Best-practices for providing health care to a nation Policy discussion
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Best-practices for providing health care to a nation Policy discussion
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What are some of the “best-practices” for providing health care to a nation and why?
Consider what you currently know about the US health care system. Identify the major problems encountered in the US. Upload any evidence you can find on-line to substantiate the problems. Note: you may use (indeed, are encouraged to use)
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Health disparities
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Question 1
What rules or principles would you follow in helping an underdeveloped country address its health disparities?
Health-disparities are preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations.
While the term disparities is often used or interpreted to reflect differences between racial or ethnic groups, disparities can exist across many other dimensions as well, such as gender, sexual orientation, age, disability status, socioeconomic status, and geographic location. Disparities are inequitable and are directly related to the historical and current unequal distribution of social, political, economic, and environmental resources.
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Health assessment
Whereas adequate pain control is every patient’s fundamental rights, it is important to ensure that pain management medications are not abused. The health care providers ae challenged in dealing with these ethical scenarios of deciding the way to go in pain control versus the risk of abuse and misuse of prescribed medication.
In this context, the healthcare providers must perform health assessment adequately in order to identify the root cause of the chronic pain. Managing the causes of the chronic pain will simultaneously address the pain and consequently, reduce the incidences of potential abuse of narcotics (Wand, O’Connell, Di Pietro & Bulsara, 2011).
In this context, initial evaluation includes physical examination and patient history. The health assessment will help the healthcare provider identify red flags and warning signs of prescription abuse/ narcotics addiction. These include signs such as anxiety, depression, as well as the pain syndromes. Other signs include manipulative attitude and aberrant behaviour such as requesting refills frequently or experiencing withdrawal syndrome (Manchikanti, 2010).
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This helps in categorization of the chronic back pain as a) non-specific back pain; b) back pain associated with spinal stenosis of radiculopathy; c) back pain originating from the non-spinal source and d) back pain due to specific spinal source. For patients whose back pain is categorised as due to radiculopathy, specific spinal source or spinal stenosis; they should undergo Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as the Computed tomography (CT) to establish the exact diagnosis or the exact cause of the disease; which will facilitate in guiding the specific care plan (Wand, O’Connell, Di Pietro & Bulsara, 2011).
Other evaluations include laboratory assessment which should include complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and the level of C-reactive protein level. Urinalysis can also be performed to identify suspected infections as well other macronutrients levels such as alkaline phosphatase and the calcium levels. The laboratory findings can help diagnose the root cause of the infection.
For acute low back pain, they should be treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and muscle relaxants. I will also encourage non therapeutic interventions such as healthy diets, exercising, behavioural therapy and psychiatry sessions. This will help managing the chronic pain holistically (Manchikanti, 2010).
References
Manchikanti, L. (2010). Evaluation of Lumbar Facet Joint Nerve Blocks in Managing Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial with a 2-Year Follow-Up. International Journal Of Medical Sciences, 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijms.7.124
Wand, B., O’Connell, N., Di Pietro, F., & Bulsara, M. (2011). Managing Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain With a Sensorimotor Retraining Approach: Exploratory Multiple-Baseline Study of 3 Participants. Physical Therapy, 91(4), 535-546. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20100150
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Breast Cancer Screening
Why is breast self-examination being replaced in the breast cancer screening guidelines by mammography and breast magnetic resonance imaging?
Breast cancer screening is normally done to facilitate early detection. This is important as it saves millions of lives in the world. According to guidelines by the American Cancer Society, breast screening should be done regularly. One of the most common and most easy methods is breast self-exam (BSE). This method has been advocated for in the recent past as it enables the women have sense of control over their breasts. Research highlights that over 70% of breast cancers incidences have been reported via BSE screening technique (Mahon, 2012).
However, there have been critiques on BSE screening method; especially due to increased incidences of benign biopsy. This is attributable to low specificity and sensitivity values. The excessive biopsies are associated with risk of cancer, emotional stress and disfiguring of the breast. The guidelines also tend to favour breast magnetic resonance imaging as well as mammography over breast self-exam method of breast screening. Magnetic resonance and mammography breast screening methods have high level of specify and sensitivity (Morrow, Waters, & Morris, 2011).
What are the risks associated with breast cancer screening? Do the risks outweigh the benefits? Why or why not?
Breast screening is important, especially for the woman in the case study as she is at high risk age. Breast screening involves process that aid in detecting breast cancer at early stage. Breast screening is done using many methods including mammogram, breast self-exam, and magnetic resonance imaging among others. Breast screening saves lives by ensuring that cancer is detected early, and appropriate interventions are made on a timely manner (Morrow, Waters, & Morris, 2011).
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However, there are risks involved in breast screening. To begin with, it is vital for a patient to understand that breast screenings does not prevent cancer. Some of the processes are uncomfortable and is associated with mild pain. Additionally, some processes involve use of X-rays- indicating that patients are exposed to radiation, which could lead to side effects.
However, the benefits outweigh the risks; therefore, every woman should be encouraged to undergo breast screening. There are many things that cause changes in the breast tissue. Although some of them could be harmless, it if important to get breasts checked as there is a small chance that the changes ignored are first indicator of cancer (Mahon, 2012).
References
Mahon, S. (2012). Screening for breast cancer: Evidence and recommendations. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16 (6), 567-571. doi10.1188/12.CJON.567-571
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The National Health Service (NHS)
Introduction
The National Health Service (NHS) is identified as one of the best healthcare system. This is attributable to the National Health Service April 2013 health reforms; which aimed at improving care delivery with fewer resources. These reforms have made improvements in a number of areas in healthcare including funding of the system and patient satisfaction, making the NHS to be more efficient.
Patient choices have been extended to primary care, community care and in mental health services (NHS England, 2014). There has been increased transparency on patient outcomes and data. However, several studies have reported less positive information on National Health Service reforms. According to critics, the benefits and savings being reaped from the reforms is only short term, and that it is not sustainable.
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The progress of the reforms are somewhat disappointing towards establishing a sustainable integrative healthcare services which impeded the establishment of greater use of A&E alternatives, high level completion or greater capacity for outpatient care (Tian, et al., 2012).
For this reason, this article will explore how the NHS reforms introduced in April 2013 have brought changes in the healthcare services. The main reasons behind the introduction of these reforms will also be evaluated. This will facilitate the understanding of development of healthcare systems in the UK, and the State’s roles in changing of the system (Murray et al., 2014).
Additionally, the reasons for recent changes to National Health Service will be evaluated through the analysis of healthcare policies and political perspective in the contemporary health issues in the UK. This facilitates understanding of the various debates and concepts of health promotion, public health, and management of the health services. This paper is planned as follows (Trust Development Authority, 2014);
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Development of healthcare in the UK and Changing of the States roles
The healthcare system in the UK was established after World War II, and began its operations on 5th July 1948. The National Health Service was proposed in the UK parliament in 1942 in the Beveridge report on Social Insurance (BSI) and other health services allied. The NHS is a bequest of Aneurin Bevan, a previous mineworker who turn out to be the then Minister of Health. NHS was established under the doctrines of impartiality, universality and easy access and delivery of services. The principles were facilitated by a central funding from the government (Alexander, 2013).
In England, the health policy and healthcare is the accountability of the central government. In Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, the health care and health policy is the concern of the decentralized governments. In every of the United Kingdom nations, the National Health Service system has its unique structure as well as organization, but has a general organization structure.
Generally, the healthcare consists of two major categories, one section deals with strategy and policy management, whereas the other deals with actual clinical care and medical interventions, which is in turn subdivided into primary care ( General physicians, pharmacists, dentists etcetera), secondary care ( consists of hospice-centred care) and tertiary maintenance (expertise hospitals) (Woringer et al., 2015).
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Recently, the distinction amid the two sections has become less clear. This is attributable to the fact that the last few years have been guided by shifting balance of authority. The other phase and Walness reports have described the gradual changes within the National Health Service that has resulted into shift towards the local or devolved rather than the centralised decision making process.
The emphasis has been on identification of barriers to effective delivery of the primary and secondary care. This was reinforced by the previous government on 2008 in the strategy dubbed “NHS Next Stage Review: High Quality Care for all” (Cornock, 2016), and “Equity and excellence: Liberating the NHS” 2010 strategy that has remained focus of the current government (Cornock, 2016).
The government has remained supportive of the initial NHS principles but possibly through different mechanisms. Recent past, the United Kingdom`s government announced plans to develop strategies that will produce most radical changes in the NHS. The white paper proposed on July 12th, 2010 “Equity and excellence: Liberating the NHS” aimed at outlining strategies that creates a patient centred and more responsive NHS (Trust Development Authority, 2014).
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Reasons for reforming NHS
The NHS reforms introduced in April 2013 aimed at bringing positive change to the services. Learning from the past mistakes in UK and elsewhere, it was just right time to bring about the fundamental shift to reform the National Health Service. Previously, the UK politics and policy only established short-term political initiatives which were the main hindrances of long-term policy achievements and establishing a sustainable and transformational change. The previous government’s structural reforms were large-scale which acted as major distractions rather than facilitators (NHS England, 2014).
The NHS reforms ensured that such distractions are avoided in the future. Previously, the NHS reforms relied on external stimuli such as performance management, targets, quality inspection and regulation, choice and competition. These were too little to offer for improvement from within the health care. This called for a new settlement where the strategic role of a politician could be demarcated clearly. This helped minimize the frequent shift in directions which hindered transformational change (Trust Development Authority, 2014).
Unlike in the past, April 2013 National Health Service reforms did not dwell on bold strokes or politician big gestures, but rather engaged the primary care, secondary care and tertiary care providers. It focused mainly on healthcare staff improvements. The complementary approaches used by these reforms pursued national leadership in combination with devolution, competition and innovative standardization (NHS England, 2014).
The April 2013 reforms focused on transparency, devolution and performance in a systematic manner. The reforms ensured that the improvement in the NH was based on commitment instead of compliance by investing in staff improvement to empower them to achieve sustainable quality improvement. The reforms envisioned a high performing healthcare organization, which indicated continuity in leadership, organization stability and clear goals for improvement in delivery of healthcare services (Woringer et al., 2015).
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Underlying concepts of funding in healthcare
The overall organizational structure of NHS in the National Health Service fiscal support is obtained from taxation. Approximately, 60% of the funds are used for staff salary, whereas additional 20% is used for medical appliances such as drugs, buildings, training costs, and equipment. The principle founders of the NHS system were the NHS primary Care Trusts (PCTs).
They disburse funds to the commissioned healthcare providers such as the NHS trusts, General Providers and Private providers according to the agreed contract basis. In public healthcare medical cover, vast of the National Health Service services are free. This implies that UK citizens need not pay anything for doctor visits, nursing services and consumable charges such as medications and laboratory services (Iacobucci, 2015).
The Department of Health have the responsibility for direction of National Health Service, public health and social care and the delivery of care. This includes developing policies and strategic interventions and ensures that they secure healthcare resources. Previously, there are about 10 strategic Health authorities manages NHS at local level, and the PCTs control approximately eighty percent of the NHS budget to provide the commission services and governance, and to ensure resource availability within the public health.
The NHS trusts operate on basis of paying by results (NHS England, 2014). Examples of NHS trusts include the Mental Health, Acute care, Ambulance, Foundation Trust and Children’s Trust. The foundation Trusts was developed to increase financial obligations and are monitored by an independent body. These include the Care Quality Commission, National Audit Office, Audit commission, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, British Medical association, and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (Frisina Doetter & Götze, 2011).
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Evaluation of health policies as well as political thoughts in contemporary health issues
The government has embarked on widespread reform programme which aims at introducing substantial changes in the NHS structure and management, and to improve the quality of care delivery. For instance, a number of new changes in NHS was introduced by the April 1st NHS reforms in England. One of the main changes done by these reforms includes shifting of responsibilities that originally were in the Department of Health, to the politically independent entity- the NHS commissioning Board.
The reforms will also establish a health specific economic monitor whose aim is to guard the healthcare delivery from ‘anti-competitive practices. The reforms ensure that all NHS trusts are shifted to foundation trust status (Le Grand, 2013).
The reforms are expected to fill some gaps in the UK healthcare system. According to the April 2013 reforms, the government supports the idea of GP commissioning. This implies that the key decisions of patient’s treatment should be made by GP in partnership with the service user rather than the managerial organisations.
The Strategic Health Authorities (SHAs) and Primary Care Trusts (PCTs). Under the new reform, GPs are integrated in the consortium that controls commission’s services and budgets. However, the NHS commissioning Board is expected to reduce health inequalities so as to access healthcare (Edkins, Cairns & Hultman, 2014).
The government white paper calls for a healthcare system that moves away from the centrally-driven healthcare system to one which focuses on the patient outcomes and the quality of care delivered (Mead, 2013). This devolution of healthcare system implies the five main domains used to assess the effectiveness of the program success are realized.
These includes reduction of premature death, improving the life of people living with chronic diseases, helping people recover from preventable injuries, ensure people easily access better care services equitably and ensuring a safe environment and protecting people from harm (Mead, 2013).
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The reform has been highly criticized warning that the move is creeping towards privatisation of commissioners. The opponents argue that the profit oriented firms could oust GPs from their role of making decision on effective treatments due to the creeping privatisation of primary care.
According British Medical Association (BMA), the reforms would make the relationship between physician and patients will suffer irreparable damages, and the negative impacts will damage NHS irreversibly. According to the BMA, health and social care bill is incoherent, complex and unfit for its purpose. They argue that to sustain the implemented reforms will be difficult (Sussex, n.d.).
The privatisation of commissioning will cause massive effects on public health, as it will is likely to exacerbate health inequalities and loss of accountability. Most of the areas affected by the reforms are about the issue of how money is spent and who makes the decisions. This is because new organizations are being established and others being abolished. The legal responsibility for management of NHS budget will be shifted to new organisations. Local councils are also given higher mandate in matters that influence health services. The suggested performance reforms and finance performance is somewhat daunting (Milburn & Flowerday, 2012).
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For instance, on autonomy, many people believe that the policy landscape is clear. This implies that the NHS Trusts autonomy would be progressively replaced by the independent foundation trusts. According to Cornock (2016), the rising new relationship between commissioners and providers will help bring primary and secondary care closely, which will help merge the transformation and sustainability plans to sustain effective delivery of services (Triggle, 2014).
However, this would imply deterioration of performance and finance as the central control of healthcare budget is extended to include other aspects of healthcare such as operational management and workforce (Murray et al., 2014). As the issue of finance recedes, NHS is expected to invent new approach to sustain the earned autonomy for NHS providers. This is a challenge because the foundation trust model may fail to ultimately protect the local organizations autonomy. Therefore, to reinvent autonomy, the NHS governance and structure will need to be restructured (Woringer et al., 2015).
Conclusion
Despite the fact that the reforms were established to reduce health inequalities, the reforms issues are highly debateable. The government believed that the NHS reforms were the best approach to improve the public health. Clearly, many things as highlighted by BMA have been overlooked. In this context, the NHS needs to make more honest assessment of what can be achieved and ensure that the strategic plans designed are comprehensive and realized.
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References
Alexander, J. (2013). The Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust short course Holding the Baby and Toddler Mind: An individual family and community perspective April 2013. Infant Observation, 16(2), 200-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698036.2013.818362
Edkins, R., Cairns, B., & Hultman, C. (2014). A Systematic Review of Advance Practice Providers in Acute Care. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000000106
Frisina Doetter, L., & Gatze, R. (2011). Health Care Policy for Better or for Worse? Examining NHS Reforms during Times of Economic Crisis versus Relative Stability. Social Policy & Administration, 45(4), 488-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2011.00786.x
Iacobucci, G. (2015). Privatisation of cancer and end of life care services in Staffordshire could threaten NHS providers, warn critics. BMJ, 350(mar19 9), h1557-h1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h1557
Le Grand, J. (2013). Will 1 April mark the beginning of the end of England’s NHS? No. BMJ, 346(mar26 4), f1975-f1975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f1975
Mead, J. (2013). Orthopaedics – Allegation of obsolete procedure dismissed: Ecclestone v Medway NHS Foundation Trust (High Court, 12 April 2013 – Judge Reddihough). Clinical Risk, 19(3), 83-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356262213497684
Milburn, S., & Flowerday, A. (2012). Delivering scalable Telehealth: What is Scale? With case studies from NHS providers, a perspective on the challenges, constraints and issues associated with scalability. Int J Integr Care, 12(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.931
Sussex, J. (n.d.). How Fair? Competition between Independent and NHS Providers to Supply Non-Emergency Hospital Care to NHS Patients in England. SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2640148
Woringer, M., Cecil, E., Watt, H., Chang, K., Hamid, F., & Khunti, K. (2015). Community Providers of the NHS Health Check CVD Prevention Programme Target Younger and More Deprived People. Int J Integr Care, 15(5). http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.2185
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Patient Administration System
Question 27
Upon the implementation of KKUH’s Patient Administration System (eSIHI) in May 2015, it was subsequently integrated with King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH). This means that if a medical file number of a patient exists at KKUH, the patient also has a file number at KAUH. Yes, there is a global UMRN because eSIHI interfaces with other systems such as Xcelera reports, Dictation (via fly), PACS (Radiology), 3M, employee Health Record as well as medical sick leave.
Apart from KKUH, a 950-bed capacity hospital which uses this UMRN, this UMRN is also used by KAUH a 200-bed capacity hospital. These two hospitals use a Patient Administration System (PAS) known as eSIHI, which is integrated between the two hospitals meaning that it is possible for the two hospitals to share records when necessary.
Question 28
The Patient Administration System (PAS) used by the King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) is eSIHI, which was implemented in May the year 2005 and the hospital has no plans of replacing it even though any improvement plans may be considered. The hospital’s PAS, which is eSIHI is offered by the HIS company and will run on the software architectureof Cerner Millennium®, which is a highly unified and comprehensive information management architecture.
Hospital reports are generated whenever required or periodically for monitoring purposes. The existing system has various benefits, and hospitals adopting this system will recognize several imperative benefits, including:
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Increased quality of care for patients: This will be achieved through elimination of errors by electronic order entries, which were previously caused by improper transcriptions or illegible handwriting, while physicians are notified by evidence-based alerts of potential complications associated to similar situations and medication interactions.
Improved patient information access: The creation of electronic health record that is integrated for each patient, allows vital health information to be accessed in real-time, including updated radiology imagery and lab results.
Enhanced operational efficiency: As a result of the on-time reporting offered by this system, it enables hospitals to be able to have greater control over the day-to-day operations across all the departments, while at the same time increasing efficiency and reduction of costs.
However, compared to the old system that the hospital was using, the new system (eSIHI) has a major disadvantage, which according to the staff through the old system they were able to know whether a patient has died or not, but with the new system it is not possible for them to know.
In the new system, information flows from the patient to the health record department to physician consultations, then diagnosis (i.e. lab or radiology) to surgical/dressing/radiology departments, then pharmacy and finally the finance and discharge departments. The new system is easy to use compared to the old one, and the access of medical records or information is by scanning the barcode.
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A Subpoena
According to Stansfield (2005) subpoena is a court order demanding for the production of a record, and its may also be known a court order or a search warrant. Upon receiving either of these documents, the response should be compliance either by forwarding a health record to the court requesting it or acquiring a countering court order or search warrant. It may sometimes also need the attendance of a health professional at the trial, subsequent to providing the documents the subpoena designates as well as giving evidence regarding to such documents (Perera et al., 2011).
When the person subpoenaed is the Director of Clinical Services, the accepted response is for the requested documents/records to be accompanied by the Risk Management Department, Medical Legal Officer or Health Record Management Department nominated officer and directly handing them only to the Judges Associate. The person receiving the record must avail his/her signature, and a note showing the date of receipt and the court’s name prepared (Stansfield, 2005).
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Quality Health Care
Case Study
Introduction
Massachusetts General Hospital was established in the year 1811 and has ever since been committed to the delivery of quality health care. Through the course of history, the medical institution has been committed to the advancement of care through appropriate pioneered research and education to its professionals(Maillet, Lamarche, Roy, & Lemire, 2015). Currently, Massachusetts General Hospital based in Boston is ranked among the top 16 pediatric and adult institutions that offer a bed capacity of 947 and surgical facilities that can admit close to 48,580 patients.
The medical facilities mission stands at a guided approach in meeting the needs of patients and families through the delivery of quality care within a safe and compassionate environment that is advanced through innovative research and education with the intent of improving the well-being of the community. This paper aims at conducting a study on some of the internal and external factors that affect the manner in which healthcare is dispensed in this hospital.
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Internal Factors that Impact the Business
Within different health care facilities, it is essential to consider that many of the employees and the management experience distress. These distresses are attributed to the internal and external factors that affect business (Maillet.et, al.2015). As compared to the external factors, it is vital to note that the internal factors tend to have more direct impact on an organization. In consideration of the Massachusetts General Hospital, it is essential to consider that some of the internal challenges that the organization faces include:
Finances and Resources
The availability of finances and resources has the capacity to impact medical services within an institution of health. This is in consideration of the fact that the demands of medical services tends to be beyond the capacity of a health care institution. On the other hand, healthcare resources tend to be limited with the expectations of the patients considerably higher, a factor that points out to the low quality of health care services (Maillet, et, al.2015).
This has been considered to affect the quality of the health care providers. The limited access to resources translates to less medical aids, infrastructures and equipment’s that spur the process of healthcare delivery within a healthcare system.
Service Delivery
The quality of medical services and care primarily depends on service delivery, a factor that requires knowledge and technical skills of the practitioners. Physicians who are poor in the delivery of health services to patients undermine the standards of care, a factor that negatively impacts the delivery of health care services within an institution(Maillet, et.al.2015). This requires that physicians improve their knowledge and competencies with the aim of delivering quality medical services that impact the medical facility.
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Human Resource Management
Within a healthcare organization, it is essential to consider that the Human Resource management approaches play a significant role in impacting the quality of health care services. HR management in this case plays an essential role in the manner in which patients are served(Maillet, et.al.2015). On the other hand, the HR and its functions of employing and terminating employees contribute to the success or failure of an organization. The allocation of resources is also another significant element that the HR plays in the dispensation of quality services within an institution of health.
Research and Development
In the field of health care services, the element of research and development remains essential since the decision makers rely on this information on how to improve the health care systems(Maillet, et.al.2015). The role of an effective Health Care Research and Development aids in the provision of information that may lead in the improvement of health care services. This clearly determines that an ineffective research and development approach within a medical institution may hinder the manner in which healthcare services are dispensed, thus impact an organizations functions.
External Factors affecting Health Care Services
It is essential to consider the fact that there are some external factors that additionally affect the manner in which health care services are delivered within an institution. These factors would include:
Economic factors:
It is vital to consider the allocation of decision making under the consideration of economic factors needs to be considered in the offering of effective services within a health institution. Economic factors in this case infer to the resource pressures that have always placed constraints within the health institutions and influence the manner in which decision are made within the health care sector.
According to Maillet et, al (2015), financial constraints are known to contribute to decisions that limit and reduce the investments made on health care. This clearly determines the fact that economic factors have an impact in the delivery of health care services.
Political Factors
It is essential to consider the fact that the lack of political stability within a nation has the capacity to influence health care. On the other hand, political figures are prone to develop legislations that either limits the manner in which healthcare services need to be dispensed within a facility, thus impacting the manner in which healthcare services are delivered(Maillet, et.al.2015). This can be seen in the manner in which laws are developed in regards to costs and prices in healthcare that impact the patients and affect other health institutions.
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Social Factors
Sex, age and hereditary factors remain some of the elements that also determine the manner in which quality healthcare services are offered. The choices that are made are in other words arrived at under the consideration of social factors such as the cultures of the patients, a factor that may limit the delivery of quality health care(Maillet, et.al.2015).
On the other hand, the structure of the society has a contribution in healthcare delivery since the elements of social support and networking in connection to cultures are considered in healthcare. The development of environments that are socially unfavorable in this case may impact health care systems.
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Technological
Medical technology is a term that is used to determine the equipment’s, procedures and processes under which medical care is dispensed within a medical facility. An instance of technological changes in the medical field would include the development of new surgical procedures, new medical equipment’s and so on(Maillet, et.al.2015).
It is in this case essential to note that the aspect of technology has an adverse effect on health care and the manner in which quality is offered within a medical institution. The lack of appropriate technological outputs in this case limits the delivery of quality healthcare services within a health institution, a factor that affects an organization.
Conclusion
It is vital to consider that the healthcare sector is comprised of many institutions, resources, people and organizations that are comprised together by established policies whose purpose is geared towards the promotion, restoration and the maintenance of health care services. In this case, hospitals are required to effectively function through a system that ensures that its structures execute high-quality services to the patients(Maillet, et.al.2015).
Organizations that have these kinds of structures are known to take the vertical organizational structure through the inclusion of many layers of management, a factor that determines the level where Massachusetts General Hospital is classed. These numerous layers of management are developed to ensure that roles and responsibilities are shared and tasks are achieved exactly as required.
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The organizational structure of Massachusetts General Hospital in this case works through the inclusion of several layers of management that are tasked with different responsibilities. These structures are made up of the boards of directors that consist of influential members within the health fraternity. On the other hand, the Board members leave it upon the executives to oversee the decisions and the day to day operations of the hospital and the manner in which they are performed(Maillet, et.al.2015).
On the other hand, the department administrators are also considered in the structure of the organization and are tasked with the responsibility of reporting to the management. Departments within the medical institution have department administrators who oversee the functions of the department within this hospital.
It is additionally essential to consider that the patient managers are also part of the hospitals structure and are mainly tasked with the responsibility of overseeing patient care within the institution. Lastly, the service providers include the staff members that conduct the operations of medical facilities on a daily basis. It is in this case essential to consider that the healthcare sector is comprised of many institutions, resources, people and organizations that are comprised together by established policies whose purpose is geared towards the promotion, restoration and the maintenance of health care services.
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Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity
Abstract
The concept of spirituality has gained popularity in healthcare. Faith diversity and spirituality are core components that define people and shape their experiences. This paper implements feedback from the previous works to provide valuable insights into the unique needs, customs, and rituals that can be integrated in healthcare faith diversity. The paper aims at addressing the seven world view questions and to provide a summary of the comparative analysis of the various belief systems.
The spiritual perspectives on healing will be addressed. The critical healing components common to all beliefs will be discussed. Additionally, important factors to consider when caring for patients from a particular faith that differ from healthcare providers will be explored. The paper concludes with a reflective summary describing ways the insights gained can be applied into practice.
Address Several of the Worldview Questions
A world view refers to the way of thinking about reality. It entails summing up people’s basic assumptions about meaning of life. To determine personal worldview, one should answer the following seven questions.
What is prime reality?
What is the nature of the world around us?
What is a human being?
What happens to a person at death?
Why is it possible to know anything at all?
How do we know what is right or wrong?
What is the meaning of human history?
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According to my personal world view, the prime reality is that we all believe in a Supreme Being. In my case, I believe there is God, who rules the universe. According to our doctrines, the world was created in six days. We have a personal relationship to this world as man was ordered by God in the Garden of Aden to till the land and multiply, and fill the land (Genesis 1: 26).
Therefore, Human beings were made in the image of God. In Christianity doctrines, when a believer dies, one is resting with the angels. We believe that the soul is immortal and continues to live after death (Acts 2:29, 34). It is possible for human beings to know anything. This is attributable to the fact that were made in the image of God, thus, he has granted this wisdom (Genesis 1: 27).
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I am also aware of the processes of evolution and its association with increased intelligence and consciousness. I am a deontologist supporter. Therefore, I believe that there is nothing right or wrong in the world. These ate notions developed by socio-cultural pressures for survival. Human history begins when one’s understand their purpose on earth. As Christians, we believe that our purpose is to serve people and to help them live in harmony (Philippians 2:1-30).
Comparative Analysis of the Different Belief Systems
In Christianity, God is the Supreme Being and is believed to be omnipresent. Christians believe they were made in the image of God. He is the healer and comforter (Psalms 103:2-5). Christians lacks the concept of self. They are individuals whose souls are bound, and will be redeemed by the return of Jesus Christ. Therefore, their faith is driven by their relationship with man and God.
This is the only religion that worships the Supreme Being who loved the humanity that he gave his son, to live with them, understand their sufferings and to intercede for them. They believe in doctrines of sins, and the ultimate wage for sin if not repented is death. This is often associated with emotional insecurity especially in Christians who have had estranged lifestyles before (Hardman-Smith, 2013).
The Christian spirituality doctrine supports repentance and forgiveness; good healing anchors that nurse could be utilized to build and strengthen the patient’s hopes once more. Christianity also teaches on issues of kindness, love and empathy towards the suffering; e.g. the story of the Good Samaritan (Hardman-Smith, 2013).
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On the other hand, Buddhist believes that life begun spontaneously. In Buddhist, the greatest physician is Buddha. Buddha has skills to diagnose and administer treatment in a spiritual manner. Buddhist highly values the self-concept, which is transformed from mental and physical forces. This is an important factor during healing processes. Suffering is associated with the four noble of truths.
They believe in meditation and prayers. Buddhism critical component of spirituality in healthcare is that the community must take care of the sick. According to their teaching, he who attends the sick attends must be kind, compassionate and understanding. These are universal and important or core factors when attending patients from the different spirituality (Probst, 2014).
Spiritual Perspective on Healing
The holistic model of healing have three spheres including mind, body and spirit. In spiritual healing, it is the third realm (spirit) that is considered. Healing the spirit have positive effect of the body and the mind. This is a broad topic, but the specific approaches to healing includes healing liturgies, faith healing, laying of hands, anointing with oil and music meditation.
The growing demand of spiritual healing has made the medical community to integrate some of the critical components of healing in their therapeutic interventions. The most common critical components of religion in healthcare include prayer, meditation as well as patient’s belief. These are important as they influence the patient’s perception of a disease; and have been found to affect the decision making processes. Additionally, spirituality shapes the patient coping ability (Allan, 2014).
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What patients consider important when being cared for by providers with different spiritual beliefs
Receiving care from healthcare providers with different spiritual beliefs makes a patient feel uncomfortable. The healthcare providers must assess all issues that they consider valuable during their treatment regimen. The patient’s autonomy must be respected. Disregarding patient beliefs could lead to dissatisfaction. If the patient is not comfortable to be attended by the healthcare provider, the nurse manage must make arrangements to ensure that she gets a nurse whom they share values and beliefs (Hardman-Smith, 2013).
Creating a healing environment
Additionally, this course work has facilitated my understanding of healing hospital as described by Laurie in Arizona Medical Centre healing hospital report. These includes the physical environments which are set up in a manner that they promote the patients as well as their relatives to cope including less noise disturbances as the patients’ needs ample rests to recuperate (Probst, 2014). Additionally, healing hospital must combine technology with the work design.
This is because it facilitates the healthcare providers to deliver their care more efficiently. This includes activities such as assigning bank elevators to facilitate easy movement of the patients in critical conditions and the healthcare providers. This helps in maintaining patient’s dignity as well as the preservation if the patients privacy- improving the healing process (Hardman-Smith, 2013).
The integration of recent medical devices, healthcare informatics and nursing informatics yield efficiency and effective delivery of services. On the other hand, I have also learnt the challenges to anticipate when establishing a healing environment (Marriage, 2013). These includes staff shortages which could result to nurse burnout and lack of adequate facilities that will help give the nurses a healing environment too.
Some of the factors that might affect the concept of spirituality include scarcity of time, lack of patient knowledge and low experiences in managing spirituality discussions with the patients (Allan, 2014). There are incidences where the patient may want to impose their faith or beliefs to the care provider. For instance, consider a patient requesting a non-religious patient to pray.
For instance; at my work place, we have very short breaks, and there lacks a mediation place. There lacks motivational factors which could be affecting out productivity. I will definitely share the insights achieved with my colleagues; there is just so much that we can learn from this unit- important concepts often overlooked by most healthcare facilities (Hardman-Smith, 2013).
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Reflective summary
This course has improved my understanding the role of spirituality at people’s place of work. I have always approached the concept of spirituality with a lot of uneasiness and tension; but from my interaction with the other assignment has enabled me note that my perspective of estranged relationship between healthcare and religion is not a reflective of what is expected in the field.
I have learnt that integrating spirituality in healthcare serves the best interests of the patients (Hardman-Smith, 2013).Therefore, introduction to the worldview was important as it has enable me understand how to approach patients from different cultural and religious background; such that I can now establish a fruitful interaction with the patient- promoting holistic healing process.
In the topic of the phenomenology of illness and disease, it is interesting to learn that suffering, pain as well as disease has features that are universal in human beings; and that their magnitude is influenced heavily by the person’s race, social status, gender as well as religion. By reading Lev Tolstoy book TheDeath of Ivan Illych, I now understand the universal elements of disease, illness as well as death.
The analysis of the Called to care text book was informative and phenomenon too. I have learnt that my perspectives about religion would influence the relationship with the patient. I have learnt not to underestimate the patients faith and the religious systems, nor should I impose my faith or believes on the patient (Probst, 2014).
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Altogether, learning this unit has enable me understand that patients especially those diagnosed with chronic diseases and are at the end of life stage have crisis of identity. In this context, spirituality must be integrated in care as it entails the search of the lost identity as well as the search of meaning. From the evidence based research, it is evident that spirituality is a coping strategy for most patients (Russell, 2013).
Conclusion
Therefore, every healthcare providers, especially the nurses are expected to integrate the patients culture and spirituality in the patients care plan, and when making health decisions. Additionally, the healthcare providers should not neglect their spiritual wellbeing or psychological health. Maintaining a healthy environment for nursing is important as nurse’s work in stressful environments; and is exposed to patient sufferings as well as death. This unit reminds me of the importance of staying in touch with my religion and feelings that add value as well as meaning to my life- while dedicating care to others.
References
Allan, F. (2014). The Essential Guide to Religious Traditions and Spirituality for Health Care Providers Jeffers Steven , Nelson Michael , Barnet Vera et al The Essential Guide to Religious Traditions and Spirituality for Health Care Providers1048pp £120 Radcliffe 9781846195600 1846195608. Nurse Researcher, 21(6), 46-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nr.21.6.46.s4
Hardman-Smith, J. (2013). The Essential Guide to Religious Traditions and Spirituality for Health Care ProvidersThe Essential Guide to Religious Traditions and Spirituality for Health Care Providers. Cancer Nursing Practice, 12(3), 8-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/cnp2013.04.12.3.8.s3
Marriage, H. (2013). Book review: December 2013 The essential Guide to religious Traditions and Spirituality for Health Care Providers Stephen L Jeffers , Michael Nelson , Vern Barnet , Michael Brannigan (eds) Radcliffe Publishing , Milton Keynes pp 1048 £120 ISBN 9781846195600. J Health Visiting, 1(12), 717-717. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/johv.2013.1.12.717
Russell, P. (2013). The Essential Guide to Religious Traditions and Spirituality for Health Care ProvidersThe Essential Guide to Religious Traditions and Spirituality for Health Care Providers. Nursing Older People, 25(6), 8-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nop2013.07.25.6.8.s11
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