Human Trafficking and Free Labor

Human Trafficking and Free Labor
Human Trafficking and Free Labor

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Human Trafficking and Free Labor

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Criminal investigation TOPIC: HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND FREE LABOR. The Exploitation of Women and Children as Sex Slaves in the Human Trafficking Trade in the U.S. and Worldwide.

1: Include background, development of rationale and justification of the position on the topic.

2: Incorporate the definition of Integrity: (pledge to be honest, just and consistent in word and deed.)

3: in the References please include U.S. Authors and two Internet Research. 

4: Please make sure the cover page and the reference page is not part of the 5 page word count.

Human Trafficking and Free Labor

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Human trafficking and free labor

Introduction

The global recognition of the rights that accrue to one by virtue of their humanity is one that was seen with the promulgation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Articles 3, 4, 5, 12, 23 and 24 of the human rights declaration prohibit the treatment of any human in a manner that is likely to violate their person and choices. The broad definition of trafficking by the United Nations has brought to light several factors that have to be considered in the determination of whether one has been victim of trafficking or not.

The movement of people from one area to another could be across international borders or within the same territorial jurisdictions for purposes that violate their respective rights is generally considered as human trafficking. The rising cases of human trafficking especially in women and children for sexual and labor exploitation is a worrying trend.

The lack of specific statistical data due to undocumentation of the movement of these people shows that there are more victims than what is currently being held out by the various authorities (Van Dijk and van der Heidjen, 2016). The future of the women and children who have fallen victims and are potential victims of this vice is the reason for the increased calls of cooperation between states and other international organisations to help in curbing it.

Human trafficking and migration

The movement of people from their original home whether it is across international borders or within their original jurisdictions can be vaguely used to describe migration. The instability that come with such movement plunges many people to a state of despair and hence renders them volatile to predators who exploit their vulnerability in to coercing them to sex work and prostitution and other forms of labor that are otherwise considered illegal.

The United States has been recognised as an origin, market and transit for the trafficking of persons. These victims come from all jurisdictions and sometimes even the citizens (Siskin and Wyler, 2013). This worrying trend gets even worse as the trafficking goes on along the international borders as well as the within states. It is a rampant practice that has seen the movement and exploitation of more than 175,000 people within the United States.

These movements are obtained via three main ways, the victim are either coerced by the promise of good jobs and lives on the other side, forced to move or be subjected to other inhumane treatments or are blackmailed to moving or risk something bad happening to their loved ones. In all these methods, the victims always do not have the free choice to make decisions.

Most of the times, they are stripped off their travel documents, if they are documented or are moved without the proper documentation to ensure that they have no option but stay and do whatever is demanded of them. There treatment is normally accompanied by brutality in case any of their handlers are dissatisfied with their conduct (Burke, 2015), where a ‘pimp’ was heard saying that he beat a women so much that his hands were swollen as a result.

The movement of people in search for a better life and the quest to earn something in the industrialized states has fueled human trafficking. The dream of attaining the American dream and help elevate the standards of living back home is one of the main contributors in trafficking. This is due to the perceived belief that there are many job opportunities as well as social amenities that would improve their lives.

Upon moving, the reality on the ground is usually a rude shock to many as they find themselves with no money and due to the higher standards of living and the high cost of transportation back, the best way to earn enough to support them and their travels is by turning to these pimps who promise to make everything better. The restrictions and working conditions are usually more than they have attained and hence getting formal employment becomes a problem.

This lead to the labor exploitation in major factories and plants as without the proper paper work, they will be rendered unemployed. These conditions make the migrants remain working at these places where they are exploited as undocumented employees who work more than the required time limits with very little payment.

In a nutshell, the movement of one from one jurisdiction causes instability in their respective lives and this provides the optimal opportunity to the traffickers who exploit their vulnerability to exploit them for sex and labor…..

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Criminal Fraud Investigator Essay Paper

Criminal Fraud Investigator
Criminal Fraud Investigator

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Criminal Fraud Investigator

Order Instructions:

Describe the Initiative

Describe the initiative, your role (Criminal Fraud Investigator), the process, analysis and implementation of the initiative and how to contribute to its success. Include information regarding any opposition to the initiative. Please indicate what the final outcome was and what you would have done differently if anything.

Fraud investigators provide subject matter expertise on claims and associated fraud risks, helping to ensure effective resolution of investigations. Fraud investigators perform a variety of tasks for civil and criminal investigations. A fraud investigator reviews the evidence and investigates allegations of fraud.

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Arson and Kidnapping Criminal Law

Arson and Kidnapping Criminal Law
Arson and Kidnapping Criminal Law

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Arson and Kidnapping Criminal Law

Read the following:

Criminal Law, Chapter 1; pg. 3-23

“How to Prepare for Criminal Law Class”

Prepare the following questions for discussion:

Identify the elements in the following statutes:

RCW 9A.48.030: Arson in the second degree.

A person is guilty of arson in the second degree if he or she knowingly and maliciously causes a fire or explosion which damages a building, or any structure or erection appurtenant to or joining any building….

Model Penal Code (MPC) Section 212.1: Kidnapping.

Arson and Kidnapping Criminal Law

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A person is guilty of kidnapping if he unlawfully removes another from his place of residence or business, or a substantial distance from the vicinity where he is found, or if he unlawfully confines another for a substantial period in a place of isolation, with any of the following purposes:(a) to hold for ransom or reward, or as a shield or hostage; or(b) to facilitate commission of any felony or flight thereafter; or(c) to inflict bodily injury on or to terrorize the victim or another; or(d) to interfere with the performance of any governmental or political function.

“Problem Case”, pg. 19: Did the jury in the O.J. Simpson murder trial engage in jury nullification? Were they invited to do so by the defense? For those who have never heard of O.J. Simpson or his infamous murder trial, here’s a link to a quick summary from Prof. Douglas Linder of the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law [WARNING: The language used by one of the LAPD detectives in this trial included vile racist references]. Pay particular attention to the excerpt of the closing argument of Simpson’s lead attorney, Johnny Cochran: https://famous-trials.com/simpson/1862-home

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Perspective in Criminology Research Exercise

Perspective in Criminology
Perspective in Criminology

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Perspective in Criminology

Alcohol-related violence and one punch killings 
Research question a) How can public debate and political action relating to these offences be seen as related to neo-liberal ideology? Discuss in relation to concepts of risk and responsibilisation. 

Please note that for this assignment you are required to cite at least 8 academic references. Note: Wikipedia and media articles are NOT academic references.

Marking Criteria Style & Presentation – Some Dos and Don’ts 
1. ESSAY PREPARATIONS AND RESEARCH: 
You need to relate your essay to the specific topic provided above 

You are expected to have basic knowledge about how to do academic research (both online and in the Library). If you would like help, or are unsure about how to research academic material

Wikipedia is not an academic source! 

Perspective in Criminology

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Make sure you follow the Harvard referencing style

Preparation is key to good writing. The more time you spend mapping out your assignment, the more likely it is that you will produce a coherent and convincing argument. Your essay should be 1.5 or double spaced. 

Your assignment should be sufficiently titled so as to indicate the question you have selected. 

Your reference list must be included at the end of your essay. Failure to include a reference list can result in an automatic failure and can constitute serious academic misconduct. 

Avoid overly long sentences. Simple is better. 

You need to read your essay prior to submission. If it doesn’t make sense to you, it won’t make sense to your marker either. 

RUN A SPELLING AND GRAMMAR CHECK. 

Make sure all your references are fully and properly acknowledged (including page numbers for direct quotations).

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Witnesses in the Criminal Justice System

Witnesses in the Criminal Justice System
Witnesses in the Criminal Justice System

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Witnesses in the Criminal Justice System

 Witnesses play a vital role in criminal cases as they narrate to the jury of the matters they know. In our constitution, they are required to make an oath that they are telling the truth (Kenny, 2014). The number of witnesses needed is at least two, but if one witness is comprehensive enough and prove beyond reasonable doubt, then their case can be taken. The bible does not support the use of one witness as indicated in 2 Corinthians 13:1 “This will be my third visit to you.

Every matter must be established by the testimony of two to three witnesses.” This is further supported by Hebrews 10:28 and Numbers 35:30, which states that one witness is not sufficient to convict a person- a leaf that the state and federal may need to borrow from the bible (Burnside, 2011).

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 The issue of cross examination is vital in each case proceeding.  The scriptures Proverbs 18:13 and Proverbs 18:18 support this concept as it argues that a person that makes decisions before hearing and examining it will result to folly and shame.  Cross examination of a case is supported by the constitutions, where each case presented, witnesses and evidences are cross examined before a judgement is made. This is important as it helps prevent biased judgement (Burnside, 2011).

The physical evidence is also relied upon in our new system. This could be any material that reflects that the accused actually committed the crime. This is especially for capital cases as emphasised in the scriptures. For example, Deuteronomy 17:6-7 and Numbers 5:11-31, which indicates that   whatever the cases, it must be related to the evidence which will ensure that execution is not done executed (Kenny, 2014).

References

Burnside, J. (2011). God, justice, and society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kenny, P. (2014). Sustainability of Restorative Justice. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

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Criminal behavior, the Legal Consequences that Follow and the Causes of Crime

Criminal behavior
Criminal behavior

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Criminal behavior, the Legal Consequences that Follow and the Causes of Crime

In the criminal justice system, deterrence refers to the lawful act of taking peoples’ ability to commit a crime in order to prevent them from committing it. Rehabilitation is on the other hand aimed at ending an individual’s desire to commit a crime by curing him/her from the desire and habits that incline them to felony (Andrews & Bonta, 2010). In that sense, deterrence is seen as a consequence that involves the punishment of the offenders, while rehabilitation involves practices that changes their perspectives and personalities in such a way that their criminal tendencies are eliminated.

The main objective therefore rests on the development of effective measures that prevent crime from happening, as such, it is necessary to understand the reasons why people are inclined to committing crimes. There are many theories that have been advanced in order to understand, explain and find solutions to criminal activities, and as such, they form the basis on which criminal psychology and forensic science operates in the criminal justice system.

The main theories that have been developed to explain criminal activity are the Psychological, Biological and Sociological theories. Each one or a combination of all the theories is used to understand criminal behavior, and the information obtained is used to determine the best ways to control crime.

According to Psychologists, there are three theories or approaches that could be used to explain criminal tendencies and behavior. These are; the biological approaches; the psychological approaches; and the sociological approaches (Bartol & Bartol, 2014). The psychological approach is based on the assumption that an individual bears the responsibility of his or her actions, and as such, prevention of criminal activity is focused on specific persons through programs that educate, train, rehabilitate or change the social and psychological perspective of the individual. However, this is based on the premise that the past behavior of an individual can be used to predict their future behavior (Bartol & Bartol, 2014).

The biological approaches are based on the assumption that people commit crimes because of some problem in their biological make up that could be hereditary or caused by trauma. As a result, crime prevention through biological approaches is usually achieved through un-natural interference in an individual’s body through initiatives such as psychosurgery, stimulation of the nervous system, and the use of chemical therapy among many others (Bartol & Bartol, 2014).

On the other hand, the sociological approach looks at crime from a broader perspective. It focuses on societal aspects that influence the environment in which the criminal lives in, and as such, does not directly hold an individual as being entirely responsible for his actions, but rather having acted from the pressure exerted on them by the social environment (Bartol & Bartol, 2014). Consequently, the sociological approach focuses on positioning how political and economic factors in the environment contribute to the occurrence of crime in a particular society.

Deterrence vs Rehabilitation

Deterrence as an approach that is aimed at preventing criminal activities takes place prior to the occurrence of criminal activity. Therefore, deterrence works towards preventing a crime from occurring and if done effectively, there would be zero cases of crime, and this because deterrence makes the subjects fear committing crime or takes away their physical ability to commit crime (Stein & Levi 2015).

It is therefore easy to argue that deterrence is less costly when compared to rehabilitation since is it is effectively done, loses from crime would not be incurred, and that the state would have not prisons to run or criminals to secure and incapacitate. Rehabilitation as an approach that is aimed at preventing crime may be effective in that; it works towards taking away an individual’s desire to commit a crime.

The approach is therefore taken into consideration after an individual has committed a crime as a means of eliminating the desire to re-commit the crime in the future (Andrews & Bonta, 2010). Therefore, it can be argued that rehabilitation is more costly to the state when compared to deterrence since costs associated with the loss that result from criminal activity coupled with those of rehabilitating the criminal are shouldered by the state at the same time. In other words, deterrence may be seen as a preventive approach and rehabilitation as a curative one.

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Deterrence is effective in that it prevents anyone from committing a crime regardless of their inclination towards it, while on the other hand, rehabilitation only focuses on those who participate criminal activities with the intention of changing their behavior (Stein & Levi 2015). This implies that while deterrence is a sure way to preventing crime, rehabilitation depends on the individual’s willingness to avoid crime in the future.

In the criminal justice system, deterrence has proved to be more effective in preventing crime as compared to rehabilitation, which is mainly because most individuals who attend rehabilitation programs only do it to be given early release. The state would therefore find it more effective to adopt deterrence as a fundamental approach and maybe integrate rehabilitation programs in the system for those individuals who wish to benefit from the service (Stein & Levi 2015).

The fact that deterrence takes the individual’s physical ability to commit crime is satisfactory in as far as prevention of crime is concerned. However, the individual’s desire to commit crime may still be present, implying that the individual may revert to criminal activities whenever he or she is released (Stein & Levi 2015). In contracts to deterrence, rehabilitation would prevent the individual from desiring to commit a crime even when supervision is withdrawn. As such, it would be more effective to provide rehabilitation services to in mates so as to discourage them from reverting to crime when they are released from prison (Andrews & Bonta, 2010).

References

Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). Rehabilitating criminal justice policy and practice. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 16(1), 39.

Bartol, A. M., & Bartol, C. R. (2014). Criminal behavior: A psychological approach. Boston: Pearson, c2014. xxiii, 644 pages: illustrations; 24 cm.

Stein, J. G., & Levi, R. (2015). In Partnership with the Center on Law and Security at NYU School of Law and the NYU Abu Dhabi Institute: Navigating Deterrence: Law, Strategy,     & Security in the Twenty-First Century: The Social Psychology Of Denial: Deterring Terrorism. NYUJ Int’l L. & Pol., 47, 409-855.

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Parole: Moral Dilemma in Criminal Justice Case Study

Parole
Parole

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Moral Dilemma in Criminal Justice

Case 1: The Parole Board

Critical dilemmas require critical decisions to minimize the risks that come with every cause of action. For this case, there is no guarantee that the release of prisoners on the federal process beyond the parole board control will serve its purpose without inflicting breaches in the security of the community. The alternative is therefore to take the less risky route of releasing the inmates by broadening the parole eligibility criteria.

As much as this is ethically wrong, it is a morally acceptable option. This is because prison overcrowding poses many risks health wise and it compromises the safety level in these facilities. For instance, many communicable diseases such as tuberculosis can spread uncontrollably in overcrowded populations. It also becomes impossible for the workforce available to keep law and order in such situations.

According to Pollock (2014), the purpose of prisons is to rehabilitate inmates to make them better people as they go back to the society. It is, therefore, essential to safeguard them from such incidences as well as respect their human rights (Bachman & Schutt, 2013). The moral question in this case Robert is faced with the moral question of the safety standards in the prison and at the same time he had to consider the probability of the inmates reoffending as evidenced by the assessment results.

The motivator to actors’ response is the fact that by releasing prisoners under the parole board control this department will have full control over them as opposed to the federal process. This is important because it only allows the release of low- and medium-level offenders to the community correction programs (Pollock, 2014). This ensures that these offenders re-enters the community in a well-regulated and managed procedure. Since it deals with inmates who are completing their term, the program acts as a last chance to the prisoners before incarceration.

The consequence of broadening the parole system will be the risk of releasing violent convicts who might disregard their agreement resulting to their return in prison and hence accelerate the overcrowding issue.  From the results of assessment, it is evident that the parole system does not provide the right punishment for the prisoners since it has been found out that the prisoners are likely to offend again if they are subjected to the parole system. As such it is the obligation of Robert to decide on the corrective measure of dealing with the issue at hand.

Subsequently, he is supposed to give the correct information to the governor who will execute the plan (Bachman & Schutt, 2013). The federal system is, however, riskier as the released inmates are difficult to monitor and can, therefore, lead to increased crime in the community. This will lead the probationers back to prison, and therefore the overcrowding problem will not have been solved (Pollock, 2014). On the other hand, all the prisoners cannot be held in the same prisoners since as the situation is the prisoners are already overcrowded. This could bring other problems in the picture most importantly the health and the safety standards in the prison.

Considering the risk assessment of both options, it is clear that none would help unravel the problem at hand efficiently. Robert should ask the governor to consider expansion of prison facilities to accommodate more inmates. This will be both ethically and morally considerate because it will ensure prisoners are taken care of without disregarding neither their security nor that of the community. This proves to be the only conceivable way of solving this problem because, the probation and parole officers would experience diverse caseloads with the large numbers of inmates, therefore, limiting their capacities of supervising them (Pollock, 2014).

It is considered the only undisputable way of protecting convicts from the numerous risks that they face in overcrowded prisons without comprising on public safety. Proper prison conditions will also ensure that the lawbreakers will come out as helpful people due to the various correction programs offered to them. Overcrowding will only make the wardens anticipate releasing them without considering whether they have reformed or not so long as they have served their jail term.

Case 2: The Warden

In this case, William is facing a dilemma on whether to compromise on the inmates’ expenditure by cutting the health and food expenses to afford over time officers as well as replacement pay employees. This will, in turn, assist in eradicating the looming danger of understaffing which could lead to several other problems. By cutting on the food and medical budget, he will be able to pay the officers’ overtime as well as increase workforce to control the increasing population in the prisons (Bachman & Schutt, 2013).

It will also motivate the personnel, and they will enhance security and normality in the facility. As much as this may seem like the best alternative Robert has to think critically because denying the prisoners their rights to food and medical care is immoral and will result in severe consequences which might be fatal (Pollock, 2014). The motivational factor for this option is the need to maintain the workforce meant to prevent the triggers that can cause the employees to quit or fail to report on duty as required.

 In my opinion, this is the best pronouncement that warden could implement to handle the ethical dilemma. Although this alternative will achieve the goal of maintaining the employees it will compromise on the safety of the prisoners. More so it might result in deaths of the lawbreakers emanating from the tremendous infections that are present in those facilities and are aggravated by the increasing populations.

The prisoners might also become rebellious, and this can trigger them to go on strike or even attack the prison wardens worsening the situation. Also, depriving the inmates of their medical rights will lead to increased epidemics that may further cost the facility a lot of money on treatment (Cole, Smith & DeJong, 2015). On the other hand, by not taking this option, the workers feel insecure and unappreciated, and this will prompt them to quit their jobs or fail to undertake their responsibilities.

They will also be overworked, and this will reduce their effectiveness when performing their duties. These workers will also become reluctant; this will compromise the safety of the facility and with the increasing population, it will be difficult for the limited workers to manage and control the inmates.

William should consider utilizing other amenities such as community supervision programs to decongest the prisons. These programs will take care of the prisoners who are completing their jail terms as well as those with minor offenses (Pollock, 2014). Prisoners with drug abuse and mental health problems should be taken to other rehabilitation centers that fit their needs best. This is because staying will only alleviate their conditions because drugs are also present in prison with inadequate labor it is impossible to keep track of such occurrences (Pollock, 2014).

Community supervision will incorporate prisoners in more useful activities including counseling, life skills training and educational based programs. This will not only help in the reforming of these lawbreakers but will also equip them with the much-needed self-development capabilities. Specialized courts should also be utilized to ensure the inmates placed under parole are complying with the community correction programs (Pollock, 2014).

The ethical basis for this decision is to ensure everybody in this situation is suited by the final decision that is made. The decision should entail the well-being of the prisoners and at the same time ensure that the prison is appropriately staffed. By utilization of other facilities, the overcrowding problem will be solved without compromising on the safety of the workers or cutting the food and health budget for the inmates. This will ensure that the personnel will feel secure in their working environments and will, therefore, be able to manage the remaining number of inmates.

It is, therefore, the duty of the warden to ensure that proper measures are established and implemented. Regarding drug and alcohol dependency, addicts recover better and faster when placed under specialized programs as opposed to incarceration. Therefore the warden should make plans to ensure that other institutions are engaged in taking care of the high inflow of the criminal offenders. It is therefore in the interest of all individuals to ensure that community supervision strategies are specifically used to ensure that all the lawbreakers are punished properly.

Therefore in the meeting it will be appropriate that William responds in respect to alternative strategies of handling the increased rate of prisoner’s inflow. Designation of some of the prisoners particularly the petty offenders to community based work release is one of the most effective strategies that would ensure that the facilities are not overcrowded. On the other hand, the problem of understaffing will be automatically addressed if overcrowding is addressed (Pollock, 2014). This is because it will be easier to cut down the costs in the prison when it is not overcrowded.

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Case 3: The District Attorney

The moral question that faces Martha is the question of being supportive of the governor or stand with her campaign platform of plea bargaining and reduced sentences for convicts. It would seem morally right to make good of her words during her campaign, but this option will compromise the security in the community as well as her relationship with the mayor (Maxfield & Babbie, 2014).

This brings about the dilemma since the district understands that the criminal records suggest that majority of the arrests are from the drug culture.  It would be, therefore, unethical since a district attorney should be more concerned about the people’s security rather keeping her word to the convicts. However, she will appear like a traitor, and this is not a good picture to her future campaigns. Martha should be critical in her decision making for her to make the most out of this dilemma.

Martha is motivated by the fact that she will need the mayor and the community in her future campaigns for it to be a success. By deciding to support the mayor she will be assured of a smooth relationship between her and the police chief which will play a major role in the success of her campaigns. She will also secure support from the mayor and other stakeholders in law keeping during her future campaigns (Pollock, 2014). Apart from that, it is seemingly morally wrong to go easy on gun-toting drug merchants by reducing their sentences or plea-bargaining.  

This is because such an action will be seen as collaboration with the wrongdoers which will imply that the district attorney is collaborating with the wrongdoers which can be likened to blackmail (Cole, Smith & DeJong, 2015). However, by going back in her words, she might as well forget future support from the community as this will portray her as a betrayer. She will, therefore, reduce her chances of remaining attorney general if the community loses faith in her. Also, it is morally wrong to deny the prisoners a fair trial by supporting the governor to exercise aggressive arrest of the drug felons (Braswell, McCarthy & McCarthy, 2014).

According to the analysis of both options, Martha should ensure that the arrestees face the law and are responsible for their offenses. This should, however, be done in that makes them face a fair trial and a sentence that matches the crimes committed by each (Cullen, & Chouhy, 2016). She should ask her staff to convict the lawbreakers each according to his/her crimes and not by treating and judging them as a group.

She should also ask the mayor and the chief police to introduce new sentences for the drug dealers especially those who do not involve murder or other serious crimes (Banks, 2016). These sentences can incorporate life training skills that will help the prisoners with alternative means of livelihood. This will reduce the art of drug hawking without necessarily being tough on the convicts. Subsequently, if she considers the morally right course of action, then it is most likely that she will get the support that she aspires to get.

            This option also ensures that the convicts will be equipped differently as they go back to the community. Otherwise convicting the drug felons harshly will only result in bitter inmates who will be back to drug dealing as soon as they finish their jail terms. Also, by grouping the arrestees according to the level of their crimes, it will help the prosecutors determine the best sentence for each of them (Pollock, 2014).

This will result in long term cleaning of the streets in one way instead of convict and release style. The community’s security and the inmate’s interests will be met without compromising Martha’s ethical and moral responsibilities. It will, therefore, be a win-win situation for both her and the mayor (Pollock, 2014). This will ensure that she will have future support from the mayor, the police, and the entire community.

Case 4: The Officer

The moral and ethical aspect, in this case, is that Linda cannot decide on whether first to arrest the suspect or honor the dispatchers call and act as back up. It is immoral for her to let the suspect go despite the fact she has the evidence that the suspect is a drug dealer (Cole, Smith & DeJong, 2015). Although there have been several complaints regarding the fact that the police in the area have been engaging in making minor arrests, the officer happens to encounter such a case.

Coincidentally the officer happens to be in the middle of making an arrest regarding drugs when she receives the call to attend to a burglary in progress. However, it is also her responsibility to assist officers in patrol especially in times of emergency such as this one (Banks, 2016). Linda should, therefore, be critical to the most prudent decision for this dilemma. She should make a move that will benefit the interests of the community’s security as well as the nature of her job.

The fact that Linda might lose her job for handling a ‘petty drug case’ instead of serving as backup for the progressing burglary is the motivator for her course of decision. The easier route is letting loose the suspect and declare herself available for the backup (Albanese, 2015). By so doing she will secure her job and avoid the griping that comes with her colleagues about her not being available for this call of duty (Banks, 2016).

She will also save time and spare the already clogged up system. After all, it is also impossible for her to arrest the suspect without the help of the contraband. As much this seems like the right thing to do, it is unethical for Linda to leave a drug dealer suspect for whom she has evidence. This will compromise on the community’s security because drug dealing comes with many other crimes (Bazemore & Boba, 2007).

It will also encourage other culprits resulting to drug-dealer laden streets, which might be uncontrollable or cost the law keepers a lot of money to control. Letting the suspect go would also indicate that such a crime is not as important and therefore would encourage other drug peddlers (Bazemore & Boba, 2007).

Putting all these factors into considerations, Linda should truthfully tell the dispatcher that she is unavailable. Being a backup for the progressing burglary is essential but arresting and charging the suspect is equally important (Banks, 2016). She should also ask for a backup to help her arrest this suspect instead of risking her life trying to arrest this man alone.  Disregarding the fact that there have been complaints regarding the situation at hand attending to it would be the appropriate course of action rather than setting free a probable convict (Albanese, 2015).

As much this will put her at risk, it is the moral and ethical thing to do. Since she has evidence that the suspect is indeed a drug dealer, it will not take her long to convict this suspect. This will therefore not be one of those cases that clog up the system. Furthermore, the evidence that she already has at hand could be used to build a case for the suspect, and the only remaining step would be to take him to the station. This is because the only thing she needs is to identify the suspect to be able to charge him.  

It would be advisable that other officers especially those who are off duty should be utilized in such a case to act as the backup. She should also let her sergeant see the dangers posed by such drug dealers especially if they are left uncontrolled (Braswell, McCarthy, & McCarthy, 2014). This cause of action might result in Linda losing her job, but it is important to protect the people and save the law keepers time and money in the future instead of staying employed and only serving out of obligation.

References

Albanese, J. S. (2015). Professional ethics in criminal justice: Being ethical when no one is Looking. Pearson.

Bachman, R., & Schutt, R. K. (2013). The practice of research in criminology and criminal justice. Sage.

Banks, C. (2016). Criminal justice ethics: Theory and practice. Sage Publications.

Bazemore, G., & Boba, R. (2007). “Doing Good” to “Make Good”: Community Theory for Practice in a Restorative Justice Civic Engagement Reentry Model. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 46(1-2), 25-56.

Braswell, M. C., McCarthy, B. R., & McCarthy, B. J. (2014). Justice, crime, and ethics. Routledge.

Braswell, M. C., McCarthy, B. R., & McCarthy, B. J. (2014). Justice, crime, and ethics. Routledge.

Castellano, U. (2007). Becoming a nonexpert and other strategies for managing fieldwork Dilemmas in the criminal justice system. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 36(6), 704-730.

Cole, G. F., Smith, C. E., & DeJong, C. (2015). The American system of criminal justice. Nelson Education.

Cullen, F. T., & Chouhy, C. (2016). The role of theory, ideology, and ethics in criminal justice policy. Advancing Criminology and Criminal Justice Policy, 40.

Finkel, N. J., Harre, R., & Lopez, J. L. R. (2001). Commonsense morality across cultures: Notions of fairness, justice, honor and equity. Discourse Studies, 3(1), 5-27.

Maxfield, M. G., & Babbie, E. R. (2014). Research methods for criminal justice and criminology. Nelson Education.

Pollock, J. M. (2014). Ethical dilemmas and decisions in criminal justice. Nelson Education.

Williams, C. R., & Arrigo, B. A. (2011). Ethics, crime, and criminal justice. Pearson Higher Ed.

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Burglary: Criminal Justice

Burglary
Burglary

How the Definition of Burglary Has Changed From The old Common Laws

According to the old common definition of burglary, it refers to any form of unauthorized entry into another individual’s residence without his or her permission and with bad intentions at night (Herring, 2014). This definition emphasizes on the fact that one is to be considered a burglar, if and only if his or her entrance is strictly into another person’s home, and in this case without authority.

Even though not all burglars are thieves, it is assumed that their intention is always to commit crime (Mawby, 2013). However, the modern day definition differs from the previous one in that; any forced entry without authority during the day also amounts to burglary. The sense in this definition is that; burglary as a crime can also take place in the day and in any building that can house people and not just people’s homes.

An Analysis of Burglar Crimes

In most cases, burglars are people who have previously committed different types of crimes, or are doing it to meet their daily needs or requirements (Wright, R., & Decker, 2016). Most of them may be motivated to participate in burglary in order to acquire drugs, money or simply from peer pressure. Cases of burglary usually have a great impact on the affected people, as a criminal offence that involves forced entry or breakage, most of them are left in fear or psychological torture, and they feel insecure when left alone in their residence or business area (Herring, 2014).

There are two factors that have to be taken into consideration when associating an individual with being a burglar, these are; the ‘mens rea’, which in this case refers to the mental state of the burglar, or in other words, the burglar’s awareness of the fact that he or she could be committing a crime; and the ‘actus Reus’, which again refers to the burglar’s objective when committing the crime, or the motif behind his actions (Herring, 2014). Proving the existence of the above two factors is enough evidence to show that a burglary crime was committed.

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Secondly, although the law classifies burglary as a planned crime, several factors have to be considered while analyzing it (Mawby, 2013). These are; whether different but similar crimes have been committed alongside; or if the burglar committed a different crime after the forced entry.

For instance, burglary with physical violence and threats to the victims is a common crime. In this case, the burglar should be arraigned with two crimes; burglary and assault or depending with the crime committed after the forced entry (Herring, 2014). Nevertheless, a burglar takes time to learn and understand their targets’ routine, as such, there is a lot of stalking of their chosen targets to fully come up with a suitable plan, and this also amounts in a crime.

            Since not all burglars are stupid, trends in burglary crimes have changed from the way they occurred before to new styles in this century. Examples of modern day burglar crimes include: non-staff members in a school scenario entering into student residence with intentions of stealing; a student entering into the administrator’s office with the intention to steal her teacher’s purse. Regardless of the fact that such crimes may not necessarily involve forced entry, they still amount to burglarying according to its modern day definition.

References

Herring, J. (2014). Criminal law: text, cases, and materials. USA: Oxford University Press

Mawby, R. (2013). Burglary. London, UK: Routledge.

Wright, R., & Decker, S. H. (2016). Deciding to Commit a Burglary. In P. Adler (Ed.), Constructions of Deviance. Belmont, CA: Cengage.

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The Crips and The Bloods: Made in America

The Crips and The Bloods
The Crips and The Bloods

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The Crips and The Bloods: Made in America

The documentary, “Crips and bloods: Made in America”, portrays the rise of gang life in Los Angeles and throughout the United States. Stacy Paralta presents the inherent growth of gang and crime life in the post-World War Two American Society. With the onset of the economic recession, the living standards of many Americans greatly deteriorated. Many young men found solace in deviant activities to manage the tough economic conditions.

Many youths in the United States Predominantly African-Americans, Hispanic and Latino’s were facing segregation in the access of services and opportunities. The current paper seeks to analyze the historical timeline of gangs and gang activities in south central Los Angeles as presented in the documentary, “Crips and bloods: Made in America”.

Racism during the economic recession led many marginalized American citizens to live in deplorable conditions. Greater resentment and mistrust of others among African-American communities emerged due to the inequality and injustice imposed against them.Brutality and victimization was at an all-time high, with injustices against African Americans in police arrests. In addition, there was open intimidation, with random police checks and a continued scrutiny of African-Americans. In August 1965, the Watts riots in Los Angeles were fueled by the arrest of African Americans for driving while drunk. This form of inequality stimulated deviance and development of gang life in American society.

Economic slowdown drastically reduced employment opportunities for marginalized groups and directed increased advocacy for equality. As a result,there was emergence of more civil disobedience and escalating violent demonstration to articulate the inequalities.The challenges had a significant impact on family structures where most children ended up as orphans due to crime. Further, owing to the tough economic situations, family members resorted to join gang life because of the economically lucrative and simple life. In addition, others saw these as a viable avenue of deviance to fight the banal inequality in the American society.

As presented by Stacy Paralta in the film, the Crips and the bloods gang were formed over 30 years ago in Los Angeles and have now spread to over 123 cities and 33 states in the United States. The Crips was established by two African-American students Raymond Washington and Tookie from South Central Los Angeles High School. It emanated from gang which was named “Baby Avenues” during the time in 1960’s. The motive of establishing the gang according to Raymond was for protection against other violent gangs committingcrimes.

            The Crips expanded to the most parts of the Los Angeles city with most of its activities based on the high school campuses. Initially, the Crips entailed three factions; the Eastside Crips, Westside Crips and the Compton Crips. According to the documentary, most of the other gangs within the area of Los Angeles affiliated, labelling of their gangs to the Crips. The criminal activities of the Crips revolved around extortion of other gangs, assault and robbery.The pioneer founders of the gang dissociated themselves from the gang. Raymond Washington was killed in 1979 and Tookie imprisoned for murder.

With the spiraling of the Crips dominance throughout Los Angeles, the Piru street boys, a gang composed of the mostly African-Americans emerged in the 1970’s. Both the Crips and Bloods had rituals for all the members before they join and also a symbol of loyalty. They had a membership of youths aged between fourteen to twenty-four. Further, the gangs were territorial exhibited brutal violence in their expansion. Initially, the gang was a set of the Crips until the confrontation of Sylvester Scott and Benson Owen by the Crips. They later broke off its membership after calling on other gangs victimized by the Crips which led to a serious conflict.

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The gang was formed to fight against the increasing dominance of the various Crip gangs in the city. Sylvester Scott and Vincent Owens created the gang based in West Piru Street in Compton Los Angeles. Piru street boys enjoyed new membership from members who exited the Crips. As a result, they formed an affiliation and was named the “bloods”gang. A serious feud between the Crips and the Bloods ensued which saw one of the most violent and bloody gang related killings in South Los Angeles.

The continued violence between the Crips and the Bloods was greatly fueled by the Narcotics trafficking business. In the 1980’s, inception of crack cocaine into the American market led to the increased gang based violence. The Crips and the Bloods are credited with most distributions and drug dealing activities throughout the United States. The fight for new territories among the two gangs has continuously sustained the highly violent feud. The high stakes in the drug business augmented the new heights in the crime the gangs are willing to engage in.

The gang life has gradually been entrenched into the popular American culture.Social organization of the youth have fostered the integration of practices such as graffiti and tattooing. These are very important symbols in the communicating among the gang members. In the education system, schools have become crucial socializing agents for induction of most teenagers into crime life. Crime norms and ideals are learnt through socializing with other students in addition to provision of incentives to joining crime life.

The high level of bullying evident in most high schools in America can be attributed to the gang socialization in community. In the business sector, gang life has permeated into the daily operation of legal businesses. Entrepreneurs engage in extortionists activities to solicit money and business deals. In addition, bribery and protection fees for businesses have become part of everyday business transactions.

In conclusion, the advent of gang life in the United States as depicted by the documentary is largely ascribed to economic challenges and social injustices. Most of gangs were formed to contest against the blatant segregation of African-Americans, Hispanics and Latino communities. Formation of these gangs disintegrated the conventional way of businesses and family operations. Bloody violence increased number of violent murders leaving many orphaned.  Furthermore, intimidation was entrenched as the new way of conducting business.

References

Stacy Peralta, S. G. (Writer), & Paralta, S. (Director). (2008). Bloodz &Crips – Made in America [Motion Picture]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdv08c0aiTE

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