Accounting – Page 3 – Best Essay Writers

Price Analysis for the Navigation System

Hi-Delta is a new company to provide drone navigation systems that the U.S government looks for more often and its aim is to dominate in the production of navigation systems used in aircrafts. The systems provided by Hi-Delta will comply with the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR). According to the plan, there will be a building in a warehouse-area that rents its headquarters and will be located in Philadelphia area for the whole operation of the company.

The company’s office will have employees working in different departments. These employees are the CEO, Directors, General Managers and their assistants, Accountants and tax preparers, receptionists, manufacturers and security guards. These employees will offer services that improve and build up the services of the federal government.

The main objective of the company is to acquire the much needed supplies and services of the appropriate navigation systems to the government. Hi-Delta focuses on giving most appropriate cost quotations for its navigation system products to the federal government, therefore motivates the government in ordering and purchasing navigation systems in bulk for the whole military.

The products which Hi-Delta is the GPS system for navigation and other products which includes; tracking devices, text to speech navigation systems, Bluetooth navigation systems, hands-free systems for navigation, smart watches, traffic products, along with map products. A part from the federal government Hi-Delta also targets established companies which deal with manufacture and development of air crafts and also companies that manufacture cars and phones, because they will require installation of navigation systems to their products.

Price analysis, without doubt is an important aspect as far as contracting is concerned. The contracting factors that Hi-Delta will focuses on in order to get a contract from the federal government include; contract changes, initial offers, and final statements. The price analysis is basically the process of examining and evaluating an intended price without putting into consideration the separate cost of elements. In essence price analysis for the navigation system does not consider the profits to be earned.

At Hi-Delta Company the method to be used in analyzing the price includes the comparison of the prices that are being submitted, comparing the price quotations and contracts submitted previously with the current prices and quotation for the similar products and services, comparison of proposed prices that puts into consideration the independent cost estimates put across by the US government, and comparison of published prices set forth on a competitive basis.

The method chosen for Hi-Delta Company is based on number of factors such as speculation of efficiency of the federal government in achieving its objectives. It also aims at conducting speculations regarding anticipated global changes in systems for navigation.

The main cost which Hi-Delta company has priorities in the pricing strategy is the cost of manufacturing. The cost of manufacturing is particularly high since the direct inputs required for the building of unmanned, manned system including aircrafts, space systems and technology is too costly (Adithan, 2014). Equally, this field requires experienced and hands on professionals who have a deep understanding of the navigation systems. The cost of employing such personnel is who will be directly involved in manufacturing and monitoring the navigation system is too high.

Also, product costs are important for Hi-Delta as they form an essential aspect when it comes to pricing. For a Hi-Delta to determine its appropriate cost incurred during the production of navigation systems, it is imperative that the product costs be considered and in so doing evaluation appropriate inventory evaluation should be done.

Cost classification entails separation of expenditures into various groups. For example, expenses in accounting can be divided into two categories, that is direct and indirect costs while in economics it may have variables, fixed, production, and opportunity cost. I would compare my prices and costs of my company with those already on the market which does the same business as mine i.e. the navigation system of other resembling business in the market. The price is the key to the summation of profits and the cost, and so the price forecasting which Hi-Delta depends will be prices comparison in the market putting in mind that competitive companies like Vector Cal offers.

For the startup phase of Hi-Delta Company, the company will incur two types of costs namely variable and fixed costs. Variable costs keep changing while the fixed costs always remain the same. This means that fixed cost does not depend on the output. The company incurs fixed cost in the production of any number of the navigation systems. For instant, when it produce one or a million. When the sales level increases it does not affect the fixed cost in any way. Fixed cost are very inelastic unlike variable cost this so it is essential for the company to know the revenue needed for it to achieve the economic balance.

Variable costs are costs that vary depending changes in the production output. They vary depending on the company’s production volume; they rise as production increases and falls as production decreases (Hilton et al., 2013). It includes direct material costs or labor costs. Variable cost ratio is an expression of a company’s variable production costs as a percentage of sales this is calculated as variable costs divided by total revenues.

The variable cost calculation can be done on a per-unit basis, such as a $20 variable cost for one unit with a sales price of $200 giving a variable cost ratio of 0.1 or 10%, or by using totals over a given time period, such as total monthly variable costs of $1000 with total monthly of $10000 also rendering a variable cost ratio of 0.1 or 10%. Since the variable cost ratio quantifies the relationship between revenues and the specific costs of production associated with the revenues my plan has taken care of various challenges that are likely to be incurred.

Hi-Delta Company has taken into account, writing the fallback strategy as to cater for risks and to reduce the company’s unnecessary expenditure. Examples of variable costs include the cost of raw material and packaging. Increases or decreases in variable costs occurred without any direct intervention or action on the part of the management of the company. It increases in fairly constant rate in proportion to increases in expenditures on raw materials or labor. Hi-Delta is expected to perform detailed and conclusive research, and this implies that efficient and appropriate resources will be required for the exercises.

An instrumental component of analyzing prices is cost allocation standard. It is significant that every business uses this strategy. Cost allocation strategy 418 and 410 is an imperative method as far as businesses are concerned (Mariotti & Glackin, 2013). The main reason is that the method can allow Hi-Delta to calculate the total expenses incurred for the start-up including direct and indirect costs. In addition, the standard allocation 408 is imperative as it deals with analyzing the cost related to employees. Whenever cost analysis is performed for a business, the US government requires that the cost principles should be used in pricing negotiated supply, service, experimental, and developmental and research contracts modifications.

References

Adithan, M. (2014Process planning and cost estimation. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers.

Hilton, R. W., Maher, M., & Selto, F. H. (2013). Cost Management: Strategies for business decisions. Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill.

Mariotti, S., & Glackin, C. (2013). Entrepreneurship: Starting and operating a small business. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

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An Amortization Schedule

An amortization schedule refers to a tabular presentation of the mortgage loan payment schedule, indicating the interest and principal amount paid until the loan is repaid fully (Brechner & Bergeman, 2014). An amortization calculator is used in developing the schedule, based on the amount, interest rate and repayment period. The amortization schedule is generally utilized for identifying the amount paid, to both interest and principal, and the outstanding balance.

An amortization schedule helps in the generation of identical payment over the repayment period, such that the entire amount is paid by the end of the period (Biafore, 2013).

The schedule is used in determining the percentage of interest to be paid during each period in comparison to the principal amount to be repaid. In essence, it separates the portion of payment that covers the interest expense from the portion the premium paid to the principal in each period. Biafore (2013) notes that even though a similar amount of premium is paid towards the mortgage each period, the amount allocated to the principal and interest varies each time.

This variation can be observed from the amortization table. The amortization schedule ensures that the borrower and lender are on the same page with regards to the amount repaid and amount owed. This means that in case of any dispute, the schedule acts as reference on the history of payment and pending balances.

The amortization table is useful to the borrowers in that it is a basis for organizing their finances. The borrower is able to track payments made, interest paid and money owed at any given time; such that they can determine their home equity at any given time. Lenders on the other hand can track what is owed by borrowers.

Response 3

In amortizing the mortgage, a significant amount of the payments paid during the initial months mostly comprises of interest, while the remaining amount is paid to the principal (Biafore, 2013). The payments to interest then start declining as the mortgage is repaid, such that the interest paid in the later years is minimal or none.

Accordingly, the tax deducted based on home mortgage interest is likely to be higher during the initial years when a larger amount of interest is being paid, compared to later years when the interest being paid has reduced significantly. In this regard, it is logical to state that interest paid in earlier years plays a more helpful role in in tax reduction than interest paid in forthcoming years.

Response 4

An ordinary annuity differs from annuity due, mainly based on the timing. While the amount due in ordinary annuity is paid at each period end, an annuity due consists of cash flow series that occurs at each period’s beginning. The second difference is related with payment. In ordinary annuity, the payment done is associated with the period that precedes its date (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2016).

Examples include mortgage payment, loans and coupon bearing bonds. Payment in an annuity due on the other hand, is associated with the period that follows its date. Examples include insurance premiums and rental lease payments.

Problems

If interest rates are 8 percent, what is the future value of a $400 annuity payment over six years? Unless otherwise directed, assume annual compounding periods.

Future Value (FV) = P x [((1 + r)ⁿ– 1) / r]

Where P = Annual payments

r = Interest rate

n = Number of years

FV = 400 x [((1 + 0.08)⁶-1)/ 0.08]

= $2,934.37

Recalculate the future value at 6 percent interest and 9 percent interest.

6% Interest

FV = 400 x [((1 + 0.06)⁶-1)/ 0.06]

= $2,790.13

9% interest

FV = 400 x [((1 + 0.09)⁶-1)/ 0.09]

= $3,009.33

If interest rates are 5 percent, what is the present value of a $900 annuity payment over three years? Unless otherwise directed, assume annual compounding periods.

Present Value (PV) = P [(1 – (1 / (1 + r)ⁿ)) / r]

Where P = Annual payments

r = Interest rate

n = Number of years

PV = $900 [(1 – (1/(1+0.05)³))/0.05]

= $2,450.92

Recalculate the present value at 10 percent interest and 13 percent interest.

10 Percent

PV = $900 [(1 – (1/(1+0.1)³))/0.1]

= $2,238.17

13 Percent

PV = $900 [(1 – (1/(1+0.13)³))/0.13]

= $2,125.04

What is the present value of a series of $1150 payments made every year for 14 years when the discount rate is 9 percent?

Present Value (PV) = P [(1 – (1 / (1 + r)ⁿ)) / r]

Where P = Annual payments

r = Interest rate

n = Number of years

PV = $1150 [(1 – (1/(1+0.09)¹⁴))/0.09]

= $ 8,954.07

Recalculate the present value using discount rate of 11 percent and 12 percent.

11 Percent

PV = $1150 [(1 – (1/(1+0.11)¹⁴))/ 0.11]

= $8029.15

12 Percent

PV = $1150 [(1 – (1/(1+0.12)¹⁴))/ 0.12]

= $7,622.39

References

Biafore, B. (2013). QuickBooks 2014: The Missing Manual: The Official Intuit Guide to QuickBooks 2014. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, Inc.

Brechner, R. & Bergeman, G. (2014). Contemporary Mathematics for Business and Consumers, Brief Edition. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Ehrhardt, M. C. & Brigham, E. F. (2016). Corporate Finance: A Focused Approach. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

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Budget Planning and Management Role in Health and Social Care

Managing Financial Resources in Health and Social Care

2.1 Power Point Presentation Discussion

This presentation shall discuss section 2’s Budget Planning and Management Role in Health and Social Care. Specifically, the speaker shall provide the Diverse Sources of Income that can be used in health and social care settings. Every budget planning includes internal sources and external sources, no matter what is the setting.

The organization shall use internal sources and external sources as diverse sources of income. Internal sources shall include Company Savings, working capital, retained profit, and sales of assets.

Company Savings or commonly known as the owner’s investment (can be used as a start-up capital or additional capital)

Another interesting source of finance is using the working capital. These are funds that are needed when conducting daily operations, like wages, purchasing of raw materials, covering some overhead costs and used for offering credit services.

Retained profit can be used within the organization, from a standpoint, this is an attractive source of finance because it allows investment projects without risking nor involving shareholders or any outsiders.

Sales of assets are one way of raising finance. Selling off the stocks or assets that are no longer in need. Such as equipment that is not in used can be sold off to buy new equipment.

The next slide is the discussion of the external sources of finance. These are finances that are commonly gained outside of the organization, such as from banks or creditors. This may include the short-term and the long-term assets.

Short-term assets are financial assets that need to be sold, converted to cash or liquidated to pay the liabilities inside one year. These assets include Loans, Trade Credits, and Debt Factoring.

Loans are usually long-term debt capital used by the company to provide a cash-flow cushion. Moreover, with bank loans, the organization can set repayments with spreading over a period of time which can be good for budgeting.

Trade Credits, shall cover the organization’s short-term finances. This is where suppliers can deliver goods and willing to wait for days before the payment. If this shall be included within the organization’s budgeting, this will provide more chance for the organization to prioritize the needed equipment or services that should be sold.

Debt Factoring or Factoring is where the organization can sell their invoices to the banks. Rather than waiting for 28 days of full payment, the organization can gain cash right away.

Now, Long-term assets are finances that can be paid over many years. This will include, mortgages, venture capital, retained earnings, debenture for long-term sources.

Now, if the organization wanted to secure a location, mortgaging is the best answer. This is advantageous since this can be repaid through installments over a period of time, mostly over 25 years. If we view the setting as a public or private institution, then it would be feasible to mortgage a specific location than renting it.

For a starting organization, venture capital can provide sufficient fund to the organization. Moreover, it is also feasible for new businesses with limited profits, especially with public health and social care setting.

Retained earnings are useful to finance new investments, either on new programs within the organization or new facilities. Moreover, it is believed that retained earnings are sources of funds that does not lead to payment of cash.

Having able to induce debenture as an external source of income, it will save the organization income tax since debenture is a tax deductible expenditure. Moreover, it is way cheaper than preference shares and equity shares.

Since we are imposing health and social care setting, the organization aims to provide more efficient but cheap services; the organization may also use Government funding, Bursaries, Grants, Rentals, and Company assets.

There is government organization such as Invest NI funds new and established businesses in their venture. Which is believed that since the organization, shall cater health and social care for elderlies and with special needs, the government shall heartfully fund this newly established institution. Moreover, there are also charities that can assist the organization in the further development of the institutions.

Leasing or renting an asset will allow the business to obtain assets without the need to pay a large lump sum. For example, the organization may pursue on letting their clients rent some equipment for the benefit of the institution.

2.2 Factors that Influences the Availability of financial resources

The organization may experience difficulties in achieving the desired resources through the identified factors such as funding priorities, agency objectives and policies, private finance, type of services, government policies, and etc.

Decision making on funding priorities is usually formalized, procedurally driven, sequential, and protected; thus, the size of the organization may affect the board’s decision on funding the organization’s needs.

Moreover, the agreements between association and local about funds, service contracts and authorities together with other home care agencies. Provision of the type of service, such as Nursing, residential and private services. Lastly, geographical locations of the organization, any geographical constraints may greatly affect the entire organization.

2.3 Different types of budget expenditure on the proposed health care organization

Budget Expenditures includes; Operational Budget, Cash Flow Budget, and Capital Budget. Wherein, the operational budget is recorded at the beginning of the year for different expenditures related to the organizations daily operations. Organization’s cash flow budget may include the budgets allocated for everyday outflowing and incoming services. Capital Budget, on the other hand, is a budget that is allocated to pay for exclusive purchases and specific projects allocated for the organization’s health and social care services.

2.4 Decision about expenditures made within health and social care organization

The expenditures of the organization can be determined through extensive budget preparation and how the organization will implement several expenditures. However, before budget preparation, the organization must determine the organization’s financial status. And after identifying the financial status, it is empirical for the company to prioritize its goals and objective.

The organization must assign specific roles and responsibilities of varied people for the purpose of the budget. Thus, the management must include the timely preparation and accurate budget for the income. Finally, health care managers and executives must include the process of specific budgeting to avoid unwanted errors. This may include draft the budget, reviewing points of the budget, presenting the drafts for approval and if approved, it is appropriate to document the budget for final implementation.

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Adjusted Gross Income Assessment

Inclusions, Exclusions, and Adjusted Gross Income Assessment

Introduction

Determining a taxpayer’s taxable income is a complex process. A tax paper is required to deduct specific deductions from their gross income to determine the adjusted gross income (AGI). The adjusted gross income thus determined is then deducted allowances for personal exemptions and deductions that have been itemized to arrive at the taxable income for the period (Salisbury, 2016).

A person’s gross income includes one, some or all income earned from business, rental properties, interest, dividends, wages and alimony payments received from a former spouse, capital gains from assets owned and income earned from self-employment among others . Tax payers are permitted by the United States of America Congress to make certain deductions from their gross income to determine their adjusted gross income (AGI). The specific deductions have been identified in Form 1040 issued by the Internal Revenue Service (IRA) (Klemens, 2006).

Adjusted gross Income (AGI) Legislation

The US Congress has permitted various deductions from a taxpayer’s gross income to determine the adjusted gross income (AGI) in a bid to make taxation fair and equitable throughout the country. These deductions are referred to as “adjustments to income” or “above-the –line deductions” and are subject to change every year by the US Congress.

If trade or business carried out by a company does not constitute performance by a taxpayer as an employee, the Internal Revenue Service allows above-the-line-deductions for related expenses that are ordinary and necessary(Salisbury, 2016). These include allowance for salaries for personal services rendered to the company, travelling expenses while looking for new business and rental payments made by a taxpayer for a property for which he has not taken a title or has no equity and is done for purposes of ensuring that the business continued operating (Klemens, 2006).

One of the deductions that have been allowed is educator expenses. Educator expenses is one of the adjustments to income also known as “above-the-line deduction” allowable by the Internal Revenue Service for purposes of computing a taxpayer’s adjustable gross income (AGI) for tax purposes (Salisbury, 2016).

Educational expenses are expenses incurred by eligible educators for participation in professional development courses and materials used in a class room such as computer equipment both hardware and software, books, supplies and other supplemental materials for use in a class room setting. Grade 12 teachers, instructors, counsellors, principals and their aides are some of the professionals classified as educators for tax purposes.

The next above –the –line deductions for determining a taxpayer’s AGI is contributions made to a traditional individual retirement account (IRA). Tax payers do not have to pay tax on IRA accounts because they are tax-deferred. Interest or any other gain made from such accounts is exempt from tax purposes (Salisbury, 2016).

The next item allowable for above-the –line deduction is interest paid on loans taken by students. The next above-the – line deduction are costs incurred by a tax payer to move to take a new job in a different location. This is allowable only if the move from the previous job is more than 50 miles away.

The next above-the-line deduction is alimony payments to a former spouse. Alimony payments are only allowable when they are made under a divorce or separation instructed pursuant to a court judgement (Chodorow, 2011). The recipient of the alimony payment is required to include the amount in their income for tax purposes. Other above-the-line deductions include business expenses incurred by teachers, fee-basis government officials, performing artists and reservists, deductions made on health savings accounts, one half of tax on self-employment, domestic production activities deductions and jury duty pay that is paid to the employer of the juror among others (Ruff, 2007). Adjusted Gross Income.

Justification for the exemptions to taxpayers by the US Congress

There are various reasons which could have informed the decision by the US Congress to grant these exemptions to taxpayers. The first reason is that the US Congress ensured that there is equity and fairness in tax payments to the Internal Revenue Service. Exemption on alimony payment protects the recipient from having to pay taxes twice on the same income (Salisbury, 2016).

This is because the recipient is taxed on the amount received as alimony income and so if the payer is also taxed then that would be tantamount to double taxation on the same income. The US Congress by granting the exemptions ensured taxes are broad based as to include as many people as possible. This was aimed at ensuring the government generates adequate revenues to meet its financial obligations. The exemptions were also aimed at minimising tax burden on the individual tax payer (Reichert, 2016).

By exempting one half of tax on self-employment, the US Congress ensured that self-employed people are not overtaxed sine their employed counterparts get part of their tax revenues met by their employers. By granting the exemptions, the Congress ensured taxes are enforced in a manner that facilitates voluntary compliance by a wide range of taxpayers.

The exemptions are meant to communicate the message that the government is fair in its tax collection and that no one is unfairly treated in tax payment (Koch, 2011). This encourages tax payers to pay taxes willingly without compulsion or coercion from the tax authorities. The exemptions were also made to ensure tax collection was efficient and hence achieved its overall objectives.

The exemptions was aimed at minimizing the cost of tax collection as the exemptions are easy to understand and apply in determining the adjustable gross income. The exemptions were also aimed at ensuring equity in tax application such that no particular citizen or group of citizens could perceive themselves as bearing an unequal burden of paying taxes as compared to other groups of citizens in the USA (Chodorow, 2011).

The US Congress was also motivated by the desire to ensure taxes were administered in a neutral manner. The exemptions were meant to ensure that no race, group or sector was favoured by taxes over another and that no group, sector or race could use taxes as the basis for collective or individual decision making in either investment, social life or any other matter.

The exemptions were also aimed at ensuring taxes were predictable and inevitable to ensure tax payers have information before hand to enable they pay taxes on time and without coercion from the Internal Revenue Service (Klemens, 2006). The Exemptions could also have been undertaken with the aim of achieving certain objectives. For instances, exempting interest on student loans could have been motivated by the aim of encouraging young people to pursue higher education without the fear of incurring huge debts by the time they finish their studies.

Educational expenses exemption on eligible educators for participation in professional development courses and purchase of materials used in class rooms such as computer equipment both hardware and software, books, supplies and other supplemental materials could have been motivated by the desire to grow investment in education. By giving exemptions for educator expenses, the congress encouraged investment in schools and colleges to improve accessibility and quality of education in the sector (Klemens, 2006).

The exemptions could have been motivated by a desire to ensure tax administration was simple foe every tax payer to understand. Adjusted gross income to be considered. This encouraged compliance and improved willingness of taxpayers to pay taxes on time and reduce tax evasion. The exemptions were also aimed at fostering fair and equitable distribution of wealth in the country. By ensuring no tax payer was billed for more than their fair share of taxes, the congress ensured that people retained their fair share of gross income. This ensured income will be distributed equitably with the country (Klemens, 2006).

Additional exemptions that can be challenged easily

Even though the US Congress has granted various exemptions, there are various exemptions that can easily be challenged. One of the exemptions that can be challenged is exemptions on educator expenses. Educator expenses that can be challenged include participation in professional development courses, books, supplies and supplemental materials. Schools, colleges and universities charge students fees at market rates and even where they are given grants and donations, they are given on budgets which have been prepared beforehand.

By granting exemptions, the congress is favoring one sector over others. This is because these expenses are factored in the financial statements of the schools they work for. Most educational institutions that employ educators are also for profit making and hence giving exemptions will only increase their revenues (Chodorow, 2011).

On the other hand, costs that educators incur on attending personal development courses are ideally aimed at enhancing their knowledge, skills and competencies. The educators henceforth are able to assume bigger responsibilities and earn higher incomes. By exempting educator fees, the revenue service is ideally granting educators in one profession better terms that their counterparts in other sectors.

Exemptions in alimony payment to a former spouse is another exemptions that can be challenged (KATZEFF, 2011). This is mainly because alimony payments occur as a consequence of breakup of the family unit. This exemption encourages couples to break up to earn alimony income from a former spouse. It common in the country to find one spouse earning alimony income from multiple former spouses. This is likely to lead to laziness as many people will opt for his revenue source instead of working hard to generate their own income. This exemption encourages families to break up and take their marriages to court to have the divorces registered for alimony payment (KATZEFF, 2011).

Exemptions on interest on student loans is also another ill-advised exemption. Exempting interest on student loans ignores the effect of passage of time on the value of money. Money lend to students loses value due to passage of time due to inflation and other factors. The interest is supposed to compensate for the effects of inflation on the time value of money. Giving exemptions to performing artists is unfair as what they earn inform of income is similar to what other professional also earn from their professions (Koch, 2011).

Additional exemptions that are agreeable

There are various additional exemptions that US Congress has granted that are agreeable. One of the more agreeable exemptions is deductions on medical and dental expenses more than 7.5% of a taxpayer’s adjusted gross income. This expenditure is agreeable because it promotes the health of tax payers and it is classified as below-the –line deduction.

Health saving account deductions are agreeable because the funds saved will improve accessibility of healthcare services to all Americans and especially the most vulnerable members. Moving expenses are agreeable because they reduce the living standard of the tax payer at the time of moving without increasing their disposable income. This exemption is therefore agreeable (KATZEFF, 2011).

Deductible part of self-employment income is agreeable because this exemption goes a long way in promoting entrepreneurship in the country. With the rising numbers of unemployed people who are employable, any efforts to promote self-employment would assist in reversing unemployment in the country. The exemption on penalty for early withdrawal of savings is also an agreeable deduction. This is mainly because the penalty levied is punitive to the taxpayer and taxing him again would be being unfair on the part of the internal revenue service (Chodorow, 2011).

References

Chodorow, A. (2011). Charitable FSAs: A proposal to combine healthcare and charitable giving tax

provisions. Brigham Young University Law Review, 2011(4), 1041-1089. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/906182592?accountid=45049

KATZEFF, P. (2011, Mar 07). Refresher on tax-prep strategy some tips for savings getting the most from your

above-the-line deductions this season. Investor’s Business Daily Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1001273701?accountid=45049

Klemens, A. D. (2006). Applying the above-the-line deduction for certain legal fees.The Tax Adviser, 37(11), 644-645. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/194951649?accountid=45049

Koch, R. (2011, Jul 06). New tax brackets necessitate payroll system upgrade.McClatchy – Tribune Business

News Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/874968215?accountid=45049

Reichert, C. J., C.P.A. (2016). Judge’s above-the-line employee expense deduction is disallowed. Journal of

Accountancy, 221(5), 68-70. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1787796362?accountid=45049

Ruff, J. (2007, Jan 22). Tax forms get harder to find. McClatchy – Tribune Business News Retrieved from

https://search.proquest.com/docview/463313973?accountid=45049

Salisbury, S. (2016, Apr 05). Tax tips: 10 deductions not to overlook. TCA Regional News Retrieved from

https://search.proquest.com/docview/1778175469?accountid=45049

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