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Empirical Research Identification
Details:
The purpose of this assignment is to understand the usefulness of evidence and the support it provides when answering a PICOT question.
General Requirements:
Doctoral learners are required to Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please Review the rubric prior to the beginning to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are also required to provide a reference page at the end of the template provided.
The articles to be use in completing this assignment cannot be more than 3 years old and must meet all standards provided in the research article chart to be use in completing this paper.
Directions:
Part 1: Empirical Article Selection
Locate three empirical articles related to your PICOT question that meet all the criteria found on the “Empirical Research Checklist” provided in the resource below.
Part 2: Research Article Chart
Using the articles acquired in Part 1, provide a summary review of each component using the “Research Article Chart” template provided below
Include a reference page at the end. Respond to all questions in the research article check list for the 3 articles to be located as noted in the checklist. Use in text citations where necessary and create a reference page at the end of the template.
Empirical Research Identification
Empirical Research Checklist
Section
Defining Characteristic
Contained in Article
Not Contained in Article
Abstract
An abstract of the contents is provided.
Introduction
The purpose of the study is stated.
The scope of the study is stated.
A rationale for the study is provided.
The hypothesis or research question is stated.
Key concepts and terms are noted.
A review of the literature is provided.
Methods
A description of the population sample is provided.
The data collection procedure is presented.
Other procedures to be used are described.
Results
A narrative statement of the findings is given.
A description of the data collected is given.
Findings are supported by graphs and charts.
The analysis of the data is explained.
Conclusion
A summary of the study is provided.
Conclusions related to the hypothesis are stated.
Questions for future research are presented.
References
References used in the study are presented.
Empirical Research Identification
Research Article Chart
Criteria and Defining Characteristics
Article 1:
Article 2:
Article 3:
Abstract After reading the abstract what do you expect to learn from the article?
Introduction: Summarize the following in paragraph form. What is the purpose of the study? What is the scope of the study? What is the rational for the study? What is the hypothesis or research question? What key concepts and terms are noted? Is a review of the literature provided?
Methods: Summarize the following in paragraph form. What is the population being sampled? What data collection procedure is presented? What other procedures are described?
Results: Summarize the following in paragraph form. What are the given findings? How was data collected? Are the findings supported by graphs and charts? What does the analysis of data state?
Conclusion: Summarize in paragraph form. What is the summary of the study? What is the conclusion of the hypothesis? What are the questions for future research?
References What are the total number of references used in the study? List two of the references used.
Empirical Research Identification
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The diagnosis and management of depression within the American population
Identifying a Problem
The diagnosis and management of depression within the American population remains one of the health factors affecting the health sector. Sources determine that the prevalence of depression within the American population is ascertained to stand at 8.5%, a factor that has seen less people seek medical attention (Wagner, Müller, Helmreich, Huss, & Tadić, 2015). Thus paper therefore seeks to develop a PICOT question in determine the aspect of depression and its effects within this population.
PICOT Question
It is essential to consider that the PICOT P, Population: I Intervention C, Comparison, O, Outcome and T Time is developed in guiding this study. In the American population between the ages of 30-35 of the working class (P), is there a need of developing a tool that will analyze depression (I), compared with the other approaches of care (C) that ensures appropriate procedures are developed in order to detect depression (O) within a specified time (T)? The aim of the PICOT question is developed to determine enough evidences that justify the element of depression among the American population through the use of effective tools.
Selecting Sources of Literature
In considering the results of this paper, it is essential to search through multiple databases that include EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, PsycINFO and the Cochrane and other sources from Health Care research centers. In getting the results of this study, there are key search words that need to be considered (Wagner, et.al.2015). These words include: screening, depression, depressive disorders, BECK or BDI-ii and the population. The use of both the published and the unpublished materials in searching the literatures was incorporated with the materials reviewed dating back between 2005-2010.
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Selecting Sources of Literature
According to Wagner et.al.2015, a metal-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of depression on the American population. The findings of the study identifies that a majority of the population presented traumatic symptoms. This material determines that depressive disorders among the younger generation may lead to suicidal and homicidal thoughts and attempts (Jackson, Dianne & Garnefski, 2015).
Some of the symptoms that are presented by this author include chest pains, headaches, painful urination, dizziness an excessive sweating. This source intrinsically supports the specified area of study since it provides evidence to some of the effects of depression among the American population.
Jackson et.al.2015 in his literature consequently revealed that the screening of depressive disorders among the American population undergoes a process of identification, assessment, and initiation of approaches aimed at managing this disease within the American population (pp.197). This author details a quantitative randomized study within this population and establishes that the abuse of substances is as a result of depression, a factor that explains the reasons why several Americans engage in risky sexual behaviors.
On the other hand, the population is also likely to engage in drugs and substance abuse as a result of depression. The author determines that there is a need of developing a concurrent treatment method that uses psychotropic drugs and other stable stimulants in the management of depression. The inclusion of psychotherapeutic method is also essential in the management of depression.
The author also mentions that depression within this population needs to be effectively managed since discoveries have been made that establish individuals in this state engage in unprotected sex and the inclusion of multiple sexual partners, a factor that would result into a health concern within a nation.
References
Wagner, S., Müller, C., Helmreich, I., Huss, M., & Tadić, A. (2015). A meta-analysis of cognitive functions in children, adults and adolescents with major depressive disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(1), 5-19. doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0559
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Preventing Heart Disease in Women by Promoting Awareness through Evidence-Based Practice
In investigating the impact of promotion awareness on preventing heart disease in women, the following PICOT question will be used to guide the research:
In women with cardiovascular diseases (P), does health promotions using evidence-based strategies to achieve optimal health of the heart (I), as compared to women receiving standard cardiovascular care (C) show better improvement in the cardiovascular disease (O) within six months? (T).
Using terms in the PICOT statement was not effective in finding useful studies. Most of the studies found by using such terms addressed broader concepts or did not relate all the ideas that the PICOT question needed to address. Some of them talked about one aspect of cardiovascular diseases alone without giving any hint about women, outcomes or interventions made towards controlling the condition.
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MESH terms such as cardiovascular, women, health promotion and others limited the number of studies that were listed on the databases compared to when those terms were not used. Therefore, this is an implication that the utilization of the MESH terms delimited the search as it filtered out some of the search results that did not have most components of the PICOT question.
Most of the research findings were not relevant to the study. To improve the relevance of the of the materials obtained, I applied limiters such as age, studies, EBP, women, years so as to only have articles that had a direct link to the various components of the Picot statement. The use of limiters was helpful because most of the items obtained in this case gave relevant information about aspects of the study. Reviewing this articles provided adequate information on the association between evidence-based practice in health promotion and improvement of cardiovascular diseases in women.
The study used for the study on preventing heart disease in women the following databases: AHRQ, guidelines.gov, joannabriggslibrary.org, EBCO, PubMed, and Ovid to gather evidence. All of them provided valid pieces of evidence. The study provided level I evidence as most of the articles were systematic reviews of randomized control trials.
Vandvik, P. O., Lincoff, A. M., Gore, J. M., Gutterman, D. D., Sonnenberg, F. A., Alonso-Coello, P., … & Spencer, F. A. (2012). Primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. CHEST Journal, 141(2_suppl), e637S-e668S. Retrieved from https://www.guideline.gov/summaries/summary/35273?.
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Patients with high levels of cholesterol in their body usually undergo the statin therapy which helps in preventing and reducing the high risks of suffering from the cardiovascular disease, are the statins drugs right for the patients or lead to the increased cases of liver disease?
The nursing problem relating to the proper management of the cardiovascular disease and ensuring that administration of statins therapy leads to the desired impact is observed mainly among the patients having heart and liver diseases in the health centers. Statins are the group of drugs that help in lowering the levels low-density lipoprotein in one’s blood.
The statins are responsible for blocking the substances that form cholesterol in the liver (Shehata et al, 2015). The recent incidents related to the effectiveness of the statins prompts the researchers to conduct the interventional studies to establish whether the statin drugs cause the increase of the liver diseases among patients (Shehata et al, 2015).
The statin drugs ensure that any excess cholesterol within the body is converted into bile salts that absorb the vitamins and fats in the intestines (Shehata et al, 2015). Scientific research gives out evidence that high levels of the low-density lipoprotein cause the progression of the cardiovascular diseases. By the previous studies conducted, there is a significant relationship between the high LDL cholesterol and the cardiovascular disease among the patients. Therefore, cholesterol has been seen as a risk factor for the high mortality rates among the cardiovascular disease patients (Shehata et al, 2015).
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Taking the prescribed medication appropriately, maintenance of a healthy diet and involvement in the physical exercises is efficient in controlling the cholesterol levels in the body. The populations that are more vulnerable to the disease are the elderly and the smokers. The people above the age of fifty are the most likely to suffer from diseases. The smokers take in a chemical that transports the cholesterol from the deposits of fat to the liver.
The elderly population is vulnerable as the arteries usually narrow causing atherosclerosis. The increased levels of serum cholesterol make the smokers and elderly more vulnerable to the heart disease. The various health institutions are therefore monitoring the liver function test among the patients that have undergone the statin therapy (Shehata et al, 2015).
Joint British Societies and also the NICE has recommended the adoption of statin therapy as the remedy to help in the reduction of cardiovascular disease related mortality rates. There has been significant reduction in the mortality rate by about 10% which gives credit to the intervention adopted. The remedy is significant in the nursing profession as it enhances the better and more efficient management of the problem.
The management of the disease is highly beneficial to the people most vulnerable to developing the disease. The efficient monitoring of the liver function tests among the patients is highly recommended to ensure the proper management (Shehata et al, 2015). Prior to the establishment of the significant results of the tests conducted, the statin therapy seems to be cumbersome in nature. Such a case acts as a fault to the statin drugs been used to manage and properly intervene for the problem.
The statin drugs also induce liver enzymes which cause the high levels of alanine transaminase which requires the testing to be done several months in the early weeks of ALT (Shehata et al, 2015). The patients might develop obesity or the drug-induced toxicity influencing the function of the liver. In addition to the liver function tests’ monitoring, it is essential to include the histological techniques.
Considering other factors that might influence abnormalities during the liver functions test is essential before identifying the probability of the influence caused by the statins on the disease. Measuring the patient’s baseline during the statin therapy while conducting the liver function test results into reduced cases of the cardiovascular disease which is the required outcome.
Population used is the adults between 18-55 years of age who have been clinically diagnosed with the cardiovascular disease in the past and have undergone the statin therapy at least ones during their medication process. The patients facing the liver diseases are also include to identify whether the statin therapy contributes to increased levels of their illness.
Intervention for the problem is adoption of statin therapy as the remedy to help in the reduction of cardiovascular disease related mortality rates. The management of the disease is highly beneficial to the people most vulnerable to developing the disease. The efficient monitoring of the liver function tests among the patients is highly recommended to ensure the proper management among the patients experiencing the liver disease (Shehata et al, 2015).
The standards supervised process that would not involve the establishment the significant liver test conducted which acts as a control group for the patients is used for comparison. The nitrates used by the cardiovascular patients as drugs to manage the disease would be administered to the patients for comparison with the stating therapy and the effects.
The outcome assessed during the research of the issues includes the changes in number of LDL receptors in the liver of the patients. The reduced risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease and the mortality and morbidity rates are also measured as an outcome (Shehata et al, 2015). The time frame for the outcome would be evaluated and measured monthly for 6 months.
Patients with high levels of cholesterol in their body usually undergo the statin therapy which helps in preventing and reducing the high risks of suffering from the cardiovascular disease, are the statins drugs right for the patients or lead to the increased cases of liver disease?
Rapid appraisal
How does each article describe the nature of the problem, issue, or deficit you have identified?
The article has efficiently described the issue of statin therapy, its effectiveness among the cardiovascular disease patients and other impacts it causes.
Does each article provide statistical information to demonstrate the gravity of the issue, problem, or deficit?
The article has been helpful in describing the problem and its gravity to the extent of providing a clear insight about the issue of interest.
Example(s): morbidity, mortality, rate of incidence or rate of occurrence in the general population.
There has been significant reduction in the mortality rate by about 10% which gives credit to the intervention adopted
Does the article support your proposed change?
The article has provided more information regarding the proposed change by describing the positive impacts for the intervention.
