Involuntary mental health treatment

Involuntary mental health treatment
Involuntary mental health treatment

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Involuntary mental health treatment

How is this assessment connected to the learning outcomes?

HLTH510: Assignment 1 relates to learning outcomes 1 and 5:

  1. critically analyse the theoretical, legal, ethical and policy frameworks for interprofessional mental health practice including evidence-based interventions for mental health and well-being;
  2. demonstrate the application of knowledge and skills to undertake a mental health assessment and employ common mental health assessment tools within a recovery framework;
  3. plan and execute collaborative mental health care that supports the rights of people and their carers to access and participate in their treatment and recovery across the lifespan in a variety of health and community settings;
  4. demonstrate the application of core skills for low intensity mental health and wellbeing within a recovery framework with high level personal autonomy and accountability; and
  5. demonstrate mastery of and reflect critically on evidence-based practice for common mental health presentations to demonstrate understanding of the impact of health breakdown, the psychosocial dimensions of the illness experience, and the effects on the family and significant others.

Involuntary mental health treatment

Essay topic

The prescriptive nature of Community Treatment Orders (CTO’s)  has led to  debate about the coercive nature of this legislative development.  This debate helps to show the interface between  ethics  and  the law  in mental health practice on what basis is it just to lawfully deprive a person of freedom(s)? Discuss.

Starting references to assist you:

Light, E.M., Kerridge, I.H., Ryan, C.J., & Robertson, M.D. (2012). Community treatment orders in Australia: Rates and patterns of use. Australasian Psychiatry, 20, 478-482.

Light, E.M., Kerridge, I.H., Ryan, C.J., & Robertson, M.D. (2012). Out of sight, out of mind: Making involuntary community treatment visible in the mental health system. Medical Journal of Australia, 196, 591-593.

Please note: you can follow the links provided or access the readings using the UNE library.

Involuntary mental health treatment

Presenting

Each part of this assignment should be a well planned, well presented essay in its own right.

  • Provide an introduction for each Part that explains the purpose of the essay and how it is organized.
  • For a strong conclusion that summarizes the arguments presented at the end of each Part.
  • It is important to remember that the purpose of an introduction is to provide a road map for the reader. In contrast, the purpose of the conclusion is to summarize the main points and provide direction for how to proceed in the future.
  • You should write in complete sentences (i.e. do not use dot points). However, if you think a summary will enhance the contents of your essay you can insert the information usually included in dot point form in a Table. If you do insert a Table or Figure into your essay you will need to make sure the Table or Figure adheres to APA style.
  • The writing style in an essay is more formal than verbal speech. Make sure you do not write as you would speak.
  • The essay must be written in the third person. Please note: the word “I” is not used when writing in the third person.
  • Write your essay from the position of an expert. This means not starting a sentence with a reference and instead places the reference at the end of the sentence in brackets. A reference supports what you are saying, it should not be the main feature of a sentence. For example: “Higgs (2012) states that communication is very important to client safety” can be written as: “Communication is very important to client safety (Higgs, 2012).”
  • Pay attention to how you structure your sentences and paragraphs. A sentence contains one piece of information. Alternatively, a paragraph contains more than one sentence but deals with only one topic. Do not try to put too little or too much information into a paragraph because doing this is confusing for the reader.
  • Pay attention to spelling, grammar and punctuation.
  • Make sure you run the spell checker over you essay and then give it a last proof read before formally submitting for assessment.

Involuntary mental health treatment

Referencing

You must use the APA referencing system. Follow the link at the top right of the page for information and examples of APA referencing.

How many references do I need to include?

You are expected to research each Part widely by using the UNE library online catalogue and journal databases to identify relevant books and peer reviewed journal articles. Please note: Personal experience, newspaper articles, Moodle notes and information obtained from websites, especially those that start with the prefix “wiki”, are not a valid source of information for this assignment.

HLTH510 students are expected to find 15+ peer reviewed sources (i.e. journal articles, books) in addition to your textbook(s), to support the statements in your essay.

In-text referencing

Every statement of fact in an essay must be supported by an in-text reference. Omitting in-text references is a form of “intellectual theft” and will not be tolerated. As a general rule in an empirical essay every paragraph should have at least one in-text reference.

For this unit page numbers are not required for in-text references unless providing a direct quote. For example: Communication is important to client safety (Higgs, 2012). “Communication is important to client safety” (Higgs, 2012, p.28).

Involuntary mental health treatment

Marking criteria

Download the HLTH310 Assignment 1 marking criteria or HLTH510 Assignment 1 marking criteria and submit with your completed assignment as a separate PDF file. Use the marking criteria for your year level as a guide when preparing your assignment.

*Word count

For advice on word count please see the Word/Time/Page limits section in the Assessment summary.

Below is a partial answer to the above homework questions by one of our writers. If you are interested in a custom non plagiarized top quality answer, click order now to place your order.

Involuntary mental health treatment

Introduction

The issue of mental health is one that encompasses various spheres in life. It has an effect on the decisions being made by the individual as well as the choice of life he decides to take. It is therefore mostly looked at through the legal and medical lenses. When one is diagnosed with mental illness, there are various issues that arise such as the capacity of that person to make decisions for himself or for the others around him.

This invites the legal interpretation to try and help in the evaluation of their capacities to make decisions and specifically in terms of medical assistance for their mental incapability. The treatment of people with mental health issues should also be within the ethical and legal parameters. The introduction of the Community Treatment Orders has been welcomed with both enthusiasm as well as disdain. This is because of the mixed reaction that it receives from all quarters.

This is because of the nonconsensual nature and mode of treatment it allows the people with mental health issues to undergo. This is because in the administration of the treatment without the consent of the patient, a violation of their fundamental rights and freedoms is being perpetrated. This paper will look at the issues that have arisen due to the Community Treatment Orders as well as the consequent legal and repercussions.

The Community Treatment Orders and their effect

The Community Treatment Order is an order that permits medical personnel to administer treatments without the consent of the patients to those with mental health problems while they are living with the rest of the community (Mental Health Act, 2009). It allows for the compulsory outpatient treatment of people with mental issues. The main objective of the Act is the provision of treatment and care of people with severe mental illness while observing their fundamental rights and freedoms. This provision gives licensed medical practitioners the leeway in administering treatment to those with mental health issues while still within their communal settings (Light et al, 2012).

The diagnosis of mental health issues is in itself a challenge. This is because of the various manifestations of the characteristics. The high prevalence of the mental health illness in Australia, especially among the young population is alarming. A sizable number of the children and youth in Australia have mental health problems. Approximately a quarter of this population has access to health care that is suited for their specific needs (Sawyer et al, 2001). Such staggering statistics and the future of the country were therefore at risk due to the mental health problems ailing the nation.

The use of the Community Treatment Orders on the youthful population was also a way to ensure that they grow up in their communities for their chances at normal life to be increased. This shows the importance of tackling the mental health problems in a manner that is professional as well as pocket friendly. The Community Treatment Order was for the reduction of these cases as the lack of individual care was highly unlikely. The design of the mental health care system had to be revamped in order to adequately take care of the increasing number of mental health patients (McGorry, Bates and Birchwood, 2013).

In so doing the accessibility of health care for those with severe mental problems and were unable to access it for one reason or the other was statutorily provided for. This method was also meant to decongest the mental hospitals as well as provide the said patients with an opportunity to reintegrate back to the community. The Community Treatment order however comes with various conditions for the patient who risks readmission in to psychiatric facilities in case of non compliance with the set rules.  These are meant to reinforce the voluntariness of the patients into cooperating with the medical practitioners (Owens and Brophy, 2013).

Despite the noble intention to ensure the provision of mental health care to those unable to access it, there are various issues, legal, ethical, theoretical and policy related that have emerged due to this mode of treatment and are yet to be addressed. This has been made worse by the rise in the use of this method of treatment over the past few years. To begin with, the process of the administration of the treatment had very little development. This is especially with regards to the process of identification of the potential patients, the duration of the treatment and the termination of the same (Vine et al, 2016).

The lack of the due process to be followed in the same has created a system that is susceptible to abuse by the health care practitioners mandated to offer these treatment services. The vagaries of this wide berth of power have placed the mental health sector in a state of limbo. This is because of the different processes of treatments that can be administered hence lack of uniformity. The risk that the patients run in the quality of service they receive is also high (Robertson et al, 2013).

The risk that the community where the patient resides is also high as there are times when the mental patient becomes violent or does something that endangers their lives. The Community Treatment order is meant for those with severe mental issues and as such the predictability of their behavioral characteristics is close to nil. It therefore places the general public in danger should the patients lash out. This aspect of the welfare of the rest of the community was overlooked in the best interest of a few.

The observance of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the rest of the population in terms of their safety and peace of mind is thereby compromised. This is just one legal issue that faces the Community Treatment Order. The improvement of the quality of service as well as the establishment of policies and mechanisms to hold and improve the accountability of the Community Treatment order is prudent for these services to achieve their intended purpose. This is in addition to resourcing the medical branch of community health (Light et al, 2017)…..

Involuntary mental health treatment

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The DSM-V in Mental Health Assessment

DSM-V
DSM-V

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The DSM-V in Mental Health Assessment

ORDER INSTRUCTIONS

Though the philosophy and values surrounding couple and family counseling emphasize prevention and wellness, awareness of diagnosis is important when interacting with other mental health professionals who may view mental health issues through the medical model. The DSM-V, the primary diagnostic system/manual used in the United States by such professionals, identifies and describes individual mental health disorders, not relational issues or disorders.

Those mental health professionals who adopt a systems or relational view of mental health have been able to implement small changes within the DSM in its subsequent editions, and these changes acknowledge the systemic influence on certain individual disorders. Nevertheless, there is not yet an adopted diagnostic structure for relational problems.

Therefore, you may sometimes need to negotiate your relational perspective with other professionals and communicate client matters with insurance reimbursement boards (who see mental health problems as individual in nature) in their language.

For this Discussion, you will examine the DSM-V and how it informs your professional practice. You also explore the advantages and disadvantages of being familiar with the DSM-V.

By Day 4

Post an example of a specific instance in which you may need to consult with another mental health professional who utilizes the DSM-5. Then, explain how your familiarity with the DSM-V may influence this consultation. Next, explain one advantage and one disadvantage of a couple and family practitioner being familiar with the DSM-V. Be specific.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources.

For the first attachment it is their directions for the assignment the questions are highlighted. Please use headings identify each question. The second attachment is the article.

Required Readings
Lebow, J. L. (2013). Editorial: DSM-V and family therapy. Family Process, 52(2), 155–160.

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Mental health patients with no Medical health insurance

Mental health patients with no Medical health insurance
Mental health patients with no Medical health insurance

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Mental health patients with no Medical health insurance

Taken from: Milstead, JA & Short, NM. (2019) Health Policy and Politics: A Nurse’s Guide (6th ed). Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN: 978-1284-12637-2

Discuss how the diagram of the policy process (see above) can help inform how you approach finding a solution to this problem.

Reflect on which level of government might address this problem and why. Identify the stakeholders in this issue.

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Fire and emergency services (FES) administrator

Fire and emergency services (FES) administrator
Fire and emergency services (FES) administrator

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Fire and emergency services (FES) administrator

Scenario: You are the fire and emergency services (FES) administrator, and one of your firefighters came to you stating she was having thoughts and images related to witnessing the injuries and deaths of those at a recent mass shooting. She stated that she began spending more time at work and would trade time and shifts with other firefighters to keep her mind busy.

However, whenever she had free time, she would have unwanted and intrusive thoughts about the devastation of the shooting. Additionally, she was having increasingly distressing nightmares of the shooting with some of the patients who she worked on coming after her. She has been exposed to shooting incidents and carnage for several years because she was assigned to the fire station known as the knife and gun club.

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How do you believe you should handle the conversation without causing her to relive that terrible event? What actions or assistance can you provide for her? Discuss your plan of action.

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Mining Existing Literature Reviews on Mental Health Services

Mining Existing Literature Reviews
Mining Existing Literature Reviews

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Mining Existing Literature Reviews

This paper entails mining existing literature reviews of three dissertations concerning transition of veterans from armed forces to civilian-force. The mining and evaluation process will involve pointing out the common themes, quoted authors, outline organization and its rationale.  Finally, the findings are summarized and provided along with each dissertation’s literature review outline and a highlight of how it is connected to the proposed dissertation topic. 

Serving those who served: Retention of newly returning veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan in mental health treatment

Table 1 and Table 2 below provide outline of the literature review and summary of quoted authors respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of this literature will follow.      

Table 1

Outline for Literature Review
Definition of Mental Health     Veterans with mental disorders   Combat stressors Effects of OEF/OIF on mental health   Evidence-Based Interventions   Relevance to Veteran Affairs (VA) services to veterans with PTSDPTSD Diagnosis Mental Health/PTSD Interventions   Retention and number of visits mental health services   Favorable environmental intervention and support   Teaching social emotional education to the veterans   VA Chart and Psychotherapy protocols for monitoring   Summary
Table 2
AuthorsBroad Topics
Hoge Milliken   Schell Marshall Ramchand Schnurr     Frayne Cohen     Seal Sayer   Rosenheck  Rate of PTSD and related veteran mental health services   The risk of PTSD in discharged and retired OEF/OIF  Veterans The rate of PTSD soldiers as in active-duty soldiers     Diagnosis of PTSD and utilization of both mental and non-mental services by veterans     PTSD mental and non-mental health services interventions and monitoring   Implementing sustainable interventions for the purpose of dealing with PTSD stressors.    

Time to Treatment among Veterans of Conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan with Psychiatric Diagnoses

Table 3 and Table 4 below provide outline of the literature review and summary of quoted authors respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of this literature will follow.  

Table 3  

Outline for Literature Review
Definition of Psychiatric Diagnoses      Veterans of Conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq   Main cause of psychiatric diagnoses Effects of mental health treatment timing on OEF/OIF veterans after deployment     Evidence-Based Interventions   Chronic mental health problems Psychiatric  DiagnosesPsychiatric  Diagnoses Interventions    Veteran Affairs (VA) health servicesEarly mental health treatment initiation Determinants of time to initial mental health visit (age, race or ethnic)   VA services and timing of care for monitoring     Summary
Table 4
AuthorsBroad Topics
Seal Schell     Wang Lane Olfson   Litz Maguen   O’Donnell Bryant  Creamer  Rates of utilization of mental health and primary care services among OEF/ OIF/OND veterans   The risk factors to psychiatric diagnoses among OEF/OIF  Veterans   Diagnosis of chronic mental conditions among OEF/OIF veterans     Early mental health timing Prevention of psychiatric symptoms chronicity

A Hero’s Welcome? Exploring the Prevalence and Problems of Military Veterans in the Arrestee Population

Table 5 and Table 6 below provide outline of the literature review and summary of quoted authors respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of this literature will follow.  

Mining Existing Literature Reviews

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Table 5

Outline for Literature Review
History on Returning Military Veterans   Definition of mental disorders that affected veterans   Combat veterans from Vietnam and 9/11 wars  The Link between Military Service, Combat-related Problems and CriminalityVeteran in Criminal Justice System     Relevance to Criminal Justice System  Veteran Affairs (VA) services to veterans with anti-social behaviors Retention and number of visits mental health services   Favorable environmental intervention and support   Teaching social emotional education to the veterans   Creating awareness among veterans on the criminal justice systemAlternative approaches to veterans who have been arrested and incarcerated    Summary     
Table 6
AuthorsBroad Topics
Mumola   Noonan Mumola   Fontana Rosenheck   Seal, Bertenthal, Miner, Sen, & Marmar   Greenburg RoyRate of incarcerated veterans with mental health conditions Historical comparison of the populations of incarcerated veterans and those who have transitioned   The Link between Military Service, Combat-related Problems and Criminality   Diagnosis  and Treatment of Combat-related Problems among veterans   Awareness and alternative approaches to incarcerated veterans  

Summary of the mined literature reviews   

The purpose of these dissertations literature reviews was to evaluate the growing concerns on the status of the mental health services offered to veterans returning home from Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom [OEF] and Iraq (Operation Iraq Freedom [OIF]) mainly with regards to retention in mental health treatment of veterans with PTSD.

It is noted that retention as well as numbers of visits declined among OIF-OEF veterans primarily mainly due comorbid conditions and age; hence, the design of interventions should be aimed at specific health care barriers.  In addition, it has also be noted that failure to effectively offer appropriate mental health services to veterans with PTSD prior to their transition from armed force to civilian-force results to increased criminal records.  

Mining Existing Literature Reviews

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Thematic organizations in the three dissertations is done chronologically with authors adopting a pyramid-like approach, which starts with basic/background concepts, then diagnosis issues, and finally mental and non-mental interventions. An observation of the themes covered in the three dissertations, the common ones included growing rates of PTSD, Combat PTSD stressors or risk factors, the need for proper diagnosis of PTSD, available mental and non-mental health services for veterans facilitated by Veteran Affairs (VA).

The themes are strongly related to my dissertation topic because they are primarily covering on health services required for veterans, especially those with mental conditions or PTSD mostly arising from their role in combat particularly in Iraq and Afghanistan.  Hence, these themes are mainly concerned with health services crucial for the transition of veterans from armed force (combat) to civilian force (non-combat) which is my dissertation topic.

Mining Existing Literature Reviews

References

Harpaz-Rotem, I., & Rosenheck, R. A.  (2011). Serving those who served: Retention of newly returning veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan in mental health treatment. Psychiatric Services, 62, 22-27. (Dissertation)

Magen, S., Madden, E., Cohen, B. E., Bertenthal, D., & Seal, K. H. (2012). Time to Treatment among Veterans of Conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan with Psychiatric Diagnoses. Psychiatric Services, 63(12) 1206-12. (Dissertation)    

White, M. D., Mulvey, P., Fox, A. M., & Choate, D. (2011). A Hero’s Welcome? Exploring the Prevalence and Problems of Military Veterans in the Arrestee Population. Justice Quarterly, First published on: 28 March 2011 (iFirst): 1-29. (Dissertation)

Mining Existing Literature Reviews

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Social Stigma of the Mentally Ill Essay

Social Stigma of the Mentally Ill
Social Stigma of the Mentally Ill

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Social Stigma of the Mentally Ill

Angermeyer, M. C., Holzinger, A., Carta, M. G. & Schomerus, G. (2011). Biogenetic explanations and public acceptance of mental illness: systematic review of population studies. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199 (5); 367-372.

Aim; investigating if mental illness’ biogenetic causal attributions were linked to more tolerant attitudes in the general public, and if such attributions were connected to lower responsibility and guilt perceptions due to social stigma. There was also an exploration of the extent to which responsibility notions were linked to rejection of the mentally ill people. Finally, evaluating how prevalent responsibility notions were in the general public in relation to various mental disorders.

Research design; systematic review of population studies that were representative. There was an examination of the attitudes towards the mentally ill as well as the beliefs about the disorders.

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Key research findings/ recommendations; biogenetic causal models should cease being used to reduce rejection of the mentally ill. biogenetic causal attributions are not linked to attitudes that are more tolerant but are connected to stronger rejection (schizophrenia), social stigma. The self-responsibility stereotype was not connected to rejection. Mental disorder’s public images are more dominated by dangerousness and unpredictability stereotypes. Responsibility is minimally relevant.

Strengths and weaknesses; there was use of an adequate number of studies. However, there is no mention of what can be used instead of the biogenetic causal models.

Deacon, B. (2013). The biomedical model of mental disorder: A critical analysis of its validity, utility, and effects on psychotherapy research. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 846-861.
Aim;
the study aimed at exploring the biopsychosocial model that is often neglected in studying mental disorders.

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Research design; a scientific approach was used to investigate the speculations.

Key research findings/ recommendations; in America, the healthcare system has been dominated by the biologically-focused strategy to practice, policy, and science for over three decades. Within this period, there has been a rise in the psychiatric medications use. Moreover, mental conditions have been more commonly seen as brain diseases that result from chemical imbalances which can be corrected using disease-specific drugs.

Regardless of the widespread hope in the neuroscience’s potential of revolutionizing mental health practice, evidence shows that the biomedical model broadly lacked clinical innovation. It was also characterized by mental health impacts that were very poor. The biomedical paradigm profoundly has affected clinical psychology through drug trial methodology adoption in psychotherapy research.

Regardless of the fact that that this approach has brought about the development of psychological treatments that are empirically supported for different mental diseases, it ignores the treatment process inhibits dissemination and treatment innovation, and resulted to the classification of this field along practitioner and scientist lines.

Strengths and weaknesses; noteworthy, the researchers recommend the biopsychosocial mode as the appealing biomedical approach’s alternative. In addition, there is advice on the need for a public and honest dialogue regarding the utility and validity of the common biomedical paradigm.

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Haslam, N. & Kvaale, E.P. (2015). Biogenetic Explanations of Mental Disorder: The Mixed-Blessings Model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(5), 399-404
Aim;
exploring how the mentally ill people are perceived in relation to biogenetic explanations from the perspectives of clinicians, the affected, and public.

Research design; systematic review.

Key research findings/ recommendations; regardless of the fact that biogenetic explanations might soften public stigma through diminishing blame, they escalate it through inducing avoidance, pessimism as well as the belief that those affected are unpredictable and dangerous. Such explanations might also induce helplessness and pessimism among the affected people and minimizes the empathy the treating clinicians often feel for them.

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Strengths and weaknesses; it is recommendable for the authors to mention that they interpreted the findings in the light of the social psychology research in relation to mechanistic and essentialist thinking. However, a lot more studies need to be conducted so as to explain many aspects that this study does not touch on.

Pattyn, E., Verhaeghe, M., Sercu, C., & Bracke, P. (2013). Medicalizing versus psychologizing mental illness: what are the implications for help seeking and stigma? A general population study. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidimiol, 48, 1637-1645.

Aim; the aim of this study was contrasting mental illness’ medicalized conceptualization with the psychologizing mental illness. It also examined the consequences of sticking to one model as opposed to the other for social stigma and help seeking.

Research design

There was used of survey research approach. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in a representative sample that consisted of a general population from Belgium. The vignette technique was essential for depecting schizophrenia. Te disease view, labeling processes, and causal attributions were addressed. Data analysis was through linear and logistic regression models using SPSS Statistics 19.

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Key research findings/ recommendations; mental illness’ medicalization requires a package deal, that is, the disease view’s application to promote medical treatment recommendations, and biopsychosocial causal attributions. Labeling triggers stigmatizing attitudes. General medical care is recommended by those who prefer the biopsychosocial approach while specialized medical care is recommended by those who use the disease view.

In relation to informal help, those that use the biopsychosocial model rarely recommend consulting friends compared to those who prefer the psychosocial model. Those who use the medical label barely recommend self care. Those who use the medical model are likely to exclude others socially, especially those that have undergone through psychiatric treatment.

Strengths and weaknesses

There is a clear comparison between different model but the results are limited to the Belgians.

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Bipolar Disorder Essay Paper

Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder

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Bipolar Disorder

Registered nurses play a central role in teaching patients, especially among those who are suffering from chronic illnesses such as bipolarr. Bipolar disorder is an illness that is normally misunderstood by patients and their families and most patients usually do not follow the administered treatment recommendations. According to Luciano et al, psychoeducation serves as a significant input towards substantially better outcomes (Luciano et al, 2015).

From the given case, a registered nurse should start by illustrating clearly the causes of bipolar. The nurse should make the family understand that there is no single cause of this condition but arises mostly as a result of interlinking of several factors. Generally, it is believed that bipolar runs in the family whereby certain individuals expressing particular genes are at a greater risk of developing bipolar disorder than others (Parikh et al, 2013).

This is absolutely true. However, the nurses should highlight clearly that some instances have been recorded whereby most children with a bipolar disorder family history do not develop the condition. Genes are not the sole risk factor for bipolar disorder other factors other than gens are also involved (Schulte et al, 2013). For instance, studies on identical twins have revealed that if one twin develops the condition, the other does not necessarily develop it despite them having similar genes.

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When offering this form of education, the registered nurse should make some adjustments considering the patient’s age. This is because the patient has just been newly diagnosed with the disorder and the education should focus more on how easily the condition can be managed if the patient sticks to the treatment recommendation, the patient should also be encouraged that other individuals’ of his age have since been diagnosed with the condition and won the battle against it.

The nurse should encourage the patient and his family that bipolar disorder can be treated effectively over the long term. She can use examples of patients in the hospital who have since been diagnosed with bipolar, put under medication and now are leading a normal life. The education will focus mostly on how proper treatment helps many patients with this condition achieve better control of their mood swings and associated symptoms.  

References

Luciano, M., Del Vecchio, V., Sampogna, G., De Rosa, C., & Fiorillo, A. (2015). Including family members in psychoeducation for bipolar disorder: is it worth it?Bipolar disorders17(4), 458-459.

Parikh, S. V., Glenda MacQueen, M. D., MPs, N. P., & RNBN, J. E. (2013). Psychosocial interventions for bipolar disorder and coping style modification: similar clinical outcomes, similar mechanisms?Canadian journal of psychiatry58(8), 482.

Schulte, P. F. J., Jabben, N., Peetoom, T., Postma, D., & Knoppert, E. (2013, June). Psychoeducation for bipolar disorder: a systematic review on efficacy and a proposal for a prototype. In BIPOLAR DISORDERS (Vol. 15, pp. 147-148). 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA: WILEY-BLACKWELL.

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Alzheimer’s disease Research Paper

Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease

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Alzheimer’s disease

Since patient wandering and confusion are common for the patient with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease, what would the RN teach the family about maintaining a safe environment? Provide three examples.

The RN should teach the family that patients diagnosed with Alzheimer can comfortably live in their homes, provided the safety measures are put in place. The family members must be educated on ways Alzheimer disease causes changes in the patient’s brain and body functions. This affects the patient reasoning, judgement, physical ability, behaviour, cognitive functions and sense of time (Bridenbaugh, Monsch & Kressig, 2012).

The family should be taught on ways to identify the possible dangers.  The hazardous areas should be locked.  Drugs and other chemical substances should be stored out of reach, in lockable cupboards.  The family must be ready for emergencies. This implies that they should keep emergency phone numbers such as fire departments and local police helplines. The family members should ensure that the safety devices are   working.

These include smoke detectors and carbon monoxide detectors and fire extinguishers.  Walkways should be well lit to prevent falls. All weapons such as guns or other types of weapons must be removed. Basically, the home must be well lit, ventilated and free from hazards. The home should not be too restrictive, but one that encourage social interaction and independence (Schneider, 2011).

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To prevent the patient from wandering, the patient’s relatives and care givers should be taught the following strategies. To start with, they should create a daily activity plan. This helps identify the times of the day that wandering occurred. The patient must be reassured whenever they feel lost, disoriented or abandoned.  The care giver must refrain from using correcting the patient using harsh voice.

All patients’ basic need must be met. They should not allow the patient to go places that trigger confusion and disorientation such as grocery stalls, malls or other venues that are busy.  The doors must remain locked, and keys including car keys put out of sight. The patient must never be left alone i.e. they should always be under supervision. If the main issue is night wandering, devices that signal motions should be used (Lacey, Jones, Trigg & Niecko, 2012).


How would the RN adjust the teaching based on the family’s educational level, socioeconomic status or culture? Provide two examples

 Despite the increase emphasis on patient centred care, when it comes to coping strategies for Alzheimer, the healthcare provider should focus on family centred care. In this case, the RN must conduct a family assessment   to understand patient structure as well as style. This helps RN formulate effective teaching plan (Skoog, 2011).

To begin with, the RN should evaluate the barriers that would hinder the family ability to deliver health care.  This includes the ages, sex and health status of the family member. The family socioeconomic status influences the teaching strategy. People from high socioeconomic status are most likely to be educated, thus basic healthcare can be used during the teaching process.

However, those from low income households tend to have low level of education which determines people’s attitudes and perceptions of care. Additionally, some family members lack basic knowledge of the disease. Cultural backgrounds could make some patients to believe in folk medicine. These factors must be addressed when teaching the patient’s family members (Trigg, Jones, Lacey & Niecko, 2012).

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What are common symptoms of caregiver role strain?

 The demands of giving care to Alzheimer patients are very taxing which can lead to care givers strain and burnout. These are manifested through stress, anxiety, exhaustion, and sleep disturbances. Other common symptoms of care giver role strains include changes in appetite, depression, withdrawal and mood swings (Trigg, Jones, Lacey & Niecko, 2012).

Provide one nursing diagnosis statement (statement must include an actual nursing diagnosis, related factor and as evidenced by) that may be appropriate for a patient with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease.

Anxiety related to stress and situational crisis as evidenced by insomnia, restlessness, memory loss, and cognitive functions deficits.

References

Bridenbaugh, S., Monsch, A., & Kressig, R. (2012). How does gait change as cognitive decline progresses in the elderly?. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 8(4), P131-P132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.349

Lacey, L., Jones, R., Trigg, R., & Niecko, T. (2012). Caregiver burden as illness progresses in Alzheimer’s disease (AD): Association with patient dependence on others and other factors—Results from the Dependence in Alzheimer’s Disease in England (DADE) study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 8(4), P248-P249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.660

Schneider, L. (2011). Agitation and Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 7(4), S92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.223

Skoog, I. (2011). Vascular Disease Risk Factors and Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 7(4), S284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.822

Trigg, R., Jones, R., Lacey, L., & Niecko, T. (2012). Relationship between patient self-assessed and proxy-assessed quality of life (QoL) and patient dependence on others as illness progresses in Alzheimer’s disease: Results from the Dependence in Alzheimer’s Disease in England (DADE) study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 8(4), P250-P251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.667

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Mental Illness and social stigma

Mental Illness and social stigma
Mental Illness and social stigma

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Mental Illness and social stigma

Angermeyer, M. C., Holzinger, A., Carta, M. G. & Schomerus, G. (2011). Biogenetic explanations and public acceptance of mental illness: systematic review of population studies. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199 (5); 367-372.

Aim; investigating if mental illness’ biogenetic causal attributions were linked to more tolerant attitudes in the general public, and if such attributions were connected to lower responsibility and guilt perceptions. There was also an exploration of the extent to which responsibility notions were linked to rejection of the mentally ill people. Finally, evaluating how prevalent responsibility notions were in the general public in relation to various mental disorders.

Research design; systematic review of population studies that were representative. There was an examination of the attitudes towards the mentally ill as well as the beliefs about the disorders.

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Key research findings/ recommendations; biogenetic causal models should cease being used to reduce rejection of the mentally ill. biogenetic causal attributions are not linked to attitudes that are more tolerant but are connected to stronger rejection (schizophrenia). The self-responsibility stereotype was not connected to rejection. Mental disorder’s public images are more dominated by dangerousness and unpredictability stereotypes. Responsibility is minimally relevant.

Strengths and weaknesses; there was use of an adequate number of studies. However, there is no mention of what can be used instead of the biogenetic causal models.

Deacon, B. (2013). The biomedical model of mental disorder: A critical analysis of its validity, utility, and effects on psychotherapy research. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 846-861.
Aim;
the study aimed at exploring the biopsychosocial model that is often neglected in studying mental disorders.

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Research design; a scientific approach was used to investigate the speculations.

Key research findings/ recommendations; in America, the healthcare system has been dominated by the biologically-focused strategy to practice, policy, and science for over three decades. Within this period, there has been a rise in the psychiatric medications use. Moreover, mental conditions have been more commonly seen as brain diseases that result from chemical imbalances which can be corrected using disease-specific drugs.

Regardless of the widespread hope in the neuroscience’s potential of revolutionizing mental health practice, evidence shows that the biomedical model broadly lacked clinical innovation. It was also characterized by mental health impacts that were very poor. The biomedical paradigm profoundly has affected clinical psychology through drug trial methodology adoption in psychotherapy research.

Regardless of the fact that that this approach has brought about the development of psychological treatments that are empirically supported for different mental diseases, it ignores the treatment process inhibits dissemination and treatment innovation, and resulted to the classification of this field along practitioner and scientist lines.

Strengths and weaknesses; noteworthy, the researchers recommend the biopsychosocial mode as the appealing biomedical approach’s alternative. In addition, there is advice on the need for a public and honest dialogue regarding the utility and validity of the common biomedical paradigm.

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Haslam, N. & Kvaale, E.P. (2015). Biogenetic Explanations of Mental Disorder: The Mixed-Blessings Model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(5), 399-404
Aim;
exploring how the mentally ill people are perceived in relation to biogenetic explanations from the perspectives of clinicians, the affected, and public.

Research design; systematic review.

Key research findings/ recommendations; regardless of the fact that biogenetic explanations might soften public stigma through diminishing blame, they escalate it through inducing avoidance, pessimism as well as the belief that those affected are unpredictable and dangerous. Such explanations might also induce helplessness and pessimism among the affected people and minimizes the empathy the treating clinicians often feel for them.

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Strengths and weaknesses; it is recommendable for the authors to mention that they interpreted the findings in the light of the social psychology research in relation to mechanistic and essentialist thinking. However, a lot more studies need to be conducted so as to explain many aspects that this study does not touch on.

Pattyn, E., Verhaeghe, M., Sercu, C., & Bracke, P. (2013). Medicalizing versus psychologizing mental illness: what are the implications for help seeking and stigma? A general population study. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidimiol, 48, 1637-1645.

Aim; the aim of this study was contrasting mental illness’ medicalized conceptualization with the psychologizing mental illness. It also examined the consequences of sticking to one model as opposed to the other for stigma and help seeking.

Research design

            There was used of survey research approach. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in a representative sample that consisted of a general population from Belgium. The vignette technique was essential for depecting schizophrenia. Te disease view, labeling processes, and causal attributions were addressed. Data analysis was through linear and logistic regression models using SPSS Statistics 19.

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Key research findings/ recommendations;  mental illness’ medicalization requires a package deal, that is, the disease view’s application to promote medical treatment recommendations, and biopsychosocial causal attributions. Labeling triggers stigmatizing attitudes. General medical care is recommended by those who prefer the biopsychosocial approach while specialized medical care is recommended by those who use the disease view.

In relation to informal help, those that use the biopsychosocial model rarely recommend consulting friends compared to those who prefer the psychosocial model.  Those who use the medical label barely recommend self care. Those who use the medical model are likely to exclude others socially, especially those that have undergone through psychiatric treatment.

Strengths and weaknesses

            There is a clear comparison between different model but the results are limited to the Belgians.

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