The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

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The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

Introduction

The Economic Order Quantity is that quantity that results in minimal costs in terms of holding costs for a particular period. The EOQ provides a good measure for calculating the optimal stock quantity required.

1a).EOQ = √2 (Annual Usage in Units) (Order Costs)/ (Annual Carrying Cost per Unit)

EOQ = √2 (CoD/Ch

Where Co = Cost of Placing Order = £2

D = Annual demand = 20,000

Ch = Cost of holding one item for a year = £1.5

            EOQ = √2 (2×20, 000/1.5

EOQ =230.94

1b). The implications of holding stock occur when stock outs are registered before the delivery of new orders. The shortage experienced causes delay for customer’s orders who eventually search for reliable suppliers. Alternatively excessive stocks lead to dead stock and holding of capital in stock instead of being utilized in other operations that can be more productive for the company. The above implications above compel the company to identify the right Economical Order Quantity to maintain (Doupnik and Perera 2012)

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2. a)

Cash flow Forecast for UniFood 2016
DateJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Receipts            
Sales180001800022000220002600020000100001000027000280002800025000
Credit Sales200030003000400040003000200010001000500060004000
Capital Amounting10000           
Total Receipts (A)300002100025000260003000023000120001100028000330003400029000
             
Payments            
Cash Pymts to supplier200025003000300030001500150020003000300030002500
Cr pymts to supplier600065007000400060002000100020006000700070006000
Delivery Cost100012001500100120090080010001000150015001200
Rent and rates40000           
Insurance         960  
General expenses303030303030303030303030
Stationary202020202010101020202010
Bank Loan100010001000100010001000100010001000100010001000
Wages800080008000800080008000800080008000800080008000
Advertising40505040400305050505040
Vehicle Running200200200200200150100150200200200100
Vehicle Tax250           
Total Payments (B)585401950020800163901949013590124701424019300217602080018880
             
Net In/Out Flow (A-B)-28540150042009610105109410-470-32408700112401320010120
Opening Balance5000-23540-22040-17840-8230228011690112207980166802792041120
Closing Balance-23540-22040-17840-823022801169011220798016680279204112051240

2b) The months that will experience cash shortage are January, February, March and April.

2c) The cause of the cash shortage is that the business capital is insufficient to pay all the initial costs of operating the business. The credit sales are also contributing to the shortage of cash. The rental charges are also very high (Doupnik, Hoyle and Schaefer 2012).

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2d) To improve the Cash Flow Unifoods should apply for some low cost financing from a convenient bank that can advance a soft loan of £23540 or source for funding from an alternative source to facilitate the business operations during the first four months of the year. Unifoods may also opt to shop for cheaper premises that are within the same locality but which have the same goodwill or advantages as their present premises (Vance 2003).

4a) i.

Unifood
Project AProject B
YearsIncomebalanceIncomebalance
0100,000-100,000100,000-100,000
160,000-40,00060,000-40,000
280,00040,00070,00030,000
390,000130,00080,000110,000
4100,000230,00090,000200,000
5100,000330,00095,000295,000
     
     
Payback period1 year and 6 months.1 year and 7 months
     

The Payback Period for project A is one year six months while the payback period for Project B one year seven months (Hermanson, Edwards & Invacevich, 2011)

4b) ii.

Unifood Accounting Rate of Return
Project AProject B
YearsIncomeARRIncomeARR
0100,000 100,000 
160,000 60,000 
280,000 70,000 
390,000 80,000 
4100,000 90,000 
5100,000 95,000 
Total530,000 495,000 
 Less 100,000430%Less 100,000 395%
ARRAverage annual returns/Initial inv
     

The ARR for project A is 430% while the ARR for Project 395% (Bodie, Kane & Marcus 2008).

4c)  iii.

Unifood
NPV
Project  A      Project B
YearCash flowCash flow
0-100,000-100,000
160,00060,000
280,00070,000
390,00080,000
4100,00090,000
5100,00095,000
 Discount Rate 10.00% 10.00%
PV for future cash flows$318,672.97$292,960.61
NPV$218,672.97$192,960.61
   

The NPV for project A is $218672.97 while the NPV for Project B 192960.61 (Brealey, Myers & Allen 2005).

4b)

The best project to invest in is project A. The payback period for the first project is shorter. The Accounting rate of return is 430% which is also higher than that of project B. The NPV for Project A is also higher than that of project B. The NPV for project A is £218,672.97 while that of project b is £192,960.61 (McLaney 2003). The other factors which should also be considered are the other extra expenses like the preliminary expenses. It may be costly to commence trading on some projects hence all the total costs should be considered (Harrington 2003).

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5).

The Gross Profit Margin for Unifood is 65.76% while the Net Profit Margin is 15.31%. The total costs for the project would amount to 84.69%. The profitability ratios for Unifood are good and above average. The total costs are a little high but they can be brought down by strategically moving to cheaper premises. The efficiency ratios for Unifood are: Average collection Period Days in a Year/Inventory Turnover. To obtain the turnover the average stocks have to be obtained and which are not available (Helfert 2007).

DateTotals  Analysis   
Receipts       
Sales254000      
Credit Sales38000  12.58%    
Capital Amounting10000      
Total Receipts (A)302000 302,000    
        
Payments       
Cash Pymts to supplier30000      
Cr pymts to supplier60500      
Delivery Cost12900 103400    
Gross Profit  198,60065.7616(Gross Profit Margin)  
Rent and rates40000      
Insurance960      
General expenses360      
Stationary200      
Bank Loan12000      
Wages96000      
Advertising490      
Vehicle Running2100      
Vehicle Tax250      
Total Costs255760 25576084.6887   
        
Net In/Out Flow (A-B)46240  15.3113(Net Profit Margin)  
Opening Balance52240      
Closing Balance98480      

The credit sales are only 12.6% of the total sales which represent a low rate of credit sales. Unifood needs to provide flexible credit terms to encourage more sales to improve its profitability.

To increase the working capital, Unifood should cut down on its revenue costs. For example, Unifood should look for a way to reduce its rental income which is very high (Fridson 2002).The wages are also very high the company should find a way of reducing the high wages (Samuels et al 1998). Unifood has also to negotiate with the suppliers to provide more favorable credit terms to facilitate increased purchases and trade.\

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To conclude the Economical Order Quantity has provided an accurate way of determining the optimal stock level that a company should maintain having in mind the annual demand of the company and the holding costs that the company incurs in cases of overstocking and the costs of placing an order. The analysis of the company indicates that the financial performance of unifood is good as it is making profits and the suppliers are paid on time while the debtors are also maintained are reasonably low levels.

Bibliography

Bodie, Z., Kane, A., & Marcus, A. J., 2008, Investments (7th International ed) Boston: McGraw-Hill. 303.

Brealey, R.A, Myers, S. C., Allen, F., 2005, .Principles of Corporate Finance Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Fridson, M., 2002, Financial Statement Analysis: A Practitioner’s Guide. New York: John Wiley.

Harrington, D, R., 2003, Corporate Financial Analysis: Decisions in a Global Environment. 4th ed. Chicago: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.

Helfert, E, A., 2007, Techniques of Financial Analysis: A Modern Approach. 9th ed. Chicago: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.

Hermanson, R.H., Edwards, J.D., & Invacevich, S.D., 2011, Accounting Principles: A Business Perspective. First Global Text Edition, Volume 2 Managerial Accounting, 37-73.

Vance, D. (2003). Financial analysis and decision making: tools and techniques to solve financial problems and make effective business decisions. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Doupnik, T.S., Hoyle, J.B. and Schaefer, T.F., 2012, Advanced Accounting. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Print.

Doupnik, T.S, and Perera, H.B., 2012, International Accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2012. Print.

McLaney, E. J., 2003, Business Finance: Theory and Practice (5th Ed). London: Pearson Education Ltd.

Samuels, J. M., Wilkes, F. M. and Brayshaw, R. E., 1998, Management of Company Finance (7th Ed). International Thomson Business Press.

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