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The Art of War
Order Instructions:
Your Module-I Assessment Requirement is to write/submit an essay which answers all of the following questions:
1. What do Clausewitz and Sun Tzu say about war’s nature in The Art of War? How does that relate to their views on war’s purpose?
2. How does each theorist advise victory is best achieved? What role does the “center of gravity” play in victory? How and why do the theorists differ from each other in their choice of centers of gravity?
3. What, if any, place do the theorists give the people and popular passion during war? What is the proper relationship of a general and a political ruler in war?
4. According to Clausewitz and Sun Tzu, what challenges are inherent to war?
Use approximately one page, double-spaced, Times New Roman, 12-pitch font, to answer each question, not to exceed five pages total for your essay. You should see this essay as an opportunity to show what you have learned about these two foundational war theorists and to demonstrate your understanding of some of the key concepts they introduce.
This is not a research paper. Your reference materials for this essay (and all S&W essays) are limited to the lectures and readings provided. Since all S&W students are drawing from this common well of resources, a works cited list/bibliography is not required and you can use informal, internal-parenthetical citations for any references – i.e. (Clausewitz, p. 80).
When writing an S&W essay, it is a good practice to assume that the reader has read all of the same sources and viewed all of the same videos as you. Therefore, it is not necessary to re-narrate the story.
Please note, for the Module-I essay, you are not required to have a single controlling thesis, nor are you required to include a counter argument. You will have to do both of these for the Module-II and Module-III essays because those questions will require a more structured, analytical type of writing.
Each question 1 page essay
You must read and cite; Carl Von Clausewitz ON WAR and Sun Tzu THE ART OF WAR
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The art of war
The nature of war
Carl Von Clausewitz epitomizes war as an occurrence that is guided by political motives and that the soldiers involved are just but puppets responding to the whims and wishes of the political elite. He further narrows it down to the role of the commander in the battle field who is limited by the resources at hand and the circumstances presented by the state. His definition of war is essentially constricted to the combat in the battle field as he describes the same as the main essence of the war (Clausewitz, p. 7). It focuses on the role of the commander in the application of the limited resources in the battle field to the general outcome of the war (Clausewitz, p. 136)
Sun Tzu on the other hand views war as a process that needs to be meticulously planned, from the collection of intelligence information to the arrangement in the battle field. In his opinion, Sun Tzu regards a bloodless war as the best. However, if the circumstances mean that the war has to culminate into battle, then the ability of the soldiers to transform and adapt to the changing circumstances makes all the difference in the battle field (Sun Tzu, p. 23).
The purpose of the war therefore in Clausewitz’s opinion is the satisfaction of the wishes of the political elite who are civilians in most cases but conferred with the honor of being the Commander in Chief in addition to the cause in shift of the various policies in politics as well as economy. This therefore results in the unfulfilled purposes of the said war due to the limited resources. In Sun Tzu’s view however, the purpose of war is to conquer the enemy without the use of violence. The essence of fighting in his view is not necessary.
Victory in war
Clauswitzerian concept of how victory is achieved in any war is the increase in numbers of the troops and their swift action in the annihilation of the enemy troops (Clausewitz, p. 142). This strategy involves the outpouring of soldiers in larger numbers at once o within the shortest period of time and their swift action in combat against the said opponent. Sun Tzu on the other hand relies on strategy that involves the collection of intelligence reports as to the opponent’s abilities, making plans that would counter them and the implementation of the same with little or no bloodshed involved (Sun Tzu, p.42). This involves the use of spies as well as the terrain to gain advantage over the other side….
The Art of War
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The Armenian Genocide
Order Instructions: 3. The Armenian Genocide Please review the Week 2 Learning Resource “The Armenian Genocide” and discuss the extent to which this event resulted from long standing hostilities as opposed to the immediate circumstances of the war. Please note that the link for this resource opens a general summary of the events. You should also read the “Chronology” and perhaps some of the “Documents.”
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The Armenian Genocide Essay
Long standing hostilities to a significant extent perpetrated the Armenian genocide as opposed to the immediate war circumstances. A historical review of factors preceding the genocide reveals that there was a buildup of political, social, cultural and religious division that had existed for centuries between Armenians and the Turks. The Armenians despite being part of the Ottoman Empire were discriminated against and considered a threat to the Empire which was predominantly Muslim. The Armenians albeit being discriminated still managed to become successful both economically and socially, further leading to distrust by the Turks who were constantly frustrating their efforts (Hovannisian, 2016).
The Armenian genocide was planned long before World War I and this is an indication that the Young Turks had already envisioned the execution of the Armenians. The war only acted as a disguise and as noted by Genocide Museum (2016), the genocide was planned between 1911 and 1912 before the war began (Genocide Museum, 2016). The religious divide in the Ottoman Empire can be established as one of the major causes of tension between the Armenians and the Turks.
The Ottoman Empire was predominantly Islam and while the government claimed to provide equal opportunities for all, people from ‘inferior’ religions were subjected to various oppressive conditions including social and financial restrictions such as poll taxes in exchange for tolerance (Hovannisian, 2016). It was clear that the Armenian population was considerably discriminated based on their religious affiliation but despite this, the Armenians went on to prosper and this created wariness and resent among the Turkish neighbors (Safrastyan, 2015).
This created both social and political tension, more so when the Armenians sought equal to establish their own independence, self-assertion and protection in the midst of hostility from the Turkish government (Suny, 2009). The Turks were ravening to block the ascent of the Armenians and their lingering resentment for the Armenians led them to plan the genocide……
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For your Module III essay please answer the following question:
“8. Evaluate the alternative strategic courses of action open to the United States for terminating the Pacific War. Was there any better course of action to follow other than the one actually executed?”
Three pieces of advice:
1. The question is asking you to evaluate the strategic options available to the U.S., specifically with regard to how to terminate the conflict once Germany surrendered in May 1945. So be sure to provide thorough evaluations of at least two alternative strategic courses of action, and identify if you believe any of these alternatives would have been “better” than the strategy the US actually used.
2. Remember that strategies should be designed to achieve desired Policy Goals.
3. As a reminder, these essays are designed to be Critical Analyses, and as such you should only base your arguments on the information that the leadership/decision makers at THAT TIME had available to them. There should not be any “Monday-Morning Quarterback” information presented that has only been revealed/derived after the conflict ended.
In addition to the formatting and writing style information contained in Annex A, I have again attached a copy of the Writing Guide here because it is imperative that you read through it carefully and reference it during all stages of your essay development.
Be sure your essay meets all of the requirements outlined in Annex A and the Writing Guide, especially those listed below, and addresses any formatting and organizational detractors found in your Module II essay.
I also encourage all students to have someone completely unfamiliar with the essay/materials proofread the essay prior to submittal to make sure their essay/argument makes sense and is influential/effective.
1. The Thesis Paragraph “answers” the questions assigned. There should be no doubt in your readers’ minds exactly how you have chosen to answer the assigned question.
2. The Main Body of your essay develops your thesis paragraph in a logical and easy to follow manner and includes supporting information/facts/figures/ statements from the syllabus source materials.
3. The essay contains a Counter Argument in which you examine a feasible opinion/idea that is different than one or more of the ideas you present in your thesis.
4. The essay contains a Rebuttal in which you convincingly disavow the idea/opinion presented in your counterargument and further support one/more of your ideas contained in your thesis.
5. The essay contains the correct formatting as indicated in the Writing Guide/Annex A (cover page, page numbering, citations, margins, etc).
The Pacific War
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World War 1 (WW1) similarity to Warfare
World War 1 (WW1) is fundamentally similar to warfare as it is practiced today
The year 1914 witnessed the class of large armies that were armed with deadly new weaponry and military hardware which had been developed all through the 2nd industrial revolution of the late nineteenth century. Chief among these new weapons was the quick-firing artillery that was able to deluge enemy fighters with hails of lethal lead balls that cascaded from shrapnel shells. In the meantime, the bullets that were fired by machine guns and rifles had actually gained in accurateness and range and were able to cause terrible wounds. World War 1 (WW1) similarity to Warfare.
By the ending of the 1914, over 1 million European combatants had been killed. The armies were compelled to seek the relative safety of dugouts and trenches: a novel form of combat was born.[1] This argumentative essay supports the argument that the First World War is fundamentally similar to how warfare is currently being practiced.
The First World War introduced a number of advancements in science and technology into modern warfare as it is currently being practiced nowadays. These advancements transformed the nature of warfare including combat tactics and strategies. It is notable that on both sides, inventors and scientists worked all through the war to improve their technology so as to give their side an advantage during the battle.[2]
World War 1 (WW1) similarity to Warfare
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The initial years of WW1 could be described as a class of twentieth-century technology with nineteenth-century warfare in the form of ineffective combats that resulted in many casualties on both sides. In essence, it was really not until 1918, WW1’s concluding year, that the main armed forces started to make effective steps in transforming matters of tactics, control and command to adapt to the modern combat zone, and began harnessing the many new technologies to effectual military purposes.
Tactical organizations for instance changing the focus of command from one-hundred-man company to the ten-man squad went hand-in-hand with the first submachine guns, armoured vehicles, as well as automatic rifles which could be carried and utilized by a single soldier.[3] Likewise, in warfare as practiced today, major armies particularly the Allied forces including Americans, the French, Australians and the Brits have effectively harnessed a number of novel technologies to effective military purposes for instance the utilization of unmanned drones to spy on their enemies and even for dropping bombs on enemy targets.
World War 1 (WW1) similarity to Warfare
Tanks: tanks, which were highly armoured vehicles, were initially introduced during the First World War and were utilized in crossing No Man’s Land between trenches. Tanks had mounted cannon and machine guns.[4] Even though the first tanks were difficult to steer and were not dependable, they in fact became more effectual and efficient by the conclusion of WW1, and are highly advanced as used in warfare today.
War in the air: WW1 was actually the very first warfare in the history of wars in which airplanes were employed. At first, airplanes were utilized in observing the troops of the enemy. Nonetheless, by the ending of the warfare, airplanes were utilized in dropping bombs in enemy cities and on the enemy troops. In addition, airplanes were mounted with machine guns which were utilized in shooting down other airplanes.[5]
Changes in naval warfare: during the First World War, the most dangerous ships were referred to as dreadnoughts – they were basically big metal armoured warships. The dreadnoughts had long-range guns which were powerful that allowed these ships to attack other battleships as well as targets on land from a long distance. During this war, the main naval fighting was the essentially the Battle of Jutland.
Other than this fighting, naval battleships of the allied forces were utilized in blockading Germany to stop food and other supplies from reaching the nation. Moreover, at sea, submarines were used in attacking ships.[6] Battleships became more powerful and quicker than ever before and utilized newly invented radios in communicating effectively.
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Trench warfare: it is worth mentioning that much of the battle along the western front was fought with the use of trench warfare in which both sides of the combat dug extensive lines of trenches which helped in protecting the soldiers from artillery and gunfire. No Man’s Land was the term used in referring to the region between enemy trenches. For a number of years, trench warfare resulted in a stalemate between both sides. Both sides lost millions of fighters but neither side gained ground.[7] The popular image of WW1 is combatants in muddy dugouts and trenches living despondently until the subsequent assault.
New weapons: some of the new weapons included machine guns, artilleries, chemical weapons and flamethrowers. During WW1, the machine gun was improved considerably. The machine gun was made easier to move around and much lighter. Big guns commonly referred to as artilleries were improved throughout this battle including anti-airplane guns which were aimed at shooting down airplanes of the enemy. Most of the casualties during this battle were inflicted with the use of artillery and some big artillery guns were actually used in launching shells roughly eighty miles[8].
Moreover, WW1 introduced chemical weapons to the war. Chlorine gas was initially used by Germany for the purpose of poisoning unsuspecting troops of the Allied forces. Afterwards, mustard gas, which was more deadly, was developed and utilized by both the Allied forces and the German troops. By the ending of this warfare, troops on both sides of the conflict were equipped with gas masks and the chemical weapon actually became less effective.[9]
The war came to an end on 11/11/1918, and modern war technology had altered the course of civilization. Millions of civilians and enemy soldiers had been starved, maimed, gassed or killed. Disease and famine continued raging through the central parts of Europe particularly in Germany and it took very many lives. Thanks to rapid advancements in technology in virtually every area, the nature of warfare had forever changed, affecting sailors, airmen, combatants and civilians similarly.
World War 1 (WW1) similarity to Warfare
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WW1 is essentially the same as warfare as practiced at the moment considering that just like during the First World War, warfare today is characterized by the use of tanks, machine guns, artilleries, battleships, and even airplanes – technologies that were invented and first used during the First World War. For instance, in the modern warfare going on in North Africa and the Middle East in which the United States and its Allies are fighting against terrorist groups including Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, the use of machine guns, artilleries, cannons, and tanks are used extensively by both sides.
However, mechanized warfare, war airplane and tank technology initially developed in WW1 have become more and more sophisticated and fearsome military hardware in today’s warfare and have in fact made the trench outdated.
In addition, just as warfare is being practiced at the moment, WW1was actually determined largely by fighting skills, tactics, industrial capacity and logistics. Also, major warfare today involves a number of different countries in different regions of the globe, and surveillance and communication are an essential aspect of warfare today.
Similarly, WW1 was the first main warfare which involved several countries in various parts of the globe and surveillance and communications were gradually more becoming a significant aspect of the fighting.[10] Equally important, the First World War was a combat of firsts – a multinational combat from traditional hand-to-hand fighting to high-tech, sophisticated military hardware – that is still the characteristic of armed combats today.
World War 1 (WW1) similarity to Warfare
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Furthermore, the consequences of warfare as practiced today are more or less the same as the consequences of war during WW1. In today’s warfare just as in WW1 warfare, most of the enemy soldiers and civilians in the countries where the war is being waged end up getting starved, killed or maimed. Modern warfare waged in Iraq, Libya, Yemen, Syria and other places today have similarly caused significant famine.
Malnutrition and starvation continued taking the lives of children and adults in Germany for several years following the end of the First World War in 1918.[11] Likewise today, malnutrition and starvation have taken the lives of many children and adults in Libya, Syria, Yemen, and Iraq thanks to the warfare going on in these countries. Years after these fighting end, malnutrition and starvation are also likely to continue taking the lives of people in these places.
Conclusion
To sum up, the First World War is fundamentally the same as how warfare is currently being practiced. Just like during WW1, in warfare today, major armies have properly harnessed a several new technologies to effective military purposes for example the usage of unmanned drones for dropping bombs on enemy targets and spying on enemies. Just like WW1, warfare as practiced these days involves several countries. Equally important, surveillance and communication are extensively utilized in today’s warfare just as how it was used during WW1.
World War 1 (WW1) similarity to Warfare
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