Euthanasia Evidence-Based Practice Proposal Solution

Evidence-Based Practice Proposal Solution
Evidence-Based Practice Proposal Solution

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Euthanasia Evidence-Based Practice Proposal Solution

Order Instructions:

Write a paper of 500 (not including the title page and reference page) paper for your proposed evidence-based practice project solution.

Address the following criteria:

Proposed Solution:

(a) Describe the proposed solution (or intervention) for the problem and the way(s) in which it is consistent with current evidence. Heavily reference and provide substantial evidence for your solution or intervention.

(b) Consider if the intervention may be unrealistic in your setting, too costly, or there is a lack of appropriate training available to deliver the intervention. If the intervention is unrealistic, you may need to go back and make changes to your PICOT before continuing.Organization Culture: Explain the way(s) in which the proposed solution is consistent with the organization or community culture and resources.

Expected Outcomes:

  • Explain the expected outcomes of the project. The outcomes should flow from the PICOT.

Method to Achieve Outcomes:

  • Develop an outline of how the outcomes will be achieved.
  • List any specific barriers that will need to be assessed and eliminated.
  • Make sure to mention any assumptions or limitations which may need to be addressed.

Outcome Impact:

Describe the impact the outcomes will have on one or all of the following indicators: quality care improvement, patient-centered quality care, efficiency of processes, environmental changes, and/or professional expertise.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

Evidence-Based Practice Proposal Solution

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Evidence-Based Practice Proposal: Change Model

Evidence-Based Practice Proposal: Change Model
Evidence-Based Practice Proposal: Change Model

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Evidence-Based Practice Proposal: Change Model

Order Instructions:

In 500 (not including the title page and reference page), apply a change model to the implementation plan. Include the following:

  1. Rogers’ diffusion of innovation theory is a particularly good theoretical framework to apply to an EBP project. However, students may also choose to use change models, such as Duck’s change curve model or the transtheoretical model of behavioral change. Other conceptual models presented such as a utilization model (Stetler’s model) and EBP models (the Iowa model and ARCC model) can also be used as a framework for applying your evidence-based intervention in clinical practice.
  2. Apply one of the above models and carry your implementation through each of the stages, phases, or steps identified in the chosen model.
  3. In addition, create a conceptual model of the project. Although you will not be submitting the conceptual model you design in Topic 5 with the narrative, the conceptual model should be placed in the appendices for the final paper.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

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Situational influences of the Consumer Decision Process

Situational influences of the Consumer Decision Process
Situational influences of the Consumer Decision Process

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Situational influences of the consumer decision process

Order Instructions:

Research Article Review and annotation -The Consumer Behavior concept is “Situational influences of the Consumer Decision Process”

The article analysis assignments are used each week to expand and apply Consumer Behavior terms, application, or concepts using peer reviewed research articles from academic journals. These articles must report research the author completed in the subject area and be from the past three (3) years or less. 

This assignment (the article annotation) extracts and summarizes the major points relative to a particular topic area that we have discussed. Use the following as a guide to your assignment completion:

a) Purpose of the study

b) Methodology of the study

c) The results – most important because this is the empirical evidence

d) Conclusions – least important since this is the author’s opinion

e) Recommendation for future research

The article citation must follow the APA 6th edition format using a hanging-indent. The annotation itself should be 250 words double-spaced.

Comments on Annotation: must be 200 words on the same article as above! “Situational influences of the Consumer Decision Process”

Post your comment on your submitted article annotation. In your post, evaluate the selection of the article, the research conducted, the empirical findings, and the opinions of the author. Using this post, determine the type of project/research this article might support.

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 Situational influences of the consumer decision process

Research Article Review and annotation

Ashraf, M. G., Rizwan, M., & Khan, M. A. (2014). The promotional tools and situational factors’ impact on consumer buying behavior and sales promotion. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 4 (2), 179-201.

Purpose of the study

The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of the different promotional and situational factors that are used to influence the consumer buying behavior and the impact. The factors that are taken into consideration are the price reduction, social surroundings, free sample, physical surroundings on their impact on consumer decisions with respect to their purchasing behavior and sales promotion.

Methodology of the study

The descriptive methodology was used in the research. A total of 200 respondents were involved in the investigation of self-government in the collection of the data. The questionnaire was used as the data collection tool where the respondents were supposed to answer a set number of questions.

The results of the study

The results of the study indicate that the free sample has a higher and significant positive relationship when it comes to the consumer buying behavior at (t=1.184, P=0.020 and t = 2.821, P=0.005) respectively. Moreover, the physical environment has a high positive influence on sales promotion at (t=2.376, P=0.007). Additionally, the social environment has a significant positive impact on the sales promotion at (t=1.332, P=0.005). Finally, the sales promotion recorded a significant relationship with the consumer buying behavior at (r=4.410, P=0.005).

Conclusions

The research revealed that there is a positive perception among consumers when it comes to promotional and situational factors in influencing their decisions when it comes to purchasing products. The structure indicates new perspectives when it comes to comprehending the manner in which different consumers react to the promotional and situational influences that marketers use to stimulate their sales. Finally, the different promotional and situational techniques have a higher probability of influencing the consumer decision making when it comes to purchasing products or services……

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Research Based Report

Research Based Report
Research Based Report

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Research Based Report

Your last writing assignment will be a report to a decision-maker on a problem and solution in an organization or community.

In the report, you will do the following:

  • define the problem persuasively and accurately
  • propose a solution or solutions to the problem or issue
  • present that solution to a decision-maker or group of decision-makers who can implement the recommendation.

The report will include the following components:

  • executive summary
  • letter to the decision-maker
  • table of contents
  • introduction
  • body of the report to include headings and subheadings
  • conclusion stated as a recommendation for implementation of the solution
  • References page, with references listed in APA format

o Instructions on how to list an interview in APA format can be seen at the following url: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/11/

The complete report should be 2200-3000 words, not including the list of references.

The complete report should also cite at least seven sources. At least three of them should come from peer-reviewed, scholarly journals. As noted above, your sources can also include interviews. The sources will be integrated into the paper to explain the problem, provide evidence of the problem, and support the solution.

Research Based Report

Defining the Specific Problem

In preparing to write this assignment, please be aware of the following cautions in fulfilling the assignment instructions:

  • If you write a report to your manager at work suggesting that more teleworking options be given to employees at your workplace, you cannot simply prepare a report on
    teleworking. You must show that teleworking will solve a specific problem or problems in your organization.
  • If you are proposing that email be used less frequently for communication at your workplace and that another application be used to improve communication, you cannot simply write a report on the problem with having too much email. You must show that the use of email at your current workplace presents problems and that the use of another means of communication would solve the problem.
  • If you write a report to your manager at work suggesting that your office become paperless, you cannot simply prepare a report on the benefits of a paperless office. You must show that your specific office can go paperless and indicate the benefits of your specific office going paperless.
  • If you write a report to the board of directors at your townhouse community to argue that the playground area in your community should be renovated, you cannot simply prepare a report on the benefits of a playground for a neighborhood. You must show that your specific neighborhood will benefit from renovations in its playground.
  • If you write a report to the manager of your unit at work noting that recycling facilities in the workplace should be improved, you cannot simply prepare a report on the benefits of recycling or of good recycling facilities in offices. You must show that your specific work environment lacks adequate recycling facilities and show how it will benefit from improved recycling facilities.

Research Based Report

A Reminder about the Role of Primary Research in Supporting the Argument

For your report, you will very likely find it beneficial to conduct some primary research. For writing assignment #3, you gathered some primary research. For writing assignment #4, you want to fill in any gaps needed by conducting additional primary research if necessary. Some suggestions for primary research were given in the instructions for writing assignment

They are as follows:

  • For a report on teleworking, you might conduct interviews with fellow workers on the topic to see how and why they might benefit from teleworking.
  • If you are proposing that email be used less frequently for communication and that another application be used to improve communication, you might interview fellow employees on the situation, and you might take screen captures of alternative communication tools to illustrate how they work and would improve communication in your office.
  • For a report on transitioning to a paperless office, you might take pictures of your office environment showing the clutter or unsafe environment that hard-copy files create.
  • For a report on building a playground area in the community, you might take pictures of the community area to show where such a playground could be built, and you might interview residents who have children.
  • For a report on recycling facilities, you might take pictures of the office environment to show that current recycling facilities are inadequate, and you might interview fellow workers about whether they find it easy to recycle materials at your office.

Please note that, if you interview people for your research, you must cite the interviews in your paper. In the paper, you cannot simply write that you “spoke with employees.” A url on how to cite an interview in APA citation style is provided in the list of components for the report.

Length of your paper:
Your report should be 2200-3000 words in length. Again, you are required to use at least seven sources, with at least three of them being acquired through UMUC Library OneSearch.

Graphics:
Your report might benefit from graphics. As mentioned above, pictures of your workplace or community situation might help illustrate the problem you are trying to address. Graphs, tables, or charts might help show trends that will persuade your decision-maker that the problem exists.
Please do not incorporate a graphic for the sake of incorporating a graphic. Include a graphic only if it helps communicate a message in your report.

Strategies to Consider for this Assignment:

  • Victoria University of Wellington has a thorough outline and review of the components of this type of business report.
  • Queen Margaret University has an excellent guide for this type of report.
  • Murdoch University has an excellent guide for this type of report.
  • Colorado State University presents excellent tips in organizing the report.

Research Based Report

Topics to Help You Come Up with Ideas on this Assignment:

Some possible workplace research topics are the following. These are examples to help you get started. Please contact your instructor to have other topic ideas approved.

  • Going to a wireless network
  • Going to a paperless office
  • Switching from Windows to Linux (or other similar switch)
  • Installing/upgrading company firewall
  • Establishing a drug policy
  • Establishing an employee leave donation program
  • Establishing an equipment donation program for used computers, etc.
  • Establishing a company recycling program (paper, etc.)
  • Education/retraining for your employees
  • Establishing a program for millennial workers (e.g., training on certain aspects of etiquette, on understanding other generations, etc.)
  • Designing a training program for workplace safety issues
  • Redesigning employee performance evaluations
  • Developing a work-at-home (telecommuting) policy
  • Developing a flex-time policy
  • Establishing on-site day care or providing other child care benefits
  • Providing gym membership or creating an on-site workout facility
  • Creating or revising a charitable contribution policy
  • Creating or improving a tuition assistance program
  • Accommodations needed for employee/s with specific health issues (for example, migraines)
  • Establishing a Habitat for Humanity (or other group) chapter at your organization

Research Based Report

Some students have chosen topics outside of their workplaces, such as the following:

  • Starting a neighborhood watch program
  • Starting a mentor program at your place of worship
  • Getting additional lighting in the neighborhood
  • Changing traffic patterns around your child’s school
  • Starting a PTA website for your child’s school
  • Installing a tot lot in your neighborhood
  • Constructing a crying baby room at your place of worship
  • Offering ESL courses at your church
  • Increasing participation in a military Family Support Group
  • Introducing a youth sports program to a school or community

Research Based Report

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Research Purpose

Research Purpose
Research Purpose

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Research Purpose

Learning Objectives

Students will:

  • Evaluate purpose statements in research studies published in peer-reviewed journals
  • Analyze alignment among theory, problem, and purpose in research studies published in peer-reviewed journals
  • Explain relationship between research and social change
  • Apply APA Style to writing

Learning Resources

Required Readings

Babbie, E. (2017). Basics of social research (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

  • Chapter 4, “Research Design”

Burkholder, G. J., Cox, K. A., & Crawford, L. M. (2016). The scholar-practitioner’s guide to research design. Baltimore, MD: Laureate Publishing.

  • Chapter 10, “Writing the Research Proposal”

Discussion: Evaluating Purpose Statements

For this Discussion, you will evaluate the purpose statements in assigned journal articles in your discipline and consider the alignment of theory, problem, and purpose. You will also explain your position on the relationship between research and social change.

Alignment means that a research study possesses clear and logical connections among all of its various components. To achieve these connections, researchers must carefully craft the components of their study such that when they are viewed together, there is a coherent interrelationship.

As you read the authors’ purpose statements, consider how well the intent of the study, and its connection to the problem and theoretical framework, is presented. Also consider if the purpose statement reveals the study’s potential for engendering positive social change.

Post a critique of the research study in which you:

  • Evaluate the purpose statement using the Purpose Statement Checklist as a guide
  • Analyze alignment among the theory, problem, and purpose
  • Explain your position on the relationship between research and social change

Research Journal Article

Swan, B., Coulombe-Quach, X-L, Huang, A., Godek, J., Becker, D., & Zhou, Y. (2015). Meeting the needs of gifted and talented students: Case study of a virtual learning lab in a rural middle school. Journal of Advanced Academics, 26(4), 294–319. doi:10.1177/1932202X15603366

Rubric

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Research Purpose

Evaluation of the purpose statement

Swan, Coulombe-Quach, Huang, Godek, Becker, and Zhou provide a purpose statement for their article as “… to provide stakeholders with an authoritative, in-depth well-documented explication of a virtual learning lab (VLL) school located in a rural region in the Southeastern United States and information about its benefits and challenges” (2015, p. 295). The purpose statement in this article identifies the problem of inadequate teaching and learning in brick and mortar schools that presents the need to study the VLL School.

The authors provide a justification of the problem by diluting the need for traditional brick and mortar model through a comparative analysis of blended learning. The purpose statement conveys the approach used in the study to address the problem; more research into VLL schools. Of the twelve sources used in the literature section of the article, seven are within five years of the article’s publication date.

Analysis of the alignment among the theory, problem, and purpose

The theory, problem, and purpose of the article have logical connections among the various components (Babbie, 2017, pp. 97 – 98, 338). The prevalent connection among the three is the is the use of a blended learning theory to solve the problem of dependency on traditional brick and mortar schools to achieve the purpose of extending the research into the virtual learning labs and blended models of teaching and learning….

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Evaluating Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Quantitative Research Designs

Evaluating Research Questions
Evaluating Research Questions

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Evaluating Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Quantitative Research Designs

For this Discussion, you will evaluate quantitative research questions and hypotheses in assigned journal article and consider the alignment of theory, problem, purpose, research questions and hypotheses, and design.

You will also identify the type of quantitative research design the authors used and explain how it was implemented. 

Discuss a critique of the research study in which you:

• Evaluate the research questions and hypotheses using the Research Questions and Hypotheses Checklist as a guide

• Identify the type of quantitative research design used and explain how the researchers implemented the design

• Analyze alignment among the theory, problem, purpose, research questions and hypotheses, and design

Be sure to support your Main Issue Post and Response Post with reference to the week’s Learning Resources and other scholarly evidence in APA Style.

Reading Resources

Babbie, E. (2017). Basics of social research (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.Chapter 5, “Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement”

Burkholder, G. J., Cox, K. A., & Crawford, L. M. (2016). The scholar-practitioner’s guide to research design. Baltimore, MD: Laureate Publishing.Chapter 4, “Quantitative Research Designs”

Assigned journal article

Canfield, M. L., Kivisalu, T. M., van der Karr, C., King, C., & Phillips, C. E. (2015). The use of course grades in the assessment of student learning outcomes for general education. Sage Open, 1–13. doi: 10.1177/2158244015615921

Evaluating Research Questions

Research Questions and Hypotheses Checklist 

Use the following criteria to evaluate an author’s research questions and/or hypotheses. Look for indications of the following:

• Is the research question(s) a logical extension of the purpose of the study?

• Does the research question(s) reflect the best question to address the problem? 

• Does the research question(s) align with the design of the study? 

• Does the research question(s) align with the method identified for collecting data? If the study is qualitative, does the research question(s) do as follows? 

• Relate the central question to the qualitative approach 

• Begin with What or How (not Why) 

• Focus on a single phenomenon 

• Use exploratory verbs 

• Use non-directional language 

• Use an open-ended format 

• Specify the participants and research site 
If the study is quantitative: 

• Do the descriptive questions seek to describe responses to major variables? 

• Do the inferential questions seek to compare groups or relate variables? 

• Do the inferential questions follow from a theory? 

• Are the variables positioned consistently from independent/predictor to dependent/outcome in the inferential questions? 

• Is a null and/or alternative hypothesis provided as a predictive statement? 

• Is the hypothesis consistent with its respective research question? 

• Does the question(s) and/or hypothesis specify the participants and research site? If the study is mixed methods, do the research questions and/or hypotheses do the following? 

• Include the characteristics of a good qualitative research question (as listed above) 

• Include the characteristics of a good quantitative research and/or hypothesis (as listed above) 

• Indicate how the researcher will mix or integrate the two approaches of the study 

• Specify the participants and research site 

• Convey the overall intent of the study that calls for a mixed methods approach

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Evaluating Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Quantitative Research Designs

Canfield, Kivisalu, Van Der Karr, King, and Phillips (2015), present a discussion on the validity of the use of course grading as an effective method of assessing the learning outcomes of students. The research questions used in the study are in line with the purpose of the study. The descriptive questions used in the article seek to describe the responses to the main variables through the assessment of discriminant and convergent validity.

The inferential questions seek to both compare groups and relate inter-group and intra-group variables. These inferential questions follow the multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) of assessment. The research questions used in the study also align with the chosen technique of analysis of the collected data (Babbie, 2017, pp. 426 – 438). In this case, the choice of the multitrait-multimethod aligns with the research questions.

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Data Collection Strategies Essay Assignment

Data Collection Strategies
Data Collection Strategies

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Based on what you have learned about qualitative research methods, what data collection strategies do you think could be relevant to your research question? Why are they appropriate? Answer this question in 2-3 well-formed paragraphs.
Research Question: How can I use group forums to motivate students in an eighth-grade algebra class? 

Prior to identifying data collection strategies, it is important to develop the specific questions that the evaluation will address. Evaluation questions should be reasonable, answerable, and appropriate given the program’s process and outcomes. Well-defined evaluation questions consider the purpose of the evaluation, intended use of the results, the needs of stakeholders, and the real world circumstances that influence program success. Important contextual information for rural areas includes local beliefs and behaviors, system capabilities, and limitations regarding capacity, technology, and needed resources.

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Research Problems, Designs, and Sample

Research Problems, Designs, and Sample
Research Problems, Designs, and Sample

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Week 3: Research Problems, Designs, and Sample

This week’s graded discussion topic relates to the following Course Outcomes (COs).
COs Apply research principles to the interpretation of the content of published research studies. (POs 4 and 8)CO4 Evaluate published nursing research for credibility and lab significance related to evidence-based practice. (POs 4 and 8)

This week, we will discuss the research problems, designs and sample for your nursing clinical issue. The research design flows from the research question and outlines the plan for the study that will answer the research question. The design identifies the major components of the study. It is important to remember that there is no one best design for a research study.

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After you review the designs, describe which research design you would expect to find when searching for evidence relevant to your own research question from Week 2. Why? Explain your answer.The most common sampling method is the convenience sample; therefore, many of the studies that you find for evidence use this sampling method. What are the implications for using a convenience sample on the way you interpret and use the findings?

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Resource Curse in Nigeria Essay Paper

Resource Curse in Nigeria
Resource Curse in Nigeria

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Resource Curse in Nigeria

     Majority of the African countries make poor use of their natural resources. Instead of the resources enhancing economic growth, they often lead to corruption, reduced economic growth, caused civil wars and degraded the physical environment. Like most of the African countries, corruption is endemic in Nigeria, an oil producing country in West Africa. Instead of investing resource revenues in education and infrastructure, crooked and corrupt politicians collude with mining companies, siphons the proceeds from the oil and other minerals into their own pockets (Sucheta 2013).

The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the extent of the Resource Curse in Nigeria and ails from ‘dutch disease’ epidemic that has resulted from impoverished governance and lack of transparency, hence dragging its economic growth.

Resource Curse in Nigeria                                                                                    

                                         Countries rich in minerals and gas should use them to provide an essential source of funding for development purposes. However, it seems exploitation of such natural resources is linked to inequality, poverty, poor public services, and slow economic growth. The paradox is what is referred to as the resource curse. In developing countries, however, the resource curse epidemic is mostly in existence due to impoverished governance that lacks transparency (Rhett 2013).

                                         There exists strong evidence to show that countries rich in natural resources have lost profitable opportunities by agreeing to harmful contracts. There is also strong evidence to show that resource-rich governments lack the will and capacity to manage revenues collected from extraction industries in an efficient way that meets social objectives and enhances development in a sustainable way.

Moreover, adding to the difficulties faced by governments in developing countries in the management of volatile revenue, the countries are mostly vulnerable to problems such as corruption, lack of transparency, civil conflicts, and accountability problems (Sucheta 2013). These problems have hindered domestic development and instead of the resources being used for the benefit of the citizens, they have caused a ‘curse’.

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Resource curse in Nigeria

1.    Social and community impact

                                         Nigeria ails from a phenomenon sickness referred to as ‘Dutch disease’ by a popular economist. The economist used the term to describe the effect of the North Sea gas bonanza on Netherlands economy. Analysts that have been studying the trends in resource-rich countries have used the term dutch disease to represent the negative pattern in development. The local communities are unable to compete with other countries due to inflow of foreign currency making the local currency to bloat (John 2013).  

Rather than the natural resources lead to economic development in Netherlands, the minerals caused a foreign exchange inflow that resulted in the rising of the country’s currency value. If currency becomes overvalued, domestic industries in manufacturing, agriculture, and other exports end up becoming less competitive. Though the illness afflicts both the well governed and impoverished economies, the latter has few ways of dealing with the consequences (Paul 2011).

                                         Countries with poor governance that lacks transparency are prone to war especially if the country is endowed with abundant natural resources. Nigeria has continuously been fighting civil wars and is one of the most corrupt nations in the world as ranked by World Bank’s control of corruption Index. In Nigeria, oil rents an amount equivalent to 30% of the GDP and the country has been in conflicts (Oby 2015).

Dependence on natural resource insulates leaders from public accountability and pressure. Though Nigeria has abundant natural resources, it is short of paramount checks on government control including a democratic culture. In past years, violent war has plagued Nigeria making oil a curse instead of a blessing to the majority of citizens. 

                                         A mixture of transparency issues and poor impoverished governance is lethal in Nigeria. Sub-Saharan Africa resource rents are by a margin higher than other countries in the world according to the World Bank measure of GDP. Rent is defined as the difference between production value at global prices and the sum of the cost of oil production, minerals, natural gas, forests, and coal. Nigeria has one of the highest resource rents as a measure of GDP but has one of the lowest controls of corruption scores among developing nations (Oby 2015).

                                         However, natural resources do not automatically cause poor economic outcomes or become a natural epidemic curse. For example, North America has a higher oil production capacity compared to Nigeria and Africa in general, yet it has a low resource rate as a percentage of GDP and it has a good governance structure (Tasihu 2015).

Still, Canada, one of the top oil producing countries has the least corrupt government worldly. Norway is considered as a perennial global leader yet it is one of the highest exporters of crude oil. As witnessed in the three countries, North America, Canada and Norway, the resource curse can be avoided if the governance structure is transparent and is in control of corruption.

Resource Curse in Nigeria

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                                         Nigeria could be prosperous if only it exercised good governance, transparent mining deals, had stronger disclosure and had control of corruption. Good governance means having economic policies that encouraged diversified economies and discouraged over-dependence on natural resource rents. Another resource curse emerges from transnational companies that coerce with politicians to meander the country’s natural resources for their personal gains.

The country has made little progress in enhancing transparency. Though the country has joined EITI, its people still view their leaders as corrupt (Tasihu 2015). The leaders have not taken a step from lack of transparency to actual accountability that requires a nation with the training and skills needed for overall effectiveness and monitoring.

                                         Skills required for effective monitoring of transparency require funding that the government of Nigeria is not able to provide. The private sector, multilateral banks, and bilateral donors offer the financial support needed for programs that educate citizens in accounting and tracking of revenue expenditure. The citizens of the country require the technical and analytical skills to be able to track government expenses.

However, if the citizens do not have the necessary skills, they are not in a position to hold public officials accountable for the wrongful spending of public resources and revenue. The reason the citizens do not have the skills is because the governance structure of Nigeria does not provide room and opportunity for the citizens to get educated. Instead of concentrating on average citizens, the public officials concentrate on how they can rip from the public natural resources before their term in office ends (Oby 2015).

Resource Curse in Nigeria

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                                         It’s not surprising that the dominant factors leading to Nigeria’s civil war are economic. The factors that contribute mainly for the risk of war are levels of income, the rate of economic growth, and governing structure. Still, if a country is poor, is economically declining and hugely depends on natural resources for export, it surely faces a risk of experiencing civil war. Although the world and media focus on political personalities and the events triggering the war, the fact is that civil war is mostly experienced in countries that have low levels of income, are declining economically and highly depend on natural resources.

In Nigeria, there is a big financial gap between the rich and the poor. The rich entice the poor to engage in war while they are using their status and finances to get profits from the country’s resources (Oby 2015). Natural resources end up springing evil instead of creating prosperity for the citizens.

                                         The detachment of Nigeria’s government creates a route through which natural resources rent increase. Since the government is resource-rich, it does not need other revenue source, and, therefore, it becomes detached from its citizens. In the majority of the countries that pay high tax, they scrutinize their governments on how it spends its revenue. In fact, the tax payment is the reason that most countries in the West became democratic. It can, therefore, be seen that if there is no tax, representation of the people does not take place but if the electorates pay taxes, they will be represented.

As a resource-rich nation, the rents are not considered to belong to the citizens the same way income is taken from them in the form of taxes hence creating the detachment. The government ignores the needs of the people since it gets revenue from rents. The result is an underdeveloped economy with the majority being poor (Kammers 2015).

Resource Curse in Nigeria

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                                         Natural resources are mostly found in one part of the country, in the peripheral region. Due to poor governance, the politicians know that the people in this region are a ready prey for secessionist political movements. The politicians those people with money and empty promises telling them that resources should not be used in other regions and that other politicians are squandering the rents instead of the region benefitting from the proceeds.

Instead of the people focusing on development and using the resources to create diversity in other investments, they get corrupted in their minds and cease to do constructive businesses (Kammers 2015). The negative energy and statements usually result in civil wars and the same politicians that were inciting the people to end up benefiting from their resources.

                                         Poor governance and lack of transparency create tension among political rivals and the citizens. When the ruling government has no control over the opposition and the corrupt government officials, it creates room for the existence of rebel groups and organizations. In Nigeria, Boko Haram is one of the rebel groups that is said to be politically involved.

Politicians fight amongst themselves through the rebel groups. The natural resources increase the motivation for the rebel groups as they facilitate them financially especially when some politicians are involved. The politicians use the natural resources to facilitate the rebels to gain power or fight the existing government. When the rebels increase in power and the government structure is weak, the ordinary citizens end up suffering. Instead of the people enjoying the resources, they are mostly scared and end up running away to protect themselves. When the natural resources facilitate rebellion in a country, the resources become a curse instead of a solution.

                                         Revenue collected from natural resources should be used for harnessing economic growth as in the case of Botswana. Though a landlocked country, Botswana used the income generated from the diamond to expand its economic capacity. In the case of Nigeria, the revenue collected from the sale of oil causes conflicts and social strife. It still doesn’t have to be the case especially since the country is democratic.

If the leading government were more organized and keen to develop the country uniformly, the revenue would be useful. However, the greedy politicians do not disclose all the revenue collected to avoid being scrutinized by its citizens and the world. There is no free of information between the government and the public, and it has become survival of the fittest.

Resource Curse in Nigeria

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                                         Often, African nations coerce with Western organizations to reach deals that mutually benefit them at the expense of the nation. There is no transparency in tendering of contracts. Since Western organizations are more powerful and have the ability to pay more, African leaders allow to be influenced and give them contracts without thinking of the local industries predicament (Elena and Jesper 2011).

The locals become the casual laborers for the Western organizations in the mining of their country’s resources. The organizations are highly paid by the government since the leaders know they have extra benefits from the payments. The local industries are demoralized, and some end up closing since they are unable to compete with the Western organizations.

Even though some of the domestic industries have the capability of giving the same services as the Western organizations, they are not given the same opportunity even if they submit their tenders. The locals end up being enslaved in their territories and doing manual jobs in their land while the Western organizations and the corrupt government officials reap high income.

                                         Nigeria is an ethnically diverse society. Though people lobby the government, the lobbying is not necessarily for the welfare of the whole nation but individual and group interests. The government is ethnically divided leading to poor delivery of services to the public. On the other hand, electorates only elect someone because they belong to the same ethnic group. Instead integrating the nation, the ethnic tribes have divided the nation (Oby 2015).

People become self-centered even in the use of the natural resources. Those in power exploit the resources to fight other tribes. Since there are different resources in the different regions of the country, instead of the government ensuring there is an equitable distribution of the resources; it uses the resources to fight its ethnic rivals.

Resource Curse in Nigeria

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                                         Just because a certain region supported a certain politician who is not a part of the leading government should not make a difference in how different regions are served by the government. The government should serve all people equally irrespective of their ethnic backgrounds. Instead, African governments choose to favor the regions that are richly endowed with natural resources to create room for embezzlement (Vanessa 2013). If the government were strong, ethnic differences and regional difference in term of natural resources should be used to create opportunities but not enmity among the people.

                                         There is no transparency throughout the extractive supply chain. The government has put no measure in place to promote transparency from the negotiation of contracts to the allocation of budgets through the public budget. Civil society movements are not in place due to fear of intimidation by the government while some activists get lured with huge sums of money and stop the activism.

Active involvement of civil societies is important in the tracking of the origin and use of revenue generated from the extractive process (Vanessa 2013). Having public institutions that civil society participation is paramount for they assist in efficient control, monitoring and implementation of the policies. However, the government does not support the movements, and if they are formed, it is quick to label them as political assassins and demoralize them.

                                         Mining of oil in Nigeria has displaced thousands of people. The government gives license to extractive industries without first considering the welfare of the community. Irresponsible extraction of oil and other minerals has resulted in epidemics, displacement, and hunger for affected communities. In the case of Boko Haram, it is the dire urge to control the resources that provoked the existing conflicts between the communities in Northern Nigeria. The licensed corporations force the communities to leave their land without prior notice or consultation (Paul 2014).

The community inhabiting the region endowed with the natural resource should be the main beneficiaries of it. Poor governance resulting from corruption forces the community to seek other means of survival instead of using the resources to upgrade their well-being for large corporations and political gains.

Resource Curse in Nigeria

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                                         Poor people in the rural areas are not essentially equipped with skills to stand up to such extractive projects or fight for their rights (Sucheta 2013). Still, such communities highly depend on the natural resources for their survival and maintenance of their traditions and livelihood. Unfortunately, the communities live in remote regions and lack enough education.

The communities also have a poor justice system that acts as an inhibitor to getting to decision makers, comprehend decision-making process, and come up with appropriate measures to claim their rights. If riots do not happen, the communities leave their land injured and poorer.

                                         Mining industries are not poor and usually employ few unskilled personnel. Most of the skilled labor is imported from abroad. The need for heavy technological machines and expertise skills require the companies to seek for Western labor since most of the locals have skill and expertise limitation. The government is not keen on education quality making most of its citizen’s lack the necessary skills needed for the resource industry (Godswill 2013).

The public schools lack enough equipment to teach adequately the theoretical and practical skills needed for the market. Thought the government is aware of the predicament, it hasn’t put any measure to reduce the problem. As a result, most of Nigeria’s graduates are under-employed or unemployed whereas in developed countries the natural resources tend to help the citizens as seen in North America.

2.    Environmental impact

                                         Adverse consequences of extractive industries are many and different. Excessive use of oil as fuel is one of the major reason for the climate change and environmental pollution. From a micro perspective, natural oil pollutes water resources and rivers. Offshore activities also affect the biodiversity of the ocean floor. Clearing of land for oil and mineral extraction triggers land erosion.

Acidic residues from mines are hard to drain hence affecting the quality of land. The government should have measures in place to control oil extraction in Nigeria. However, dependence on oil for revenue limits the government control over extractive industries resulting in pollution-related problems to the community (Terra and Joshua 2012).

Resource Curse in Nigeria

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Conclusion

Natural Resource Governing Institute has been in the forefront trying to make sure that there is stability in the resource’s market. The institute set up measures to control global prices and revenues generated from developing nations such as Nigeria. It has been strategic in integrating the different stakeholders involved in extraction of natural resources.

With PYWP being in the mix too, the two bodies unite countries to make extraction of natural resources transparent and help people in the resource-rich nations. The fight for accountability amongst sub-Saharan nations hasn’t been easy but the give hope to the enslaved communities.

                                         If a government is co-opted by partisan interests, it increases opportunities for favoring specific groups in the community through a budget allocation in exchange for political power. Also, if citizens are used to the fact that wealth results from neither productive efforts nor work but from having contacts within the government, they will have less motivation to train themselves on their rights.

The great focus of political and economic power means there are fewer incentives to invest in other industrial sectors. In the end, it leads to high levels of poverty, inequality, low democracy, political instability, civil wars, all of which undermine economic growth (Bryan 2015). Nigeria heavily depends on natural resources for revenue collection and does not put a lot of effort investing in other sectors.

Resource Curse in Nigeria

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                                         Poor governance results from the structures put in place by the ruling regime. As a developing country that is richly endowed with resources, Nigeria has experienced a resource curse instead of a growth opportunity. The government lack of transparency has promoted corruption in the extractive industries (Bryan 2015).

Ordinary citizens have instead been forced to leave their ancestral homes to give room for resource extraction since they do not have the right will and skills required to fight for their rights. High dependence on extractive industries has resulted in civil wars and conflicts that are promoted by the politicians. The minerals provide high rent that is supposedly left for the rich and politicians.

                                         It can be noted that existing government regime concentrates on empowering their political careers through the use of the natural resources rather than serving the electorates. Ethnic differences and difference in political aspirations are used to create civil wars so that the government can get room to lure Western organization to exploit the minerals in return for high revenue (Daniel 2015).

The poor citizens do not have adequate representation in the government since each region is treated differently. The natural resources that are supposedly meant to enrich and improve the living standards of the people as seen in North America and Canada have instead facilitated corruption resulting in poor economic growth and poverty in developing countries.

Resource Curse in Nigeria

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References

Bryan Christy (2015). Natural resources and conflict. Retrieved from http://africacenter.org/security/topic/natural-resources/

Daniel Aguet (2015). Causes of poverty in Africa. Retrieved from http://www.liliireducationproject.org/2015/04/30/april-2015-causes-of-poverty-in-africa-aguet/

Godswill Akpabio (2013). How corruption, poor governance are killing Nigeria. Retrieved from http://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/134999-how-corruption-poor-governance-are-killing-nigeria-by-godswill-akpabio.html

Elena Paltseva and Jesper Roine (2011). Are natural resources good or bad for development? Retrieved from http://freepolicybriefs.org/2011/11/21/are-natural-resources-good-or-bad-for-development/

Kammers Gaard (2015). Oil causes many environmental problems in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://www.folkecenter.net/gb/news/world/oil-causes-problems-in-Nigeria/

Louis Marie (2010). Natural resources and economic development in transition economies. Retrieved from http://cerdi.org/uploads/sfCmsContent/html/323/Philippot.pdf

Oby Ezekwesili (2015). Bad governance, behind poverty in Nigeria. Retrieved from https://www.naij.com/50387.html

Paul Collier (2011). Natural resources and conflict in Africa. Retrieved from http://the-beacon.info/countries/africa/natural-resources-and-conflict-in-africa/

Rhett Butler (2014). Environmental issues in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20nigeria.htm

Sucheta Pradhan (2013). How do natural resources affect economic development? Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-do-natural-resources-affect-economic-development.html

Steward Patrick (2012). Why natural resources are a curse in developing countries and how to fix it. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/why-natural-resources-are-a-curse-on-developing-countries-and-how-to-fix-it/256508/

Tasihu Halidu (2015). Nigeria environmental issues. Retrieved from http://ngenvirons.blogspot.co.ke/

Terra Lawson and Joshua Greenstein (2012). Beating the resource curse in Africa: A global effort. Retrieved from http://www.cfr.org/africa-sub-saharan/beating-resource-curse-africa-global-effort/p28780

Vanessa Ushie (2013). Political decentralization and natural resource governance in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://www.nsi-ins.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2013-Political-Decentralization-and-Natural-Resource-Governance-in-Nigeria.pdf

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