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Heart Disease Annotated Bibliography
Anand, S.S., Islam , S., and Rosengreen, A., (2008). Risk factors for myocardial infarction in women and men : insights from the interheart study. European heart journal . 29 (7), 932-940.
The article is about Coronary heart disease (CHD) which has been described as being amongst the leading cause of death amongst adults worldwide. Women have been found to be developing CHD about ten years after it has developed in men, but there are no clear reasons why this is so. The authors aimed at establishing if disparities in the distribution of risk factors are found amongst men and women across various categories of ages in order to assist in explaining the reasons for women developing acute MI several years after men have developed it.
The authors found out that on average most women develop their initial acute MI at least 9 years after men have developed it. There were nine variable risk factors that were found to be critically related to acute MI in both genders. This was used in explaining more than 90% of the PAR. There are disparities in age if the initial MI is narrated by the high degree of risk factors in men and young ages in comparison to women. Compared to other articles this article was more informative in nature for it explained the reasons for lower incidents of CHD in women before the age of 50 years.
It also explained that after this age CHD tends to increase with strategies that are usually seen in men in the eighth decade. However, as much as the Framingham study defined risk factors that impact CHD in women it was limited to only White Caucasians residing in America. It was thus not able to explain the future age of the initial occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI) amongst women in relation to men. This source was thus very useful.
Heart Disease Annotated Bibliography
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Bray G.A. (2013) Risks of obesity. Endocrinology Metabolism Clinics of North America, 32 (4), 787-804.
According to the authors of this article even though obesity leads to an increase of lots of chronic diseases it is not all obese people that develop these diseases. In the recent past a subset of individuals who were obese got free of chronic diseases. The metabolic problems that have been perceived as the causes of these diseases were pointed out in the research literature.
The population is typified by intense insulin sensitivity, ordinary blood pressure and good levels of cholesterol in spite of excess adiposity. It is now referred to as metabolic health obese. The authors indicate that there has been a rapid interest to point out fresh insights in the processes of chronic diseases. The objective of this article is thus to translate outcomes into treatment alternatives.
The disparity it has with other articles on this subject matter is the fact that it does not make a clear indication of whether Individuals that are MHO have been protected from the chronic diseases adverse effects as well as the mortality characteristic of obesity. Numerous longitudinal studies on the development of chronic diseases in MHO individuals have not exhibited any increased risk of the disease.
For instance St Pierra et al. followed 1800 men from Canada for a decade and a half and found that they were not at risk of heart diseases because they had MHO.A number of findings portray protection while other researchers have found out that MHO represents an impediment in the progression of diseases in subpopulations. Answers to these queries would provide critical implications for the policy on public health; however there is a lot of equivocalness in the existing literature. In spite of these findings the article was very useful.
Harris, T.B. (2007), carrying the burden of Cardiovascular risk in old age: Associations of weight and weight change with prevalent cardiovascular disease, risk factors and health status in the cardiovascular study. American journal of clinical Nutrition, 66 (3), 837-844.
As obesity and overweight rates rapidly increase in the US and globally the disease burden is becoming considerable and is likely to decrease life expectancy. As much as obesity has rapidly been related to augmented risks of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) few research studies have assessed whether the deliberation of permanent change in BMI could offer extra information on CVD prediction. Previous observational studies support the notion that the lowest CVD risk could be amongst those that have a stable weight.
The loss and gain of weight are related to poorer status of health and an increased rate of CVD mortality. In the assessment of BMI change there is a need for observational studies to be cautious so as to reduce confounding factors for instance likely underlying malignancy, smoking status and physical activity. The aim of this study was to employ potential data from a wide cohort with permanent follow up to effectively comprehend how BMI change is related to CVD risk.
It also aims at finding out if the BMI trajectory consideration can add analytical information beyond the existing BMI knowledge. The study thus assessed how BMI change in the past eight years was related to the main CVD events risk amongst 13,000 healthy men for 13 years. A rising and higher BMI were related to an increased CVD risk, however, increased BMI did not increase analytical information upon considering the existing BMI. Contrastingly, a decline in BMI was linked to an augmented CVD risk that was autonomous of the existing BMI. The article was thus very useful.
Heart Disease Annotated Bibliography
Bibliography
Anand, S.S., Islam , S., and Rosengreen, A., (2008). Risk factors for myocardial infarction in women and men : insights from the interheart study. European heart journal . 29 (7), 932-940.
Bray G.A. (2013) Risks of obesity. Endocrinology Metabolism Clinics of North America, 32 (4), 787-804.
Harris, T.B. (2007), carrying the burden of Cardiovascular risk in old age: Associations of weight and weight change with prevalent cardiovascular disease, risk factors and health status in the cardiovascular study. American journal of clinical Nutrition, 66 (3), 837-844.
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