Formulate a research problem to solve with RFID technology, and the Apple company. Identify one key problem to study with RFID. Develop one hypothesis that will be the key question that would be addressed by such an analysis.
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RFID technology research problems inside the Apple Company
Research problem
Apple Inc., among other leaders in technology, continues to take up wireless systems as part of their bid towards the progression of technology. Among the recent uptakes has been variants of wireless technology for data and information transmission, as well as wireless charging. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is primarily the backbone of such breakthrough technologies (Ghosh, Goswami, Kumar, & Majumder, 2015). At Apple Inc., for example, RFID and other related subsets are responsible for the development of such products as Apple Pay, Apple TV, and Apple Watch.
As Apple Inc. continues to develop new products based on radio frequency identification, the technology has morphed to include various subsets of similar technologies. In the case of Apple Inc., the most usable of these is the original RFID implementation, as well as the newer NFC (Hayashi, 2012). Each of these technologies has its advantages, as well as some drawbacks. Research and reports from Apple Inc. show an uptake of NFC by the company over RFID. However, could the advantages of the ‘Old school’ RFID outweigh the current and potential benefits of NFC?….
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Euthanasia Evidence Based Practice
Order Instructions:
To begin, work through the reference list that was created in the “Section B: Problem Description” assignment in Topic 2. Appraise each resource using the “Rapid Critical Appraisal Checklists,” available in the textbook appendix. The specific checklist you use will be determined by the type of evidence within the resource.
Develop a research table to organize and summarize the research studies. Using a summary table allows you to be more concise in your narrative description. Only research studies used to support your intervention are summarized in this table. Refer to the “Evaluation Table Template,” available in the textbook appendix. Use the “Evaluation Table Template” as an adaptable template.
Write a narrative of 750-1,000 words (not including the title page and references) that presents the research support for the projects problem and proposed solution. Make sure to do the following:
Include a description of the search method (e.g., databases, keywords, criteria for inclusion and exclusion, and number of studies that fit your criteria).
Summarize all of the research studies used as evidence. The essential components of each study need to be described so that readers can evaluate its scientific merit, including study strengths and limitations.Incorporate a description of the validity of the internal and external research.
It is essential to make sure that the research support for the proposed solution is sufficient, compelling, relevant, and from peer-reviewed professional journal articles.
Although you will not be submitting the checklist information or the evaluation table you design in Topic 3 with the narrative, the checklist information and evaluation table should be placed in the appendices for the final paper. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Upon receiving feedback from the instructor, refine “Section C: Literature Support” for your final submission. This will be a continuous process throughout the course for each section.
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Euthanasia Evidence Based Practice
The study was set to find out if euthanasia is the best option for stopping suffering in terminally ill patients. The study was to find out the nurses’ satisfaction regarding the intervention method. For the evidence, a comprehensive electronic search was completed using databases such as EBSCOhost. Medline via Pubmed, Sage Research Methods, Google Scholar, National Guideline, and Clearinghouse these are areas where one can easily find the peer-reviewed journals which are required for the evidence-based practice.
The main keyword used in the search were words that were related to the topic, they included euthanasia, non-voluntary passive euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, terminal patient, voluntary passive euthanasia, voluntary active euthanasia.
The randomized control trial included 100 publications where only nine studies were the only ones found to be relevant to the issue surrounding euthanasia in the healthcare system. The nine articles met specific criteria, for instance, the publication must be peer-reviewed, must be related to the topic of study, must not be more than five years old that those that were published between 2012-2017, and most were study research. Articles that were published before 2012 and were not related to the topic of the study were excluded.1
The literature review by Bostwick (2015) discussed the self-induced euthanasia. He tried explaining that there are terminal patients who try to commit suicide to end their suffering but fail and end up getting hurt. The author is trying to emphasize the importance of euthanasia in the medical set up. The only limitation of this literature review is that it is not comprehensive enough. The information provided is worth applying to the evidence-based practice.
The randomized survey by Cohen et al., (2014) found that the consultation procedure of another physician attending physician is not done as required and needs improvement. The authors add that training and putting at disposal consultants through forums seems to improve a situation. Provisions in the law concerning the necessary competencies and tasks of consulting physicians can enhance improvement.
The authors concluded that whether euthanasia is legalized in a country or not, similar services can be useful in improving quality consultations in various difficult end-of-life decision making situations. The samples used in the study were a good number, and the result of this study can be applied in the medical system. The application of questionnaires as the data collection tools enhances the validity of the questions in the surveys were the similar……
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Consumer Socialization
Order Instructions:
Research Article Review and annotation
-The Consumer Behavior concept is “Consumer Socialization” The article analysis assignments are used each week to expand and apply Consumer Behavior terms, application, or concepts using peer reviewed research articles from academic journals. These articles must report research the author completed in the subject area and be from the past three (3) years or less.
This assignment (the article annotation) extracts and summarizes the major points relative to a particular topic area that we have discussed. Use the following as a guide to your assignment completion:
a) Purpose of the study
b) Methodology of the study
c) The results – most important because this is the empirical evidence
d) Conclusions – least important since this is the author’s opinion
e) Recommendation for future research
The article citation must follow the APA 6th edition format using a hanging-indent. The annotation itself should be 250 words double-spaced.
Comments on Annotation: must be 200 words
Post your comment on your submitted article annotation. In your post, evaluate the selection of the article, the research conducted, the empirical findings, and the opinions of the author. Using this post, determine the type of project/research this article might support.
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Consumer Socialization Research Article Review and Annotation
The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of socialization on adolescents. Consumer affairs knowledge and activism were the major focus. Sampling method was used and a survey conducted among 800 children aged between 10 and 17 was conducted. Correlation analysis and t-test was applied to analyze the result. It was found that, the male adolescents, especially from the good economic backgrounds and with older age brackets were more knowledgeable regarding the available products, thus an impact of consumer socialization on this group of people. The Mass media was attributed to product awareness.
The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of social media marketing on the general performance of marketing. Sampling method was applied to different segment groups of people in the market for instance preschool children and employed people. Statistical analysis was applied for instance correlation analysis to determine the results of the research. It was found that, different market groups of people have different interactive maps when it comes to social media marketing. It was therefore concluded that, communication is very critical when promoting, marketing through consumer socialization by the use of social media platforms.
The use of different segment groups was critical in determining the level of consumer socialization to be applied in different markets so as to realize the desired sales…..
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Evidence-Based Practice Proposal: Change Model
Order Instructions:
In 500 (not including the title page and reference page), apply a change model to the implementation plan. Include the following:
Rogers’ diffusion of innovation theory is a particularly good theoretical framework to apply to an EBP project. However, students may also choose to use change models, such as Duck’s change curve model or the transtheoretical model of behavioral change. Other conceptual models presented such as a utilization model (Stetler’s model) and EBP models (the Iowa model and ARCC model) can also be used as a framework for applying your evidence-based intervention in clinical practice.
Apply one of the above models and carry your implementation through each of the stages, phases, or steps identified in the chosen model.
In addition, create a conceptual model of the project. Although you will not be submitting the conceptual model you design in Topic 5 with the narrative, the conceptual model should be placed in the appendices for the final paper.
Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
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Nature and substance of 4 selected distinct policies
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Nature and substance of 4 selected distinct policies
ORDER INSTRUCTIONS:
In a research paper, provide researched rationale for the nature and substance of your 4 selected, distinct policies. This paper is to be reflective of an academic research paper. The research paper must address the reasoning and/or rationale for the inclusion of the selected policy elements in a policy manual.
The selected policies must correctly address employment legislation pertinent to the stated size of the company (15–25 employees). In elaborating on the rationale, you may want to consider the following questions: Why should these elements be in a policy manual? What laws or principles mandate an organization follow these guidelines? What cases have established precedent for this issue to be addressed clearly in an organization’s employee policy manual?
Support your rationale with (at minimum) the 10 scholarly sources used in your annotated bibliography in addition to the textbook and the Bible. Remember, government websites and previous/current court cases are useful but will not be included in the scholarly reference requirement.
The paper must be at least 1,750 words, in addition to the cover page, the abstract, and the references page. It must be written in current APA format. Papers submitted with less than the minimum word count will not receive full credit in this area of the grading rubric.
Following are some examples of HR policy topics. These are only examples. You may identify/select other topics that would be relevant and appropriate for a general employee policy manual/handbook.
Dress Code
Technology Use
Code of Conduct
Confidentiality
Harassment
Benefits (This can be more specific to areas such as paid time off, health care benefits, and so forth.)
Training Opportunities/Expectations
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Nature and substance of 4 selected distinct policies
Topic 1 – Dress code policies
Most organizations operate in a formal environment and have a given image they need to maintain. Therefore, the company requires a set of rules that act as guidelines for the mode of dressing for the members of staff. The application of such guidelines and their inclusion into the policy manual of the organization. While such policies apply to all employees in the organization, they are of utmost importance to the front line workers who interact with the customers and are a major representation of the image of the firm.
Rationale and reasoning behind the inclusion of dress code policies in the policy manual
Organizations implement dress code policies in their policy manuals for a number of varying reasons. Key among these is the need for uniformity at the firm (Karl, Peluchette, & Hall, 2016), the decision to portray a given image, and the need for efficiency within the firm (Raj, Khattar, & Nagpal, 2017). Research shows that there is a positive correlation between the mode of dressing and the performance at the workplace (Karl, Hall, & Peluchette, 2013; Raj, Khattar, & Nagpal, 2017). This is a major reason behind the implementation of dress code policies, where a dress code that is both formal and includes an allowance for a casual approach. Such a policy mainly addresses areas of work where comfort is crucial and improves the efficiency of work done.
Laws and principles that mandate the organization to follow the dress code principle
Various statutory requirements provide additional guidelines for the dress code at the workplace. A number of legal constraints may prevent the installation of certain rules in various jurisdictions. For example, the clear distinction between the dresses and roles for male and female employees may cause a problem within some jurisdictions. In areas where laws protecting the rights of the LGBT community are in place, the organization might have to reduce its stance on such differences (Yılmaz & Göçmen, 2016; Jones, 2013).
Matters of culture, race, and religion also play a role in the development of such policies within the workplace, such as the example of Muslim women rights and freedoms at work (Harrison, 2016). In such scenarios, the organization has the mandate to alter and precisely follow all guidelines that address the dress code in the workplace.
Cases that established precedence for the clear addressing of the issue in the policy manual
Various decisions by the courts have set precedence over some issues regarding dressing at the workplace. For instance, some courts have repelled the need for workers at casinos and various department stores to wear company insignias and other additional paraphernalia.
The courts in the ninth and sixth circuits banned various insignia on the uniforms assigned to workers based on four new rules as per Mitchell, Koen, and Darden (2014). In addition, Carroll v Talman Federal Savings and Loan Association of Chicago, and Lanigan v Bartlett and Co. Grain set precedence for issues of neutrality in dress code as regards to religion and gender (Mitchell, Koen, & Darden, 2014).
Topic 2 – Code of conduct policies
The moral and ethical concerns of a given organization should be contained within the guiding framework of the code of conduct policy of the firm. These provide the rules and recommendations about the moral conduct of the staff, as well as the ethical guidelines limiting certain forms of activity within the firm. Different firms, depending on their industry and fields of operation make use of different models in the creation of their code of conduct policies within their policy manual.
Rationale and reasoning behind the inclusion of code of conduct policy in the policy manual
The manner in which the employees of an organization conduct themselves is a pointer to the ethical and moral standpoint of the firm. Therefore, an organization should have a set of code of conduct policies within their policy manual. These policies act as guidelines for the employees on how the organization expects them to conduct themselves since they are the main representatives of the firm.
Customers and other members of the public view the actions of the individual members of staff as part of the firm. In this light, various lawsuits against individuals have resulted to pulling the company in as part to the accusations. The inclusion of the code of conduct policy, however, is not only for the purposes of avoiding embarrassing scenarios and mitigating against litigation, but also for training, and improvement of performance within the organization (Manroop, Singh, & Ezzedeen, 2014).
Laws and principles that mandate the organization to follow the code of conduct principles
In order to curb the growing nuisance of managerial misconduct influenced by the lack of ethical standards, the implementation of the Sarbanes Oxley laws came into play at the beginning of the 21st century. The Sarbanes Oxley Act is among the main laws in the 21st century requiring a company to have in place ethical guidelines and code of conduct policies within their policy manuals. Organizations that intend to trade their shares either in the New York Stock Exchange or in the NASDAQ should have in place a set of business conduct and ethical guidelines as a basic requirement (Smith & Colvin, 2016).
Cases that established precedence for the clear addressing of the issue in the policy manual
In the case of Alistair Alford and Culture and Sport Glasgow, there was a ruling where the courts had to decide which was greater between privacy and accountability. In such a case, there were two elements within the policy manual for a firm that collided, and the courts needed to decide which would supersede the other. An appeal of the initial ruling made a case where upholding the code of conduct was paramount in the handling of the matter at hand. The courts found that issues of transparency held higher ethical standing than the protection of the individual’s data (Ferguson, Thornley, & Gibb, 2016)….
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Empirical Research Identification
Details:
The purpose of this assignment is to understand the usefulness of evidence and the support it provides when answering a PICOT question.
General Requirements:
Doctoral learners are required to Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please Review the rubric prior to the beginning to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are also required to provide a reference page at the end of the template provided.
The articles to be use in completing this assignment cannot be more than 3 years old and must meet all standards provided in the research article chart to be use in completing this paper.
Directions:
Part 1: Empirical Article Selection
Locate three empirical articles related to your PICOT question that meet all the criteria found on the “Empirical Research Checklist” provided in the resource below.
Part 2: Research Article Chart
Using the articles acquired in Part 1, provide a summary review of each component using the “Research Article Chart” template provided below
Include a reference page at the end. Respond to all questions in the research article check list for the 3 articles to be located as noted in the checklist. Use in text citations where necessary and create a reference page at the end of the template.
Empirical Research Identification
Empirical Research Checklist
Section
Defining Characteristic
Contained in Article
Not Contained in Article
Abstract
An abstract of the contents is provided.
Introduction
The purpose of the study is stated.
The scope of the study is stated.
A rationale for the study is provided.
The hypothesis or research question is stated.
Key concepts and terms are noted.
A review of the literature is provided.
Methods
A description of the population sample is provided.
The data collection procedure is presented.
Other procedures to be used are described.
Results
A narrative statement of the findings is given.
A description of the data collected is given.
Findings are supported by graphs and charts.
The analysis of the data is explained.
Conclusion
A summary of the study is provided.
Conclusions related to the hypothesis are stated.
Questions for future research are presented.
References
References used in the study are presented.
Empirical Research Identification
Research Article Chart
Criteria and Defining Characteristics
Article 1:
Article 2:
Article 3:
Abstract After reading the abstract what do you expect to learn from the article?
Introduction: Summarize the following in paragraph form. What is the purpose of the study? What is the scope of the study? What is the rational for the study? What is the hypothesis or research question? What key concepts and terms are noted? Is a review of the literature provided?
Methods: Summarize the following in paragraph form. What is the population being sampled? What data collection procedure is presented? What other procedures are described?
Results: Summarize the following in paragraph form. What are the given findings? How was data collected? Are the findings supported by graphs and charts? What does the analysis of data state?
Conclusion: Summarize in paragraph form. What is the summary of the study? What is the conclusion of the hypothesis? What are the questions for future research?
References What are the total number of references used in the study? List two of the references used.
Empirical Research Identification
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The complete report should be 2200-3000 words, not including the list of references.
The complete report should also cite at least seven sources. At least three of them should come from peer-reviewed, scholarly journals. As noted above, your sources can also include interviews. The sources will be integrated into the paper to explain the problem, provide evidence of the problem, and support the solution.
Research Based Report
Defining the Specific Problem
In preparing to write this assignment, please be aware of the following cautions in fulfilling the assignment instructions:
If you write a report to your manager at work suggesting that more teleworking options be given to employees at your workplace, you cannot simply prepare a report on teleworking. You must show that teleworking will solve a specific problem or problems in your organization.
If you are proposing that email be used less frequently for communication at your workplace and that another application be used to improve communication, you cannot simply write a report on the problem with having too much email. You must show that the use of email at your current workplace presents problems and that the use of another means of communication would solve the problem.
If you write a report to your manager at work suggesting that your office become paperless, you cannot simply prepare a report on the benefits of a paperless office. You must show that your specific office can go paperless and indicate the benefits of your specific office going paperless.
If you write a report to the board of directors at your townhouse community to argue that the playground area in your community should be renovated, you cannot simply prepare a report on the benefits of a playground for a neighborhood. You must show that your specific neighborhood will benefit from renovations in its playground.
If you write a report to the manager of your unit at work noting that recycling facilities in the workplace should be improved, you cannot simply prepare a report on the benefits of recycling or of good recycling facilities in offices. You must show that your specific work environment lacks adequate recycling facilities and show how it will benefit from improved recycling facilities.
Research Based Report
A Reminder about the Role of Primary Research in Supporting the Argument
For your report, you will very likely find it beneficial to conduct some primary research. For writing assignment #3, you gathered some primary research. For writing assignment #4, you want to fill in any gaps needed by conducting additional primary research if necessary. Some suggestions for primary research were given in the instructions for writing assignment
They are as follows:
For a report on teleworking, you might conduct interviews with fellow workers on the topic to see how and why they might benefit from teleworking.
If you are proposing that email be used less frequently for communication and that another application be used to improve communication, you might interview fellow employees on the situation, and you might take screen captures of alternative communication tools to illustrate how they work and would improve communication in your office.
For a report on transitioning to a paperless office, you might take pictures of your office environment showing the clutter or unsafe environment that hard-copy files create.
For a report on building a playground area in the community, you might take pictures of the community area to show where such a playground could be built, and you might interview residents who have children.
For a report on recycling facilities, you might take pictures of the office environment to show that current recycling facilities are inadequate, and you might interview fellow workers about whether they find it easy to recycle materials at your office.
Please note that, if you interview people for your research, you must cite the interviews in your paper. In the paper, you cannot simply write that you “spoke with employees.” A url on how to cite an interview in APA citation style is provided in the list of components for the report.
Length of your paper: Your report should be 2200-3000 words in length. Again, you are required to use at least seven sources, with at least three of them being acquired through UMUC Library OneSearch.
Graphics: Your report might benefit from graphics. As mentioned above, pictures of your workplace or community situation might help illustrate the problem you are trying to address. Graphs, tables, or charts might help show trends that will persuade your decision-maker that the problem exists. Please do not incorporate a graphic for the sake of incorporating a graphic. Include a graphic only if it helps communicate a message in your report.
Strategies to Consider for this Assignment:
Victoria University of Wellington has a thorough outline and review of the components of this type of business report.
Queen Margaret University has an excellent guide for this type of report.
Murdoch University has an excellent guide for this type of report.
Colorado State University presents excellent tips in organizing the report.
Research Based Report
Topics to Help You Come Up with Ideas on this Assignment:
Some possible workplace research topics are the following. These are examples to help you get started. Please contact your instructor to have other topic ideas approved.
Going to a wireless network
Going to a paperless office
Switching from Windows to Linux (or other similar switch)
Installing/upgrading company firewall
Establishing a drug policy
Establishing an employee leave donation program
Establishing an equipment donation program for used computers, etc.
Establishing a company recycling program (paper, etc.)
Education/retraining for your employees
Establishing a program for millennial workers (e.g., training on certain aspects of etiquette, on understanding other generations, etc.)
Designing a training program for workplace safety issues
Redesigning employee performance evaluations
Developing a work-at-home (telecommuting) policy
Developing a flex-time policy
Establishing on-site day care or providing other child care benefits
Providing gym membership or creating an on-site workout facility
Creating or revising a charitable contribution policy
Creating or improving a tuition assistance program
Accommodations needed for employee/s with specific health issues (for example, migraines)
Establishing a Habitat for Humanity (or other group) chapter at your organization
Research Based Report
Some students have chosen topics outside of their workplaces, such as the following:
Starting a neighborhood watch program
Starting a mentor program at your place of worship
Getting additional lighting in the neighborhood
Changing traffic patterns around your child’s school
Starting a PTA website for your child’s school
Installing a tot lot in your neighborhood
Constructing a crying baby room at your place of worship
Offering ESL courses at your church
Increasing participation in a military Family Support Group
Introducing a youth sports program to a school or community
Research Based Report
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Research Purpose
Learning Objectives
Students will:
Evaluate purpose statements in research studies published in peer-reviewed journals
Analyze alignment among theory, problem, and purpose in research studies published in peer-reviewed journals
Explain relationship between research and social change
Apply APA Style to writing
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Babbie, E. (2017). Basics of social research (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Chapter 4, “Research Design”
Burkholder, G. J., Cox, K. A., & Crawford, L. M. (2016). The scholar-practitioner’s guide to research design. Baltimore, MD: Laureate Publishing.
Chapter 10, “Writing the Research Proposal”
Discussion: Evaluating Purpose Statements
For this Discussion, you will evaluate the purpose statements in assigned journal articles in your discipline and consider the alignment of theory, problem, and purpose. You will also explain your position on the relationship between research and social change.
Alignment means that a research study possesses clear and logical connections among all of its various components. To achieve these connections, researchers must carefully craft the components of their study such that when they are viewed together, there is a coherent interrelationship.
As you read the authors’ purpose statements, consider how well the intent of the study, and its connection to the problem and theoretical framework, is presented. Also consider if the purpose statement reveals the study’s potential for engendering positive social change.
Post a critique of the research study in which you:
Evaluate the purpose statement using the Purpose Statement Checklist as a guide
Analyze alignment among the theory, problem, and purpose
Explain your position on the relationship between research and social change
Research Journal Article
Swan, B., Coulombe-Quach, X-L, Huang, A., Godek, J., Becker, D., & Zhou, Y. (2015). Meeting the needs of gifted and talented students: Case study of a virtual learning lab in a rural middle school. Journal of Advanced Academics, 26(4), 294–319. doi:10.1177/1932202X15603366
Rubric
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Research Purpose
Evaluation of the purpose statement
Swan, Coulombe-Quach, Huang, Godek, Becker, and Zhou provide a purpose statement for their article as “… to provide stakeholders with an authoritative, in-depth well-documented explication of a virtual learning lab (VLL) school located in a rural region in the Southeastern United States and information about its benefits and challenges” (2015, p. 295). The purpose statement in this article identifies the problem of inadequate teaching and learning in brick and mortar schools that presents the need to study the VLL School.
The authors provide a justification of the problem by diluting the need for traditional brick and mortar model through a comparative analysis of blended learning. The purpose statement conveys the approach used in the study to address the problem; more research into VLL schools. Of the twelve sources used in the literature section of the article, seven are within five years of the article’s publication date.
Analysis of the alignment among the theory, problem, and purpose
The theory, problem, and purpose of the article have logical connections among the various components (Babbie, 2017, pp. 97 – 98, 338). The prevalent connection among the three is the is the use of a blended learning theory to solve the problem of dependency on traditional brick and mortar schools to achieve the purpose of extending the research into the virtual learning labs and blended models of teaching and learning….
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Evaluating Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Quantitative Research Designs
For this Discussion, you will evaluate quantitative research questions and hypotheses in assigned journal article and consider the alignment of theory, problem, purpose, research questions and hypotheses, and design.
You will also identify the type of quantitative research design the authors used and explain how it was implemented.
Discuss a critique of the research study in which you:
• Evaluate the research questions and hypotheses using the Research Questions and Hypotheses Checklist as a guide
• Identify the type of quantitative research design used and explain how the researchers implemented the design
• Analyze alignment among the theory, problem, purpose, research questions and hypotheses, and design
Be sure to support your Main Issue Post and Response Post with reference to the week’s Learning Resources and other scholarly evidence in APA Style.
Reading Resources
Babbie, E. (2017). Basics of social research (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.Chapter 5, “Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement”
Burkholder, G. J., Cox, K. A., & Crawford, L. M. (2016). The scholar-practitioner’s guide to research design. Baltimore, MD: Laureate Publishing.Chapter 4, “Quantitative Research Designs”
Use the following criteria to evaluate an author’s research questions and/or hypotheses. Look for indications of the following:
• Is the research question(s) a logical extension of the purpose of the study?
• Does the research question(s) reflect the best question to address the problem?
• Does the research question(s) align with the design of the study?
• Does the research question(s) align with the method identified for collecting data? If the study is qualitative, does the research question(s) do as follows?
• Relate the central question to the qualitative approach
• Begin with What or How (not Why)
• Focus on a single phenomenon
• Use exploratory verbs
• Use non-directional language
• Use an open-ended format
• Specify the participants and research site If the study is quantitative:
• Do the descriptive questions seek to describe responses to major variables?
• Do the inferential questions seek to compare groups or relate variables?
• Do the inferential questions follow from a theory?
• Are the variables positioned consistently from independent/predictor to dependent/outcome in the inferential questions?
• Is a null and/or alternative hypothesis provided as a predictive statement?
• Is the hypothesis consistent with its respective research question?
• Does the question(s) and/or hypothesis specify the participants and research site? If the study is mixed methods, do the research questions and/or hypotheses do the following?
• Include the characteristics of a good qualitative research question (as listed above)
• Include the characteristics of a good quantitative research and/or hypothesis (as listed above)
• Indicate how the researcher will mix or integrate the two approaches of the study
• Specify the participants and research site
• Convey the overall intent of the study that calls for a mixed methods approach
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Evaluating Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Quantitative Research Designs
Canfield, Kivisalu, Van Der Karr, King, and Phillips (2015), present a discussion on the validity of the use of course grading as an effective method of assessing the learning outcomes of students. The research questions used in the study are in line with the purpose of the study. The descriptive questions used in the article seek to describe the responses to the main variables through the assessment of discriminant and convergent validity.
The inferential questions seek to both compare groups and relate inter-group and intra-group variables. These inferential questions follow the multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) of assessment. The research questions used in the study also align with the chosen technique of analysis of the collected data (Babbie, 2017, pp. 426 – 438). In this case, the choice of the multitrait-multimethod aligns with the research questions.
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