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Sustainability Trends
1. Read the article “Sustainable Healthcare Design: Existing Challenges and Future Directions for an Environmental, Economic, and Social Approach to Sustainability” located in this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings.(a) What does this article say about the sustainable health care for the environment, economic and social approach?(b) Class, do you think people would be more protective of the environment if they understood the close relationship between the environment and human health? How does one increase this awareness?
(2) Environment and core values Posted by Dr. Tricia Jenkins, Nov 14, 2017, 10:48 AM Historically, environmental performance has not been thought of as a core business value for hospitals. Little attention was given to the environmental impact of healthcare organizations, except guided by regulatory requirements. Schettler (2001) presents an evolving continuum of the changing nature of organization behaviors, three tiers of environmental performance, as healthcare organizations begin to recognize the symbiotic relationship with the environment.
The first level, Tier 1, consists of mandatory compliance behaviors with regulations established by the Environmental Protection Agency and other state and local agencies. The environmental performance goal of Tier 1 organizations is to meet regulatory requirements in order to stay in business.
Tier II healthcare institutions have moved beyond only compliance. They are concerned about public health and their impact on environment, often propelled by economic incentives or community forces. They may take action to reduce medical waste or to phase out use of mercury-containing devices and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics, where possible, without sacrificing quality of care. Tier III organizations understand the link between health and the environment and seek to align with the environment, with long term plans to reduce their ecological footprint (Pencheon, 2015). At Tier III, environmental performance is institutionalized as a core value at all levels.
Sustainability Trends
References
Pencheon, D. (2015). Making health care more sustainable: the case of the English NHS. Public Health, 129(10), 1335-1343.
Schettler, T. (2001, May 4). Environmental challenges and visions of sustainable health care, Paper presented at CleanMed Conference, Boston, MA.
(a). How does the level of performance behaviors reflect an organization’s core values? How does one move an organization further along the continuum?
(3) .Read the article “Optimal Decision Model for Sustainable Hospital Building Renovation-A Case Study of a Vacant School Building Converting into a Community Public Hospital” in this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. (a) In what way did this community Renovation help in this decision modeling to build this hospital?
(4). .Read the article “Optimal Decision Model for Sustainable Hospital Building Renovation-A Case Study of a Vacant School Building Converting into a Community Public Hospital” in this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. (a) Discuss sustainable health care facility design and its implications.
Sustainability Trends
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Product Positioning
Order Instructions:
Research Article Review and annotation -The Consumer Behavior concept is “Product Positioning”The article analysis assignments are used each week to expand and apply Consumer Behavior terms, application, or concepts using peer reviewed research articles from academic journals. These articles must report research the author completed in the subject area and be from the past three (3) years or less.
This assignment (the article annotation) extracts and summarizes the major points relative to a particular topic area that we have discussed. Use the following as a guide to your assignment completion:
a) Purpose of the study
b) Methodology of the study
c) The results – most important because this is the empirical evidence
d) Conclusions – least important since this is the author’s opinion
e) Recommendation for future research
The article citation must follow the APA 6th edition format using a hanging-indent. The annotation itself should be 250 words double-spaced.
Comments on Annotation: must be 200 words on the same article as above! “Product Positioning”Post your comment on your submitted article annotation. In your post, evaluate the selection of the article, the research conducted, the empirical findings, and the opinions of the author. Using this post, determine the type of project/research this article might support. The three sources you need for the comment section. NOT The article review and annotation.
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Research Article Review and annotation- Consumer Behaviour
Wason, H., & Charlton, N. (2015). How positioning strategies affect co-branding outcomes. Cogent Business & Management, 2(1), 1092192.
Purpose of the study
The aim of the study is to focus on the gap that is present between the product positioning in the market and its impact on co-branding when it comes to customer perception. Positioning influences the consumer perception of the product and increases the brand image in the mind of the consumer. This stimulates their desire to purchase the product. A lot of research has been done on the market positioning of a product with minimal focus on the influence of positioning on customer behaviour. In addition, the influence of positioning in the branding of the product.
Methodology of the study
The study employed scenario-based experimental design that focused on hypothetical co-brands that were created from the prevailing brand. The perspectives of positioning were conducted using the eight-dimension typology.
The Results
A bootstrap of 500 samples was conducted using the PLS analysis. The composite reliability of brand fit is 0.898 and product fit was 0.939. Contrariwise, the AVE figures were 0.814 with a benchmark for 0.7 and 0.939 with a benchmark of 0.5. Additionally, the positioning strategies have a sense of fit where the variance is more than 0.3 in the predictive relevance. Moreover, in the functional positioning strategies the product fit forms a central customer perception in the market. On the other hand, in hedonic positioning strategies, the brand fit is central in the customer behavior in the market.
Conclusions
The conclusion is that the post-alliance positioning of a brand is linked to the prior consumer beliefs and they are more inclined to the influence for hedonic positioning rather than functional positioning. Moreover, the brand and product fit are centered on the positioning strategies…..
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Situational influences of the Consumer Decision Process
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Situational influences of the consumer decision process
Order Instructions:
Research Article Review and annotation -The Consumer Behavior concept is “Situational influences of the Consumer Decision Process”
The article analysis assignments are used each week to expand and apply Consumer Behavior terms, application, or concepts using peer reviewed research articles from academic journals. These articles must report research the author completed in the subject area and be from the past three (3) years or less.
This assignment (the article annotation) extracts and summarizes the major points relative to a particular topic area that we have discussed. Use the following as a guide to your assignment completion:
d) Conclusions – least important since this is the author’s opinion
e) Recommendation for future research
The article citation must follow the APA 6th edition format using a hanging-indent. The annotation itself should be 250 words double-spaced.
Comments on Annotation: must be 200 words on the same article as above! “Situational influences of the Consumer Decision Process”
Post your comment on your submitted article annotation. In your post, evaluate the selection of the article, the research conducted, the empirical findings, and the opinions of the author. Using this post, determine the type of project/research this article might support.
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Situational influences of the consumer decision process
Research Article Review and annotation
Ashraf, M. G., Rizwan, M., & Khan, M. A. (2014). The promotional tools and situational factors’ impact on consumer buying behavior and sales promotion. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 4 (2), 179-201.
Purpose of the study
The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of the different promotional and situational factors that are used to influence the consumer buying behavior and the impact. The factors that are taken into consideration are the price reduction, social surroundings, free sample, physical surroundings on their impact on consumer decisions with respect to their purchasing behavior and sales promotion.
Methodology of the study
The descriptive methodology was used in the research. A total of 200 respondents were involved in the investigation of self-government in the collection of the data. The questionnaire was used as the data collection tool where the respondents were supposed to answer a set number of questions.
The results of the study
The results of the study indicate that the free sample has a higher and significant positive relationship when it comes to the consumer buying behavior at (t=1.184, P=0.020 and t = 2.821, P=0.005) respectively. Moreover, the physical environment has a high positive influence on sales promotion at (t=2.376, P=0.007). Additionally, the social environment has a significant positive impact on the sales promotion at (t=1.332, P=0.005). Finally, the sales promotion recorded a significant relationship with the consumer buying behavior at (r=4.410, P=0.005).
Conclusions
The research revealed that there is a positive perception among consumers when it comes to promotional and situational factors in influencing their decisions when it comes to purchasing products. The structure indicates new perspectives when it comes to comprehending the manner in which different consumers react to the promotional and situational influences that marketers use to stimulate their sales. Finally, the different promotional and situational techniques have a higher probability of influencing the consumer decision making when it comes to purchasing products or services……
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Program Management
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Select four articles that are from scholarly, peer-reviewed journals. Explain each article’s theoretical and methodological relevance to your chosen area of management research (Program Management), describing why and how the research in each article selection pertains to your area of research interest in the management field, and indicating the strengths and weaknesses of each article’s research (One page per article—each article review must be submitted on a new, separate page. Each page must include the title of the article that is reviewed.)
Include a reference list using American Psychological Association style. The reference list must show the name of the author, article title, journal, and volume in the correct APA format (one page)
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Program Management Article Review
Sustainability in Project Management Competencies: Analyzing the Competence Gap of Project Managers by Silvius, A.J. and Schipper, P.J.
This article focuses on sustainability as a highly relevant strategy for modern organizations that seek to enhance competitiveness. The theoretical relevance of this research for my chosen area is mainly based factors enhancing program management success. The research addresses this by providing that besides ensuring program performance, sustainability is important in overall success of the organization, hence why program managers must strive towards ensuring that programs contribute to sustainability….
Professional Discourses and Resistance to Change by Pieterse, J. H., Caniels, M. C. and Homan, T.
Change management remains one of the most common challenges in program management and resistance to change may affect program success in a significant manner. Accordingly, the article by Pieterse, Caniels and Homan provides information that is highly relevant to my area of management research. In this article, the authors discuss professional discourse differences among groups working together, which is suggested as the cause of resistance to change. They also provide a solution based on this observation, noting that managing professional discourses is paramount in enhancing change programs….
Program Management Article Review
Stakeholder Inclusiveness: Enriching Project Management with General Stakeholder Theory by Eskerod, P., Huemann, M. and Ringhofer, C.
The focus of this article is stakeholder satisfaction through inclusiveness, which is a highly relevant topic in program management. The authors discuss the need to meet stakeholder expectations and how inclusiveness could be affect project success, both positively and negatively. Program management to a significant extent dwells on the ability to satisfy stakeholders by demonstrating that the resources provided have achieved the desired purpose. Therefore, this research provides considerable theoretical relevance to my area of research.
In this article, the researchers are concerned about the non-commercial value of projects. In program management, a major focus is given to the tangible value of projects and this could eventually affect the overall impact of the programs, which explains why this article is of great relevance to the research area. The article discusses value management and how it can be achieved through considering stakeholder expectations, promoting sense-making and interdependencies between players. These factors significantly match some of the objectives of program management and the research therefore achieves theoretical relevance to my chosen area…
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The Warren Buffet investment philosophies
1) Explain the Warren Buffett investment philosophies. Do you agree with them?
2) Calculate IRR of investment in Mid-American Corp. Finish the excel spread sheet in the attached excel file.
3) As for the investment of PacifiCorp, answer the following questions:
1. What does the stock market seem to be saying about the acquisition of PacifiCorp by Berkshire Hathaway?
Pay attention that stock prices are the present value of expected cash flows. How do the investors (shareholders) respond to the PacifiCorp announcement?
2. Based on your own analysis, what do you think PacifiCorp was worth on its own before its acquisition by Berkshire?
Does the bid price seem to be a fairly full-price offer for PacifiCorp? First estimate the implicit value of PacifiCorp with the information in exhibit 9 and 10 and compare the acquisition offer: 9.4 (4.3+5.1) billion.
3. Is the PacifiCorp acquisition a good or bad deal? Why?
The main contradiction is the full price and the positive market reaction to the announcement.
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The Warren Buffet investment philosophies
Warren E. Buffett, CEO of Berkshire Hathaway, is among the top-notch modern-day investors. He uses a classic approach to investing based on fundamental foundations learned from Robert Graham. Some of the core investment policies that Buffett uses ensure Berkshire strategically and critically analyzes an investment before committing. Buffett’s fundamental principle is that he has to have sufficient understanding of the business in order to invest.
In addition, it has to be a favorable choice in terms of the operational strategy, returns, long-term prospects, and leadership (Lane, 2017; John, 2016). For acquisitions, Buffett, as well as Berkshire prefer large purchases with consistent earning power, high ROE and low debt. This is in addition to a sensible price and an efficient management already in place.
The fundamental principles applied by Buffett in analyzing potential investments are a worthy breakdown of business investing. In this case, the use of this analysis is important is separating the worthwhile investments from the rest. In this approach, Buffett uses value investing as opposed to the growth investing methodology used by most investment bankers and analysts.
When compared, the cyclical period sometimes places some benefits on growth investing. However, by following the principles advocated by Buffett, and taking the purchases as long-term investments, one is sure to get better returns. Therefore I do agree with Buffett’s principles owing to the tangible benefits they beget.
The IRR of investment in MidAmerican Corp in the attached spreadsheet is 57.68%. A crosscheck with Calculate Stuff results in an IRR of 55.51%.
The stock market and the acquisition of PacifiCorp by Berkshire Hathaway
Using the stock market as an indicator, the acquisition of PacifiCorp by Berkshire Hathaway is a welcome move that yielded sufficient gains. The price purchase of $5.1 billion has created value as indicated by the share price movements. The stock price for PacifiCorp increased from a low of $113 in January 2013 to a high of $165 in January 2017 and a current share price of $145. As such, the share price metric indicates that the acquisition of PacifiCorp was a worthwhile investment.
Investors (shareholders) respond to the PacifiCorp announcement
Investors’ response to the deal to acquire PacifiCorp indicates their confidence in the value the utility firm will create for Berkshire Hathaway Energy. The deal increases the market value of Berkshire, and possibly the share price as well. This implies an increase in such additional valuations as the price to earnings. In addition, given Buffett’s investing philosophy, he is definitely getting a favorable price for it as compared to the market value of the firm….
Warren Buffet investment philosophies
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Introduction
The paper sets out to analyze the website structure of http://er.eEducause.edu. Apart from stating the purpose, it will also examine the pros and cons that come with the structure and layout in general. Subsequently, the paper will discuss important lessons learned from the article on Enterprise-Level Networking and whether or not the source is appropriate for research.
A summary description of the website’s structure, purpose, pros and cons
The usability and design of http://er.eEducause.edu are rather complex. As such, it calls for searching several pages and hyperlinks to get that exact data one intends to use. A site with the right usability should be easy to use without necessary examining some pages or hyperlinks to get what they are searching for (Clark, 2002). Again, search engine optimization is the basis for any successful website.
However, Educause.edu has not been optimized appropriately; this is a deterrent factor when it comes to search engine ranking. On the other hand, the website has various content formats such as videos, slides, pictures, and text. If well optimized, this may turn the internet site into a resourceful hub. Loading speed for the website is quite remarkable.
Enterprise-Level Networking
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The quality of videos and pictures are excellent. Nonetheless, modern information websites are mainly generated by way of social media platforms and other associated sites that enhance user interaction. The website has been integrated with youtube.com and twitter; this creates a channel to enhance information sharing. Moreover, the website has a blog that presents a platform for discussion. The capability for users to respond to the articles allows for the interaction with other users that have similar or divergent opinions (Clark, 2002).
Articles are clustered in a category format; this allows for quick peruse. Navigation is done from the right-hand side of the website. Again, the website has a module that permits members to log into the system. For instance, end users can only make comments by becoming members. Apart from social media and blog interaction, a guest can drop an email using the contact link provided at the footer panel. In the end, the homepage layout is simple and professional.
Lessons Learned
Based on this website, it is clear that during initial adoption, the majority of IT firms concentrate on the abilities of the project. For instance, in the wireless systems, the main capability is providing internet connectivity across the organization without necessarily connecting to a wall outlet. Such capability presents various benefits to different areas; employees can access the system as well as the internet during the meeting, scholars can work from anywhere when they gather data, and students can use their laptops across the campus (Grochow, 2015).
Enterprise-Level Networking
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Besides the immediate advantages, IT workers often raise the likelihood of unique benefit, which is wireless networks can minimize or eliminate the importance of wired systems, hence decrease the cost of infrastructure. Furthermore, several new wireless tools would require additional bandwidth; something wired networks will need to comply with. Another aspect to put into consideration is the newness of wireless systems and the relevance to replace the whole infrastructure in the long run.
This website is useful because it demonstrates the need for installing new infrastructures while maintaining old ones or adopting new technology and learning that the new editions supersede it. Therefore, whereas one can expect different benefits from new infrastructure, there is often a risk that such benefits may not be attained. A thorough risk assessment will search for the effects of estimated benefits being unsuccessful and other possible risks such as consequences on a network of departments.
Allowing employee participation is a primary strategy to eliminate surprises while showing that risks have to be assessed comprehensively (Grochow, 2015). By and large, with a new infrastructure, risks and benefits are described with no much information to draw upon. This implies the assessment is significantly qualitative, but some aspects can be quantified. Subjective analysis can come from surveys or experiences from other organizations.
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Comments and Constructive Criticism
Article Reviews.
Article 1.
Excellent study! Organization project management (OPM), is a platform that defines the company portfolios, programs and projects. OPM is the primary factor that ensures that projects align with the company’s long term strategic plan and that the projects undertaken by the firm are supervised and managed as a single entity and does not interfere with each other.
Project management is one of the factors that leads to an organization growth and development. To have a successful project, the firm must integrate its culture, innovation, organization structure, strategic plans and the portfolio management. In addition, the shareholders must be the ones spearheading the projects process by overseeing the top management responsibilities and how they are able to communicate the process or the development of the project within the company, (Kerzner, pg.87, 2013).
For the project to be successful, the company must come up with a good budget that aims to finance the project to completion.This goes hand in hand with the shareholders defining on how the project is to be financed and the project proposed must be congruent with the company’s vision and its long term strategic objectives and goals.
Project managers should seek consensus on the selection of the projects, discussion from the company ideas through the innovative processes to the completion of the project. This do include the pre development of the project, development activities and commercialization activities of an individual project.
Companies must create an innovative environment within the organization. This helps the employees to be part of new implementation of the company process and it also encourages new ways of thinking and hence new skills are innovated. Without this platform, any implementation of company changes may lead to the failure of the company’s projects since the employees have not brought up to speed with the processes.
Comments and Constructive Criticism
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Article 2.
All projects that are launched by companies do not meet all the necessary success criteria. Most of them are affected by the customers’ taste and preferences and if it fails to align with their needs, the project may fail. It is argued that having chaotic requirements and constructions reworks in between the project life cycle, the project definitely fails.
Company projects that have a good starting point, well organized and planned stages, and a forecasted end point are believed to be successful. When the firm has a credible project that is well organized and planned and there is the stakeholders’ intervention from the start point to end point, the project is forecasted to be successful.
Comments and Constructive Criticism
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To ensure this, the top management must take into consideration the project schedule, project scope, support from the top managers, support of the customers, tasks that are technical, acceptance by the clients, monitoring and feedback, communication and trouble shooting. For this to happen, the company should consider the hand off process that ensure the project transition from the inception-to-order, (ITO). In addition, integration of all the aspects of project management should be exercised in order to guarantee a successful project.
The company top management needs to implement flexible and durable changes that aims to meet the company long term objectives and goals. The company will have to implement changes like stage gate model that will help the project manager to be able to scope the project, build the business case for the product, design the project, testing and validating the product and finally taking the product to the operation phase.
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Reliability of Evidence
Question one
In legality terms, reliability has been used in evidence. The reliable evidence used is that one a lawyer or a judge find it to be credible to depend on upon when making an informed decision.
In terms of consistency, reliability is used evaluate or analyze the notch that various assessment on items do review same concept yield similar items. It is used to determine the correlation coefficient of similar items.
In terms of export testimony, reliability is used in a specialized way of wisdom that help the trier the fact to comprehend the evidence given in order to define a fact in subjects. In this context, the witness is the expert who has the knowledge, skill, well trained, experienced, and education may testify in form of an opinion freely, (Jardine, & Tsang, pg. 87, 2013).
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Question two
Countermeasure are non-violent acts which are often seemed illegal but when executed by one person to another, they become legal. One of the countermeasure is polygraph. Polygraph countermeasure are said to be ineffective since they are usually detected. The polygraph countermeasures are used because the antipolygraph.org proclaims that when used in closed doors, it becomes difficult for the polygraph to be detected easily, (Nelson, pg. 54, 2015).
Question three Bogus pipeline is a performance used by the social psychologists that help to minimize wrong answers when trying to assemble self-report information. The bogus pipeline is fake because it gets to convince the respondents that they are been witnessed and whatever they say will be questioned. They therefore proceeds by telling the truth about themselves, (Brunell, & Fisher, pg, 39, 2014).
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Palmatier, J. J., & Rovner, L. (2015). Credibility assessment: Preliminary Process Theory, the polygraph process, and construct validity. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 95(1), 3-13.
Robinson, C. (2012). Brake check technology: real time, all the time: electronic monitoring addresses the CVSA inspection standard. Bus Ride, 48(12).
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The Definition of Human being
Introduction
Scientist classifies human beings as animals. However, what is human? What makes human distinct from animal kingdom? What is that inspires or motivates us? What is it being human? In contemplation of these questions, the article intends to analyse the literal meaning of being human. This analysis will facilitate the understanding of my own definition in comparison of the other definition of human being (Clooney, 2016).
This paper defines ‘human being’ and that of being ‘being human.’ This includes the rationale and reasons behind the definition of ‘human being.’ The paper will also reflect on how some people are included or excluded from being human being based on the definition of ‘human being.’ The paper will also discuss ways definition of ‘human being’ and ‘being human’ affects the treatment of other people.
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Discursive definition
In scientific disciplines, the concept of human being began with Homo sapiens- evolutionary stage of primates. Nevertheless, human history that begun with invention of writing indicates that most of Homo sapiens did not qualify to definition of human based on their age or disabilities.
In sociology, the trinity of class, gender and racism has been routinely used to describe the gap in the normative definition of an ideal of human. This implies that each candidate will need to pass certain specification or criteria set by the society to earn the status of human being (Clopot, 2014).
In Christianity, human being concept is based on the narrative of creation in Genesis; which states that each person was created in the image of God. The narration describes how human being was created, breathed into his nostrils by God to make it live. This leads to the generalization of the concept that it is God’s spirit in the created earthling animal that qualifies it has a human being.
Therefore, all human beings reflect their divine origin, and their existence manifests the mystery of God’s presence living in them. Thus, human being is divine, and each person has dignity and worth, which makes everybody to be respected and honoured. This is similar to other religious perspectives of human being; which essentially relies in interpersonal and communal character. It is the freedom enjoyed by a person through social reality. This is because through the connectedness to other people that a person discovers their identity of being human (Forsberg, 2011).
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Nevertheless, the current world concept human dignity rests on people’s race, social status and achievements. The picture of human being concept has gradually been reshaped by reductionism mode of thinking. This implies that people believe and values in turn shapes how they behave and interact.
Therefore, if a person’s picture is incomplete or inadequate, it will make the person behaviour fall short of the natural potential causing serious psychosocial implications. This is not easy to detect or correct. The concept of reductionism of human being is that act of reducing the relevance of something to their counter parts (Rome, 2014).
What is ‘being human’? Firstly, it is important to note that the descriptive word ‘being’ is in present tense word; note in future tense or past tense. The term describes what is being done at the moment, in the present moment. Being human is a human being state of choosing things that must be done.
For instance, no one chooses to be angry, upset and fearful or upset; rather one chooses to be happy, confident and peaceful. In this context, human beings have the freedom to choose. The capability to make decision consciously or unconsciously defines the concept of being human (Sadgrove, 2014).
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Reflection on how the definitions impact how people are classified and treated
From evolutionary perspectives, human beings resemble other primates, because they evolved from the primates. Therefore human being and primates shares common ancestry, which makes them to have a lot of similarities. The main factors used to distinguish human beings are language, brain and bipedalism. The uniqueness of bipedalism is unique to human being because they help to propel forward.
Human being language is unique as compared to other animals; as it structure is complex and has evolved to serve wide range of functions. Human being brain capacity is unique as it is capable of abstract reasoning. The increased mental capacity, language and bipedalism have led to the advancement (Rome, 2014).
However, high level of human being thought processes have led to greater debates on what constitutes of human being. The meaning of human is not entirely found from scientific view point but rather analysis of other fundamental factors such as personality. For instance, based on the evolutionary criteria of human beings excludes amputees, dumb and mentally ill people. Additionally, what about a human embryo, can they still be categorised as human being (Sadgrove, 2014)?
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The religious point of view, particularly the Biblical perspectives definition of human being is widely accepted; and can be integrated in diverse disciplines such as criminology. According to the bible, Human being are in the image of God; and due to this reason, man was given dominion over the animals. The Bible upholds dignity of human life. In fact, being in the image of God indicates that human beings moral values are intrinsically based.
Additionally, human beings have a spirit within their body (James2:26). This implies that the value of human being is beyond the condition as well as the developmental stage of the human being body. Thus, the identity of human being is more to physical appearances or the measure of their mental capacity (Forsberg, 2011).
The struggle to define human being does not try to define what constitutes of human life, as biology already defines that human life begins after fertilization. The main issue is personhood- being human. For instance, the neurological point of view, the physician definition of brain death is based on the Electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern.
Therefore, they reason or define life based on these standard measurements. Therefore, if person brain functionality has been lost through accidents, are they still human? Brain functionality is very low during embryo development. Therefore, is abortion at this stage justified (Sadgrove, 2014)?
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The physiological perspective argues that being human commences at birth, when the child has their own respiratory, circulatory and alimentary systems. In other words, this postmodern view approach considers that being human is the ability to have the essential capacities that differentiate human beings from an animal. However, this is controversial as most of the people do not fully develop these abilities immediately after birth, but a little later during toddlerhood (Rome, 2014).
Conclusion
Undeniably, the definition of human being affects how people are treated. The main reasons behind health disparities and discrimination is people’s definition of human being and being human. In my perspectives, it is important to assess the impacts of these definitions. Moral significance of a human being must not be based on functional abilities or extrinsic value that is measurable by medical sciences; but rather to the intrinsic values.
This is attributable to the fact that these extrinsic values can be lost due accidents. It is the natural inherent capacity for self-awareness (self-identify) and a free will (autonomy or choice) that makes us human being; thus, human dignity is preserved even if disease of disability limits the expression of these functions.
References
Clooney, F. (2016). The Meaning of Human Existence / The Experience of God: Being, Consciousness, Bliss. Common Knowledge, 22(1), 125-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0961754x-3323109
Clopot, C. (2014). Being human, being migrant: senses of self and well-being by Grønseth, Anne Sigfrid. Social Anthropology, 22(4), 506-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.12092_15
Forsberg, N. (2011). Knowing and Not Knowing What a Human Being Is. SATS, 12(1), 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sats.2011.002
