by the society systems (Habibov, 2010).
Despite the fact that there is significant improvement in care and management of chronic illness which are the modifiable risk factors for mental health among the elderly, the primary focus of the healthcare system in Azerbaijan has been on maternal health and pediatric health. The caregiver burden is high due to strong bonds between the elderly person and the family members.
This makes most of the people become opposed to the idea of institutional homes. The limited number of qualified mental healthcare providers in these healthcare facilities is also a contributing factor to negative attitude towards these healthcare facilities. This indicates that the number of elderly people benefiting from the few mental health services available (World Population Ageing, 2014).
Gender also plays a major role in aspects of gerontology as aged women are likely to present with multiple health and mental disorders as compared to men. Education status and individuals physical health dictates the mental health status in Azerbaijan. For instance, depressive mood disorders in Azerbaijan are common in elderly men diagnosed with chronically ill disease.
In women, depressive mood disorders in this community are associated with their sense of belonging level of isolation, faith, and family cohesion. Additionally, life events such as bereavement, poor physical health and loss of status are other factors associated with depressive disorders in this community (Rabbi & Karmaker, 2015).
Elderly abuse has recently gained increased attention in the past Decade. This is common societal problems that have serious consequence on health as well as the wellbeing of the elderly people. Elder abuse remains one of the most hidden types of interfamily conflict in Azerbaijan. There are only few studies that have been conducted on elderly mistreatment in Azerbaijan, thus, little is known about the prevalence rates or risk factors.
Although the issue of child and female abuse in Azerbaijan is well recognised, the issue of elder mistreatment is overlooked. This is probably because most people believe that elder mistreatment cannot occur due to the culture that supports strong family support. The lack of valid statistics, limited information, and consistent denial of the family members perpetuate vulnerability of the elderly. This could be a contributing factor for psychosomatic disorders among the elderly (Rzaev et al. 2015).
Want help to write your Essay or Assignments? Click here
Mental healthcare systems
According to old Soviet model, mental healthcare in Azerbaijan leans towards the institutional approach. However, the Azerbaijan psychiatric institution does not meet the basic standards. Although all kinds of the mental health services are at the level of special care, the primary care for the elderly mental health is not well developed. The principles mental healthcare providers for the elderly are psychiatric dispensaries, psychiatric hospitals and in private practice.
There are about 22 psychiatrists per 100,000 people. Each administrative districts of the country have outpatient clinic that have a consulting room for psychiatrist. There are eight cities at inter-regional psycho-neurological dispensaries (PNDs). In Baku city, there are about two PNDs; one offers paediatric mental services and the other offers adult mental services (Caravanos et al. 2014).
There are nine psychiatric hospitals that provide in-patient services. In addition, there are psychosomatic services in two General hospitals and psycho-neurological services that are provided in military healthcare facilities. The main challenge of elderly mental healthcare in Azerbaijan is finance. The healthcare provider’s salary is low, which makes them demand for fee for their services even in public sectors.
This indicates that there are illegal demands for payment in health care services including medication and food fee in inpatient services. Most of the elderly people are not able to afford mental healthcare treatment. Another challenge is that there is over-centralization of mental care services. The community care as well as rehabilitative care is carried out by non-governmental organizations (Habibov, 2010).
In order to ensure better life for the old population, it will require the harmonic interactions between policy making, health systems, medical education and the public sector. The government should establish policy that will ensure that elderly people cost of care is effective and manageable. The government should establish programs that will focus on prevention of the old age associated healthcare condition.
There are reports that support that the government should apply “spend to save” strategies. This implies that the cost of care in treating dementia in its early stages is more effective than when the disease has progressed. The benefits include reduced institutionalization and improved on quality of life for patients with dementia.
The healthcare policies should enhance the insurance systems in order to ensure patients get adequate support. The quality and quantity of the social services available in the community should be compatible to the medical standards, the community needs as well as the community culture (International Action Plan on ageing problems, 2010).
The health systems should establish strategies that will promote early diagnosis of the disease. This includes increasing community awareness to facilitate early diagnosis of people mental disorders among the elderly. This will help them get the necessary information and non-pharmacological treatments which will improve the elders cognitive impairments, manage the behavioural symptoms and reduce their quality of life. There is need to increase knowledge and awareness on the age-related disorders and the normal aging process. There is need for the community to understand that the elderly person’s physical and mental health may decline but these are also indicator of mental disorders. They should seek medical attention (World Population Ageing, 2014).
The elder community centres can also increase the society awareness in order to maintain their independence, leading to purposeful and productive lives. The support and enhanced family care must be emphasised through the help of support groups. There is need to collaborate to reduce stigma and to improve care. The area of concern in this community includes discrimination, elderly abuse, improve the standards of living such as housing, improve independence, autonomy and promote independence, increased participations as well as social protection including social security and pension (World Population Ageing, 2014).
New strategies to improve health in Azerbaijan
Recently, more resource centres for the elderly people have been established to protect the physical and psychological health of the elderly. The centres do so through constitutional rights for the elderly and legal consultations. There is need to have consultations and a range of public hearings and participation of every person in the community including the elderly representatives and those with disabilities. This will provides an opportunity for every person to express their feelings. The recommendations should be put into the considerations during the policy making processes (World Population Ageing, 2014).
The increased awareness and the promulgation of the multidisciplinary disciplines is expected to foster respect for the elderly and improve social defence for the families as well as the relevant authorities. There are undergoing plans such as the draft of “state program to strengthen the social protection of the elderly 2016-2020 years” which is focusing the issue of elderly empowerment by eliminating incompetence and useless relation between the elderly and the communities. Understanding the legal status for the elderly people will help the relevant authorities to protect the vulnerable group taking into the account of the essential contribution to the family, community and the societies (World Population Ageing, 2014).
There is much that will be learned by giving the regional municipalities’ space and involvement of the specialist. This will provide the necessary environment for the elderly people to engage them in activities such as sewing, hand works and weaving. Establishing such centres for the elderly people in Azerbaijan will be beneficial in improving the elderly quality of life (International Action Plan on ageing problems, 2010).
Conclusion
Currently, the Azerbaijan economic has grown due to the foreign investments and ongoing reforms. The population poverty level has decreased considerably from 49% in 2003 to 16% in 2016. . This has generally improved the life expectancy, improved the level of education and advanced healthcare systems. The fact that more people are getting best education and health care have made the people to live longer and stay healthy for longer period. The humanitarian needs still prevail as the socio economic indicators have continued to drop. Poverty is the greatest issue facing the elderly people.
Millions of elderly people in the Azerbaijan continue to face unequal treatment and infringement of their fundamental rights. Most of the older people living in the rural areas are still having poor living condition and lack adequate education making them have little information on their rights and law. Most of the elderly people are excluded from the social life. Therefore, the question of human rights of the elderly is increasing becoming more and more sensitive to this society.
The important aspect to improve the health of the elderly people in Azerbaijan is promoting their physical and psychological attributes such that they can remain independent and productive to the communities and their families. It is important to ensure that the elderly people remain in good health. In order to do so, the health workers and social workers should be adequately trained so that they can effectively prevent or manage the mental disorders that are associated with age. There have been some improvements, but the government need to establish sustainable care policies that are long-term, and develop services that are favourable to the elderly.
References
Babaie, J., Ardalan, A., Vatandoost, H., Goya, M., & Akbari Sari, A. (2015). Performance Assessment of a Communicable Disease Surveillance System in Response to the Twin Earthquakes of East Azerbaijan. Disaster Medicine And Public Health Preparedness, 9(04), 367-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.34
Bui, A., Lavado, R., Johnson, E., Brooks, B., Freeman, M., & Graves, C. et al. (2015). National health accounts data from 1996 to 2010: a systematic review. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization, 93(8), 566-576D. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.14.145235
Caravanos, J., Gualtero, S., Dowling, R., Ericson, B., Keith, J., Hanrahan, D., & Fuller, R. (2014). A Simplified Risk-Ranking System for Prioritizing Toxic Pollution Sites in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Annals Of Global Health, 80(4), 278-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2014.09.001
Ibrahimov F, Ibrahimova A, Kehler J, Richardson E. (2010). Azerbaijanb: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, vol12(3):1–117
Habibov, N. (2010). On the socio-economic determinants of antenatal care utilization in Azerbaijan: evidence and policy implications for reforms. HEPL, 6(02), 175-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133110000174
Namazova, A., & Taghi-Zada, T. (2015). Bioethics in Azerbaijan: History and Development of Bioethics in Azerbaijan. Asian Bioethics Review, 7(5), 433-439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asb.2015.0044
Rabbi, A., & Karmaker, S. (2015). The Socio-economic Determinants of Antenatal Health Care Utilization in Bangladesh: Evidence from Multivariate Techniques. Dhaka University Journal Of Science, 63(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v63i1.21762
Rzaev, E., Rasulov, S., & Rzaev, A. (2015). Developing Mathematical Models for Cardiovascular System Functional Assessments. Kazan Med Zh, 96(4), 681-685. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2015-681
International Action Plan on ageing problems. (2010). WHO. 02.12.2004. EB115/29. World Health Statistics 2010, World Health Organization. Retrieved from, www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS10_Full.pdf
