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Emergency and Disaster Management
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The history of major natural disaster from the Galveston Hurricane through the formative years of disaster policy includes several focusing events such as the San Francisco Earthquake, the Great Mississippi Flood or the Xenia, Ohio tornado and the subsequent response of individuals and governments at all levels have contributed to the emergence of disaster policy.
As noted in the essay The Calm Before the Storm, it details how the issues of geography, the history of past storms, and the continued pressure of development affects efforts to protect the city from known hazards. It is clear that during the past century, there has been a gradual development of emergency of emergency management as a discrete discipline by noting the transition of citizens viewing disasters as “acts of God” to events that could be studied, understood and thus prepared for through both individual and community efforts.
Emergency and Disaster Management
Yet the interplay of factors such as issue salience, fragmented government responsibility, communities of stakeholders, jurisdictional concerns and technical expertise remain perennial concerns for emergency managers. Respond to the below question: Select two focusing events from the past 120 years and compare / contrast how two issues from this list – issue salience, fragmented government responsibility, communities of stakeholders, judicial concerns or technical expertise illustrate these tensions.
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Emergency and Disaster Management Essay
Making use of the Galveston hurricane of 1900 and the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906, this article analyzes how fragmented government responsibility and technical expertise remain concerns for emergency and disaster managers through the creation of tensions in their line of work.
Fragmented government responsibility
The federal and state governments have various experts charged with the task of overseeing the handling of such emergencies such as floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes, and the resulting disasters. While this ensures a team of experts is available to handle the arising matter…
Technical expertise
The possibility of insufficient knowledge and skills affects the efficiency of operations for emergency managers, therefore creating tensions. Using the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 as an example, the absence of the technical skills to estimate the…
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Symbolic Interactionism
Without doubt, the households and properties would be so valuable to the stakeholders in symbolic interactionism. One of the most important things is ensuring that the roads are constructed well so that people can be able to commute to different places. It would be necessary for those living in low places where water might flood to vacate but if they fail to do so, they might be forced to so as to save lives.
Properties such as vehicles should be parked on higher grounds and one should never drive through a flooded bridge. For the people to take an appropriate and quick action, it would be important to communicate about the dangers flood can pose including destroying crops, killing, and carrying away houses and vehicles. Communication would be through showing them pictures and videos of other places that were affected, and the tone used should be a serious one (Jary & Jary, 2006).
Disasters cause a lot of suffering to mainly the poor and at risk individuals. For example, during a tornado, people suffer psychologically, others die, are displaced, lose property, and get injuries among others. However, disasters make the stakeholders to collaborate, act, and think of long-term solutions.
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Structuralism argues that all things are made of components through which they can be studies (Jary & Jary, 2006). It relates to emergency management in that during an operation, all the systems or components present have to be considered for effectiveness. In the same way, all the stakeholders should do their part if there is to be success. Definitely, structuralism has a big role in public safety.
Communication theories and risk perception are related to emergency management in that different mode of communication should be used for success and people are likely to respond to risk based on how the perceive it. For example, sign language might be used during an emergency if the person being communicated to cannot hear what is being said.
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Basically, the post discusses more about communication theory. It has been highlighted that lack of proper communication during an emergency results to deaths. Therefore, for preparedness, stakeholders should ensure that there are adequate and proper plans including phones and preset messages.
References
Jary, D., & Jary J. (Eds.). (2006).Symbolic interactionism. In Collins Dictionary of Sociology. London, United Kingdom: Collins.
Jary, D., & Jary, J. (Eds.). (2006). Structuralism. In Collins Dictionary of Sociology. London, United Kingdom: Collins.
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Developing a Business Continuity Plan
Few businesses across the globe feel they are confident enough to quickly recover from a disaster. The ability of a firm to effectively recover from a disaster relies directly to the degree of an established business continuity plan before the occurrence of the disaster.
Managers have acknowledged that developing a robust business continuity plan is at times quite intimidating especially when one turns to the bookshelves and find volumes of thick-inch books on the subject. However, I am against this notion. I believe that a solid business continuity strategy can be implemented easily by following these steps.
Step 1: Start
According to Torabi et al, acquiring an executive-level support for the business continuity program is one of the biggest challenges for getting the initiative off the ground (Torabi et al, 2014). Therefore, when developing this program, I will ensure that I have the support of the CEO or any other senior executive. By so doing, I will have put the strategy in a different light in the presence of functional leaders who might be tempted to dismiss it as just another IT program. The top level management will then provide the necessary resources required for the plan.
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Step 2: Determine Business Requirements
I will then identify and document the critical business functions that would require support in the aftermath of a tragedy. This step deserves a rigorous analysis as it aims at allocating properly the resources of the business continuity plan. To acquire the correct information, I will business leaders in each department this simple question. To achieve this, I will use the administrative management theory.
This is a theory that states that the executives are charged with the mandate of ensuring that organizational operations are maintained. It also enlightens on the need for managers to develop a sense of unity and willingness to communicate and operate with the workforce. “In an event of a disaster, what systems in your business would you like to operate immediately to avoid disruption of your activities, and how long can you do without them?”
The answers I will obtain will be the Maximum Tolerable Downtime (MTD) for the operations. This question should be asked in a manner that is political savvy to ensure that the systems mentioned are critical and not convenient.
Step 3: Identify Recovery Speed
Järveläinen proved in his study that although 85% of small businesses recognize the need of recovering their data during a disaster, just 45% of them carry out offside data backups (Järveläinen, 2013). I will determine the recovery speed by asking technology specialists the following questions. “In case of a disruptive emergency, how long will your system take to restore to working order?” The value I will obtain will be my recovery time objective (RTO).
Step 4: Dealing with the Gaps
After including the RTOs to my list of MTDs, I will have the necessary data for conducting an assessment on the impact of an emergency on my technology operations. I will begin by revisiting the numbers. Before this, I will ensure that the MTDs I obtained from the business leaders are accurate and the technologists’ recovery times are indeed insufficient for achieving business needs.
I will then scrutinize keenly the list and identify areas where the RTO is greater than the MTD. These are the areas where functional leaders will have expressed the need for a recovery that the current organization will not be in a position to meet in the aftermath of a tragedy.
After the conversations, the gaps that will have remained will be candidates for investment. Here, I will use the decision-making theory which basically focuses on the significance of decision making and choosing alternatives that achieve the minimum success criteria rather than seeking for an optimal intervention.
For instance, I will recommend for the purchase of additional systems, and addition of fault tolerance systems. Moreover, I can suggest that commitments of time and money to be made in order to increase the MTD and minimize the RTO.
Step 5: Sustaining the Program
Business Continuity Strategies are living documents that keep evolving in accordance to the changes of the business and technological capabilities (Faertes, 2015). I will sensitize the management on the importance of this plan and why it needs to be reviewed from time to time. I can use the systems approach theory to determine institutional behavior as a function of input, system processes, and output. Then I will recommend modifications to be done with regards with the organization’s progress.
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2. Importance of Business Continuity Plan
The significance of Business Continuity Plans is something that each and every company has been compelled to deal with due to the current events. For instance, there has been a current increase in business threats such as cyber-terrorists, hackers, and natural as well as unnatural disasters. It is for this reason that organizations have been urged to execute business continuity plans so that they can sustain flexibility and operational effectiveness in case of any scenario.
A survey by Faertes, revealed that two out of five organizations that experience an emergency go out of the business within the first five years of the tragedy (Faertes, 2015). As a result, most businesses have realized that for them to efficiently maintain operation continuity, they must be accustomed to specific risks and catastrophic scenarios ranging from system failure to major building loss. It is crucial for organizations to plan for the recovery of the significant business functions using timescales and priorities obtained from evaluated risks and the accompanying data.
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Business Continuity Strategies are also vital since they promote transparency and continuity of all business activities. In recent years, companies have become increasingly reliant on technology to conduct their operations. With such emphasis on IT and communications services, organizations become paralyzed and less tolerant of information and loss of services in the event of a disaster. Therefore, for them to manage their supply chains or support communications and transactions with their customers, they need to implement business continuity plans.
References
Faertes, D. (2015). Reliability of Supply Chains and Business Continuity Management. Procedia Computer Science, 55, 1400-1409.
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Disaster Planning
Without doubt, the households and properties would be so valuable to the stakeholders. One of the most important things is disaster planning, such as ensuring that the roads are constructed well so that people can be able to commute to different places. It would be necessary for those living in low places where water might flood to vacate but if they fail to do so, they might be forced to so as to save lives.
Properties such as vehicles should be parked on higher grounds during disaster planning and one should never drive through a flooded bridge. For the people to take an appropriate and quick action, it would be important to communicate about the dangers flood can pose including destroying crops, killing, and carrying away houses and vehicles. Communication would be through showing them pictures and videos of other places that were affected, and the tone used should be a serious one (Jary & Jary, 2006).
Disasters cause a lot of suffering to mainly the poor and at risk individuals. For example, during a tornado, people suffer psychologically, others die, are displaced, lose property, and get injuries among others. However, disasters make the stakeholders to collaborate, act, and think of long-term solutions.
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Structuralism argues that all things are made of components through which they can be studies (Jary & Jary, 2006). It relates to emergency management in that during an operation, all the systems or components present have to be considered for effectiveness. In the same way, all the stakeholders should do their part if there is to be success. Definitely, structuralism has a big role in public safety.
Communication theories and risk perception are related to emergency management in that different mode of communication should be used for success and people are likely to respond to risk based on how the perceive it. For example, sign language might be used during an emergency if the person being communicated to cannot hear what is being said.
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Basically, the post discusses more about communication theory. It has been highlighted that lack of proper communication during an emergency results to deaths. Therefore, for preparedness, stakeholders should ensure that there are adequate and proper plans including phones and preset messages.
References
Jary, D., & Jary J. (Eds.). (2006).Symbolic interactionism. In Collins Dictionary of Sociology. London, United Kingdom: Collins.
Jary, D., & Jary, J. (Eds.). (2006). Structuralism. In Collins Dictionary of Sociology. London, United Kingdom: Collins.
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