Turabian Style

There is an alternative for social and natural sciences, while using the Turabian style, to use the author-date approach with notes and parenthetical references.

Under the Turabian style, there is a brief citation of sources in parenthesis in the text by the last name of the author and the publication date.

Bibliographic information under this style is presented in endnotes or footnotes and a bibliography.

Footnotes and endnotes

The note reference supersedes the referred passage and is characterized by an Arabic numerical that is in subscript form. The Turabian style comprises footnotes and endnotes present numerical arrangement of notes, at the foot and end respectively of books, essays or articles. The bibliography is included in the notes during the first citation.

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Bibliography:

The sources that are used in writing the article, book or essay in the Turabian style are listed on the last page of the document in alphabetical order with reference to the surnames of the authors. All bibliographic information must be provided.

The names of the authors should be listed in line with the way they have been cited on the work.

What if a source has more than four authors? Use the name of the first author, and then abbreviate the other authors as ‘et al’. For example, a book is written by A.K Smith, M.G Mohan, Peter Balfour and Rose McMillan in 2007, the citation will be (Smith et al, 2007).

What if the work does not have an author? Use the title of the work to cite and then give the date.

The following is the citation format under Turabian style;

Book bibliography: Author’s names.Year. Book title. Publication place: Publisher.

Book no author given: Book title.Year. Publication place: publisher

Journal article citation: Author’s names.Year. Article title .Periodical title volume (Month): page-page

Website citation: Author’s names.Year. Article title [online]. Website name; available from http://writtenify.blogpost.com/2009/07/turabian-citation-syle.html; internet; Date Accessed.

Magazine and newspaper article: Author’s names.Year. Article title.Newspaper name.Date.

Encyclopedia article: (Author’s name, “Article title,” in Encyclopedia name)

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The Turabian style is almost similar to the Chicago Manual of Style. The slight difference is that the Chicago Manual of Style aims at giving general publication guidelines whereas the Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations aims at giving student paper, dissertations and theses guidelines.