Involuntary mental health treatment

Involuntary mental health treatment
Involuntary mental health treatment

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Involuntary mental health treatment

How is this assessment connected to the learning outcomes?

HLTH510: Assignment 1 relates to learning outcomes 1 and 5:

  1. critically analyse the theoretical, legal, ethical and policy frameworks for interprofessional mental health practice including evidence-based interventions for mental health and well-being;
  2. demonstrate the application of knowledge and skills to undertake a mental health assessment and employ common mental health assessment tools within a recovery framework;
  3. plan and execute collaborative mental health care that supports the rights of people and their carers to access and participate in their treatment and recovery across the lifespan in a variety of health and community settings;
  4. demonstrate the application of core skills for low intensity mental health and wellbeing within a recovery framework with high level personal autonomy and accountability; and
  5. demonstrate mastery of and reflect critically on evidence-based practice for common mental health presentations to demonstrate understanding of the impact of health breakdown, the psychosocial dimensions of the illness experience, and the effects on the family and significant others.

Involuntary mental health treatment

Essay topic

The prescriptive nature of Community Treatment Orders (CTO’s)  has led to  debate about the coercive nature of this legislative development.  This debate helps to show the interface between  ethics  and  the law  in mental health practice on what basis is it just to lawfully deprive a person of freedom(s)? Discuss.

Starting references to assist you:

Light, E.M., Kerridge, I.H., Ryan, C.J., & Robertson, M.D. (2012). Community treatment orders in Australia: Rates and patterns of use. Australasian Psychiatry, 20, 478-482.

Light, E.M., Kerridge, I.H., Ryan, C.J., & Robertson, M.D. (2012). Out of sight, out of mind: Making involuntary community treatment visible in the mental health system. Medical Journal of Australia, 196, 591-593.

Please note: you can follow the links provided or access the readings using the UNE library.

Involuntary mental health treatment

Presenting

Each part of this assignment should be a well planned, well presented essay in its own right.

  • Provide an introduction for each Part that explains the purpose of the essay and how it is organized.
  • For a strong conclusion that summarizes the arguments presented at the end of each Part.
  • It is important to remember that the purpose of an introduction is to provide a road map for the reader. In contrast, the purpose of the conclusion is to summarize the main points and provide direction for how to proceed in the future.
  • You should write in complete sentences (i.e. do not use dot points). However, if you think a summary will enhance the contents of your essay you can insert the information usually included in dot point form in a Table. If you do insert a Table or Figure into your essay you will need to make sure the Table or Figure adheres to APA style.
  • The writing style in an essay is more formal than verbal speech. Make sure you do not write as you would speak.
  • The essay must be written in the third person. Please note: the word “I” is not used when writing in the third person.
  • Write your essay from the position of an expert. This means not starting a sentence with a reference and instead places the reference at the end of the sentence in brackets. A reference supports what you are saying, it should not be the main feature of a sentence. For example: “Higgs (2012) states that communication is very important to client safety” can be written as: “Communication is very important to client safety (Higgs, 2012).”
  • Pay attention to how you structure your sentences and paragraphs. A sentence contains one piece of information. Alternatively, a paragraph contains more than one sentence but deals with only one topic. Do not try to put too little or too much information into a paragraph because doing this is confusing for the reader.
  • Pay attention to spelling, grammar and punctuation.
  • Make sure you run the spell checker over you essay and then give it a last proof read before formally submitting for assessment.

Involuntary mental health treatment

Referencing

You must use the APA referencing system. Follow the link at the top right of the page for information and examples of APA referencing.

How many references do I need to include?

You are expected to research each Part widely by using the UNE library online catalogue and journal databases to identify relevant books and peer reviewed journal articles. Please note: Personal experience, newspaper articles, Moodle notes and information obtained from websites, especially those that start with the prefix “wiki”, are not a valid source of information for this assignment.

HLTH510 students are expected to find 15+ peer reviewed sources (i.e. journal articles, books) in addition to your textbook(s), to support the statements in your essay.

In-text referencing

Every statement of fact in an essay must be supported by an in-text reference. Omitting in-text references is a form of “intellectual theft” and will not be tolerated. As a general rule in an empirical essay every paragraph should have at least one in-text reference.

For this unit page numbers are not required for in-text references unless providing a direct quote. For example: Communication is important to client safety (Higgs, 2012). “Communication is important to client safety” (Higgs, 2012, p.28).

Involuntary mental health treatment

Marking criteria

Download the HLTH310 Assignment 1 marking criteria or HLTH510 Assignment 1 marking criteria and submit with your completed assignment as a separate PDF file. Use the marking criteria for your year level as a guide when preparing your assignment.

*Word count

For advice on word count please see the Word/Time/Page limits section in the Assessment summary.

Below is a partial answer to the above homework questions by one of our writers. If you are interested in a custom non plagiarized top quality answer, click order now to place your order.

Involuntary mental health treatment

Introduction

The issue of mental health is one that encompasses various spheres in life. It has an effect on the decisions being made by the individual as well as the choice of life he decides to take. It is therefore mostly looked at through the legal and medical lenses. When one is diagnosed with mental illness, there are various issues that arise such as the capacity of that person to make decisions for himself or for the others around him.

This invites the legal interpretation to try and help in the evaluation of their capacities to make decisions and specifically in terms of medical assistance for their mental incapability. The treatment of people with mental health issues should also be within the ethical and legal parameters. The introduction of the Community Treatment Orders has been welcomed with both enthusiasm as well as disdain. This is because of the mixed reaction that it receives from all quarters.

This is because of the nonconsensual nature and mode of treatment it allows the people with mental health issues to undergo. This is because in the administration of the treatment without the consent of the patient, a violation of their fundamental rights and freedoms is being perpetrated. This paper will look at the issues that have arisen due to the Community Treatment Orders as well as the consequent legal and repercussions.

The Community Treatment Orders and their effect

The Community Treatment Order is an order that permits medical personnel to administer treatments without the consent of the patients to those with mental health problems while they are living with the rest of the community (Mental Health Act, 2009). It allows for the compulsory outpatient treatment of people with mental issues. The main objective of the Act is the provision of treatment and care of people with severe mental illness while observing their fundamental rights and freedoms. This provision gives licensed medical practitioners the leeway in administering treatment to those with mental health issues while still within their communal settings (Light et al, 2012).

The diagnosis of mental health issues is in itself a challenge. This is because of the various manifestations of the characteristics. The high prevalence of the mental health illness in Australia, especially among the young population is alarming. A sizable number of the children and youth in Australia have mental health problems. Approximately a quarter of this population has access to health care that is suited for their specific needs (Sawyer et al, 2001). Such staggering statistics and the future of the country were therefore at risk due to the mental health problems ailing the nation.

The use of the Community Treatment Orders on the youthful population was also a way to ensure that they grow up in their communities for their chances at normal life to be increased. This shows the importance of tackling the mental health problems in a manner that is professional as well as pocket friendly. The Community Treatment Order was for the reduction of these cases as the lack of individual care was highly unlikely. The design of the mental health care system had to be revamped in order to adequately take care of the increasing number of mental health patients (McGorry, Bates and Birchwood, 2013).

In so doing the accessibility of health care for those with severe mental problems and were unable to access it for one reason or the other was statutorily provided for. This method was also meant to decongest the mental hospitals as well as provide the said patients with an opportunity to reintegrate back to the community. The Community Treatment order however comes with various conditions for the patient who risks readmission in to psychiatric facilities in case of non compliance with the set rules.  These are meant to reinforce the voluntariness of the patients into cooperating with the medical practitioners (Owens and Brophy, 2013).

Despite the noble intention to ensure the provision of mental health care to those unable to access it, there are various issues, legal, ethical, theoretical and policy related that have emerged due to this mode of treatment and are yet to be addressed. This has been made worse by the rise in the use of this method of treatment over the past few years. To begin with, the process of the administration of the treatment had very little development. This is especially with regards to the process of identification of the potential patients, the duration of the treatment and the termination of the same (Vine et al, 2016).

The lack of the due process to be followed in the same has created a system that is susceptible to abuse by the health care practitioners mandated to offer these treatment services. The vagaries of this wide berth of power have placed the mental health sector in a state of limbo. This is because of the different processes of treatments that can be administered hence lack of uniformity. The risk that the patients run in the quality of service they receive is also high (Robertson et al, 2013).

The risk that the community where the patient resides is also high as there are times when the mental patient becomes violent or does something that endangers their lives. The Community Treatment order is meant for those with severe mental issues and as such the predictability of their behavioral characteristics is close to nil. It therefore places the general public in danger should the patients lash out. This aspect of the welfare of the rest of the community was overlooked in the best interest of a few.

The observance of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the rest of the population in terms of their safety and peace of mind is thereby compromised. This is just one legal issue that faces the Community Treatment Order. The improvement of the quality of service as well as the establishment of policies and mechanisms to hold and improve the accountability of the Community Treatment order is prudent for these services to achieve their intended purpose. This is in addition to resourcing the medical branch of community health (Light et al, 2017)…..

Involuntary mental health treatment

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The DSM-V in Mental Health Assessment

DSM-V
DSM-V

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The DSM-V in Mental Health Assessment

ORDER INSTRUCTIONS

Though the philosophy and values surrounding couple and family counseling emphasize prevention and wellness, awareness of diagnosis is important when interacting with other mental health professionals who may view mental health issues through the medical model. The DSM-V, the primary diagnostic system/manual used in the United States by such professionals, identifies and describes individual mental health disorders, not relational issues or disorders.

Those mental health professionals who adopt a systems or relational view of mental health have been able to implement small changes within the DSM in its subsequent editions, and these changes acknowledge the systemic influence on certain individual disorders. Nevertheless, there is not yet an adopted diagnostic structure for relational problems.

Therefore, you may sometimes need to negotiate your relational perspective with other professionals and communicate client matters with insurance reimbursement boards (who see mental health problems as individual in nature) in their language.

For this Discussion, you will examine the DSM-V and how it informs your professional practice. You also explore the advantages and disadvantages of being familiar with the DSM-V.

By Day 4

Post an example of a specific instance in which you may need to consult with another mental health professional who utilizes the DSM-5. Then, explain how your familiarity with the DSM-V may influence this consultation. Next, explain one advantage and one disadvantage of a couple and family practitioner being familiar with the DSM-V. Be specific.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources.

For the first attachment it is their directions for the assignment the questions are highlighted. Please use headings identify each question. The second attachment is the article.

Required Readings
Lebow, J. L. (2013). Editorial: DSM-V and family therapy. Family Process, 52(2), 155–160.

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Interactions and definitions of isolation and loneliness

Interactions and definitions of isolation and loneliness
Interactions and definitions of isolation and loneliness

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Interactions and definitions of isolation and loneliness

Write an essay that compares and contrasts isolation and loneliness, defining both using multiple theories/theorists. It needs to relate how both affect people (especially in the workplace)

Some people use the words “isolation” and “loneliness” interchangeably, but this does not reflect the true meaning of each term. Isolation may lead to loneliness, and in some cases, loneliness may exacerbate isolation. Both have been found to occur with other mental health issues such as anxiety or depression.

Knowing how loneliness and isolation are distinct and related can help people who struggle with them best address and work through these issues. Here are a few things to know about handling loneliness and social isolation in your life.

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Mental Health America

Mental Health America
Mental Health America

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Mental Health America

Order Instructions:

Choose a healthcare organization such as: Mental Health America

https://www.mhanational.org/

Explore the “presence” of the organization on-line; e.g., mission, vision, value statement, guiding behaviors, purpose, goals, and anything to help characterize the organization.

Mission

Mental Health America (MHA)’s work is driven by its commitment to promote mental health as a critical part of overall wellness, including prevention services for all; early identification and intervention for those at risk; integrated care, services, and supports for those who need them; with recovery as the goal.

MHA’s programs and initiatives fulfill its mission of promoting mental health and preventing mental illness through advocacy, education, research and services. MHA’s national office and its 200+ affiliates and associates around the country work every day to protect the rights and dignity of individuals with lived experience and ensure that peers and their voices are integrated into all areas of the organization.

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Mental health patients with no Medical health insurance

Mental health patients with no Medical health insurance
Mental health patients with no Medical health insurance

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Mental health patients with no Medical health insurance

Taken from: Milstead, JA & Short, NM. (2019) Health Policy and Politics: A Nurse’s Guide (6th ed). Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN: 978-1284-12637-2

Discuss how the diagram of the policy process (see above) can help inform how you approach finding a solution to this problem.

Reflect on which level of government might address this problem and why. Identify the stakeholders in this issue.

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Smoking

Smoking
Smoking

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Smoking

Are the questions below your parts of the group work? How many slides are you required to add?

What is the cost associated with adopting the behaviour or practice? “Cost” can relate to the social, physical, financial, or emotional cost of adopting the behavior.

What are the distribution channels or places where the intended audience is most likely to be reached with communication messages?

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Mining Existing Literature Reviews on Mental Health Services

Mining Existing Literature Reviews
Mining Existing Literature Reviews

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Mining Existing Literature Reviews

This paper entails mining existing literature reviews of three dissertations concerning transition of veterans from armed forces to civilian-force. The mining and evaluation process will involve pointing out the common themes, quoted authors, outline organization and its rationale.  Finally, the findings are summarized and provided along with each dissertation’s literature review outline and a highlight of how it is connected to the proposed dissertation topic. 

Serving those who served: Retention of newly returning veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan in mental health treatment

Table 1 and Table 2 below provide outline of the literature review and summary of quoted authors respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of this literature will follow.      

Table 1

Outline for Literature Review
Definition of Mental Health     Veterans with mental disorders   Combat stressors Effects of OEF/OIF on mental health   Evidence-Based Interventions   Relevance to Veteran Affairs (VA) services to veterans with PTSDPTSD Diagnosis Mental Health/PTSD Interventions   Retention and number of visits mental health services   Favorable environmental intervention and support   Teaching social emotional education to the veterans   VA Chart and Psychotherapy protocols for monitoring   Summary
Table 2
AuthorsBroad Topics
Hoge Milliken   Schell Marshall Ramchand Schnurr     Frayne Cohen     Seal Sayer   Rosenheck  Rate of PTSD and related veteran mental health services   The risk of PTSD in discharged and retired OEF/OIF  Veterans The rate of PTSD soldiers as in active-duty soldiers     Diagnosis of PTSD and utilization of both mental and non-mental services by veterans     PTSD mental and non-mental health services interventions and monitoring   Implementing sustainable interventions for the purpose of dealing with PTSD stressors.    

Time to Treatment among Veterans of Conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan with Psychiatric Diagnoses

Table 3 and Table 4 below provide outline of the literature review and summary of quoted authors respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of this literature will follow.  

Table 3  

Outline for Literature Review
Definition of Psychiatric Diagnoses      Veterans of Conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq   Main cause of psychiatric diagnoses Effects of mental health treatment timing on OEF/OIF veterans after deployment     Evidence-Based Interventions   Chronic mental health problems Psychiatric  DiagnosesPsychiatric  Diagnoses Interventions    Veteran Affairs (VA) health servicesEarly mental health treatment initiation Determinants of time to initial mental health visit (age, race or ethnic)   VA services and timing of care for monitoring     Summary
Table 4
AuthorsBroad Topics
Seal Schell     Wang Lane Olfson   Litz Maguen   O’Donnell Bryant  Creamer  Rates of utilization of mental health and primary care services among OEF/ OIF/OND veterans   The risk factors to psychiatric diagnoses among OEF/OIF  Veterans   Diagnosis of chronic mental conditions among OEF/OIF veterans     Early mental health timing Prevention of psychiatric symptoms chronicity

A Hero’s Welcome? Exploring the Prevalence and Problems of Military Veterans in the Arrestee Population

Table 5 and Table 6 below provide outline of the literature review and summary of quoted authors respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of this literature will follow.  

Mining Existing Literature Reviews

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Table 5

Outline for Literature Review
History on Returning Military Veterans   Definition of mental disorders that affected veterans   Combat veterans from Vietnam and 9/11 wars  The Link between Military Service, Combat-related Problems and CriminalityVeteran in Criminal Justice System     Relevance to Criminal Justice System  Veteran Affairs (VA) services to veterans with anti-social behaviors Retention and number of visits mental health services   Favorable environmental intervention and support   Teaching social emotional education to the veterans   Creating awareness among veterans on the criminal justice systemAlternative approaches to veterans who have been arrested and incarcerated    Summary     
Table 6
AuthorsBroad Topics
Mumola   Noonan Mumola   Fontana Rosenheck   Seal, Bertenthal, Miner, Sen, & Marmar   Greenburg RoyRate of incarcerated veterans with mental health conditions Historical comparison of the populations of incarcerated veterans and those who have transitioned   The Link between Military Service, Combat-related Problems and Criminality   Diagnosis  and Treatment of Combat-related Problems among veterans   Awareness and alternative approaches to incarcerated veterans  

Summary of the mined literature reviews   

The purpose of these dissertations literature reviews was to evaluate the growing concerns on the status of the mental health services offered to veterans returning home from Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom [OEF] and Iraq (Operation Iraq Freedom [OIF]) mainly with regards to retention in mental health treatment of veterans with PTSD.

It is noted that retention as well as numbers of visits declined among OIF-OEF veterans primarily mainly due comorbid conditions and age; hence, the design of interventions should be aimed at specific health care barriers.  In addition, it has also be noted that failure to effectively offer appropriate mental health services to veterans with PTSD prior to their transition from armed force to civilian-force results to increased criminal records.  

Mining Existing Literature Reviews

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Thematic organizations in the three dissertations is done chronologically with authors adopting a pyramid-like approach, which starts with basic/background concepts, then diagnosis issues, and finally mental and non-mental interventions. An observation of the themes covered in the three dissertations, the common ones included growing rates of PTSD, Combat PTSD stressors or risk factors, the need for proper diagnosis of PTSD, available mental and non-mental health services for veterans facilitated by Veteran Affairs (VA).

The themes are strongly related to my dissertation topic because they are primarily covering on health services required for veterans, especially those with mental conditions or PTSD mostly arising from their role in combat particularly in Iraq and Afghanistan.  Hence, these themes are mainly concerned with health services crucial for the transition of veterans from armed force (combat) to civilian force (non-combat) which is my dissertation topic.

Mining Existing Literature Reviews

References

Harpaz-Rotem, I., & Rosenheck, R. A.  (2011). Serving those who served: Retention of newly returning veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan in mental health treatment. Psychiatric Services, 62, 22-27. (Dissertation)

Magen, S., Madden, E., Cohen, B. E., Bertenthal, D., & Seal, K. H. (2012). Time to Treatment among Veterans of Conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan with Psychiatric Diagnoses. Psychiatric Services, 63(12) 1206-12. (Dissertation)    

White, M. D., Mulvey, P., Fox, A. M., & Choate, D. (2011). A Hero’s Welcome? Exploring the Prevalence and Problems of Military Veterans in the Arrestee Population. Justice Quarterly, First published on: 28 March 2011 (iFirst): 1-29. (Dissertation)

Mining Existing Literature Reviews

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Social Stigma of the Mentally Ill Essay

Social Stigma of the Mentally Ill
Social Stigma of the Mentally Ill

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Social Stigma of the Mentally Ill

Angermeyer, M. C., Holzinger, A., Carta, M. G. & Schomerus, G. (2011). Biogenetic explanations and public acceptance of mental illness: systematic review of population studies. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199 (5); 367-372.

Aim; investigating if mental illness’ biogenetic causal attributions were linked to more tolerant attitudes in the general public, and if such attributions were connected to lower responsibility and guilt perceptions due to social stigma. There was also an exploration of the extent to which responsibility notions were linked to rejection of the mentally ill people. Finally, evaluating how prevalent responsibility notions were in the general public in relation to various mental disorders.

Research design; systematic review of population studies that were representative. There was an examination of the attitudes towards the mentally ill as well as the beliefs about the disorders.

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Key research findings/ recommendations; biogenetic causal models should cease being used to reduce rejection of the mentally ill. biogenetic causal attributions are not linked to attitudes that are more tolerant but are connected to stronger rejection (schizophrenia), social stigma. The self-responsibility stereotype was not connected to rejection. Mental disorder’s public images are more dominated by dangerousness and unpredictability stereotypes. Responsibility is minimally relevant.

Strengths and weaknesses; there was use of an adequate number of studies. However, there is no mention of what can be used instead of the biogenetic causal models.

Deacon, B. (2013). The biomedical model of mental disorder: A critical analysis of its validity, utility, and effects on psychotherapy research. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 846-861.
Aim;
the study aimed at exploring the biopsychosocial model that is often neglected in studying mental disorders.

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Research design; a scientific approach was used to investigate the speculations.

Key research findings/ recommendations; in America, the healthcare system has been dominated by the biologically-focused strategy to practice, policy, and science for over three decades. Within this period, there has been a rise in the psychiatric medications use. Moreover, mental conditions have been more commonly seen as brain diseases that result from chemical imbalances which can be corrected using disease-specific drugs.

Regardless of the widespread hope in the neuroscience’s potential of revolutionizing mental health practice, evidence shows that the biomedical model broadly lacked clinical innovation. It was also characterized by mental health impacts that were very poor. The biomedical paradigm profoundly has affected clinical psychology through drug trial methodology adoption in psychotherapy research.

Regardless of the fact that that this approach has brought about the development of psychological treatments that are empirically supported for different mental diseases, it ignores the treatment process inhibits dissemination and treatment innovation, and resulted to the classification of this field along practitioner and scientist lines.

Strengths and weaknesses; noteworthy, the researchers recommend the biopsychosocial mode as the appealing biomedical approach’s alternative. In addition, there is advice on the need for a public and honest dialogue regarding the utility and validity of the common biomedical paradigm.

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Haslam, N. & Kvaale, E.P. (2015). Biogenetic Explanations of Mental Disorder: The Mixed-Blessings Model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(5), 399-404
Aim;
exploring how the mentally ill people are perceived in relation to biogenetic explanations from the perspectives of clinicians, the affected, and public.

Research design; systematic review.

Key research findings/ recommendations; regardless of the fact that biogenetic explanations might soften public stigma through diminishing blame, they escalate it through inducing avoidance, pessimism as well as the belief that those affected are unpredictable and dangerous. Such explanations might also induce helplessness and pessimism among the affected people and minimizes the empathy the treating clinicians often feel for them.

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Strengths and weaknesses; it is recommendable for the authors to mention that they interpreted the findings in the light of the social psychology research in relation to mechanistic and essentialist thinking. However, a lot more studies need to be conducted so as to explain many aspects that this study does not touch on.

Pattyn, E., Verhaeghe, M., Sercu, C., & Bracke, P. (2013). Medicalizing versus psychologizing mental illness: what are the implications for help seeking and stigma? A general population study. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidimiol, 48, 1637-1645.

Aim; the aim of this study was contrasting mental illness’ medicalized conceptualization with the psychologizing mental illness. It also examined the consequences of sticking to one model as opposed to the other for social stigma and help seeking.

Research design

There was used of survey research approach. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in a representative sample that consisted of a general population from Belgium. The vignette technique was essential for depecting schizophrenia. Te disease view, labeling processes, and causal attributions were addressed. Data analysis was through linear and logistic regression models using SPSS Statistics 19.

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Key research findings/ recommendations; mental illness’ medicalization requires a package deal, that is, the disease view’s application to promote medical treatment recommendations, and biopsychosocial causal attributions. Labeling triggers stigmatizing attitudes. General medical care is recommended by those who prefer the biopsychosocial approach while specialized medical care is recommended by those who use the disease view.

In relation to informal help, those that use the biopsychosocial model rarely recommend consulting friends compared to those who prefer the psychosocial model. Those who use the medical label barely recommend self care. Those who use the medical model are likely to exclude others socially, especially those that have undergone through psychiatric treatment.

Strengths and weaknesses

There is a clear comparison between different model but the results are limited to the Belgians.

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Stress Management Training and Home Visit Scheduling System

Stress Management Training
Stress Management Training

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Stress Management Training and Home Visit Scheduling System

Introduction

Burnout has been identified as one of the main factors impacting the performance of home healthcare nurses. This mostly results from long working hours and many patients to attend to, such that they end up being too exhausted and stressed out. The nature of work that nurses do is also exhausting, given that it involves standing and running around all day, with insignificant breaks between one assignment and the other.

While the straightforward solution would be to increase the number of nurses so that the work is manageable, this may not feasible due to economic pressures, hence the need to come up with strategies to help the nurses manage their current situation better. This paper is a discussion of the impact of conducting stress management training and implementing a home care visit scheduling system to reduce burnout among nurses.

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Discussion

Stress management training

A stressed nurse is likely to have low productivity and energy levels and thereby more prone to burnout. Stress management training would be highly effective in helping nurses cope with everyday challenges and ensuring that they live a balanced life. Abel, Abel and Smith (2012), note that a majority of people are overwhelmed by stress because they are incapable of making proper decisions and plans to address their daily stressors.

Training would help the nurses in identifying their sources of stress and how these can be managed to make life easier. Training for example could help them learn how to prioritize issues and thus make proper personal plans based on the time available to them.

When people experience symptoms of stress including constant headaches, poor concentration, forgetfulness and insomnia among other signs, there is a significant likelihood that they are not aware that they are suffering from stress. Stress management training would provide nurses with an opportunity to understand stress, its causes and effects (Dhobale, 2009). This way, it is possible for the nurses to evaluate themselves and establish the stressors in their lives so as to deal with them.

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Knowledge of daily stressors ensures that they can be effectively addressed using various strategies in order to relieve the affected person (Dhobale, 2009). Once the causes of stress have been identified, it is easier to anticipate them and make necessary plans to ensure that they do not overwhelm the nurse again.

This in itself addresses the issue of burnout because absence of stress means that the individual has more energy to execute their duties. Dhobale (2009) notes that after training, self-management of stress through psychological techniques, physical exercise, breathing exercise, massage and indulgence in hobbies among other things is likely to be witnessed.

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Poor time management is a leading factor in triggering stressors as noted by Abel, Abel and Smith (2012). This is a common problem among home healthcare nurses and can be a major cause of stress. It is difficult for nurses to determine how much time they will spend with a patient because of lack of a properly laid out time plan. Stress management training places major focus on time management as a strategy to reduce stress.

Through this training, nurses would be taught how to schedule their home visits and how to plan their time to ensure that they only take the necessary amount of time to attend to a client. This will ensure that the nurses attend to more patients with lesser time, thus reducing burnout to a great extent. The fact that the nurse is likely to have adequate time for non-work activities in order to create a proper work-life balance leads to a reduction in the occurrence of burnout.

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Stress management training for nurses is not only useful to them but it can also help close acquaintances and colleagues. Milliken (2007) notes that the knowledge gained from the training may be passed on to other people, who would also benefit from better stress management. Assuming that the beneficiaries are mostly other nurses, the result would be a less burnt out workforce.

Home visit scheduling program

Designing a system that effectively schedules home visits would play a great role in reducing burnout among nurses. In the absence of a well designed system, nurses design their own schedules and often maintain unpredictable hours (Hall, 2011). In most cases, home visits are not well planned and nurses mostly end up spending so much time in one home and hence rescheduling consequent visits. They also have to travel frequently to keep up with the visits, hence increasing exhaustion.

Furthermore, a majority of nurses do not have a structured home visit plan to guide the visit and this often results in poor time planning (Mankowska, Meisel and Bierwirth, 2014). A system to schedule home visits would clearly indicate the number of homes to be visited each day, the number of hours to be spent in each house based on client needs and the issues to be addressed by the nurse during the visit. This would save time and thus reduce burnout.

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A scheduling system for home visits would ensure better coordination between healthcare workers and thus reduce conflicting schedules and information gap. Where there are different healthcare workers attending to the same patient, there may be conflict of schedules and thus difficulty in coordinating services (Pinelle and Gutwin, 2003). In the event that a nurse finds a patient being attended by another healthcare worker, they are forced to wait for them to finish with the patient or postpone the session and thus end up wasting a lot of time (Mankowska, Meisel and Bierwirth, 2014).

Due to the fact that each healthcare worker makes their own notes which are rarely shared because they are made on paper, it is difficult to track reports of other healthcare workers attending to the patient, which may bring confusion. It also becomes difficult for synchronous communication to be initiated because health workers cannot trace other healthcare workers’ schedules to know when they are available (Pinelle and Gutwin, 2003).

Such kind of communication breakdown can be addressed through the use of a scheduling system, which ensures that each healthcare worker logs in information concerning their sessions with the patient. Through the system, it is easy to follow schedules made by other healthcare workers, such that nurses can plan the most appropriate time to see clients to avoid time wastage, as well as identify the best time for synchronous communication (Pinelle and Gutwin, 2003). Improved efficiency is not only expected to increase productivity but it also reduces the probability of burnout among nurses.

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The home visits scheduling system is bound to improve efficiency in terms of number of homes visited per day and also save nurses long exhausting hours of travel (Mankowska, Meisel and Bierwirth, 2014). The system would cluster homes according to location in order to plan for effective travel. Visits would be scheduled in such a way that homes in the same area are clustered for same day visits as opposed to visiting different areas the same day. This would reduce the travelling time and also reduce exhaustion, consequently reducing burnout.   

Considering the fact that the system has all the information about clients in one place, the nurse can easily retrieve information and make well-versed decisions based on the information. This works better than using client files because not only is the information easily retrievable, the nurse can make updates and easily compare notes for different clients. Such information can guide the nurse on areas of care to concentrate on, based on client history. Availability of information at the click of a button would go a long way in reducing burnout among nurses and thus enhance productivity.

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Conclusion

It is undeniable based on the discussion that stress management training and introduction of a home visit scheduling system would be effective in reducing burnout among home healthcare nurses. Notably, training nurses on stress management will ensure that they are more aware of their daily stressors, why they occur and how to deal with them. Time management taught during this training is also highly important in promoting efficiency and reducing burnout.

The home visit scheduling system would make it easier for nurses to plan visits, avoid conflict visits and promote communication synchronization. Through this system, visits would be well planned and there would be reduced rescheduling of visits. This essentially translates into less burnout by the nurses. The stress management training and home visit scheduling would therefore impact home healthcare nurse burnout in a significant manner.

References

Abel, H., Abel, A., & Smith, R. L. (2012). The Effects of a Stress Management Course on Counselors-in-Training. Counselor Education & Supervision, 51(1), 64-78. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6978.2012.00005.x Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=8&sid=a576b81a-91da-4e90-bca3-a6f0a26ae995%40sessionmgr114&hid=111

Dhobale, R. S. (2009). Stress Management Training: A Boon to Employee Wellness!. ICFAI Journal Of Soft Skills, 3(1), 39-44. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c67da53c-bbed-4343-b72b-da2da51c523f%40sessionmgr198&vid=0&hid=111

Hall, R. (2011). Handbook of Healthcare System Scheduling. New York, Springer Science & Business Media.

Mankowska, D., Meisel, F., & Bierwirth, C. (2014). The home health care routing and scheduling problem with interdependent services. Health Care Management Science, 17(1), 15-30. doi:10.1007/s10729-013-9243-1. Retrieved from eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=12&sid=a576b81a-91da-4e90-bca3-a6f0a26ae995%40sessionmgr114&hid=111

Milliken, T. F. (2007). The Impact of Stress Management on Nurse Productivity and Retention. Retrieved from www.medscape.com/viewarticle/562717_5

Pinelle, D. & Gutwin, C. (2003). Awareness-Based Scheduling in a Home Care Clinical Information System. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1480053/

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